第一篇:英語論文規(guī)范格式
語畢業(yè)論文格式規(guī)范:
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms
(題目:二號,黑體,加粗,居中,除了英語小詞外,其他單詞首字母都要大寫;另外:除了題目外,論文中所有英文的字體均采用“Times New Roman”)
(學(xué)院、專業(yè)、學(xué)號、作者姓名、指導(dǎo)教師姓名(小四號宋體字,加粗),依次排印在論文題目下,上空二行,居中)
【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of ……(英文摘要:上空二行;題目采用五號“Times New
Roman”字體,加粗,置于粗體方括號【】內(nèi),頂格放置;隨后的內(nèi)容與前面的粗體方括號
【】之間空一格,不用其他任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號;采用五號“Times
New Roman”字體,不加粗;單倍行距。)
【Key Words】 idiom;comparison;English;Chinese
(英文關(guān)鍵詞:題目采用五號“Times New
Roman”字體,加粗,兩個單詞的首字母要大寫,置于粗體方括號【】內(nèi),頂格放置;隨后的內(nèi)容與前面的粗體方括號【】之間空一格,不用任何其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號,采用五號“Times New Roman”字體,不加粗,除了專有名詞外,其他單詞的首字母不大寫,各單詞之間用分號“;”隔開,分號之后空一格;最后一個關(guān)鍵詞之后不用任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號;單倍行距。)
1.Introduction
(頂格,除了第一個單詞及專有名詞外,其他單詞首字母都不要大寫;標(biāo)題最后不用任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號,上空兩行)
In both English and Chinese, ….So, this essay is trying to
focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms
of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression
(Chang Liang, 1993:44;Li Guangling, 1999).(段落第一行縮進(jìn)4個英文字符;夾注的標(biāo)注法:出現(xiàn)在夾注中的作者必須與文后的參考文獻(xiàn)形成一一對應(yīng)關(guān)系;注意一個或多個作者間的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號,時間、頁碼等的標(biāo)注法;另外,漢語參考文獻(xiàn)的作者要以拼音形式出現(xiàn),不能出現(xiàn)漢語姓氏;夾注出現(xiàn)在標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號之前)
2.The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms
In English, ….And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:
(1)I don’t know。我不知道。(2)I am not a poet.我不是詩人。(正文中的例子以(1),(2)…為序號排列,直至最后一個例子;而①, ②…則為腳注或尾注的上標(biāo)序號)
3.The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms
3.1 The characteristics of English idioms
(正文章節(jié)序號編制:章的編號:1.,2.,3.,…;節(jié)的編號:1.1,1.2…,2.1,2.2…;小節(jié)的編號為:1.1.1,1.1.2…。小節(jié)以下層次,采用希臘數(shù)字加括號為序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括號,如(a),(b),…;每章題目左頂格,小四號字,加粗;每節(jié)(及小節(jié)以下)題目左頂格,小四號字,不加粗但要斜體;所有章節(jié)的題目都單獨(dú)一行,最后不加任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號)
….In conclusion, ….3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms
….Feng(1998)found some problems as shown in the following
examples(注意此句中夾注的另一種寫法):
(9)We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10)People take no thought of the value of time until they lose
it.….3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese
idioms
…(i)….….(ii)….….4.Conclusion
….Bibliography(References)(小四號,加粗,后面不加任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號)Sanved, ed.The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C].New
York: OUP, 1981.常亮,“關(guān)于英語的偏離否定”[J]。《外國語文》,1993,4:44。馮樹健,“否定之否定新說”[J]。《英語輔導(dǎo)》,1998,6:11。李光陵,“不完全否定淺析” [J]。《大學(xué)英語》,2000,30:
30。(論文最后的參考文獻(xiàn)中所有文獻(xiàn)的排列順序:尾注:按照編號順序。夾注:英文文獻(xiàn)----網(wǎng)絡(luò)文獻(xiàn)----漢語文獻(xiàn),各個文獻(xiàn)的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音為序,不用單獨(dú)加序號或編號;每個參考文獻(xiàn)的第二行起必須縮進(jìn)4個英文字符;1.5倍行距;另外,與文中的夾注一一對應(yīng);不同類型的參考文獻(xiàn)寫法請參照寫作指南中附件2的內(nèi)容)
第二篇:英語論文outline規(guī)范范例
My outline(080703120 湯煜芳)
A Paralysed Wilderness
—The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols in Araby
Thesis statement: The symbols regarding the setting, religion and characters in Araby are ingeniously adopted, which manifests a stretch of paralysed wilderness typical of Dublin and contributes immensely to the success of the short story.Outline:
1.Introduction
2.Demonstration
2.1 Symbols regarding the setting
2.1.1 Blind alley in North Richmond Street—hopelessness, bleakness, and ignorance
2.1.2 Houses and gardens in the street—decay and gloom
2.1.3 Lamplight
2.1.3.1 Lamplight in the street—spiritual decadence
2.1.3.2 Lamplight in Araby fair—darkness and disillusionment
2.1.4 Araby bazaar—boy’s goal and social reality
2.2 Symbols involving religion
2.2.1 Dead priest and his abandoned belongings—collapse of the religious belief
2.2.2 The wild garden—spiritual paralysis
2.2.3 The chalice—boy’s yearning for beautiful love
2.3 Symbols concerning the characters
2.3.1 Mangan’s sister—boy’s pursuit of dream
2.3.2 Aunt and uncle of the narrator “I”—short-sighted and indifferent people
3.Conclusion
第三篇:英語論文
農(nóng)村的中學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)
如何實(shí)施目標(biāo)教學(xué), 優(yōu)化教學(xué)過程, 推進(jìn)素質(zhì)教育并在課堂教學(xué)中融進(jìn)素質(zhì)教育,就農(nóng)村的中學(xué)英語教學(xué)而言, 我認(rèn)為最好的方法就是讓課堂教學(xué)活起來。那么, 在中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中, 怎樣才能讓課堂教學(xué)活起來呢?
