第一篇：素質教育英語論文

山西師范大學現代文理學院本科畢業論文

探索有效可行的素質教育之路

姓 名 專 業

3閆二麗 英語教育 2006 級 04 班 0690030412 韓 文 2009年12月20日

班 級 學 號 指導教師 答辯日期 成 績

山西師范大學現代文理學院教學部

二○○九年十二日

內容摘要

素質教育作為我國近年來教育工作的重心但隨著社會的繁榮發展，必然地也帶來了一系列的問題：如各級各類學校學生的升學壓力的問題，以及所謂的分數即說明一切的問題都普遍存在。面對社會對新型人才的高素質要求，我們必須要在無力改變應試教育現狀的基礎上，另覓他徑，找到一條在當下有效，可行的素質教育之路。具體分析我們所處的環境因素，結合孩子的身心發展的特點，綜合考慮可得，家庭教育是現階段解決這個問題的最佳途徑。父母對孩子教育意識的不明確或教育意識的歪曲是造成問題的癥結所在。本論文研究重視家庭教育對素質教育的影響，用長遠的眼光來看待孩子的教育問題，與時俱進，讓孩子得到可持續發展。關鍵詞：素質教育；道德素質教育；教育意識；家庭教育

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Abstract

Quality education has become the focus of the work of the education in China in recent years.With the prosperity of the socical development, and necessarily brought a series of problems, such as the pressure of going to academic, and the so--called that scores show everything, just like these problems exist wildly.To confront of the requirement for the high--quality talent, we have to look for one more effective and feasible way to implement the quality education on the base of exam--oriented education.Analysis of the environment we live concretely , combining with the characteristics of children physical and mental development, we can conclude that the availability of familial education is the best way to solve this problem at the current stage.Parents are not clear to the awareness of familial quality education or make the distortion to the awareness of familial quality education, which cause the problems.This paper mainly study the impact of quality education, and keep a long-term perspective to look at the children's education problems, advancing with the times, let the children get to sustainable development.Key words: quality education;moral quality education;awareness of education；familial education

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Contents 1.Introduction.........................................................................................................1 2.Analysis on the Quality Education’s Current Situation.......................1

2.1 Social factors.................................................................................................2.2 Scholastic factors.........................................................................................2.3 Family factors...............................................................................................2 3.The Effective Measures of the Quality Education.................................3

3.1 Analysis of the importance of quality education in the family.....................3

3.1.1 The function of family education is declining..........................................4

3.1.2 The dependence on the school education totally.......................................5

3.1.3 Family education is changing into the school education..........................6 3.2Analysis on the family environment...............................................................7

4.The Impact of Parents' Awareness of Quality Education 錯誤！未定義書簽。

5.Quality Education with Chinese Characteristics...................................8

5.1 The intelligent quality education...................................................................9 5.2 Moral quality education...............................................................................11

6.The Correct Attitude toward the Problems in Quality Education..錯誤！未定義書簽。

6.1 Pay attention to model education.................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

6.2 Making children grow up healthily and freely............................................1

36.3 Making children understand the true meaning of success........................14

7.Conclusion..........................................................................................................14 References Acknowledgements

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Exploration of the Effective Approach of

Quality Education

1.Introduction

Since the promulgation of the implementation of policies related to quality education in China in 1987, quality education has since been placed in the top of education and the full implementation of quality education has become China's education slogans at this stage.However, some cutting of the more serious problem exists and the situation is quite urgent.So we have to face the facts.Our high-quality education on how exactly, I think, as a personal experience along the way, that quality education is still the castle in the air, do not have in-depth investigation, we can also see students around us are receiving the early, middle and higher education and full-time exam-oriented education will be their time at school, crowded fully.They do not have any extra time to learn things other than books.Though the burdens have been calling on for several years, the reality is that most students are at school from 6: 30 in the morning to 6: 30 in the evening.There's even study up system in individual schools and in the middle is just a short span of 10 minutes of rest time.May I ask that where the quality education implements are from? Even if students are sometimes engaged in some social group activities, it is, in fact, only a drop in the bucket.Despite a massive emphasis on quality education, the implementation of the specific educational practice is just like a blank sheet of paper and seems powerless.2.Analysis on the Quality Education’s Current Situation 2.1Social factors

