第一篇：主語從句中的虛擬語氣

一、It’s important…類

這一類型主要包括It is(was)important(necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that...句型。如：

It is impossible that he should go home.他不可能會回家去。

It is necessary that I should return it right now.我有必要馬上把它還回去。

It is important that we should speah politely.我們說話要有禮貌，這是很重要的。It is not necessary that everyone be a scientist.沒有必要使每一個人都成為科學家。It is imperative that we should practise critidsm and self-criticism.應當進行批評與自我批評。

二、It’s a pity…類

It is a pity that she should fare so badly.她竟吃得這么差，真可憐。

It’s a pity that he should be so obstinate.真遺憾他竟這樣倔犟。

It was a pity that you couldn’t come.你不能來，真是太遺憾了。

It is a pity that she failed the driving examination.她沒通過駕駛考試真是遺憾。

It is his desire that a medical man should stay here.他希望有一個醫務人員留在這里。

三、It’s desired…類

這種主語從句還常用在It is(was)desired(suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc.)that...句型。如：

It is requested that a vote be taken.建議付諸表決。

It is settled that you leave us, then? 那么你肯定要離開我們羅?

It was proposed that this matter be considered at the next meeting.有人提議這事下次會議再討論。

It is desired that this rule should be brought to the attention of the staff.希望這條規則引起全體職員的注意。

【特別說明】

(1)在現代英語中，有時也可不用虛擬語氣而用陳述語氣，但初學者宜慎用。

(2)在It is amazing(strange, surprising, astonishing, a pity, a shame)以及 I am surprised(sorry)和I regret等結構后的that 從句中有時也用should，表示說話人的驚異、懊悔、失望等情感，常含有“竟然”之意：

It’s strange that he should be so rude.他竟如此無禮，真是奇怪。

I’m surprised that he should have failed.他竟然失敗了，這使我很吃驚。

若不用虛擬語氣也可以，則不帶感情 色彩，比較：

It’s a pity that he failed the exam.他考試沒及格，真是遺憾。

It’s a pity that he should have failed the exam.他考試竟沒及格，真是遺憾。

第二篇：002-名詞性從句中的主語從句和賓語從句的用法(2018-08-02)

名詞性從句中的主語從句和賓語從句的用法，今天接著跟大家分享表語從句的用法。

一、何謂“表語”？

說到表語從句，就不得不先說說什么是“表語”。

表語是英語區別于漢語所特有的一種詞類，是起表述作用的句子成分： 從形式上講，它是位于系動詞之后的成分；

從含義上講，它是用來描述主語“是什么或是怎么樣”的成分。

表語是用來說明主語的身份、性質、品性、特征和狀態的。表語必須和系動詞一起構成系表結構，作為句子的復合謂語。表語通常由名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、不定式、形容詞化的現在分詞或過去分詞以及從句來充當。

二、何謂“表語從句”？

當句子的表語由從句來充當時，這個從句就叫做表語從句。表語從句一般都是位于系動詞之后的。

三、表語從句的連接詞

常用來引導表語從句的連接詞主要有：

That whether what/who/whom/whose/which when/where/why/how及其短語

（一）that: 當that引導表語從句時，只起連接作用，不在表語從句中充當任何句子成分。如： His advice is that we should leave for Shanghai before dawn.Her plan is that she will call the police first and then try to stop the thief from running away.【注意】當名詞主語是表示建議、命令、要求等含義（如advice、order、idea、notion、proposal、suggestion、request等）時，其表語從句中的謂語動詞一般要采用“should+do”的形式，should可以省略。如：

The officer's order was that all the soldiers(should)never surrender to the enemy.（二）whether 當表語從句要表達“是否”的含義時，連接詞要用whether。如： His question is whether they can arrive in London on time.需要注意的是，盡管if也可以表示“是否”的含義，但在表語從句中只能用whether，不能用if。

這些疑問代詞如果用來連接表語從句，既起著連接作用，同時又在從句中充當句子成分，可以作主語、賓語、定語等。如： My concern is what he really expects to get from us.Her question is who has broken the glass.Our dilemma is which side we should take.Their worry is whom she can rely on.His puzzle is whose money it belongs to.（四）when/where/why/how及其短語

這些疑問副詞如果用來連接表語從句，既起著連接作用，同時又在從句中充當句子成分，一般作狀語。如：

The question is when he will show up at the party tomorrow.He remains where I was last night.That's why he was late for school this morning.Her concern is how he managed to climb into her kitchen yesterday.【注意】當主語是reason時，表語從句要用that連接，而不是because。如：

The reason why he was late was that he missed the first morning bus.四、表語從句的特殊連接詞

除了以上常見的連接詞外，還有一些特殊的連接詞可以用來連接表語從句。

（一）(just)as 表示“正如”，經常與表象系動詞look/seem/appear搭配使用。如： She looks just as she was ten years ago.（二）as if/though 表示“好像”，也常與表象系動詞look/seem/appear搭配使用。如： It looks as if/though it's going to rain soon.【注意】

這種情況下，as if/though后面的表語從句中的謂語動詞一般采用虛擬語氣形式，其用法是：該謂語動詞的時態要采用相應的過去時態。如：

She acts as if/though she were the hostess of this house.They looked as if/though they had lived here for a long time.（三）because 前面講到why可以用來連接表語從句，其實because也可以用來連接表語從句。如： She is very familiar with the film.This is because she has already seen the film.【注意】

