第一篇：長難句重難點整理范文

長難句（1）

考研英語長難句四大類型及五大特點

一、長難句的特點

英語長句一般指的是各種復雜句，復雜句里可能有多個從句，從句與從句之間的關系可能包孕、嵌套，也可能并列或平行。從功能來說，英語有三大復合句，即：①名詞性從句，包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;②形容詞性從句，即我們平常所說的定語從句;③狀語從句。

英語長難句五大特點：

1)結構復雜，邏輯層次多;

2)常須根據上下文作詞義的引申;

3)常須根據上下文對指代詞的指代關系做出判斷;

4)并列成分多;

5)修飾語多，特別是后置定語很長;

二、考研英語長難句分析類別

第一類：復雜修飾成分

句子本不難，但是修飾成分多且長。

1、從句(定語、狀語、同位語從句等)修飾;

2、介詞短語修飾;

3、分詞修飾;

4、不定式修飾。經常是在同一個句子里既有從句又有介詞短語，且都不止一個。

例：The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that community perceives as essential.分析：主語：The methods;謂語：come into being;that a community devises to perpetuate itself為定語從句，修飾the methods;不定式to表示目的狀語;that community perceives as essential為定語從句，修飾the cultural legacy。

譯文：一個社會設計出來保存自己的方法得以形成來保持那個社會認為最重要的一些方面。

第二類：大段的插入與或同位語，打斷讀者的思路，割裂前后之間的語義，造成理解的困難。我們稱之為“打岔”。

例：Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.分析：在瀏覽該句時，發現句子中出現了雙逗號，其中間的內容rather than representations為插入語，瀏覽的時候先跳過。這樣就可以看到把that are interpretations 和of reality連接起來了。That引導定語從句，修飾objects of art。

譯文：而且，我從藝術品上能夠感到強烈的情感。藝術品是對現實的闡釋，而非代表現實。

第三類：語序調整或倒裝：為了平衡句子的結構或強調一些內容，通常會人為地對句子進行句序調整。

例：Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.分析：否定副詞nowhere放在句首，所以句子出現部分倒裝。注意：more 與否定詞nowhere一起使用，相當于最高級。dramatize此處的意思是“突出顯示，使?戲劇化”。

譯文：1980年美國的人口普查數據表明，沒有哪個地方比美國最西部更能突出顯示美國人想尋找更廣闊的生存空間。

第四類：省略：相對以上三種來講比較簡單，在短句中大家一般都可以看出。

但是如果在長句中出現，特別是如果與以上三種之一甚至幾種同時出現，也會給同學們帶來很大的困難。

例：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.正常語序：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants will be favored and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.該例句中which引導的定語從句修飾sex ratio，由于謂語句子主干較短，所以進行了后置。另外，and并列的后半句省略了主謂語that sex ratio maximizes。

三大從句類型：

從句是最常見的語法形式，也是構成長難句的基本要素。正是因為從句的存在，才使得句子的表達層次化、多樣化、復雜化。? 名詞性從句（主語、表語、賓語或同位語）? 定語從句 ? 狀語從句。

名詞性從句：

在主從復合句中，從句可以充當主句的主語、表語、賓語或同位語。由于在多數情況下，主語、表語、賓語或同位語這四種句子成分由名詞性詞類充當，所 以，我們把這些作用相當于名詞的從句統稱為名詞性從句，把充當主語、表語、賓語或同位語的從句分別稱為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句或同位語從句。也就是 說充當什么成分就叫什么從句。名詞性從句由連接詞(或關聯詞)如 whether,that,who,whom,whose,which,what,when,where,how,why等引導。它們的特點是：

1、疑問 詞有本身的詞義;

2、疑問詞在從句中擔當句子成分，如主語、賓語或狀語;

3、這種疑問詞引導的從句一律用陳述語序，不能用疑問語序。定語從句：

在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞;引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。關系詞分為關系代詞和關系副詞。定語 從句分為限定性定語從句(和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句是對先行詞起修飾限定作用。一般從句不能省 略，如果省略整個句子意思不完整。非限定性定語從句對先行詞起補充作用。一般從句可以省略，如果省略整個句子意思仍然完整。狀語從句：

指句子用作狀語時，起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。根據其作用可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、目 的、結果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。狀語從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導，也可以由詞組引起。從句位于句首或句中時通常用逗號與主句隔開，位于句尾時可以 不用逗號隔開。名詞性從句：

一、主語從句

（一）以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why等詞引導的主語從句，在翻譯的時候，一般可以按照英語原文順序來翻譯。What he told me was only half-truth.他告訴我的只是些半真半假的東西而已。

Whatever is worth doing should be done well.任何值得做的事情都應該做好。

Whether he comes or not makes no difference.他來不來都沒有關系。

When we can begin the expedition is still a question.我們何時才能開始這次考察仍然是懸而未決。

How he is going to do it is a mystery.他準備怎么做這個事情是個迷。

（二）用it作形式主語的主語從句，可以把主語從句放到漢語句子最前面去翻譯。為了強調起見，it一般可以譯出來；如果不需要強調，it也可以不譯出來。

It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.他參加不參加會議沒有多大關系。（It沒有翻譯）

It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.駕駛員在飛機墜毀之后，竟然還能活著，這看來是不可想象的。（It翻譯為“這”）

有時候，如果主語從句仍然按照英語原來的順序翻譯的話，it一般不需要譯出來。在漢語譯文的開始，一般可以用“...的是，...”這樣的結構來翻譯。It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.真奇怪，她竟然沒有看出自己的缺點。（It不用翻譯，還可以用“奇怪的是...”這樣的結構來翻譯）

二、賓語從句

（一）用that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if 等引起的賓語從句，翻譯成漢語的時候，一般不需要改變它在原句中的順序。

I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.我告訴他，由于那最后一個條件，我只得謝絕。

Can you hear what I say? 你聽得到我所講的嗎？

I don’t know that he swam across the river.我不知道他游過了那條河。

I don’t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游過那條河的。

He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.他已經通知我他們將在什么時候談論我的建議。

有時可加“說”字，再接下去翻譯譯英語原文賓語從句的內容。

Smith replied that he was sorry.斯密斯回答說，他感到遺憾。

He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.他再三提醒大家說，決定這件事的不只是他一個人，還有其他許多人。