一、利用各種教學(xué)媒體, 激活教科書, 讓學(xué)生更易理解接受。
.在教學(xué)中, 我們應(yīng)想方設(shè)法, 利用電教器材如TV、VCD、電腦、收音機(jī)等, 讓教科書活起來、動起來、形象起來、發(fā)出聲來, 讓活的教科書震撼學(xué)生的心靈、開發(fā)學(xué)生的智力, 培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力。如我在講Shopping 這一課時, 就利用共享中的教學(xué)軟件, 將各種商品的圖片展現(xiàn)在電腦上,讓學(xué)生充當(dāng)購物者, 運(yùn)用所學(xué)過的句型進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場模擬練習(xí), 使課堂變得有聲有色、生動有趣。學(xué)生則充滿激情, 很好地理解和掌握了教學(xué)內(nèi)容, 并能模仿自編自演對話, 達(dá)到了活學(xué)活用的效果。
二、重視學(xué)生的主體地位, 發(fā)揚(yáng)教學(xué)民主, 創(chuàng)設(shè)和諧氣氛, 增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的參與意識, 讓學(xué)生在課堂中活起來
2.樹立學(xué)生的自信心與勇氣, 增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的參與意識。英語學(xué)科的教學(xué)特色是充分發(fā)揮其語言功能, 講究對話的藝術(shù)。這就要求教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生全體主動參與, 使其克服羞于開口的毛病, 積極參與語言交際活動。在英語教學(xué)中, 我常常用表揚(yáng)和鼓勵的話語激勵學(xué)生, 讓學(xué)生能夠大膽地表現(xiàn)自己, 每一課都盡量創(chuàng)設(shè)大量情境并提供廣泛的語言材料, 讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行聽說讀寫訓(xùn)練。如Unit 8 My family 和Unit 9 A birthday party 的教學(xué), 我先讓學(xué)生看圖聽錄音跟讀, 然后口述,并運(yùn)用句型進(jìn)行家庭及人物的介紹, 再自編自演對話。這樣, 本來只有幾句話的內(nèi)容, 經(jīng)過處理, 就成為一個生動有趣的說話練習(xí)了。長期的訓(xùn)練, 使學(xué)生由克服了說英語的膽怯心理, 變得自然大方, 而且不時有出色的表現(xiàn)。
三、教師轉(zhuǎn)變觀念, 讓教學(xué)方法與教學(xué)手段活起來
單
一、呆板的教學(xué)方法與手段, 只能讓課堂變得枯燥乏味。新課程背景下的英語課堂教學(xué)應(yīng)是快節(jié)奏的、靈活多樣的、豐富多彩的, 而不是黑白無聲的。教師上課節(jié)奏要快, 以訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的反應(yīng)、思維。學(xué)生的有意注意時間大多不超過20 分鐘, 注意力易分散, 一旦教學(xué)方法呆板、節(jié)奏慢, 就會出現(xiàn)學(xué)生做小動作或小聲講話等不良習(xí)慣。因此, 教師應(yīng)抓住學(xué)生注意力集中的短暫時刻, 用學(xué)生能接受的節(jié)奏組織形式多樣的課堂活動, 如游戲、唱歌、做動作、搶答競賽等, 使學(xué)生既緊張又活潑, 在輕松愉快而又緊張刺激的氛圍中學(xué)習(xí)。這樣, 學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性高, 不會感到厭倦, 對知識記憶得也特別牢固, 教學(xué)效果自然較好。
四、優(yōu)化合理的課堂結(jié)構(gòu):
(l)靈活運(yùn)用“五步教學(xué)法”。(2)對好單詞關(guān)。培養(yǎng)興趣,激發(fā)求知欲;直觀教學(xué),增強(qiáng)感官印象;總結(jié)規(guī)律,記憶單詞。(3)過好導(dǎo)課關(guān)。“溫故而知新”,在復(fù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)上,巧設(shè)情景,引出新語言項(xiàng)目,再啟發(fā)學(xué)生觀察、分析、歸納。由學(xué)生嘗試去總結(jié)悟出新語言的規(guī)律,并讓學(xué)生在練中學(xué)、學(xué)中練。
五、發(fā)揚(yáng)民主, 營造和諧氣氛, 注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,幫助學(xué)生形成學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)讓學(xué)生動起來