在這種情況下，盡管since/for/as都可以表示原因，但這三個詞不能用來連接表語從句。

一、何謂“同位語”？ 當一個名詞（或其它形式）用來限定或說明另一個名詞或代詞時，這個名詞（或其它形式）就是同位語。

同位語與被它修飾的詞在格式上要保持一致，而且同位語一般都是緊跟所修飾的詞語的。同位語與所修飾的詞語關系緊密時，不用逗號隔開；同位語對其所修飾的詞語只作補充解釋時，可用逗號隔開。如：

1)My sister Mary will visit me tomorrow morning.2)Last Saturday, I met my old friend, James Brown.第1)句中的Mary就是my sister的同位語，第2)句中的James Brown就是my old friend的同位語，指的都是同一個人。

二、同位語的分類

（一）名詞或名詞短語作同位語

Jack, the mayor, will attend the meeting next Friday.句中的the mayor作Jack的同位語。

Jerry, our beloved pet dog, has lived with us for eight years.句中的our beloved pet dog作Jerry的同位語。

（二）直接引語作同位語

Now let's get down to the girl's question, “Who will take over the job?” 句中引號的直接引語就作為question的同位語。

（三）句子作同位語

I don't believe the fact that she is a spy.句中的she is a spy作the fact的同位語。

三、何謂“同位語從句”？

當一個句子用來充當某個名詞或代詞的同位語時，這個句子就是該名詞或代詞的同位語從句。同位語從句主要用來對其前面的抽象名詞進行解釋說明，被解釋說明的詞和同位語在邏輯上是主表關系。如：

The idea that we will visit Paris next week excites every one of us.句中的同位語從句we will visit Paris next week與the idea之間就是主表關系，即同位語從句和它所修飾的成分之間其實可以用系動詞連接起來。如：

The idea is that we will visit Paris next week.四、同位語從句的引導詞 引導同位語從句的詞語通常有連詞that、whether、連接代詞和連接副詞等。

（一）that引導的同位語從句

They are very excited to hear the news that they have won the game.The fact that he stole the money yesterday shocks us all.【注意】

1、當同位語從句所修飾的名詞為表建議、命令、要求等的時，同位語從句的謂語動詞呀采用“should+do”的虛擬語氣形式。其中，should可以省略。如 They were faced with the demand that this tax(should)be abolished.They expressed the wish that he(should)leave the country as soon as possible.2、引導同位語從句的連詞that通常不省略，但在非正式文體中也可以省去。如： He picked up his luggage and gave the impression he was boarding the waiting train.句中的impression后面就省略了that。

（二）whether引導的同位語從句

當whether用來引導同位語從句時，其所修飾的名詞往往是表問題或疑惑的名詞。如： There is some doubt whether he will come.The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.注意：if不能引導同位語從句。

（三）連接代詞引導的同位語從句

常用來引導同位語從句的連接代詞有what、who、whom、whose、which等。如： I'm wondering the puzzle who has taken away my umbrella.He has no idea what time he should leave tomorrow.（四）連接副詞引導的同位語從句

常用來引導同位語從句的連接副詞有when、where、why、how及其-ever結構。如： She has no idea when the plane will arrive.It is a question how he managed to solve the mystery.He had no idea why she had left without saying goodbye to anyone.五、同位語從句的分隔

有時同位語從句會與其所修飾的名詞分開。如：

The story goes that she has won the race many times.The rumour spread that a new governor would be appointed here.Report has it that many citizens died in the earthquake last night.The order soon came that all soldiers(should)retreat under no circumstances.由以上例句可以看出，當同位語從句與其所修飾的名詞分開時，往往是因為這個名詞是主句的主語，其后緊跟的是主句的謂語動詞。

三、定語從句

定語從句根據從句與先行詞之間的關系，可以分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句，具體內容請點擊下面藍色的標題鏈接瀏覽：

一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（一）一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（二）一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（三）一、定義

用來修飾句子中的名詞或代詞或其短語的從句，就叫做定語從句。其實，就是拿句子來做名詞、代詞或是其短語的定語。如： It's a book.I bought the book yesterday.以上兩句話中，都有book一詞，所以可以用定語從句把兩句話連起來。即： It's the book that I bought yesterday.這句話中that引導的I bought yesterday就是一個定語從句，用來修飾the book。

二、兩個概念

要想學好定語從句，得先弄清楚兩個基本概念，即：先行詞和關系詞。

（一）先行詞

所謂先行詞，就是指定語從句所修飾的成分。這個名稱倒是挺形象的，為什么？因為先行詞永遠出現在定語從句的前面，總是先走一步的，呵呵！

（二）關系詞 所謂關系詞，就是指用來連接定語從句的詞語。關系詞可以分為關系代詞和關系副詞。需要注意的是，關系代詞或關系副詞都要在從句中充當成分的，所以是不可或缺的，盡管當關系代詞在從句中作賓語時，經常可以省略（本文會繼續講到這個情況）。

我們在來看一下在第一節里出現的句子：

It's the book that I bought yesterday.句中的the book就是先行詞，被后面的從句I bought yesterday所修飾。而that就是關系代詞，用來連接I bought yesterday，同時又在從句作bought的賓語，而且可以省略。