（二）用it 作形式賓語的句子，在翻譯的時候，that所引導的賓語從句一般可按英語原文順序翻譯；it有時候可以不用翻譯。

I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.我向他們講清楚了的，他們必須在上午十時前交卷。（it沒有翻譯）

I heard it said that he had gone abroad.聽說他已經出國了。（it沒有翻譯）

但有時候，也可以在譯文中將that引導的賓語從句提前到句子最前面翻譯。

I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.我被選參加會議，感到光榮。（it沒有翻譯）

We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.打開國門，實行開放，我們認為這是絕對必要的。（it翻譯為“這”）

三、表語從句

It seems that it is going to snow.看起來要下雪了。

That is why Jack got scolded.這就是杰克受到訓斥的原因。

The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people.問題是我們能否贏得大多數人民群眾的支持。

His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.他對新聞界的看法是，記者們不是支持他，就是反對他。

四、同位語從句

能接同位語從句的名詞主要有：belief（相信），fact（事實），hope（希望），idea（想法，觀點），doubt（懷疑），news（新聞，消息），rumor（傳聞），conclusion（結論），evidence（證據），suggestion（建議），problem（問題），order（命令），answer（回答），decision（決定），discovery（發現），explanation（解釋），information（消息），knowledge（知識），law（法律），opinion（意見，觀點），truth（真理，事實），promise（承諾），report（報告），thought（思想），statement（聲明），rule（規定），possibility（可能）等。

（一）一般來說，同位語從句可以直接翻譯在主句后面。

He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.他表示希望再到中國來訪問。

There is a possibility that he is a spy.有可能他是一個間諜。

（二）有時候在翻譯同位語從句時，可以將其放在所修飾的名詞前面，相當于前置的修飾語，但不一定使用定語的標志詞“的”。這種情況下，同位語從句都是比較簡單。

We know the fact that bodies possess weight.我們都知道物體具有重量這一事實。

The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded.關于他被捕的傳聞是沒有根據的。

（三）增加“即”（或者“以為”）這樣的詞來連接，或用冒號、破折號直接分開主句和同位語從句。

But this does not in any way alter the fact that they are now, from a practical point of view, irrational.但這卻絲毫改變不了這樣一個事實，即從實用的觀點來看，他們今天仍是不合理的。

We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth.我們已經得出這樣的結論：實踐是檢驗真理的標準。

Not long ago, the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics.不久前，科學家們獲得一個令人振奮的發現——可以把這種廢物變成塑料。

定語從句的翻譯：

一、前置譯法

如果一個定語從句在句中的作用是修飾和限定名詞，那么通常就采取譯為前置定語的方法。但注意譯成前置定語后既不能影響原文所表達的意思，還要使整個句子的表達言簡意賅、連貫通順、語氣較強。

例句：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.譯文：水是一種清澈的液體，有許多用途。

在前置譯法的過程中如果定語從句中的謂語不含有具體意義，可省譯從句中的謂語。這種譯法很簡便，也很有效。

有時候，出于漢語行文的需要和邏輯關系方面的考慮，可將定語從句提在主語之前翻譯，用來說明情況，但不作為被修飾名詞的定語。

例句：There are also great advantages that come from the variety of culture brought by settlers from other lands.譯文：移民從個地方帶來了多種文化，產生了極大的好處。

二、后置譯法

我們都知道，英語中很多定語從句都是為了連接兩個具有共同名詞的句子而存在的，因此在翻譯時最好分為兩個分句。而對于起限定作用的定語從句，如果結構較為復雜，句子太長，無法譯成前置的定語，最后就譯成一個后置的并列分句，這樣更合乎漢語的習慣。

例句：Our war against terror is a contest of will in which perseverance is power.譯文：我們的反恐戰爭是一場意志力的較量。在這場較量中，不屈不撓的精神就是力量。

結構較復雜的定語從句常譯成后置的并列分句，在多數情況下要重譯先行詞，或即便句子不長，出于某種原因需要強調先行詞，也要重譯先行詞。

例句：Days and nights are very long on the moon, where one day is as long as two weeks on the earth.譯文：在月亮上，白天和黑夜都相當長，月亮上的一天等于地球上的兩周。

有些定語從句翻譯時譯成后置分句，但可不重譯先行詞，任符合漢語習慣。

例句：Both picnics and BBQ are friendly, informal social events that offer an opportunity to enjoy a meal outside in pleasant surroundings.譯文：野餐和燒烤都是友情洋溢、不拘禮節的社交活動，可以讓大家在戶外的一個怡情的環境里高高興興地美餐一頓。

三、轉換譯法

有的定語從語法結構上是定語，其定語的作用，從意義上說又相當于一個狀語從句，所以常常被稱為狀語化的定語從句，說明時間、原因、條件、結果、目的、讓步、假設等關系。其中表示因果關系的是考研階段最為重要的知識點。

例句：I’m not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give, or have a theoretical knowledge of that proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizens, such as you or we.譯文：我說的不是數千位天文學家、地理學家之類的人，因為他們可以用觀察到的事實或用理論上的依據來證實這點，我指的是如同你我一樣只會看報紙的普通讀者。

考研英語長難句翻譯之四大狀語從句

狀語從句時考研翻譯中很重要的一部分，幾乎涉及到每一個長難句，所以我們有必要把狀語從句單獨拿出來解決。一般來講狀語從句的翻譯相對簡單，順著句子的順序去翻譯就好了，但我們有時候還是會發現有些問題不是很好處理。

首先我們先看一下狀語從句的特點。1.一般情況下，引導英語狀語從句的從屬連詞，基本可以在漢語中找到相對應關聯詞，但有時不必翻譯，因為引導漢語狀語分句的關聯詞時常省略，有近50%的漢語復句中并不使用關聯詞語而且省略關聯詞的漢語句子更為精練。

2.英語狀語從句的位置頗為靈活，置于主句之前或主句之后均可。漢語狀語分句一般位于主句之前，只有偶爾才位于主句之后。

這是在翻譯狀語從句時總體來講應該注意的問題，下面我們從狀語從句的幾個分支分別來看一下翻譯。

(一)時間狀語從句的翻譯

1、譯成與漢語完全對應的表示時間的狀語

例：When they approached Trenton, lights were still burning in many of the houses and Christ mas parties were still going on.當他們逼近屈蘭敦時, 許多房子里仍然燈火通明，圣誕晚會還未結束。