(1)誘發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)、激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣。學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)活動總是由一定的學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)引起的, 只有當(dāng)學(xué)生喜歡學(xué)、要求學(xué), 有迫切的學(xué)習(xí)愿望時, 他們才能自覺積極地投入到學(xué)習(xí)活動中去。那么, 學(xué)生的這種學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)從何而來呢? 這就要靠教師的教學(xué)藝術(shù), 要靠教師組織富有成效的學(xué)習(xí)活動去誘發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)、激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣、活躍學(xué)生的思維, 如設(shè)置懸念、創(chuàng)設(shè)情境等, 將學(xué)生置于心求通而未達(dá), 口欲言而不能的心理狀態(tài)。如組織課前活動時, 我通常以聽說訓(xùn)練為重點(diǎn),利用課前的幾分鐘, 開展Free talk 活動, 其中內(nèi)容包括日常生活中常用的問候句型、自我介紹句型, 以及日期、天氣的正確表達(dá)方法, 讓學(xué)生以輕松、愉快的心情迎來即將開始的英語課。
(2).心理學(xué)家告訴我們, 愛動是孩子的天性。在英語教學(xué)中, 教師應(yīng)將“動中學(xué)、學(xué)中動”有機(jī)結(jié)合, 使學(xué)生動腦、動口、動眼、動耳、動手, 以最佳心理狀態(tài)投入到學(xué)習(xí)中去。如在教學(xué)Unit 3 In my schoolbag 時, 我一邊教學(xué)新單詞、一邊讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用句型猜測老師的提包和筆盒中分別有什么。這樣, 學(xué)生學(xué)得趣味盎然, 教師也教得輕松自如。興趣是一種學(xué)習(xí)的動力,學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣越濃,學(xué)習(xí)的積極性就越高,學(xué)習(xí)的效果就越好。課堂教學(xué)是教師激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣,提高學(xué)生參與行為的重要場所之一,教師應(yīng)盡力使自己的課生動有趣。學(xué)生在課堂教學(xué)過程中發(fā)揮出的主體作用反過來又促進(jìn)了教師的課堂教學(xué)質(zhì)量的提高,教與學(xué)真正進(jìn)人良性循環(huán)。著名心理學(xué)家布魯納說過“學(xué)習(xí)最好的刺激是對所學(xué)教材的興趣”,對學(xué)生來說,“興趣”將直接影響學(xué)習(xí)效果。新教材內(nèi)容貼近學(xué)生的生活,在教學(xué)的過程中,應(yīng)充分挖掘其趣味性,喚起情感共鳴,引起學(xué)生興趣。教師應(yīng)做到備學(xué)生、備教材,設(shè)計(jì)每一節(jié)課,都使其有趣味性。創(chuàng)造和諧的課堂氣氛,充分調(diào)動學(xué)生的主動性和積極性,應(yīng)盡量多揚(yáng)少抑,哪怕這個學(xué)生僅僅取得一點(diǎn)進(jìn)步。孔子曰:“知之者不如好之者,好之者不如樂之者。”激活學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī),增強(qiáng)他們的學(xué)習(xí)積極性,變被動應(yīng)付為主動探求知識,使之成為樂之者
六、培養(yǎng)競爭意識,增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)自覺性現(xiàn)代社會充滿了機(jī)遇,也充滿了競爭,充滿了走上臺來推銷自己的時機(jī)。
這種競爭應(yīng)該在日常學(xué)習(xí)和生活中進(jìn)行,成為習(xí)慣性意識,隨時準(zhǔn)備抓住機(jī)遇,去迎接挑戰(zhàn)。教師在教學(xué)中,要糾正學(xué)生的保守態(tài)度和嫉妒心理,向?qū)W生灌輸正確的人生觀念、高尚的思想意識,并身體力行地發(fā)動學(xué)生,促成他們充滿活力、積極向上、勇于表現(xiàn)、不怕競爭的人生觀,以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代生活的需求。具體可以分小組競賽、男女生之間競賽、自由組合競賽、個人挑戰(zhàn)競賽等。如教單詞可競爭誰讀得又快又好又準(zhǔn);教會話時,可競賽誰對話正確、流利;競賽哪個組,哪個學(xué)生先背出來。這樣競賽項(xiàng)目一出來,學(xué)生們的熱情立刻高漲起來,學(xué)習(xí)自覺性增強(qiáng),學(xué)習(xí)效率就大大提高了。
綜上所述,課堂教學(xué)十分重要。英語素質(zhì)教育的教學(xué)中,優(yōu)化課堂教學(xué)模式是重點(diǎn),也是實(shí)施素質(zhì)教育主渠道,這就要求我們教師應(yīng)做到優(yōu)化教學(xué)目標(biāo)的制定,優(yōu)化課堂教學(xué)的設(shè)計(jì),優(yōu)化教學(xué)方法的組合等,通過優(yōu)化課堂教學(xué)模式,以達(dá)到實(shí)施素質(zhì)教育的目的。
第四篇:英語論文
如何提高英語閱讀能力
第三初中
張艷萍
多年以來,英語教育一直把學(xué)生的閱讀能力放在首位,因?yàn)殚喿x是獲取信息的一個極其重要的途徑。在英語教學(xué)大綱中也有明確的規(guī)定,英語教育的目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生具有較強(qiáng)的閱讀能力、初步的寫和說的能力,使學(xué)生能以英語為工具獲取專業(yè)所需的信息,并為進(jìn)一步提高英語水平打下較好的基礎(chǔ)。那么,英語學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)該怎樣提高英語閱讀能力呢?