定語從句的學習，其實就是有關根據先行詞的特點選擇合適的關系詞的學習。

三、分類

按照定語從句與先行詞的關系緊密與否，可以分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。

（一）限定性定語從句

限定性定語從句對先行詞起著修飾限定作用，是不可或缺的。如：

These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.（二）非限定性定語從句

非限定性定語從句對先行詞起著補充說明作用，可要可不要。非限定性定語從句都會被逗號與先行詞隔開。如：

They have to walk to the South Pole, which is out of a plane's reach.【注意】

1、當先行詞具有唯一性的時候，就只能采用非限定性定語從句，否則就會產生歧義或誤解。如：

限定性定語從句：His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.非限定性定語從句：His wife, who is now in Paris, is one of my old classmates.因為限定性定語從句對先行詞起著修飾限定作用，所以具有特指功能，所以第一句中的限定性定語從句意味著是特指他在巴黎的妻子，其潛臺詞就是他不只一個妻子，也許在上海或者在紐約等其他地方還有妻子。

而非限定性定語從句只對先行詞起著補充說明作用，沒有特指功能，所以第二句中的非限定性定語從句只是用來補充說明他的妻子現在人在巴黎這個事實。

2、that和why不能用來引導非限定性定語從句

that不能用來連接非限定性定語從句，具體的請看下一節的內容。

而why因為總是緊跟先行詞reason，所以也不能用于引導非限定性定語從句。如： That's the reason why he was late for school this morning.在reason和why之間，不能插入逗號。

四、關系代詞 英語里能夠用來連接定語從句的關系代詞主要有： that：表人或物 which：表物

who：表人（主格或賓格）whom：表人（賓格）whose：表人或物（所有格）

（一）that引導的定語從句

that引導定語從句時，其先行詞既可能是人，也可能是物。如： This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.He is the man that will visit our school next week.【注意】

1、當that的先行詞表物時，可以用which來替換。此外，當that在從句中作賓語時，可以省略。如： This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.This is the photo I took during the trip in France.句中的先行詞the photo在從句I took during the trip in France中作took的賓語，所以可以省略。

2、不能用that的情況

1）當定語從句以介詞開頭時，一般不用that，而要用which或whom。如： This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.She is the girl to whom I talked just now.兩句話的定語從句分別以介詞for和to開頭，所以后面不能再用that，而要采用which和whom。

2）當先行詞是that時，往往用which來替換。如： We have that which we need.此時，that which往往可以用what來替換，因此我們可以把上面的句子改為： We have what we need.3）在非限定性定語從句中。如：

錯誤：His aunt, that is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.正確：His aunt, who is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.3、只能用that的情況

1）當先行詞為everything、all，little、much等不定代詞時。如： All that glitters is not gold.2）當先行詞被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修飾時。如： Don't waste any water that is reusable.3）當先行詞被the only、the very、the same、the last修飾時。如： They are the only students that will attend the meeting.4）當先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。如：

This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.5）當先行詞是be的表語或there be 的主語時。如： There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.6）當先行詞有人又有物時。如：

We don't like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.7）當主句是以who或which及其-ever結構開頭的特殊疑問句時。如： Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.4、多用who、不用that的情況

1）當先行詞為anyone、one、ones時。如：He is the one who will teach us English.2）當先行詞為those、he和people時。如：

Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.繼續分享其他關系代詞的用法，即which、who、whom和whose的用法。

四、關系代詞

（二）which的用法

which用來引導定語從句時，其先行詞都是表物的。如：

非限定性定語從句：He sent me five books, which helped me a lot in my English exam.限定性定語從句：This is the ship which I travelled on two months ago.第一句中的which helped me a lot in my Englsh exam作為five books的非限定性定語從句，補充說明了這五本書對我英語考試的幫助。

第二句中的which I travelled on two months ago作為the ship的限定性定語從句，特指這艘輪船是我兩個月前乘坐的那艘。【注意】

1、當which在從句中作賓語時，往往可以省略。比如上面的限定性定語從句中的which就可以省略，即：

This is the ship I travelled on two months ago.但是，當which前面有介詞時，就不能省略。比如上面這句話就可以改為： This is the ship on which I travelled two months ago.2、as與which的區別

as和which都可以用來引導定語從句，而且可以指代整個主句。但是，兩者在用法上存在一定差別。

1）兩者都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個句子。如： They love each other, as/which is natural.He doesn't like it, as/which we can see.2）as有“正如或正像”的意思，其引導的非限制性定語從句，位置可在句首、句末或句中。which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。如：

As is known to all, man cannot live without air./ Man cannot live without air, as is known to all./ Man, as is known to all, cannot live without air.It is said that he can type 200 words within one minute, which I don't believe.3）當主從句是因果關系時，一般都用which。如：

He is always complaining about everyting, which annoys everyone around him.4）如果先行詞中含有such或the same時，則用as。如： He is not such a fool as he looks.This is the same book as she lost yesterday.需要注意的是：當先行詞含有the same時，偶爾也用that來引導定語從句，這時與as引導的定語從句意思是不一樣的。如：

She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.（她穿著她在Mary婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。）

She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.（她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。）