The fierceness of social competition and the brutal reality requires the educated person to achieve a high degree of the scientific knowledge.The selection of examination-oriented education system has increased academic pressures.Society needs a high master of professional knowledge.So schools can only be non-stop production of persons who

put much emphasis on professional knowledge.Even work in this area is also very difficult to deal with.Over time, quality education can only be vigorously called on the surface but actually no time to take into account.2.2 Scholastic factors

Facing the community the demand for talents, education must solve the emergency situations first, which are also easy to solve.Because of China's special conditions which inquires to focus on studying scientific theories and cultural knowledge, to actually change the situation and regard the quality education as an important task, to be honest, are just like to change a handicraft country into a major industrial countries which needs a reform, even revolution.But as to China's education status and economic factors, at present or even over the next decade, we do not have such conditions.So the school can only do its utmost to examination-oriented education and occasionally engage in the activities of a number of quality educations and just as students reflected: schools engaging in these are only a formality and we are bound to seriously? 2.3 Familial factors

Familial factors mentioned here mainly refer to the parents’ factor.Because of general improvement in educational level of parents today, the family has become another school outside the “classroom education”.Responsibility not only lies in the community, schools and the education system and parents also have an inescapable responsibility.On the one hand, schools are reducing the burden, but on the other hand parents are doing the opposite things.Because of social factors and school factors, their sense of crisis and intensified rivalry mentality are increasing.All kinds of specialty classes and remedial classes let the kids forget what a weekend is and forget that they have the right to have a weekend.While the parents are willing to going to pay everything, and thus, the children's free time and space have been denied.The parents have to be more desperate to make money to pay the extra cost of education.So the bitterness is also hard for the parents besides the children.This results in the dislocation of family education and school education.The children are deprived of the possibility of a variety of development, resulting in a single development.3.The Effective Measures of the Quality Education

3.1 Analysis of the importance of quality education in the family The family is the unit and cell of the society.Social change will change the educational functions of society’s and school’s but the function of family which is the birth place of education is unbreakable.Only in today's society, the family's educational function has been weakened.The family had been called ”life's first classroom”.First of all, the special structure of the family and their special relationship between members make home education has unparalleled advantages of education.Family education laid a foundation for the formation of individual quality.The different family atmospheres, the different attitude of life and interaction between family lead to the formation of children’s different language skills, the ways of thinking of children’s, and emotional world and values of children’s.These are essential qualities which play a major role in the development of a person's life.Children were pure when they were born and their thoughts were just like a blank paper.But he has been influenced by family education since his birth.Rousseau believes that the baby born wrapped in swaddling clothes so that the child was born the practice was bound to feel the pain of。Although he exaggerated this influence on the baby and even distort its meaning(still in its infancy is the correct baby’s body type to help the baby), but to some extent, reflects the impact to children in family largely.According to physiology, psychology, research results show that a person’s childhood is a critical period of human intellectual development.In this period, how the children’s intellectual development will depend mainly on the family as the primary material and spiritual environment, when the children in the juvenile period, because the kids already have a preliminary criterion of conduct, although the school also accepts the ideological and moral education classes, textbooks in the moral or immoral for a variety of acts have made a clear statement of the judge or suffer。But in fact, if a parent’s words and deeds mentioned in the textbooks in line with the ethical codes of conduct, then the child will have to think even more determined to do so is right, it is wrong to do so;if the words and deeds of the parents spoken with the textbooks ethical behavior back when the two situations occurs: one is a parents behavior in real life than just words in books or pictures painted by elements of the standards of conduct more realistic appeal, the