上海對外貿(mào)易學(xué)院的黃源深教授大聲呼吁:“外語是讀出來的,不是做練習(xí)做出來的。”讀出來的外語才是自然的、地道的,因?yàn)槟鞘菑恼Z境中悟出來的;靠練習(xí)做出來的外語是生硬的,常常也是不地道的,因?yàn)槿鄙僬Z感,是依靠規(guī)則在拼湊。因此,在英語閱讀教學(xué)中,要有意識地擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的閱讀量,增加語言輸入的數(shù)量和頻率;不僅讓學(xué)生學(xué)會語言知識,獲取文章所提供的信息,領(lǐng)悟文章的文化內(nèi)涵,更為重要的是要采取適當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x教學(xué)策略,使學(xué)生掌握閱讀的方法和技能,逐步培養(yǎng)用英語獲得信息、處理信息的能力,學(xué)會用英語進(jìn)行思維和表達(dá)、分析問題和解決問題。
一、明確讀什么
閱讀能力的訓(xùn)練總是離不開閱讀材料,如果在文章選材上不下工夫,所讀內(nèi)容干巴巴、思想陳舊、表達(dá)生硬不地道,會使讀者閱讀興趣大減,甚至失去信心,達(dá)不到提高閱讀能力的目的。因此,應(yīng)該選擇時代氣息濃、難易適中的、可讀性強(qiáng)的文章。
二、明確怎樣讀
閱讀的訓(xùn)練在提高閱讀速度和閱讀理解質(zhì)量。然而,閱讀速度和理解能力不是與生俱來,也不是一時半會就能提高的。如果盲目“加載提速”,則會欲速則不達(dá)。因此,掌握一套有效的訓(xùn)練方法很重要。1.注意精讀與泛讀的結(jié)合
1)做精讀訓(xùn)練時,要注意培養(yǎng)理解能力和表達(dá)能力,注意對所學(xué)內(nèi)容的理解和歸納,注意對語法知識的總結(jié)和積累;明確概括能力(尤其是邏輯思維能力)、背景知識以及加工策略(詞匯、句型、語法知識和語篇分析理解能力)在閱讀理解中的相互作用,逐步掌握如何抓住話題,利用自己已有知識對所讀文章進(jìn)行預(yù)測、推斷、驗(yàn)證和修改。通過精讀了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、表達(dá)習(xí)慣,明確詞匯、句型、語法等語言基礎(chǔ)知識在形成閱讀理解能力中所起的作用,為進(jìn)行廣泛和快速的閱讀打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
2)泛讀就是學(xué)生選擇適當(dāng)?shù)牟牧线M(jìn)行大量的閱讀。泛讀是提高閱讀速度、增強(qiáng)背景知識的有效途徑。做泛讀訓(xùn)練要逐步達(dá)到以下三級理解層次:①理解文章的字面意思。②理解文章的深層含義。通過分析、判斷、推理等方法理解字里行間的言外之意——引申義,發(fā)展分析、綜合和概括的能力。③通過閱讀查閱讀相關(guān)資料,擴(kuò)展自己的知識面。這樣在文章中出現(xiàn)而又沒有闡述的人文知識,立刻會躍入你的腦海,使本來模糊的語句清晰無比,可謂如魚得水。2.注重語言基礎(chǔ)知識和語篇能力相結(jié)合
所謂語篇能力是指學(xué)習(xí)和掌握所學(xué)語言的風(fēng)格和表達(dá)習(xí)慣。詞匯、句型、語法都是語篇銜接的重要手段。在學(xué)習(xí)語言基礎(chǔ)知識的過程中,著眼培養(yǎng)和提高語言能力,同時注意在閱讀、完形填空、短文改錯、寫作等語篇訓(xùn)練中激活、鞏固、升華語言基礎(chǔ)知識,才能促進(jìn)知識與能力之間的轉(zhuǎn)化和遷移。在做閱讀訓(xùn)練時,如何將“知識”與“能力”相結(jié)合,提高英語閱讀能力呢?
(1)注意詞匯在語篇中的銜接作用。在詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)中除了要結(jié)合閱讀語篇等來擴(kuò)大詞匯量外,還要養(yǎng)成歸納同義詞、近義詞、上下義詞、反義詞和固定搭配的好習(xí)慣,把詞匯學(xué)習(xí)與語篇能力有機(jī)結(jié)合起來。(2)注意語法和句式在語篇銜接中的作用。語法好似語言的編碼系統(tǒng),在語篇銜接中自然起著重要作用。
我通常的做法是:根據(jù)英語報刊的寫作版,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生采用擴(kuò)寫、仿寫、續(xù)寫、改寫、縮寫、寫讀后感及內(nèi)容梗概等方式完成寫作練習(xí),一周一篇,通過互批、展示和面批,及時反饋、檢測學(xué)生的閱讀情況,并據(jù)此對學(xué)生提出新的、有針對性的閱讀要求。
在這種循序漸進(jìn)的自主式閱讀訓(xùn)練中,學(xué)生拓展了視野,積累了大量的詞匯。更重要的是,學(xué)生不再將英語閱讀視為被動的、外在式的行為方式,而是一種主動的、內(nèi)需式的自主學(xué)習(xí)活動。
二、立足課堂優(yōu)化,培養(yǎng)閱讀策略
自主式閱讀以課外為主,采取自學(xué)的方式,但這并不表示要摒棄課堂,相反,在有限的課堂教學(xué)時間里,教師更要靜心指導(dǎo),讓學(xué)生可以借鑒他人的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),切實(shí)提高閱讀效率和閱讀能力。在每周一節(jié)的閱讀輔導(dǎo)課上,我從以下幾個方面指導(dǎo)學(xué)生閱讀:
(一)有針對性地介紹閱讀技巧
閱讀技巧是學(xué)生順利閱讀的關(guān)鍵因素之一。在學(xué)生積存了一定閱讀量的基礎(chǔ)上,教師根據(jù)教學(xué)目標(biāo),精選一到兩篇文章,設(shè)計(jì)閱讀任務(wù),向?qū)W生介紹跳讀和略讀(skimming)、細(xì)讀(scanning)等閱讀技巧。
1.跳讀是一種有選擇的閱讀。跳讀所選的內(nèi)容往往是文章中某些具體的事實(shí)和信息,直接以某個細(xì)節(jié)的關(guān)鍵詞(如時間、地名、人名等)為尋找對象。在跳讀訓(xùn)練的初期,應(yīng)設(shè)置一些
特定的細(xì)節(jié)問題,幫助學(xué)生快速地鎖定跳讀目標(biāo)。比如,閱讀Teens Junior 3Arm strong passes away一文時,我給學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)了如下提示性問題:
1)When did Armstrong become the firstman to walk on the moon? 2)What did Armstrong do on the moon?.3)Who did he walk with on the moon? 2.略讀也是一種選擇性閱讀,但其側(cè)重點(diǎn)是對整體內(nèi)容的把握。當(dāng)我們要確定文章的主題、作者的觀點(diǎn)、作者的風(fēng)格或明確文章的結(jié)構(gòu)時,就應(yīng)選擇略讀的方式。略讀時,應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生抓住文章的一些標(biāo)志性詞句,如文章的標(biāo)題、段首與段尾、主題句以及文章結(jié)尾帶有觀點(diǎn)性的陳述句。比如,閱讀TeensJunior 3中的Thereal United Stated一文時,我出示了以下兩個問題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生略讀:
(二)適當(dāng)精講部分文章
結(jié)合學(xué)生的需求、興趣和語言程度選擇閱讀材料后,應(yīng)先要求學(xué)生限時閱讀,隨后教師對文章重點(diǎn)(如體裁、中心思想、背景知識和寫作意圖等)作適當(dāng)講解,幫助學(xué)生更深刻地理解和領(lǐng)悟文章內(nèi)容。比如,2014年青奧會將在南京舉辦,體育明星是學(xué)生追捧的對象,我們便集中一節(jié)課介紹了青奧會的相關(guān)知識,還有一些常見體育項(xiàng)目的英文名(如swimming,boxing,weightlifting,tennls等)以及這些項(xiàng)目的比賽規(guī)則等;“汶川”地震后,我向?qū)W生介紹了一些國際和國內(nèi)的慈善機(jī)構(gòu),為加深對9A Unit 6Reading Earthquake in Taiwan一課內(nèi)容的理解,我還請學(xué)生摘錄并在課堂上朗誦了這樣一首詩:
(三)適時檢測閱讀質(zhì)量
初中生處于青春波動期,自律能力相對欠缺,學(xué)習(xí)自覺性有時還不夠,若完全放手,有的學(xué)生會因?yàn)槎栊远荒芗皶r完成閱讀任務(wù),使課后的自主閱讀流于形式。通過一定的課堂檢測,可以起到督促學(xué)生的作用。一般我以周為時間單位,事先準(zhǔn)備好一些題目,內(nèi)容涉及學(xué)生所閱讀的英語報刊的所有版面。學(xué)生以小組為單位,抽取老師事先準(zhǔn)備好的題目。我會根據(jù)作答情況,對小組給予獎勵。為了更好地掌握學(xué)生閱讀英語報刊的情況和閱讀輔導(dǎo)課的效果,我還把報刊閱讀測試與課本教學(xué)測試相結(jié)合,從英語報刊上選取兩到三個內(nèi)容放入測試題中,進(jìn)一步督促學(xué)生認(rèn)真閱讀。
第五篇:英語論文
本科畢業(yè)論文
Noticing in SLA(小二號Times New Roman加粗居中頂頁眉)