（三）who who主要用在當先行詞表人的情況下，一般在從句中充當主語，但有時也可以作賓語，相當于whom。如：

He's the man who bought these books just now.The man who I served was wearing a hat.第一句中的who在從句中作bought的主語，而第二句中的who則作served的賓語。需要注意的是，當介詞位于定語從句的句首時，就不能用who，而要用whom。如： She is the girl about whom the man talked at the meeting an hour ago.who也可以用來引導非限定性定語從句。如：

The manager, who comes from Japan, told me to help you with your project.（四）whom whom主要用在當先行詞表人的情況下，在從句中充當動詞或介詞的賓語。如： The boy whom you met on the street just now is one of cousins.He is the man from whom you ought to ask for help.whom也可以用來引導非限定性定語從句。如：

The soldiers, some of whom come from Alaska, will be sent to Iraq next week.（五）whose whose是所有格形式，所以在引導定語從句時，后面會緊跟一個名詞。其先行詞既可能是人，也可能是物。如：

The boy whose father is a professor studies very hard.Are there any rooms whose windows face the sea? whose也可以用來引導非限定性定語從句。如：

I decided to write about Chaplin, whose films are still very popular among a large audience.五、關系副詞

英語里常見的關系副詞有when、where、why。

（一）when when用作關系副詞時，先行詞都是表時間的，此時when在定語從句中作時間狀語。如 I will never forget the days when we spent our summer holiday in the mountainous village.此時的when相當于“介詞+which”的用法。如上句可以改為：

I will never forget the days during which we spent our summer holiday in the mountainous village.【注意】

1、盡管先行詞是表時間的，但有的時候也會使用關系代詞來引導定語從句，此時關系代詞往往在從句中充當賓語。如：

I will never forget the days that/which we spent together in the mountainous village.關系代詞that/which，用作從句中的謂語動詞spent的賓語。

2、when有時也會用來引導非限定性定語從句，但有時也會使用“介詞+which”的結構。如： He was born in 1976, when some of China's great leaders passed away.I just can't forget my childhood days, some of which have already had their longlasting influence upon my present life.（二）where where用作關系副詞時，先行詞都是表地點的，此時where在定語從句中作地點狀語。如： This is the house where the soldiers once took shelter from the enemies.與when的用法相似的是，此時的where相當于“介詞+which”的用法。如上句可以改為： This is the house in which the soldiers once took shelter from the enemies.【注意】

1、與when的用法相似的是，盡管先行詞是表地點的，但有的時候也會使用關系代詞來引導定語從句，此時關系代詞往往在從句中充當賓語。如： This is the house that/which we visited last year.關系代詞that/which，用作從句中的謂語動詞visited的賓語。

2、同樣與when的用法相似的是，where有時也會用來引導非限定性定語從句。此時的where也常可以用“介詞+which”的結構來替換。如：

My brother works in a faraway mountainous town, where he can always enjoy a stunning view of the beautiful mountains.句中的where就可以替換為from which，即：

My brother works in a faraway mountainous town, from which he can always enjoy a stunning view of the beautiful mountains.（三）why 與when和where不同的是，why用作關系副詞引導定語從句時，其先行詞一定是reason，而且只能用在限定性定語從句中，即中間不能用逗號隔開。如 That is the reason why he has left for Shanghai.【注意】在現代英語中，why也經常可以省略。如：

This is the reason I opened the window at this time of the day.六、定語從句轉換為短語

有時出于結構簡潔的需要，定語從句可以轉化為短語結構。

不過，不是所有的定語從句都可以轉化為短語結構的，一般只有當關系代詞在從句中充當主語的時候才可以轉化為短語。如：

定語從句1：The woman who is standing behind the counter served me just now.短語結構1：The woman standing behind the counter served me just now.定語從句2：The woman who served me just now is standing behind the counter.短語結構2：The woman serving me just now is standing behind the counter.定語從句3：The woman who has already left served me just now.短語結構3：The woman having already left served me just now.【注意】當關系代詞在從句中充當主語時，也有的情況下是不能轉化為短語的，一般是當從句的謂語動詞中含有情態動詞或will或would等助動詞時。如以下兩句話中的定語從句就不能轉化為短語結構：

The woman who can dance is Jack's mother.The woman who will visit her is her aunt.四、狀語從句

英語里總共有三大類從句，即名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。我們之前已經分享過名詞性從句和定語從句的內容：

名詞性從句

主要包括四類（請戳下面的標題回顧相關的具體內容）：

主語從句 賓語從句 表語從句 同位語從句 定語從句

分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句，具體可參看（請戳下面的標題回顧相關的具體內容）：

一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（一）一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（二）一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（三）狀語從句主要包括時間、地點、目的、原因、結果、比較、方式、條件和讓步九種，具體內容：

一、定義:顧名思義，狀語從句就是指句子中的狀語原本是由單詞或短語來充當的，但當狀語是由句子來充當時，這個充當狀語的句子就叫狀語從句。如： He left the party at eight.He left the party when it was eight.第一句中的at eight是時間狀語，是由短語來充當的。

第二句中的when it was eight也是時間狀語，但是由句子來充當的，這個句子就叫（時間）狀語從句。

二、分類:英語里的狀語總共有九種，即：時間、地點、原因、結果、目的、條件、比較、方式、讓步。而英語里的狀語從句也因此包括這九種，接下去我們就一一來梳理這九種從句的用法。需要注意的是，狀語從句的學習其實就是有關連接這些狀語從句的連接副詞的學習。