next time when the children have encountering the same scenario, the child will naturally imitate their parents’ words and actions, and unconsciously formed the same habit.So the kids get a definite answer finally that the book of knowledge is always an ideal oriented, while the real life is another feeling.In other words, when the children learn from books in school to the ethical standards of conduct relating to transfer of knowledge to real-life test depends largely on guidelines for parents’ words and deeds.The child’s behavior will ultimately be expressed by the parents as the answer to flaunt their own behavior.A person’s life is difficult no matter when and where to, and his family were separated, the families’ sense of branded imprint the root, we often say that someone is so petty, philistine, with his father(mother)is simply a mold carved out of, or such and such a very large manhood, like his father.The direction of a person’s behavior, values, attitudes, mind are all printed with the stigma of the families.Family members, especially the parents’ vision determines how far the child can run, and the mind of the parents’ affects the child’s courage ,the attitudes of the parents who confront the hardships and the setbacks determine that the child shoulder endurance.In the future, a person’s moral behavior, and life skills may reflect the size of his family background and parental education.No matter how we describe the importance of prime family for children will not be excessive, because the family will affect a child’s life.The New York Times has conducted a well-known useful survey in 1995, this survey has a list of attached items to influence the success of the ten most important aspects, in the first box, and almost all of the investigators did not hesitate to fill in the following word: Family.Wake Family awareness for quality education, family reunification, the quality of education, impatient.Love is the foundation of all educations, so the quality of the merits of the family is obvious, but due to the rapid development of contemporary socio-economic, science and technology of the fast-paced updates, as well as people’s understanding of educational concepts for blindly led to several major errors in family education.3.1.1 The function of Familial Education is declining

Under the current level of social development, most people are just too busy to make a living, many parents do not have the time devoted to the education of their children, this

situation exists in the more rural areas, due to China’s economy is still weak in rural areas has always been region, the economic base determines the superstructure, which is only busy parents in rural areas for children to make money for the kids to school, completely non-family education concepts.Some parents even complain that they are exhausted every day for children.This is subject to China’s specific historical experience of the impact in the past fifties or sixties, due to low levels of national productivity, and the overall quality of the low, each household every day is busy with work earned out copies of that period were the majority of workers earn people’s goals, the mouth is often said, today a few workers were earned and even the existence of such a situation, the more the child labor force more copies of workers earn , so some Family health appeared the phenomenon of many children, in essence, that is, health workforce.At that time there was a working copy of fever.This situation made many school-age children have missed out on educational opportunities.So they have such a special experience when they were kids, making their own weak sense of responsibility for children’s education, they think that their own parents only make them for hard labor every day, but they have to suffer to make money for the children to study involvement now, they have tried to do the parental responsibility.Some might question that these situations still exist in today’s society? The answer is yes.If we want to change the situation that the familial education is not taken seriously completely, we need a comprehensive understanding of a variety of reasons, but also in rural China is a big country, in order to fundamentally change the quality of today’s educational status, family factors in rural areas must not be ignored.3.1.2 The dependence on the school education totally There is also another situation making weakening of the familial educational functions----the family depends on the school education totally.In the past, who promote nature education educators said, let the child to the natural.The shortcomings of this kind of education are ignoring the teaching function of the school system of knowledge.A current event throughout the move, now the people is back into another big misunderstanding, they lock their children into the school bar.A lot of parents spent a lot of times choosing the school which they think is good for their children as long as their children can enter the

schools of their choice into the value of it.This situation in China dose not exists only when choosing the high school, or Junior high school, even elementary school children have the problem of School Choice.The family which are good conditions can afford this, the most pathetic is that those who are not local or regional school division does not belong to this school, but they would like to enter this school, it may be struggling, but in any case, as long as the final let their children be admitted, that the value of the parents felt because of the parental school choice issues finicky, making parents put on the transfer of educational functions of families, neglected.The child handed over to the satisfaction of their schools, they feel that you can put heart into the stomach, while the end, if the child’s education does not meet their expectations, they also dwell on all the points will be the responsibility of the school.3.1.3 Familial Education is changing into another School Education Children’s learning will be linked to academic achievement and children’s future by the parents.It is impacted not only by the traditional cultural forces, but more important is that by the problems of today’s society: education, employment, competitive pressures.Parents forced by the current examination, further studies and academic social pressure, out of competition, the responsibilities of school psychology and the content, methods of language and thought patterns have become a replica of school education.On the other hand, according to many parents of school education, a reflection of the problem, we learned: parents with the school are also passive.For example, some parents complained, said: pick up their kids home from work, in the way a child would say: Mom, today’s teachers let you check me recite certain lessons, but also pick certain classes of health words their children every night do a two-hour operation, she also do a two-hour operation.They take a lot of responsibility on behalf of teachers, students poor grades in school are not the responsibility of the parents blame the teachers, but teachers do not want to blame the parents responsibility, not matched with a school education, family education has been transformed into a fully functioning school knowledge and educational function.Parents, the concept of familial education have been reduced to an extension of school educationthe family, apart from school education.Only in the long-term under the pressure of examination-oriented education, the function of family education has been assimilated by school education, or even the educational function of family has been completely replaced by school.Thus the most natural family relationships have been artificially damaged.In fact, family is a more ideal place to the implementation of quality education than the school.We will discuss this later.4.The Impact of Parents' Awareness of Quality Education