(空一行)Abstract: This article focuses on the role of “noticing” and “noticing the gap” in second language acquisition.It is argued that this notion has gained wide support on the basis of intuition and assumption rather than on the findings of appropriate and exhaustive empirical research.The aim of this paper is twofold: a)to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.This paper concludes that 1)empirical research has yet to validate the role of noticing in language acquisition, 2)an alternative view offered by Truscott(1998), which suggests that noticing is merely tied to the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge, is worthy of investigation, and 3)future research into the relationship between training learners to notice linguistic forms and the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge may enhance our understanding of noticing in second language acquisition.(小四;不分段;頂格)
(空一行)Key words: noticing;metalinguistic knowledge;linguistic forms(小四)(空三行)(摘要、文章、參考文獻(xiàn)均先在默認(rèn)狀態(tài)下輸入,然后第二稿時再按照要求進(jìn)行字體、字符大小、加粗等的編輯。如果中、英文摘要在一頁里放不下,則將中文摘要另換頁。)
二語習(xí)得中的注意(小二號宋體加粗居中)
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摘要:本文著重研究了“注意”和“注意差距” 的作用,指出這一概念受到廣泛重視是出于直覺和假設(shè),而不是基于廣泛的實(shí)證研究.本文旨在:1)探討“注意”這一概念的理論構(gòu)建;2)評估“注意”強(qiáng)化語言習(xí)得假設(shè)的有效性。本文得出結(jié)論如下:1)通過實(shí)證研究,證明了“注意”在語言習(xí)得中的作用;2)特拉斯科特在1998年提出的新觀點(diǎn)是值得研究的,他認(rèn)為“注意”只同元語言知識的習(xí)得有聯(lián)系;3)如果能對學(xué)習(xí)者所受的注意語言形式訓(xùn)練和元語言知識的習(xí)得之間的關(guān)系作進(jìn)一步研究,會幫助我們更好的理解二語習(xí)得中的“注意”。(五號)
(空一行)
關(guān)鍵詞:注意;元語言知識;語言形式(五號)
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Contents(四號加粗居中頂頁眉、)
1.Introduction..............................................................................................................................I 2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing...................................................I 2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing...................................................................................I 2.2 Noticing and language acquisition.....................................................................................I 3.Influences on noticing..............................................................................................................I 3.1 Task demands....................................................................................................................II 3.2 Frequency..........................................................................................................................II 3.3 Perceptual salience................................................................................................................................................II 4.Conclusion.............................................................................................................................II References................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................................................iv
(目錄用電腦自動生成的格式,把行距改成1.5倍行距
二級標(biāo)題與第一級標(biāo)題首字母對應(yīng)
三級標(biāo)題與第二級標(biāo)題首字母對應(yīng)
不設(shè)置四級標(biāo)題)
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Noticing in SLA(小二加粗居中頂頁眉,每個實(shí)詞首字母大寫)
(空一行)
1.Introduction(一級標(biāo)題,四號加粗頂格;所有標(biāo)題后均不加逗點(diǎn)或句點(diǎn))
The significance of the role of conscious and unconscious processes and the notion of interface in second language(L2)development has been the focus of much debate in the general field of cognitive psychology.One proposal is that put forward by Burka(1996), who offers a hypothesis related to conscious learning that focuses on what Skehan argues is “the crucial concept of noticing”(Deleuze, 1986,p.48)(這是參考文獻(xiàn)出處文中注的格式,p用小寫).The purpose of this paper is to a)consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.[一級標(biāo)題與一級標(biāo)題之間空一行,一級標(biāo)題和二、三級標(biāo)題之間都不空行。所有標(biāo)題均頂格、并只有第一個單詞首字母大寫(除專有名詞外)。]
2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing(一級標(biāo)題)
2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing(二級標(biāo)題,小四加粗)
The term “consciousness raising” refers to the drawing of learners' attention to the formal properties of language(Fee and Fox., 1988).However, a key difference between noticing and consciousness raising is that noticing has supposed implications for language processing and the actual acquisition of linguistic features.(每段第一行退進(jìn)4個空格)2.2 Noticing and language acquisition