三、時間狀語從句: 常連接時間狀語從句的連接詞有：

when, while, as;before, after;as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...;till, until;since;by, by the time, by the end of。

（一）when、while和as的用法

三者都表示“當...時候”，需要注意的是：

1、當所要描述的動作或狀態發生的時間是現在時間時

1）when要采用“主將從現”的原則，即：主句謂語動詞采用一般將來時，從句謂語動詞采用一般現在時。如：

When he comes, I will tell him the good news.需要注意的是，此時的從句謂語動詞雖然采用的是一般現在時，但其實是表將來的。如上句中的he comes，他其實還沒來。

此外，主句也有可能是祈使句或是含有情態動詞的句子。如： When he comes, please tell him the good news.When he comes, you can tell him the good news.2）as的用法跟when差不多，但其主句謂語動詞也可以使用一般現在時。如： A sudden chill of horror sweeps over her as she feels the drip of saliva upon her hand.（當她感覺到滴到她雙手上的唾液時，恐怖的寒栗突然遍布了她全身。）

3）while所在的句子主從句的謂語動詞一般都采用現在進行時。如：

While my mother is cooking in the kitchen, my father is working in the garden.2、當所要描述的動作或狀態發生的時間是過去時間時

1）when所在的從句謂語動詞一般采用一般過去時，主句謂語動詞采用過去進行時或是一般過去時。如：

When he entered the room, she was playing the piano.But when I returned the door was open.需要注意的是，when也有可能表示“正在這時”。如：

I was walking in the park, when a little child bumped into me.（我正在公園里散步，這時一個小孩撞到了我懷里。）

2）as與while的用法差不多，即：as和while所在的句子的謂語動詞一般用過去進行時，而另外一個句子的謂語動詞則采用過去進行時或一般過去時。如： As/While the royal visitors were passing by, the crowd burst into cheers.As/While she was reading in the study, he was watching TV in the living room.（二）before和after的用法 before表示“在...之前”，after表示“在...之后”。使用時要注意要描述的動作或狀態時基于現在時間還是過去時間。

1、基于現在時間

這時，其用法基本遵循時間狀語從句的“主將從現原則”，即before或after所在的從句謂語動詞采用一般現在時，其主句謂語動詞采用一般將來時。如： Before the guests come, we will have to clean the house.After he comes, we will set out for Shanghai.2、基于過去時間

這時，before所在的從句謂語動詞要采用一般過去時，其主句謂語動詞要采用過去完成時，而after所在的從句謂語動詞要采用過去完成時，其主句謂語動詞要采用一般過去時。如：

Before it began to rain, she had already arrived home.After she had arrived home, it began to rain.（三）“一...就...”的表達

英語里常用來表“一...就...”的結構主要有：as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...。、1、as soon as as soon as既可以用在現在時間中，也可以用在過去時間中。當用在現在時間中時，遵循“主將從現”的原則；當用在過去時間中時，as soon as所在的從句謂語動詞采用一般過去時，其主句謂語動詞采用一般過去時或過去完成時（如果要強調主從句謂語動作的連續性很強，則采用一般過去時）。如： 現在時間：As soon as she comes to the party, we will give her a big surprise.過去時間：As soon as he got to the station, the train left/had left.2、hardly...when...和no sooner...than...這兩個句型都表示“一...就...”，而且用法都差不多，即when和than所在的從句謂語動詞采用一般過去時，其主句謂語動詞采用過去完成時。如： He had hardly arrived at school when the class began.He had no sooner arrived at school than the class began.需要注意的是，hardly有時可以換成scarcely或rarely或barely。

3、特殊表達

英語中用來表達“一...就...”的結構還有：the moment/instant/minute/second...；immediately/instantly/directly...；at/on等。如： He came directly I called.The moment she gets off the bus, we will give her a big hug.On hearing the news, he burst into cries.（四）till和until 都表示“直到...時候”，兩者一般可以相互替換，但till多用于肯定句，until多用于否定句。如：

She will stay in the office till he comes back.She won't leave the office until he comes back.需要注意的是，until常與not搭配使用，而且會用在強調句中。如： He didn't arrive until the film had already begun.It was not until the film had already begun that he arrived.（五）since 當since用來引導時間狀語從句時，意思是“自從...以來”，其往往被當作是主句謂語動詞要采用完成時的標志性時間狀語。如：

Since he was born, he has lived here for over eighty years.Since we last met, we haven't seen each other for more than ten years.（六）by、by the time和by the end of 這組結構都表示“到...時候為止”，其主句謂語動詞一般都要采用完成時。需要注意的是，這些結構后面所接的時間不同，主句謂語動詞就要采用不同的完成時態。

1、后接將來時間

這時，主句謂語動詞一般要采用將來完成時或將來完成進行時。如： He will have read ten books by next Friday this month.She will have been learning English for ten years by the end of this term.They will have already left by the time she comes.2、后接過去時間

這時，主句謂語動詞一般要采用過去完成時。如：

They had learned English for ten years by last Saturday.The students had already left the party by the time she arrived.We had worked on the bridge for two years by the end of last month.