由于英漢語言表達的習慣差異，通常漢語的狀語從句位于句首，而英語的狀語從句可前可后, 以后為多。漢語是一種意合的語言，漢語句子較少使用關聯詞。

2、翻譯成固定(常規)句型

一般像由 hardly(scarcely)?.when(before)? no sooner? than? as soon as ? the moment(the instant)? just as?等短語連詞引導的時間狀語從句翻譯成漢語時, 主句與從句通常要互換, 常常譯成包含“剛(一)??就??”這種結構的句子。同樣，包含該結構的漢語句子亦應翻譯成英語中相對應的固定句式。

例：計算機剛一啟動，就發現有病毒。

Hardly had the computer started working when viruses were found.As soon as she heard the news, she fainted.3、譯成并列分句

例：I was going home when I met Mary.我正要回家, 就在這個時候，我碰到了瑪麗。

4、轉譯為其他狀語從句

英語狀語從句有時它們的深層意義互相滲透，可以互相替換，需要轉譯。有些時間狀語從句雖然形式上是由表示時間的引導詞(如

when, before, until 等)引導，但根據句子邏輯意義來判斷，應靈活翻譯成表因果關系的從句，或者翻譯為表條件的狀語從句或表目的的狀語從句。

When winds blow particles against a large rock for a long time, the softer layers of the rock are slowly worn away.由于風把砂粒刮起來, 碰撞大巖石，久而久之，較松軟的巖石層就被慢慢地磨損。(---表原因的偏句)

(二)原因狀語從句的翻譯

英語原因狀語從句通常由從屬連詞 as, because, since 引導。所有的英語原因狀語從句在漢語譯文中通常位于句首，偶爾亦置于句末。漢語的原因狀語從句翻譯成英語時可位于譯句句首，也可置于譯句句末。

1、譯成表示原因的分句

例：It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are “programmed” to do so.人們常說,電腦之所以能解決問題, 只是因為電腦給輸入了解決問題的 “程序”。

2、譯為不帶關聯詞、因果關系內含的并列分句

As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, and their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off.眾多家庭搬出安定的社區，離開交往多年的朋友，遠離大家庭的其他成員, 日常信息來源就此切斷。(三)條件狀語從句的翻譯

1、譯成相對應的表條件的分句

If the epidemic cannot be controlled effec tively, the whole country will come into chaos.如果這種流行傳染病得不到有效控制, 整個國家將會陷入一片混亂之中。

2、譯成不含關聯詞、內含條件關系的句子

If you melt two or more metals together, you can get a new metal.將兩種以上的金屬熔化在一起就可產生一種新金屬。

3、譯成補充說明情況的分句

Be respectful to your superiors, if you have any, also to strangers, and sometimes to others.要尊重你的上司，如果你有上司的話。對待陌生人,有時還有別人,也要尊重。

4、譯成特定的條件分句

They might be prepared to trim production-but only if they are convinced it will firm prices

它們可能準備削減產量--但條件是必須先使這些產油國確信, 石油價格將保持穩定。

(四)讓步狀語從句的翻譯

1、譯成表示 “讓步”的分句

Although there are these cultural differences,the main engine propelling the separatist cause is economic.盡管有文化差異，但是推動分裂主義進程的主要動力是經濟因素。

2、譯成表 “無條件”的條件分句

漢語里有一種復句，前一分句排除某一方面的一切條件，后一分句說出在任何條件下都會產生同樣的結果，也就是說結果的產生沒有什么條件限制。這樣的復句里的前一分，稱之為 “無條件”的條件分句，通常以whatever, wherever, whoever, whenever, no matter wh-為引導詞, 通常翻譯為以 “不論”“無論”“不管” 等關聯詞。

Yet whenever I stopped by his hospital bedside, he was surrounded by visitors from his church, singing and praying.然而，無論我何時來到他的病床邊，他總是被來自他奉職教堂的人所包圍，他們又唱又禱告。

第二篇：長難句

1、真實的夢境

英：Our dreams, they feel real while we're in them, right? It's only when we wake upthat we realize how things are actually strange.Let me ask you a question, you,you never really remember the beginning of a dream do you? You always wind upright in the middle of what's going on。

譯：我們做夢的時候，夢境是真實的，對不對?只有到醒來的時候才會意識到事情不對勁兒。我問你，你從來都不記得夢從何而起是不是?你總是直接插入到夢中所發生的一切。

2、盜夢

英：What'sthe most resilient parasite? An Idea.A single idea from the human mind canbuild cities.An idea can transform the world and rewrite all the rules.Whichis why I have to steal it。

譯：最具有可塑性的寄生生物是什么?是人的想法。人類一個簡單的念頭可以創造城市。一個念頭可以改變世界重寫一切游戲規則。這就是為什么我要從夢中把它盜取出來。

3、對于生命的悔恨

英：Themoment's passed.Whatever I do I can't change this moment.I'm about to call outto them.They run away.If I'm ever going to see their faces I've gotta get backhome.The real world。

譯：那個時刻我沒有把握住。無論我做什么我都不能挽回。我想要呼喚他們，他們卻恰好跑開了。如果我再見到他們的臉龐，我就只能回家去。回到真實的世界。

4、夢中的火車

英：You'rewaiting for a train, a train that will take you far away.You know where youhope this train will take you, but you can't be sure.But it doesn't matter-because we'll be together。

譯：你等著一輛火車，它會把你帶到遠方。你明白自己希望火車把你帶到哪兒，不過你也心存猶豫。但這一切都沒有關系——因為我們在一起。

5、放手

英： I can't stay with her anymore because shedoesn't exist.I wish.I wish more than anything.But I can't imagine you withall your complexity, all you perfection, all your imperfection.Look at you.Youare just a shade of my real wife.You're the best I can do;but I'm sorry, youare just not good enough。

譯：她不是真實存在的，我不能和她呆在一起。我也想，我比什么都想，但我想像不出你的復雜情緒、你的種種完美和不完美?？纯窗?，你只是我妻子的一個影子。你只是我竭盡全力能創造出來的而已，但是很遺憾，你遠遠比不上真實的她。