Geertz(1973)identifies three aspects of consciousness involved in language learning: awareness, intention and knowledge.Johnstone(1993)states that a)whether a learner deliberately attends to a linguistic form in the input or it is noticed purely unintentionally, if it is noticed it becomes intake.To help clarify Schmidt’s hypothesis and the place of noticing in L2 acquisition the following model, proposed by Ellis, is useful.(一級標(biāo)題與一級標(biāo)題之間空一行,一級標(biāo)題和二、三級標(biāo)題之間都不空行)3.Influences on noticing Jones(1978), in harmony with Schmidt's discussion of memory processing above, comments that it is inside short-term memory that noticing must in reality take place, since the “spotlight consciousness”(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)provided by short-term memory is
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triggered by different influences on noticing.Schmidt(1990)claims that the following factors influence noticing in the input: 3.1 Task demands
Instruction provides structured, differentiated input that assists noticing by focusing attention on and enhancing awareness of language features(Pikarsky and Christensen, 1976).3.2 Frequency
A language feature may become frequent due to repeated instruction or by way of teacher talk.As such, when the item does appear more frequently in the input, the likelihood 3.3 Perceptual salience
The more prominent a language form at input, the greater the chance it will be noticed(Skehan, 1998).It stands to reason, therefore, that the less salient a form, the less likely it is to
(一級標(biāo)題與一級標(biāo)題之間空一行,一級標(biāo)題和二、三級標(biāo)題之間都不空行)4.Conclusion
It can be seen that there are various views regarding the role of conscious and unconscious processes in L2 acquisition.An important contribution to this debate has been Schmidt's “noticing hypothesis” and its claims about how input becomes intake, and this
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References(四號居中加粗頂頁眉)
(空一行)Burka, Lauren P.A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.Retrieved August 18, 2009, from http://www.tmdps.cn/talent/ lpb/muddex/essay..Deleuze, Giles.Foucault.(Sean Hand, Trans.& Ed.).Minneapolis: U M P, 1986.Fee, Elizabeth & Daniel M.Fox.(Eds.).AIDS: The Burdens of History.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.Geertz, Clifford.The Interpretation of Cultures.New York: Basic Books.1973.Johnstone, Sue.Feminism and Pornography: Policing the Boundary between Art and Popular Culture.Doctoral Dissertation.Rutgers University, New Jersey, 1993.Jones, James.Daydreaming.In Lorence Smith(Ed.), Fictions.New York: Yale UP, 1978: 127-35.Magistrale, Tony.Wild Child: Jim Morrison’s Poetic Journeys.Journal of Popular Culture, 1992, 3: 133-44.Pikarsky, M.& Christensen, D.Urban Transportation Policy and Management.Boston: D.C.Heath, 1976.蓋淑華.英語專業(yè)學(xué)生詞匯附帶習(xí)得實(shí)證研究.外語教學(xué)與研究, 2003, 4: 282-286.梁正溜.英語教學(xué).上海: 外語教育出版社, 1999.(注意事項(xiàng):
1.英語為小四,中文為五號;行距1.5倍,條目先列英語后列中文, 英文作者先寫姓氏,加逗號后,再寫名字,名字后用句點(diǎn), 英文和中文條目分別按作者姓氏英語首字母和漢語拼音首字母順序排列;中英文書名均不用書名號且英語書名為斜體;網(wǎng)址要需標(biāo)注網(wǎng)上查閱資料日期;每一個條目如需占用兩行,第二行則退進(jìn)四個空格;條目中的每項(xiàng)不同內(nèi)容(包括結(jié)尾)均用句點(diǎn)分隔,出版社前有地點(diǎn)就標(biāo)注地點(diǎn),并用冒號隔開,出版社與年代之間用句點(diǎn)。相關(guān)內(nèi)容參考“論文格式要求”中實(shí)例部分 2.文章中參考文獻(xiàn)文中注的引用出處格式:(作者姓,年代,頁碼)或(作者姓,年代)如:(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)(Pikarsky & Christensen, 1976))
iii
本科畢業(yè)論文
Acknowledgments(四號加粗居中頂頁眉)
(空一行)I would like to thank my supervisor BBBB for her invaluable guidance, enthusiasm and support throughout the course of this work.I am also very grateful to CCCC for his helpful comments and insightful suggestions during the research and writing of this thesis.I would also like to thank DDDD for taking the time to be my external examiner.Many other people have helped and contributed their time to the research of this thesis.My thanks to EEEE, and FFFF for their invaluable comments and suggestions.I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude toward everyone in the English Department of AAA University, especially GGGG, HHHH, for their valuable suggestions and help in these two years of study as well as their friendship.Thanks to all the other friends I have made at AAA University for making my stay at AAA an enjoyable period of time.I will always be indebted to my family, especially my parents IIII and JJJJ.I would like to thank them for their support and confidence in me.My gratitude goes to everyone at home.This thesis would not have been possible without all their kindness and encouragement.(注意: 此文本僅供參考,各位同學(xué)應(yīng)該依據(jù)實(shí)際情況寫出致謝!!如果仿寫,請注意紅色字體部分).iv
本科畢業(yè)論文
Noticing in SLA(小二號Times New Roman加粗居中頂頁眉)