第三篇：定語從句中的特殊用法

定語從句中的特殊用法

定語從句是起定語作用的,修飾,說明名詞,代詞或句子內容的從句,被定語從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。引導定語從句，并在句中擔任成分的詞叫做關系代詞或關系副詞。定語從句是高考常考內容之一，使用時要尤其注意以下十種特殊用法。

一、只用that不用which的情況

1、當先行詞是all, little, few, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代詞時。如： Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.當時發生的一切就像是一場噩夢。

I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.我要把你在舞會上跟我說的話全都告訴他。、當先行詞被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very（恰好的,表示強調）等詞修飾時。例如： 2The only thing that we could do was to wait.我們能做的只是等待。

That’s the very thing that we can do.那正是我們能做的事。

3、當先行詞是序數詞、形容詞最高級或先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。例如：

The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.我們參觀的第一個地方是長城。

This is the best novel that I have ever read.這是我看過的最好的小說。

4、被修飾詞為數詞時。例如：

Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water.Now you can see the two that are still alive.昨天我捉到了兩條魚，把它們放在一盆水里。你可以看到那兩條魚還活著呢。

5、主句是There be結構，修飾其主語的定語從句宜用that作關系代詞修飾物。例句：

There’s still a room that is free.還有一個空房間。

6、先行詞中同時包括人和物時。例如：

We talked about the people and the villages that we remembered.我們談論了我們記得的人和村子。

He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.他問起他去過的這幾家工廠和工人的情況。

7、當主句中有who, which時，而定語從句中也要用到who或which時，為了避免who…who, which…which等重疊，定語從句要用that引導。例如：

Who is the man that is standing by the door? 站在門邊的那個男人是誰？

Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? 你養的那兩頭奶牛中哪一個產奶多？

人或物在定語從句中表語時，用that引導定語從句，而that通常也可以省略。例如：

He is no longer the man that he was.他不再是過去的他。

8、二、修飾物時只用which不用that的情況

1、引導非限制性定語從句時。例如：

Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，這使得他很輕。

2、當關系詞前有介詞時。例如：

This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.這就是毛主席曾經住過的地方。

3、在一個句子中有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關系代詞用了that, 另一個宜用which。例如：

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.我來給你看我從新開的圖書館里借來的那本小說。

4、當關系代詞后面有插入語時。例如：

Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.這就是我跟你說過的會有助于你學好英語的那本英語語法書。

5、先行詞為that時。例如：

The clock is that which can tell us the time.鐘是報時的裝置。

三、修飾人時只用who不用that的情況

1、先行詞為one, ones, anyone, those指代人時。如：

The person I want to learn from is one who studies

hard and works well.我最羨慕的是學習勤奮，工作出色的人。

2、在There be結構中，修飾主語的定語從句宜用 who關系代詞指代人。例如： There’s a gentleman who wants to see you.有位先生想見你。

3、當先行詞有較長的后置定語時。例如：

I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.昨天下午我在公園里遇到一位中文講得非常好的外國人。

4、一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關系代詞是that, 另一個宜用who以避免重復。The student that was praised at yesterday’s meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.受到校長表揚的學生是位謙虛好學的班長。

注意：當關系代詞前面有介詞時，只能用whom。例如：

The person to whom this letter was addressed died three years ago.這封信的收信人三年前就去世了。

way在定語從句作先行詞的用法

當先行詞為way時，定語從句的引導詞可用in which, that或省略引導詞。例如：

I don’t like the way（that /in which）he looks at me.我不喜歡他那種樣子看著我。四、五、在定語從句中作狀語的關系副詞when, where, why的用法

1、先行詞表示時間時，定語從句中的謂語動詞如果是不及物動詞，用關系副詞when或介詞+ which;如果是及物動詞，用which或that都行。例如：

I still remember the days when（=on which）we lived together.我仍然記得我們在一起的時光。

2、先行詞表示地點時，如果定語從句中謂語動詞是不及物動詞，用關系副詞where或介詞+which;如果是及物動詞時，用which或that都可以。例如：

This is the small village where(=in which)Chairman Mao ever lived.這就是毛主席曾經居住過的小村莊。

表示原因時，why前的先行詞是表示原因的名詞reason。例如：

Can you tell me the reason why(=for which)you di3、dn’t finish your homework? 你能告訴我你沒有完成作業的原因嗎？

六、whose引導的定語從句

Whose引導定語從句時，其先行詞可以指人，也可以指物，當先行詞指物時，可以用the+名詞+of which的結構。例如：

He studies in a school whose buildings(=the buildings of which)are built on top of a hill.他就讀的學校其房子都建在山頂上。

七、as作關系代詞引導的定語從句

1、引導限制性定語從句。在主句中常有the same, so或such與as相呼應, as在定語從句中可作主語、賓語、主語補足語等。as引出的定語從句帶有比較意義，從句常常只寫出比較部分，但as本身不可省略。例如：

He used such expressions as he could find in the texts.他使用在課文中可以找到的那些詞語。

They stayed for the night in the same room as they had once rented.他們在他們曾租用過的同一房間過夜。

注意：在the same…后也可用that引導定語從句，但含義有所不同。that引出的從句，指的是與先行詞同一的事物，而as引導的從句指的是與先行詞同類的事物。例如：

This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.這個包和我昨天丟失的包的樣子是同樣的。

This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.這就是我昨天丟失的那個包。

2、引導非限制性定語從句。帶主句的全部或部分內容。常譯為“正如-------”“就像------”等，定語從句可以置于主句句首、句中或句末。as后常接expect, know, report, say, see等動詞的主、被動語態。例如：