Whether due to the traditional concept of influence or pressure by the reality of control, and parents of the family education, various errors can be attributed to one reason----the awareness of familiar education or the concept of familiar education, the absence of the awareness of their parents.Because the parents have no strong concept of familial education foundation, so in this reality numerous communities, parents lost their direction, just to accept the guidance of school education passively, and became the teacher outside of the classroom.In addition to, children listen to the teacher’s lecture in school.The home, a particular environment, but still is subject to a teacher-oriented parent education, the course of time not only makes the children had a bored mood to their parents, and the school also had a psychological aversion.The worse is that it does not play a significant role in teacher’s education that has caused a breach of the parents of the child and parent child relationship structure.Learning is a proactive matter, kids at home for a limited time;parents supervise their children’s learning resulting from the promotion of the role.The parent-child relationship is compared with the destruction of a very unwise.Parents should wake up, and retrial their own philosophy of education, they ought to know they have their own roles to bear responsibility, what they need to do is that the teacher and the school can

not be replaced.If the parents want to be really good for the kids, then they should start now to regain more of their role and function, building the parent-child relationship well, to re-establish the true child of the concept of sustainable development education, allowing parents to truly return the quality of the reeducation posts to home.To remind parents of their familial education and the awareness of education, they should make full advantage of parental concern about the future of this life, and now the parents are really willing to spend a lot of time and efforts with kids who simply wrong direction, so the quality of order to the family the return of education, it is necessary to change the parents from the start of the educational concepts.There are many children on how to tap the intelligence of the books from generation to generation update, but on parents put on the books of quality education is little or difficult due to lack of novelty caused by their parents attention.Perhaps China’s implementation of an examination-oriented education reforms are not yet have the ability, but to trigger debate about the reform of the concept of parent education is easy.On this point the details have yet to be more detailed and specific studies.Completion of the quality of familial education, moral education to the family is migration(Moral education, the core of the familial education).Taoxingzhi said, life is education, a good life is a good education, a bad life is bad education and a healthy life is health education &quantity is clear that life here refers to family life and moral quality of the education refers to education or moral education.In fact, the beginning of the history of education is to train people for the purpose of good moral character, the most ancient families in moral education started with moral education, the history, there had been the mother of the first followed by the father of education to education, as the Regulars school education has not yet formed, until then, parents and families are their children’s education and access to education establishments, and educational content is mainly moral education.Extremely primitive and backward in terms of productivity already know the importance of the family moral quality education at home, are often responsible for the quality of the parents of a child character roles, sometimes fathers, sometimes mothers.5.Quality Education with Chinese Characteristics The people’s quality education model includes physical, intellectual quality, as well as