(空一行)Abstract: This article focuses on the role of “noticing” and “noticing the gap” in second language acquisition.It is argued that this notion has gained wide support on the basis of intuition and assumption rather than on the findings of appropriate and exhaustive empirical research.The aim of this paper is twofold: a)to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.This paper concludes that 1)empirical research has yet to validate the role of noticing in language acquisition, 2)an alternative view offered by Truscott(1998), which suggests that noticing is merely tied to the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge, is worthy of investigation, and 3)future research into the relationship between training learners to notice linguistic forms and the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge may enhance our understanding of noticing in second language acquisition.(小四;不分段;頂格)
(空一行)Key words: noticing;metalinguistic knowledge;linguistic forms(小四)(空三行)(摘要、文章、參考文獻(xiàn)均先在默認(rèn)狀態(tài)下輸入,然后第二稿時再按照要求進(jìn)行字體、字符大小、加粗等的編輯。如果中、英文摘要在一頁里放不下,則將中文摘要另換頁。)
二語習(xí)得中的注意(小二號宋體加粗居中)
(空一行)
摘要:本文著重研究了“注意”和“注意差距” 的作用,指出這一概念受到廣泛重視是出于直覺和假設(shè),而不是基于廣泛的實(shí)證研究.本文旨在:1)探討“注意”這一概念的理論構(gòu)建;2)評估“注意”強(qiáng)化語言習(xí)得假設(shè)的有效性。本文得出結(jié)論如下:1)通過實(shí)證研究,證明了“注意”在語言習(xí)得中的作用;2)特拉斯科特在1998年提出的新觀點(diǎn)是值得研究的,他認(rèn)為“注意”只同元語言知識的習(xí)得有聯(lián)系;3)如果能對學(xué)習(xí)者所受的注意語言形式訓(xùn)練和元語言知識的習(xí)得之間的關(guān)系作進(jìn)一步研究,會幫助我們更好的理解二語習(xí)得中的“注意”。(五號)
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關(guān)鍵詞:注意;元語言知識;語言形式(五號)
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(空一行)
Contents(四號加粗居中頂頁眉、)
1.Introduction..............................................................................................................................I 2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing...................................................I 2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing...................................................................................I 2.2 Noticing and language acquisition.....................................................................................I 3.Influences on noticing..............................................................................................................I 3.1 Task demands....................................................................................................................II 3.2 Frequency..........................................................................................................................II 3.3 Perceptual salience................................................................................................................................................II 4.Conclusion.............................................................................................................................II References................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................................................iv
(目錄用電腦自動生成的格式,把行距改成1.5倍行距
二級標(biāo)題與第一級標(biāo)題首字母對應(yīng)
三級標(biāo)題與第二級標(biāo)題首字母對應(yīng)
不設(shè)置四級標(biāo)題)
vii
本科畢業(yè)論文
Noticing in SLA(小二加粗居中頂頁眉,每個實(shí)詞首字母大寫)
(空一行)
1.Introduction(一級標(biāo)題,四號加粗頂格;所有標(biāo)題后均不加逗點(diǎn)或句點(diǎn))
The significance of the role of conscious and unconscious processes and the notion of interface in second language(L2)development has been the focus of much debate in the general field of cognitive psychology.One proposal is that put forward by Burka(1996), who offers a hypothesis related to conscious learning that focuses on what Skehan argues is “the crucial concept of noticing”(Deleuze, 1986,p.48)(這是參考文獻(xiàn)出處文中注的格式,p用小寫).The purpose of this paper is to a)consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.[一級標(biāo)題與一級標(biāo)題之間空一行,一級標(biāo)題和二、三級標(biāo)題之間都不空行。所有標(biāo)題均頂格、并只有第一個單詞首字母大寫(除專有名詞外)。]
2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing(一級標(biāo)題)
2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing(二級標(biāo)題,小四加粗)
The term “consciousness raising” refers to the drawing of learners' attention to the formal properties of language(Fee and Fox., 1988).However, a key difference between noticing and consciousness raising is that noticing has supposed implications for language processing and the actual acquisition of linguistic features.(每段第一行退進(jìn)4個空格)2.2 Noticing and language acquisition