31.Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turn back.[參考譯文]一些機構終于松了一口氣，但是其他一些機構，包括教堂，倡導生命之權的團體和澳大利亞醫學協會，尖銳地抨擊這個法案，指責法案的通過過于匆忙。但是大勢已定，不可逆轉。

32.In Australia-where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.[參考譯文]在澳大利亞--人口老齡化，延長壽命的技術和變化看的社會態度，這些因素 都在發揮作用一一其他的州也會考慮制定相似的關于安樂死的法律。

33.There are, of course, exceptions.Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.[參考譯文]當然，例外是存在的。在美國，心胸狹窄的官員，粗魯的傳者，和沒有禮貌 的出租車司機也并不少見。然而人們常常得出這樣的觀察意見，這使得它值得被討論一下。

34.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.[參考譯文]我們生活在一種藥品(毒品)的醫學用途和社會用途都很廣泛的社會里：一片用來止頭痛的阿斯匹林，一些用來社交的葡萄酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用來定神的香煙。

35.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.[參考譯文]對藥品的依賴性首先表現為不斷增長的耐藥量，要產生想得到的效果所需要 的藥品劑量越來越大，然后表現為當停止用藥后，令人不快的停藥癥狀的出現。

36.“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week.“You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”

[參考譯文]上星期參議員羅博特多爾質問時代華納公司的高級管理人員們：“難道這就是你們希望能夠成就的事業?你們已經出賣了自己的靈魂，但是難道你們還非要腐化我們的國家，威脅我們的孩子們嗎?”

37.“The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column', ”lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...“

[參考譯文]”對任何一個民主社會的考驗，“他在《華爾街雜志》的一個專欄文章中寫到，”不在于它能夠多有效地控制各種意見的表達，而在于這個社會是否能給予思考和表達的盡可能廣泛的自由，不管有時候這種結果是多么的富有爭議或令人不快…“

38.During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that ”music is not the cause of society's ills“ and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.[參考譯文]在-上個月的股東大會上關于搖滾歌詞的討論中，萊文宣稱說：”音樂不是社 會問題的原因“，他甚至還以他的兒子為例。他的兒子是紐約州布朗克斯的一個教師，并用說唱音

樂與學生們進行溝通。

39.Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as ”steering the economy to a soft landing“ of ”a touch on the brakes“，makes it sound like a precise science.Nothing could be further from the truth.[參考譯文]有很多用于描述貨幣政策的詞匯，例如”輕踩剎車“以”操縱經濟軟著陸“，使 貨幣政策聽起來像是一門精確的科學。沒有什么比這更遠離實際情況的了。

40.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.[參考譯文]經濟學家們對英國和美國的有利的通貨膨脹數據尤其感到驚訝，因為傳統的計量方法顯示兩國的經濟，特別是美國的經濟，幾乎沒有生產蕭條的時候。

41.The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.[參考譯文]很不幸，這最令人震驚的解釋有一點缺陷。一些經濟學家認為世界經濟結構的強有力的變化已經結束了那個以經濟增長和通貨膨脹的歷史關聯為基礎的舊的經濟模式。

42.The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.[參考譯文]例如，阿斯旺大壩使得尼羅河不再洪水泛濫，但是它也奪去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--這些換來的就是這么個疾病滋生的水庫，現在這個水庫積滿了淤泥，幾乎不能發電了。

43.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.[參考譯文]企業重組的新方法--所有那些重新設計、縮小規模的做法--只是對一個經濟的整體生產力做出了一方面的貢獻。這種經濟還受許多其他因素的驅動，比如結合設備和機械上的投資、新技術，以及在教育和培訓上的投資。

44.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.[參考譯文]他的同事邁克爾·比爾說，有太多的公司已經用一種機械的方式實行公司內部的重新設計，在沒有充分考慮長期贏利的能力下削減了成本。

45.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as ”The Flight from Science and Reason“, held in New York City in 1995, and ”Science in the Age of(Miss)information, which assembled last June near Buffalo.[參考譯文]科學衛士們在會議上也表述了他們的關注，比如1995 年在紐約市舉行的“ 逃離科學與理性”會議，以及去年6月在布法羅附近召開的“(錯誤)信息時代的科學”會議。

46.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.[參考譯文]一項關于1996年新聞報道的調查顯示，反科學的標簽還可以貼在許多其他 團體

身上，從提倡消滅最后存留的天花病毒的權威機構，到鼓吹削減基礎研究經費的共和黨人(都被貼上了反科學的標簽)。

47.The 'true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.[參考譯文]環境研究的先驅、斯坦福大學的保羅·厄爾里西認為，科學真正的敵人是那些對支持全球變暖、臭氧層損耗以及工業發展的其他后果的證據提出置疑的人。

48.This development--and its strong implication for US politics and econ·my in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.[參考譯文]這種發展--以及其對美國政治、經濟在未來幾年的潛在的強有力的影響一一 使得南部在全國人口普查中有史以來首次成為美國人口最密集的地區。

49.Often they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Ida ho and Alaska in order to escape smog crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.[參考譯文]他們常常選擇--現在依然這樣選擇--居住在那些氣候較為寒冷的地區，比如俄勒岡、愛達荷，還有阿拉斯加，為的是逃避煙霧、犯罪，以及“金州”(加利福尼亞)城市化進程中的其他問題。

50.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5

percent--little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.[參考譯文]結果，加利福尼亞的人口增長率在20 世紀70 年代時下降到了18.5％——稍高于60 年代增長率的三分之二，大大低于西部其他各州。

Long time on rain,I hold much expectations on the rain.Over the past three months,I leada fruitful life.I

made up my mind to attend the postgraduate admission examination,and set a specific life goal.Ever,ever,ever,I felt a loss due to my disorganized life.Time fiys,it puts my college life into an end,a forceful idea occurs to me that I experienced no pains,no gains belonged to me.Faced with the real life ,I waked

up from a fiction，a daydream.Recently,

第三篇：長難句教案

長難句講解：去修飾，抓主干

高三英語備課組

周文

2017.12.25

Step one: 修飾成分有哪些？

1、形容詞、副詞

a French book

2、介詞短語

a book with a red cover

3、非謂語動詞短語

a book bought by my father

a book to read

a book lying on the floor

4、從句

a book which was bought by my father

Step two:

1、找修飾成分：形容詞、副詞

adj.& adv.? 1.an English book

? 2.visit frequently instead ? 3.small drops ? 4.appears regularly ? 5.originally scheduled

? 6.her popular historic book ? 查找形容詞、副詞的秘訣：記單詞時順便記憶單詞的詞性

2、找修飾成分：介詞短語 preposition phrases ? 1.…raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the effects of chemicals on humans …

? 2.Until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773.? 查找介詞短語的秘訣：介詞+ 名詞

3、找修飾成分：非謂語動詞短語 non-verbal phrases ? 1.It is Sue Townsend’s musical play, based on her best-selling book.? 2.She arranged for a flight on a small plane

to be held for me.? 3.The coat bought by my father is red.? 查找非謂語動詞短語的秘訣：

? 1).v-ing/v-ed/ to do …標點符號

? 2).v-ing/v-ed/ to do …另一個修飾語

? 3).v-ing/v-ed/ to do … 謂語動詞

4、找修飾成分：從句

clauses ? 1.It is Sue Townsend’s musical play, which is based on her best-selling book.? 2.I have a coat which is bought by my father at home.? 3.The coat which is bought by my father is red.? 查找從句的秘訣：

長難句講解教案zw ? ? ? 1).連接詞…標點符號

2).連接詞…另一個修飾語

3).連接詞… 謂語動詞

Step three： 去修飾，抓主干

An example：

? 1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.(NMET2003.C篇)? First put forward

? by the French mathematician Pierre de Format ? in the seventeenth century ? finest mathematical ? including a French woman scientist ? who made a major advance in working out the problem, ? who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.Step four: Exercises: Finish 15 sentences on the exercises paper.（詳見練習專頁)

Step five: Homework

長難句講解教案zw

第四篇：長難句分析

長難句分析專題

（一）---句子主干成分(2010-04-29 10:37:49)轉載▼分類：考研英語 很久了，總想為同學們寫點什么，但是由于忙碌，或者是行為上的懶惰，一拖再拖，現在無論上考研還是六級課，總有種深深的感觸，那就是很多的同學基礎太差或比較差，以至于強化班老師講什么，都無法很好的接受。今天下定決心，無論多忙，都要堅持把長難句分析的東西，一層層的給同學們作為專題，用心的一個字一個字的寫下來。真心希望能幫助到大家。

其實無論是哪類英語考試，同學們尋求的總是做閱讀的方法是什么？翻譯的方法是什么？寫作的模板是什么？聽力的方法是什么？太重視方法了，而忽視了英語的根本，那就是單詞和語法。單詞還好，就是背，不管方法是什么，我們總知道把它記下就好了。語法呢？這樣說吧，你閱讀時可能每個單詞都認識，但是卻不知道這句話什么意思。作文也是，不會語法，作文就根本無法來寫。今天這個專題只講述句子主干成分。

同學們知道，句子的主干就分為主謂賓表； 看下面幾句話：

A boy comes;（主謂）he is attractive;（主謂表）

I like him;

（主謂賓）I will give him all my love;（主謂雙賓）

he can make me happy（主謂賓賓補）

這五個句子就是英語的基本句型，也就是說，不管多難多長的句子，其句子都一定是五種中的一種。要不就是錯誤的。中國人是不講究什么主謂賓的，比如說，小時候媽媽總是讓我喂豬，每次媽媽總是問：豬，你喂了嗎？或者：豬，喂了嗎？你；或者：喂了嗎？豬，你？瘋了，一個句子能說成無數種表達，但是英語只有一種表達方式，那就是：你喂豬了嗎？

一）知道了句子的這幾個結構，同學們想知道的是主謂表和主謂賓的區別？（4、5中可以不掌握的，考試用的很少）

1.主謂賓的謂語是實意動詞（包括及物不及物動詞）

2.主謂表的謂語是系動詞（包括be動詞；感官動詞；表變化的單詞eg become；表保持的單詞eg keep；）

也就是說區別的關鍵就是看是謂語是實意動詞還是系動詞。

二）詞性

中國人也曾經講究過詞性，但是實際使用中沒有太大意義。eg我很美；我愛美；我動作很美；雖然是一個美，但是寫成英語，一個beautiful是解決不了這三個美的。因為英語及其重視詞性。同學們下面想知道哪些詞能做主，謂，賓，表。1.謂語

1）誰能做謂語？

同學們一般的回答是動詞。說動詞是對的，但是并不具體，因為不是所有的動詞都做謂語的。比如說：he must go out;謂語是誰？不是must，是go；那哪些動詞作謂語呢？實意動詞和系動詞；那看下面的句子

i be a beauty；be 是謂語嗎？不是，因為它沒有時態，應該寫成am 才是對的，也就是要寫成be的一般現在時am；

總結：什么是謂語：有時態的系動詞或實意動詞就是謂語。（有句子就需要有時態，所以如果同學們不知道具體時態的，去google上搜一下，一定要弄明白各種時態的構成）2）謂語能不能少？

顯然不能，因為無論是哪種句子，都需要謂語；那如果一句話沒有謂語怎么辦？比如：我很美；顯然里面是沒有動詞的。翻譯的時候不能寫i very pretty;，一定要寫i am very pretty；也就是說沒有動詞一定要加be動詞作為謂語。再比如，我一定要超過你。不能譯為i must beyond you；因為沒有動詞就不是句子，那就只能在must后加上be了，這就對了、3）謂語能不能多？

也就是一句話能不能有兩個以上的動詞作謂語？不能。一句話只能有一個動詞作謂語，其他不做謂語的動詞要變成不是動詞；比如看下面的句子

love you is my fault;i come buy water;that cry boy is my little brother;he said sth smile;以上四個句子中都有兩個動詞，既然只能有一個動詞作謂語，所以love, buy, cry 和smile 都要變成不是動詞的；那如何把動詞變成不是東西呢？那就是分詞（現在分詞和過去分詞）和不定式（to do）

什么時候變成現在分詞？當動作表示主動時或動作進行； 什么時候變成過去分詞？當動作表示被動時或動作完成 什么時候變成不定式？當動作表示目的或動作尚未發生時； 這就很簡單了，所以以上不做謂語的動詞就變成了：

to love/loving;to buy;crying;smiling

總結：這就是世界上為什么會有分詞和不定式了。就是因為動詞只能做謂語，謂語只能是動詞，所以我們需要把不做謂語的動詞變成不是動詞。那分詞和不定式能做什么成分呢？想一下----除了不能做謂語，什么成分都能做。主語