As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.正如大家所知道的那樣，月球每月繞著地球轉一圈。

He wasn’t unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes.他并未失去知覺，這從他的眼神可以看出來。

注意：as, which引導非限制性定語從句的區別：

1）、都可以代整個主句，相當于and this或and that.2）、as可放在句首，而which不能。

3）、as代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；如果為行為動詞，則從句中的關系代詞只能用which.例如：

It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.昨天下大雨，這使得我不能去公園。

八、of短語作為定語從句的先行詞的情況

one of the +復數名詞這一結構后面的定語從句中的謂語動詞，通常用復數形式，與定語從句所靠近的那個復數名詞在數上保持一致。但如果one of the+復數名詞這一結構前面帶有the/only/the only之類的限定語，從句的謂語動詞則要用單數形式，此時從句在意義上修飾的 是the one.例如：

Tom is one of the boys who were late that morning.湯姆是那天早晨遲到的男生之一。

Tom is the(only/the only)one of the boys who was late that morning.湯姆是那天早上唯一遲到的男生。

九、that有時可用作關系副詞來代替when, 引導一個定語從句，修飾表示時間的名詞，如day, time, moment等。例如：

I arrived here the day that(=when)he left.我是在他離開的那天到達這兒的。

He worked hard the whole time that(=when)he lived here.他在這里的整個時間工作都很努力。

十、than和but也可用作關系代詞引導定語從句

1、than用作關系代詞，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。例如：

You spent more money than was intended to be spent.你花的錢超過了預定的數額。（than是關系代詞，在句中作主語,其先行詞是money）

2、but作為關系代詞引導定語從句時，一般同具有否定意義的主句連用，其先行詞可以是人，也可以是物，但只用于限制性定語從句中。例如:

There was not a single student in my class but learnt a lot from him.（but=who did not）我班上每一個學生都從他那里學到了很多東西。

因此，在這種句子中，but在意義上等于“that...not”，“who...not”，“which...not”。

修飾物體時關系代詞that和 which的區分 使用that的情況：

1.當先行詞是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代詞時。e.g.Do you have anything that is important to tell me? 2.當先行詞被all, any, some, no, not, every, each等修飾時。

e.g.I have some books that are very good.3.當先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數詞所修飾時。e.g.This is the first book that I bought myself.The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.4.主句是以which或who開頭的特殊疑問句時 e.g.Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting.5.當先行詞在從句和主句中都作表語時,無論先行詞是人還是物.China is no longer the country that she was.6.如有兩個定語從句,其中一個已用which引導,另一個宜用that.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.7.在there be句型中,只用that.He asked for the latest book(that)there is on the subject.8.當先行詞被the very, the last, the next, the only 等詞修飾時。e.g.This is the very book that I lost yesterday.9.當先行詞又有人又有物時。

e.g.I won’t forget the things and the persons that I saw.只能使用which的情況。

1、非限制性定語從句中。

e.g.Mary has a book, which is very precious.2、在介詞之后。

e.g.This is a house in which lives an old man.3、當主句中的主語被that修飾時。

e.g.That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.

第四篇：英語三大從句中that省略情況小結

http://www.tmdps.cn/kaoyan/

that省略情況小結

在英語長句閱讀中，我們常常會遇到連接詞that省略的情況。而一旦省略，對同學們的從句識別和判定會帶來一定的困難，從而影響閱讀的理解和翻譯。本文我們就來看一下，三種從句中連接詞that省略用法的幾種情況。

一、that引導定語從句,在從句中充當成分。

1.that在定語從句中作賓語時，往往可省略。如：

（1）John once talked to his mom about the cities（that）he had visited abroad.在從句中that作visit的賓語，故可以省略。

（2）The homework（that）I finished last night was left at home.在從句中that作finish的賓語，故可以省略。2.that在定語從句中作主語時，不可省略。如：

（1）The teacher that is kind to us goes back home very late every day.在從句中that作主語，故不可以省略。

（2）My old school that was located in the suburban was razed to the ground.在從句中that作主語，故不可以省略。

3.that在引導限定性定語從句時，有時相當于in which, at which, for which或on which, 并且在從句中可以省略。如：

（1）Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way(that)(in which)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.（2）I like the music for the very reason(that)(for which)he dislike it.（3）We arrived the day(that)(on which)they left.http://www.tmdps.cn/kaoyan/

二、that引導名詞性從句時，充當連詞，本身無實際意義。

1.that在引導賓語從句時，通常可省略。如：

We know(that)sound can travel through air.that引導的從句在主句中充當know的賓語，故為賓語從句，此時that可以省略。但：（1）在介詞短語后的賓語從句中that常不可省略，且前面往往有個形式賓語it。如:

You may depend on it that they will support your plan.See to it that you arrive at the railway station on time.(2)兩個賓語從句連用時，即使省略了第一個that，也不可省略第二個that。如：

I believe(that)you’ve done your best and that things will get better.(3)在雙賓語結構中，that從句充當直接賓語或是間接賓語時，不可以省略that。如：

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.2.that引導主語從句、同位語從句及表語從句時，正規語中，通常不可省略。