Geertz(1973)identifies three aspects of consciousness involved in language learning: awareness, intention and knowledge.Johnstone(1993)states that a)whether a learner deliberately attends to a linguistic form in the input or it is noticed purely unintentionally, if it is noticed it becomes intake.To help clarify Schmidt’s hypothesis and the place of noticing in L2 acquisition the following model, proposed by Ellis, is useful.(一級標(biāo)題與一級標(biāo)題之間空一行,一級標(biāo)題和二、三級標(biāo)題之間都不空行)3.Influences on noticing Jones(1978), in harmony with Schmidt's discussion of memory processing above, comments that it is inside short-term memory that noticing must in reality take place, since the “spotlight consciousness”(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)provided by short-term memory is
本科畢業(yè)論文
triggered by different influences on noticing.Schmidt(1990)claims that the following factors influence noticing in the input: 3.1 Task demands
Instruction provides structured, differentiated input that assists noticing by focusing attention on and enhancing awareness of language features(Pikarsky and Christensen, 1976).3.2 Frequency
A language feature may become frequent due to repeated instruction or by way of teacher talk.As such, when the item does appear more frequently in the input, the likelihood 3.3 Perceptual salience
The more prominent a language form at input, the greater the chance it will be noticed(Skehan, 1998).It stands to reason, therefore, that the less salient a form, the less likely it is to
(一級標(biāo)題與一級標(biāo)題之間空一行,一級標(biāo)題和二、三級標(biāo)題之間都不空行)4.Conclusion
It can be seen that there are various views regarding the role of conscious and unconscious processes in L2 acquisition.An important contribution to this debate has been Schmidt's “noticing hypothesis” and its claims about how input becomes intake, and this
本科畢業(yè)論文
References(四號居中加粗頂頁眉)
(空一行)Burka, Lauren P.A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.Retrieved August 18, 2009, from http://www.tmdps.cn/talent/ lpb/muddex/essay..Deleuze, Giles.Foucault.(Sean Hand, Trans.& Ed.).Minneapolis: U M P, 1986.Fee, Elizabeth & Daniel M.Fox.(Eds.).AIDS: The Burdens of History.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.Geertz, Clifford.The Interpretation of Cultures.New York: Basic Books.1973.Johnstone, Sue.Feminism and Pornography: Policing the Boundary between Art and Popular Culture.Doctoral Dissertation.Rutgers University, New Jersey, 1993.Jones, James.Daydreaming.In Lorence Smith(Ed.), Fictions.New York: Yale UP, 1978: 127-35.Magistrale, Tony.Wild Child: Jim Morrison’s Poetic Journeys.Journal of Popular Culture, 1992, 3: 133-44.Pikarsky, M.& Christensen, D.Urban Transportation Policy and Management.Boston: D.C.Heath, 1976.蓋淑華.英語專業(yè)學(xué)生詞匯附帶習(xí)得實(shí)證研究.外語教學(xué)與研究, 2003, 4: 282-286.梁正溜.英語教學(xué).上海: 外語教育出版社, 1999.(注意事項(xiàng):
1.英語為小四,中文為五號;行距1.5倍,條目先列英語后列中文, 英文作者先寫姓氏,加逗號后,再寫名字,名字后用句點(diǎn), 英文和中文條目分別按作者姓氏英語首字母和漢語拼音首字母順序排列;中英文書名均不用書名號且英語書名為斜體;網(wǎng)址要需標(biāo)注網(wǎng)上查閱資料日期;每一個條目如需占用兩行,第二行則退進(jìn)四個空格;條目中的每項(xiàng)不同內(nèi)容(包括結(jié)尾)均用句點(diǎn)分隔,出版社前有地點(diǎn)就標(biāo)注地點(diǎn),并用冒號隔開,出版社與年代之間用句點(diǎn)。相關(guān)內(nèi)容參考“論文格式要求”中實(shí)例部分 2.文章中參考文獻(xiàn)文中注的引用出處格式:(作者姓,年代,頁碼)或(作者姓,年代)如:(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)(Pikarsky & Christensen, 1976))
本科畢業(yè)論文
Acknowledgments(四號加粗居中頂頁眉)
(空一行)I would like to thank my supervisor BBBB for her invaluable guidance, enthusiasm and support throughout the course of this work.I am also very grateful to CCCC for his helpful comments and insightful suggestions during the research and writing of this thesis.I would also like to thank DDDD for taking the time to be my external examiner.Many other people have helped and contributed their time to the research of this thesis.My thanks to EEEE, and FFFF for their invaluable comments and suggestions.I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude toward everyone in the English Department of AAA University, especially GGGG, HHHH, for their valuable suggestions and help in these two years of study as well as their friendship.Thanks to all the other friends I have made at AAA University for making my stay at AAA an enjoyable period of time.I will always be indebted to my family, especially my parents IIII and JJJJ.I would like to thank them for their support and confidence in me.My gratitude goes to everyone at home.This thesis would not have been possible without all their kindness and encouragement.(注意: 此文本僅供參考,各位同學(xué)應(yīng)該依據(jù)實(shí)際情況寫出致謝!!如果仿寫,請注意紅色字體部分).