1）誰能做主語

首先分詞和不定式可以（上面已經講過）還有名詞，代詞eg he/a dog loves me;由于從句比較復雜，這章內容不涉及從句，下面會一一講解從句； 2)不能無主

Eg應該采取措施保護運動員。

(×)Shouldn’t shun responsibilities.時間地點不作主

這下雪了。（x）

這個問題政府已經重視。

（×）This issue the government has attached much importance to.3）無主解決沒有主語在譯成英語時要加上主語。

1)被動

比如必須指出英語很重要

English must be pointed out to be important.2)It

比如這里很冷。It is cold here.3)There be

比如有很多人認為婚姻是愛情的墳墓。

There are many people who believe marriage is the end of love.4)One/we

比如應當保護環境、We should protect the environment.賓語

首先分詞和不定式可以（上面已經講過）還有名詞和代詞egi love you/my boyfriend;可以看出做賓語和主語的成分是完全一樣的。表語

首先還是分詞和不定式

eg success is to get/getting what you want;還有名詞，代詞egi am a teacher/me 除此之外，還有形容詞和介詞短語 egi am beautiful i am in the office 總結：能做主語的詞性都能做賓語，能做賓語的都能做表語，但是能做表語的成分有形容詞和介詞短語只能做表語，不能做賓語。

講完第一講，同學們認為分析長難句，先找什么？一定不是主語，因為能做主語的成分很多，并且有時很長，那找什么？那個有時態的動詞，謂語；明白了這點，第一講我們就成功了。破解考研長難句(2009-10-28 11:50:17)轉載▼標簽：雜談分類：考研英語

無論是什么種類的英語考試，讓同學們頭痛的事有兩個，一個是單詞不認識，另一個就是單詞都認識，但句子卻看不懂。相信只要這兩個問題解決了，那所有的英語考試的難度就降低了一大半。

首先就考研的閱讀理解來看，我做過很多調查，同學們存在的問題不是找不到題目答案的定位點，而是能找到答案所在的句子，句子的單詞也認識，但是這句話卻怎么也讀不懂，導致費了很大的勁，最終還是功虧一簣，失敗在最后一步。

其次，長難句分析在翻譯中的作用就更毋庸置疑了?？佳蟹g評分標準就是分段給分，微觀扣分。也就是說考生在做考研翻譯之前就要做一個句子切分的工作，拆分的依據就是長難句分析的依據。

最后，考研作文和長難句也是息息相關的，如果你能準確把握長難句難的原因，那作文何愁寫不來長句子呢？

基于此，筆者一直在思考用什么更直白的語言來讓學生更快準地把握、分析長難句呢？

一、為什么英語會存在長難句？

這時同學們會去思考，漢語為什么不存在這種讀起來就想讓人自殺的句子？這要從英語的基本句型開始。

1.名詞惹的禍

有名詞就會存在修飾成分。名詞后可能是of 短語、介詞短語、形容詞短語、分詞、不定式或者從句，不管其后是哪種成分，一般情況下，名詞后面有一堆東西，這一堆東西一定是修飾或解釋這個名詞的。

我們最常用的句型就是主謂賓結構。

比如說 I love you.這句話每個人都能讀懂，巨簡單無比，但是在考研英語中這種句子如果能存在，就說明出題人今年一定是更年期了。

首先，英語中只要存在名詞，就會存在修飾名詞或解釋名詞的東西。所以，I 后面可能跟有這些成分.比如liuxiaoyan，這個東西也是名詞，名詞后面還可能有修飾或限定成分，比如 who comes from chongqing university.這個句子中最后一個成分還是名詞，又可能存在著修飾限定成分，于是又可能來對chongqing university 做解釋，which is the most important universities in china;這時同學們已經可以自己推出來了，china后面還可能有修飾限定成分。

同樣的道理，you 后面也可以跟修飾限定成分。這樣，一個所謂的長難句就誕生了。

I, liuxiaoyan, who comes from chongqing university, which is the most important universities in china, who is my motherland, love you，who can make everybody stop to look at you in the street in which there are so many people who ?;

在這個句子當中，你還能找出I love you 嗎？所以有了名詞的存在就有了這么復雜的限定成分。

2.動詞惹的禍

說到動詞，首先要明白動詞能做什么成份？動詞只能做謂語，謂語只能是動詞，并且一個句子中謂語不能多，只能有一個，所以我們需要把不做謂語的動詞變成不是動詞，如何把一個動詞變成不是動詞呢？三種變法：A、變成to do（不定式）；B、變成v-ing（現在分詞）；C、變成 done（過去分詞）。

比如說“他來看我”，不能翻譯成“he comes see me”；因為這個句子中只有comes 是謂語，所以see，變成了 to see，這就是動詞不定式了。

再如這句話，beat you is my fault.顯然is 是句子的謂語，所以beat 這個動詞就不能作為動詞出現了，要把它變成beating或者是to beat。

也就是說，由于以上原因，英語中就存在了分詞或動詞不定式了。也就是說分詞和不定式可以做英語句子的任何成分，除了不能作謂語。這也就是英語長難句存在的依據之二。

3.逗號惹的禍

這就要從標點來說起了.在漢語中，逗號完全可以連接兩個并列完整的句子。比若說，“我愛你，你愛那條狗”。顯然，寫到作文中，是沒有任何問題的。但是，譯成英語：I love you, you love that dog.是顯然存在問題的，因為逗號不能連接兩個完全并列的句子。

所以正確說法如下：

A 用連詞連接兩個并列的句子

I love you ,but you love that dog.這樣就有了英語的并列句，在考研英語中，并列句是個難點也是重點。因為一般來說，有并列的句子，就會考到代詞指代或省略。

比如：2002年65題 Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.主句是有一個連詞and 連接的兩個并列的句子，后面的句子就省略了will continue to be rejected.B 用主從句來解決

逗號不能連接兩個并列的句子，那把兩個句子變得不并列就可以了，所以兩個句子中的一個變成從句也是解決辦法。

即是：although I love you, you love that dog.(狀語從句)或I love you ,who loves that dog.(定語從句)