（1）We heard the news that our team had won.that引導同位語從句，that不可以省略。（2）The fact is that we have lost the game.that引導表語從句，that不可以省略。

（3）That you didn’t go to the party was a pity.that引導主語從句，that不可以省略。

不過，如果it作形式主語，that從句放在句末，可以省略that。如：（4）It was a pity(that)you didn’t go to the party.三、that引導狀語從句時，充當連詞，有時也可省略。

http://www.tmdps.cn/kaoyan/ 在結果狀語從句中，that有時可以省略。如： The sound is so weak(that)you can’t hear it.總之，that的省略現象在英語學習中很普遍，尤其是在定語從句和賓語從句中，大家遇到這兩種句型時要多加留心that是如何使用的，注意總結。另外，如果大家對that省略的情況把握不好，建議大家在寫作時最好不要省略that。

第五篇：主語從句

高中英語語法之名詞性從句之主語從句

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。

一、引導名詞性從句的連接詞

引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：

連詞：that（無任何詞意）whether,if（均表示“是否”表明從句內容的不確定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在從句中均不充當任何成分

連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, whichever,whomever 連接副詞：when, where, how, why,how many,how much,how often 不可省略的連詞： 1.介詞后的連詞

2.引導主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。

That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比較：whether與if 均為“是否”的意思。但在下列情況下，只可用whether：

1.whether引導主語從句并在句首2.引導表語從句 3.whether從句作介詞賓語4.從句后有“or not” Whether he will come is not clear.大部分連接詞引導的主語從句都可以置于句末，用 it充當形式主語。

It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.二.主語從句

1、作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當從句的成分。例如：

What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown.誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。

It is known to us how he became a writer.我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。

Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英語晚會將在哪里舉行，還沒有宣布。有時為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動詞一般用單數形式。常用句型如下：

（1）It + be + 名詞 + that從句（2）It + be + 形容詞 + that從句（3）It + be + 動詞的過去分詞 + that從句（4）It + 不及物動詞 + that 從句

另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等語氣時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that …

It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that…

2、第一部分：常規主語從句，即句子在復合句中充當一個主語 主語從句的時態：不受主句的時態影響和限制。

（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to was lost is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.小結:（1)引導主語從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等（2)連詞位于句首不能省略（3)主語從句大多數情況下視為三單,但也有例外,如例9

第二部分：為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語it放在主語位置，真正主語擱置于句末（1）It is certain that he will win the match.（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that.（5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident.（9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)（10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.（11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.（12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)（13）It happened that the two cheats were there.(=The two cheats happened to be there)小結:（1)以that 引出的主語從句,常以形式主語it引導.It is +形容詞/名詞/某些動詞ed + that 從句.（2)在有些that從句中要用虛擬語氣(should+do/should+have done)例句4,5,6,11.3、主語從句的用法

主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較

It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調，無論強調的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.2.用it 作形式主語的結構

(1)It is ＋名詞＋從句

It is a fact that … 事實是…

It is an honor that …非常榮幸

It is common knowledge that …是常識

(2)it is ＋形容詞＋從句

It is natural that… 很自然…

It is strange that… 奇怪的是…

(3)it ＋不及物動詞＋從句

It seems that… 似乎…

It happened that… 碰巧…

(4)it is＋過去分詞＋從句

It is reported that… 據報道…

It has been proved that… 已證實… 3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況

(1)if 引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。

(2)It is said ,(reported)…結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(3)It happens…, It occurs… 結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(5)含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如：

Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

4.What 與that 在引導主語從句時的區別

What 引導主語從句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語．賓語．表語，而that 則不然。例如： What you said yesterday is right.1.________ makes mistakes must correct them.A.What B.That C.Whoever D.Whatever 2.It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey.A.while B.that C.if D.for 3.When and why he came here ________ yet.A.is not known B.are not known C.has not known D.have not known 4.________ is no reason for dismissing her.A.Because she was a few minutes late B.Owing to a few minutes late C.The fact that she was a few minutes late D.Being a few minutes late 5.________ Tom liked to eat was different from ________.A.That…that you had expected B.What …that you had expected C.That…what you had expected D.What…what you had expected

6.________ we go swimming every day ________ us a lot of good.A.If...do B.That...do C.If...does D.That...does 7.It ________ Bob drives badly.A.thinks that B.is thought what C.thought that D.is thought that 8.It's uncertain ________ the experiment is worth doing.A.if B.that C.whether D.how 9.________ the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.A.That B.What C.How D.Which 10.____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have.A.What, what B.What, that C.That, that D.That, what 11.____ you don't like him is none of my business.A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether 12..____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where 13._________is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee.A.That B.Why C.How D.Who 14._______we'll finish translating the book depends on the time.A.When B.Why C.What D.That 15.______he won't go there is clear to all of us.A.How B.What C.Why D.This 16.______the house will be built will be discussed at tomorrow's meeting.A.If B.Where C.That D.What 17.._______you come or not is up to you.A.What B.If C.Why D.Whether 18.._______makes mistakes must correct them.A.Who B.Anyone C.Whoever D.Anybody 19.._______team will win the match is a matter of public concern.A.Which B.That C.If D.How 20..________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A.Anyone B.The person C.Whoever D.Who

[參考答案] 1-10 CBACD DDCAA 11-20 CBDAC BDCAC