the moral quality of the three basic aspects.Therefore, a corresponding family of quality education including physical education, the quality of education and moral intelligence of quality education in three areas.In this, we have focused intelligence to analyze the quality of family education and family moral quality education 5.1 The Intelligent Quality Education The Intelligent Quality Education also known as intellectual Chinese families in general education: children from infancy to early childhood, which is probably from 1---7 years time, the parents of the children’s education is unclear The.In rural areas saying that “a child should make a good fun when he was a kid.Maybe, he will become a famous people for years later.” But in fact, only let the children play blindly, and parents do not guide education, then “play Chumming Tang” This has always been a coincidence becomes purely a coincidence.So how can the parents guide and teach children, for children’s voyage took off well prepared.The thirst for knowledge is the best mentor.Parents should not be forced to shape their children, but should go with the flow and a very young age to protect the Childs curiosity can be keenly observe the child’s response to surrounding things.For the child to develop his unique talent and interest in, or “detection” children’s interests, followed by goals to help children to consolidate their interests.For example, when parents listen to music or watching television, you will find kids dancing with music, his face filled with even smile, When the music suddenly stops or is interrupted, the child will suddenly from the previous excitement into a calm, and even sometimes get lost, his cry will be trouble, until the parents continued to play music.In this situation, their children’s interests exposed clearly, parents are easy to find.When the child’s interest is not very clear, when exposed, we need parents to be more careful to observe the child’s responses, if possible, participate in kids activities, so it is easy to observe the child’s interest and can be a purpose-oriented organizations, a number of activities so that children’s interest in deepening.Specific perspective, parents should note the following aspects of education:(1)From the child’s interests tend to tap their potential in all of the success.(2)All of the parents are good at observing and analyzing children’s interests, be good at

observing fascinated interest in the child’s potential deduced, and further determine the child’s future life direction, and around this goal provide favorable conditions for the children.For example briefly: children like to study the production, of course, they can not really produce anything useful to work out something.But usually they will show new stuff like instrument the point or sometimes like a toy will be torn down, but then you will discover that children will themselves be re-assembled toys.If the parents can be noted that this interest in the child’s tendency to encourage and guide them, then this child is likely to benefit from this life.Because this spirit is every scientist, inventors, engineers and building designers and other people often have excellent quality.(3)The life of the child’s curiosity

Bit by bit to stimulate the child’s access to the fixed pattern to their school education, the day to help their children private tuition or to ask tutor, not as good as from an early age to stimulate the child’s psychological quest for knowledge, so that children will like the treasures of knowledge as a , put it down.Experts suggest that parents may wish to carefully observe your child, from the following areas to stimulate children’s curiosity:

A.Your child is good at reciting poetry articles.When you again the things he was familiar with the replacement of a name, change what complex, he will immediately find and rectify it.Or the child himself like the story-telling, especially in front of other kids talking about orderly, sound has color.If the answer is yes, then show your child the rich linguistic skills.B.Whether the attention of parents of children from emotional, behavioral, and feel the excitement of the parents, or sad;whether it likes to play various roles, imitating people, animals, and good at their own made up stories and a small director and lead role;the child’s initial contact with strangers man-hours, is not often tell you that this portrait had seen before so and so.If the answer is yes, that child whose, observation of things, cognitive ability is better.C.Does your child often ask continuous “Why?” “What is the heaven?” “Why will have snow and rain?” and so on, if the answer is yes, state your children in order to highlight the mathematical logic.D.Does your child can easily learn to ride, play games, whether the action to a beautiful

natural and unrestrained manner, is good at imitating other peoples facial expressions, movements? If it is affirmative, that can be regarded as the child’s motion perception ability is good.E.Whether the child likes music and songs to teach the parents or from TV, radio, heard the lyrics of No never forget it and be happy to sing, is not like to listen to a wide range of musical instruments, and keen to play on their own, Yes, this shows that the child can have good music.Thirst for knowledge is the child take the initiative to seek knowledge and power of the biggest starts, so do the needs of parents and patient observation, understanding of children, found that she was different, and to seize the kids spark a quest for knowledge.Must not be interrupted easily, or ridicule.During this critical period, parents should not only serve as a unique function of the horses found in Maxima, but also when the future of their children find a way out of the Foolish Old Man, for a child’s development to provide a conducive learning atmosphere.In stimulating a child curiosity in this session, to ask their parents out of a keen sense of observation, but also should have a special talent for the children to create a special atmosphere for the development of consciousness---the layout of the environment awareness.When the children were small, most parents are not one of the home environments, decorative ornaments, or even because the kids fond play in nature, always everywhere will throw things at home.Some parents think that their children clean up mess were again trying to get not as good as provincial point of strength.So parents often ignore the layout of the home environment on children affected this.The layout of the objective environment, while not affecting the development of the determinants of a child curiosity, but usually the role of the environment often can not be overlooked.5.2 Moral Quality Education Moral Quality Education, also known as moral education.Both in the human consciousness nascent primitive society and in the modern autocratic feudal society, and even today the reform and opening up a socialist society;both in the drain-day cross ones legs while sitting collectively teach the ancient, or to the thatched cottage next small blackboard a small bench in the liberation period, an until now bright and spacious, teaching