C 用分詞做狀語來解決

逗號不能連接兩個并列的句子，那只需要把其中的一個句子變成不是句子就行了。如何把句子變成不是句子？如上所述，只需要把謂語動詞變成不是動詞就可以了。于是，把前面句子中的love 變成loving 就搞定了。

即是：my loving you , you love that dog.綜上所述，由于逗號的原因，我們就有了并列句、從句和分詞或動詞不定式作狀語。

二、如何分析長難句？

知道了為什么會有長難句，那么我們就要知道如何分析這些句子的成分。首先，糾正一下同學們分析長難句的誤區。那就是拿到一個句子時不要上來就開始讀，讀完就開始一個一個詞地來翻譯，這不叫句子分析，而是字字對譯。

根據上面第一部分的分析和總結，分析長難句首先需要尋找下面幾個點：

1.尋找謂語動詞

找到了謂語動詞，就說明有句子存在。首先，如何尋找謂語動詞呢？很簡單，有時態的動詞就一定是謂語。

然后，順著謂語動詞往前找，如果有引導詞存在，說明這個謂語動詞所在的句子就是個從句，再根據引導詞前的單詞判定這是個什么從句：

A．如果引導詞前是個名詞，那就根據情況區別是定語從句還是同位語從句；

B.如果引導詞前是實意動詞，那就說明這個從句是賓語從句；

C．如果引導詞前面是系動詞，那就說明這個從句是表語從句；

D.如果其前面是狀語從句的引導詞，那就說明這是個狀語從句；

如果順著謂語動詞往前找，卻沒有引導詞存在，那說明這是主句的謂語動詞，那它的前面就是主語，后面就應該是賓語或表語。

例如：2005年48題 This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.該句中的謂語動詞已經用藍色體標出來。Demonstrates 前面沒有引導詞，它就是主句的謂語動詞；is 前有引導詞 that，且that 前是實意動詞，所以這是賓語從句；show前有引導詞that，其前是名詞fact，且that在從句中顯然做主語，所以這里有一個that引導的定語從句；最后一個動詞是took，其前也存在著that，且that前是實意動詞，所以took 所在的句子是賓語從句。綜上，本題主句是一個主謂賓結構，并且賓語中又有一個定語從句和賓語從句。

2.尋找并列連詞

常見的并列連詞有and, but, yet, or, so, for ,not only?but also?看到這批單詞，一般就有并列結構存在，并且很可能存在著省略問題。

Eg 2002年64題 They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.并列連詞如上已經標出，顯然第一個and 前后的兩個句子是完全并列的；后面的and 前后兩句話也應該是并列的，并且其前的謂語動詞前有引導詞in which，in which 前又是個名詞，所以這是由and 引導的兩個定語從句。因為存在并列，所以第二個定從和第一個相比，少了in which a person is.綜上，本句話是由第一個and 連接的兩個并列的句子，并且兩個句子都是主謂表結構。且and 后面的句子中還有一個and 引導的兩個并列定語從句，共同修飾practices.3.尋找引導詞

什么是從句？從句就是句子前面有一個引導詞。所以找到引導詞就找到了從句，再根據引導詞前的單詞確定其是什么從句（前面已做過講解此處不再講述）

Eg 2005年65題 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.如上，引導詞已經標注出來，which 前面是名詞determinism 名詞，并且which在從句中做主語，顯然這是個定語從句，修飾其前的名詞。第二個引導詞that 前面是實意動詞 state，所以這是個賓語從句。最后的引導詞that 前有并列連詞and，顯然后兩個that 從句是完全并列的賓語從句。所以該句是個簡單的主謂賓結構，賓語的最后一個單詞是名詞，存在一個定語從句，定語從句中又有兩個并列的賓語從句。

4.尋找名詞

一般的長句子中，名詞后只要不是謂語動詞，一般都有修飾限定成分，即定語或同位語。

也就是說，我們只要能尋找到名詞，其后的東西就確定是修飾或解釋前面的名詞的。

Eg 2001年73題 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.如上，分析各個名詞，第一個名詞pearson后顯然是謂語動詞；第二個名詞work 后面of短語顯是然修飾work 的；第三個名詞后也有修飾成分；calendar 后從句也是修飾該名詞的；

最后，兩個并列的名詞后仍然是修飾名詞的。那如果把所有修飾名詞的動詞劃去，句子的主干就顯示出來了：Pearson has pieced together the work to produce a calendar.除了以上四個主要分析長難句的切入點以外，其實我們還應當注意兩點。

5.尋找動詞不定式和分詞

如上所述，動詞只能做謂語，不做謂語的動詞要變成不是動詞，即分詞和不定式；那就意味著分詞和不定式雖然表達的意義不同，但是其在句子中所做的成分是完全一樣的。也就是說，分詞和不定式除了不能做謂語以外，任何成分都可以充當。

6.尋找介詞

有介詞一般都會有介詞短語，在句子中充當表語、定語、狀語等。

三小結

當同學們看到長難句時，一定按照我們的講解尋找相應的提示線索，不要不分主次地翻譯。當然，長難句的解決不但要有好的方法，更要注意自己單詞量的積累和基本英語語法問題的解決，這是個基礎加方法的長期練習和背誦的過程，希望大家在學習長難句時擅長總結和復習，才會有很快的提高。

第五篇：課本長難句翻譯

高中英語必修1-5模塊 課文長難句翻譯與分析

翻譯句子，分析句子主干，并找出固定句式。

1.I couldn't live this lifestyle without a good wife._______________________________________________________________。

2.It takes me less than 15 minutes to wash, get changed , have breakfast, leave home and get on a bus._____________________________________________________________________________。

3.When I get home at about ten, I look at some documents that I bring back from the office so that I can be ready for the next day’s work.__________________________________________________________________________________ 4.That is what people call the underground in London.__________________________________________________。5.It’s so crowded that I can’t find anywhere to sit.______________________________________________________。6.I spend all morning checking numbers._______________________________________________________。

7.We like to visit nice, quiet places far away from the city and go walking where there are no shops, crowds or the tube.__________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Unfortunately, my wife isn’t as fond of them as I am.___________________________________________________。

9.Yang, who was a pilot in the army ,was chosen from 1,500 other army pilots and started training for his space flight in 1998.___________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Yang Liwei showed the flags of China and the United Nations , expressing the wishes of the Chinese people to explore and use space peacefully.__________________________________________________________________________________ 11.As Yang Liwei returned into the earth’s atmosphere, helicopters were flying to where he would land ready to collect him.__________________________________________________________________________________ 12.I thought 21 hours was too short to stay in space._________________________________________________________________________。

13.In a recent interview, Venus spoke about the time when she and Serena were practicing tennis and they had to run and hide as bullets started flying through the air.__________________________________________________________________________________ 14.The first time Venus played in a big event was in 1996.____________________________________________________________。

15.This not only drew public attention to research into back injures but also encouraged a lot of people living with all kinds of problems.__________________________________________________________________________________ 16.This is how I got involved with my charity work to improve the quality of life for all disabled people.___________________________________________________________________________。17.I’m far too busy with living to think of giving up.___________________________________________________________________________。18.The five men and two women crew, which included the first Indian-born woman in space as well as Israel’s first astronaut ,all died.__________________________________________________________________________________ 19.On this day, the moon is said to be its biggest and brightest.______________________________________________________________。20.The Lantern Festival falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month.________________________________________________________________________。21.A long silk ribbon that links the crowns is a symbol of a long and happy life for the couple.___________________________________________________________________________。

22.My sister, Alison and I sat down in front of the fire and wrote a letter to Father Christmas telling him about the presents we wanted.__________________________________________________________________________________ 23.At the bottom of the bed was the stocking, now all kinds of small presents and sweets.___________________________________________________________________________。

24.After lunch, the adults slept on the sofas in front of the Queen’s speech on television while we all played cards.____________________________________________________________________。25.Over 2000 years ago, people known as the Celts lived in Northern Europe.______________________________________________________________________________。

26.During this time, they offered crops and dead animals to thank the god and danced in costumes made from animal heads and skin.__________________________________________________________________________________ 27.It was believed that any village that did not give food would have bad luck._____________________________________________________________________________。

28.In these countries children wear spooky（幽靈般的）costumes and go from door to door saying “Trick or treat!” and they are given sweets to take home._________________________________________________________________________________ 29.In the future, terrorists may “attack”the world’s computers,cause chaos,and make planes and trains crash.30.Users can buy books ,find out about holiday offers, book tickets,and get all sorts of information from the internet.31.We will get entertainment from the Net and that television will probably disappear。

32.We will work in virtual offices ,shop in virtual supermarkets ,and we will even study in virtual schools.33.It is clear that we are going to see a huge growth in shopping on the internet.34.It depends on the weather.If it’s good,Dad,Mum and I will probably go camping.But we won’t go ig it rains.If I stay home, I’ll help you with your project if you like.35.If we had virtual reality holidays, we wouldn’t have any problems with the weather.36.It is also the most exciting city in New zealand with people of many different cultures living there.37.It is easy to travel between Auckland and the rest of New zealand.38.New Zealanders, who are also known as “Kiwis”, are relaxed people who love outdoor life.39.It is not surprising that New Zealand is successful at many sports.40.Her most famous album Jagged Little Pill ,came out in 1995 when she was only twenty-one years old.41.There was not an empty seat anywhere in the concert hall at last Thursday’ event ,although it was an extremely cold night.42.The first part of the song was filled with anger, while the last part expressed love and joy.43.He also feels that playing Chinese folk on the piano can help bring it to the rest of the world.44.His mother couldn’t buy him a piano until he was seven.45.He was made to practice the piano so much that, at times , he thought about giving up.46.This is why he went back to his roots and rediscovered the beauty in Chinese folk music.47.To emphasise the woman even more, Chen adds a lot of detail to the fan and the cloth of her dress, and chooses to paint the background behind the woman black.48.A young farmer who wanted a wife would look at a young woman’s paper cutting skills before marrying her.49.People to whom the dead person was related would make these offerings on special days and during festivals.50.The house on Mango Street is ours, and we don’t have to pay rent to anybody, or share the yard with the people downstairs, or be careful not to make too much noise, and worried about the landlord being angry.51.They always told us that one day we would move into a house, areal house that would be ours so we wouldn't have to move each year.52.This was the house Papa talked about when he dreamed of being rich and this is the house Mama dreamed up in the stories she told us before we went to bed.53.According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway, Eric the Red was forced to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder , for which he got into trouble.54.Eric set sail once again, this time with 25 ships, of which only 14 made it to Greenland.55.Biarni was hoping to join his father who was with Eric,but he was blown off course, and found himself in an unknown land, from where he eventually reached Greenland.56.Leif followed Biarni’s directions and sailed to what is believed to be the coast of present –day Canada.57.They spend half their time dreaming up ways of getting rich, and the rest of their time thinking about all the enjoyable things they would do once they got rich.58.He was tired of being a person who had everything in a world where many people had nothing.59.Widespread poverty in Africa means that many people there cannot get the water, clothing, housing, electricity or education they need.60.London’s name had been announced twice before, in 1908 and 1948, so it now has the distinction of being the first city to host the event three times.61.Modern advertisements must stand out in a world full of competition by combining the height standards of design with ideas linked to the products to make them more attractive.62.The top advertisers of today believe that using humor as well as new and unusual ideas to surprising people is important in modern advertisements.63.There are public advertisements which encourage citizens to participate in improving their neighborhood, protecting the environment ,and helping other people.64.Even if they never see their results, they feel that their IQ is what determines how well they are going to do in life.65.They usually believe that those students have a higher IQ and that there is nothing they can do to change facts.66.At work, it is IQ that gets you hired but it is EQ that gets you promoted.67.Supported by his academic research, Professor Salovey suggests that when predicting someone’s future success, their character, as measured by EQ tests, might actually matter more than their IQ.68.Have you ever wondered why some of the smartest students in your class , who you think deserve good grades , sometimes end up failing exams?

69.This association can exist, but it is just as possible for someone with a low IQ to have a high EQ or someone with a high IQ to have a low EQ.70.And the fact that it might be possible to raise EQs means that schools need to make sure that their students are receiving the education they really need, and know that their futures are not entirely determined by their IQs.71.I was getting more and more annoyed and of course, the more upset I got, the less I was able to concentrate, the last straw was when I heard someone singing behind me.72.It was only when I got home two hours later that I realized I’d forgotton it and there was nothing I can do as the library was closed.