well-equipped education period.Moral is always education, the highest purpose.At the same time the quality education, moral education is also a core task.Their children’s moral education, we tend to think that the child’s personality shaped the ultimate goal is to make them into a socially valuable people, and this depends on the value of the first with his feelings, thoughts and actions.For many years our country has always stressed that ideological and moral education, but with limited success.Analysis of the reasons, it is because of neglecting of this major advantage of the family resources.Contrast to the United States and the country’s education situation, we will find that you rarely see in the United States, “the law against spitting”, “Prohibition of trampling the lawn,” and similar slogans notice, but the U.S.children are in this area, very well.On the contrary in our country, this kind of slogans everywhere, but the Chinese children’s performance is like? Why is this? Reference to moral education, Chinese parents will be able to say that what is taught, ah, do not know where to begin.In fact, the very simple basics of Moral Quality Education are making kids to be polite and etiquette education.And Americans to deal with, you will find that most Americans are polite, graceful, elegant calm, observe the rules of punctuality.We may ask in a free country where, as how could train people to have so much quality.To a large extent, because of the Americans special attention to family and moral education, moral education of each child’s parents is teachers, and parents are also well aware that they have responsibility.Chinese parents want to learn is to American parents on the child’s moral education from the big and small scale, long-term culture, bit by bit to start, is within the child’s moral quality education into the daily conscious action.6.The Correct Attitude toward the Problems in Quality Education 6.1 Pay attention to model education Just as the old say, what kind of parent would have what kind of child.Parents' own attitude to life, lifestyle, taste mood, quality and behavior, are a child’s invisible role models.For the children, parents of the words and acts are a child’s mirror.In the family quality of the education process when the Central Standing Committee has such a problem: parents rearing attitudes, delinquency, educate their children a set of his own act is another.This will

not only affect the child’s judgments affect the education of parents so eloquently and so that parents and dignified in front of the children greatly reduced, thereby affecting the future of parent education.What is worse for the child’s fault provides a case in the parents to establish such a pathological “example” of a direct impact on the child’s education has become more complicated.Therefore, parents in the education their children must first examine their own prior behavior, attitude towards;make every effort to set a good example for the children.Truly understand the home education of parents should first get himself off soon as well, set a good example for the children is willing to make certain sacrifices, give up and change the unscrupulous individual preferences, individuals do send.In the process of the Child’s education while improving the quality of their children’s quality level, in a certain sense, improve the overall quality of the citizens.6.2 Making children grow up healthily and freely

Montessori says that ”children are a kind of innate inner vitality.This is a positive vitality, activity, and the developing." He advocated a child seat should not be an animal to treat, “kids aren’t adults and teachers concerned about the container, nor parents can shape the wax person and mud.” The essence of education is human liberation, rather than people’s chains.Let the child from the shackles of mind, too much denial and restriction will make the child go to downstream, the low level of self-acceptance.Tao Xingzhi has the well-known six-point proposal, which stressed the need to liberate the minds of children, hands, mouth, Free the Children, the time and space, in today’s still worth learning from.China’s parents need to point the concept of change in American-style education.The United States relaxed the basis of freedom of education, family education is no exception, but the success of university education in the United States and the United States post-behaved children are no less creative.The stage of basic education in China is nothing less than strict, the family in the early let children grow up to do about the number of children, the children rarely free, study hard, the results of a solid foundation of the instructors, but in the university and beyond, no more staying power start-up stage, as the center line running race of people spent a great strength.Chinese Nobel laureate is little which proof this.Mr.Lu Sun has pointed out that the children should be “sound generation, best education, and complete liberation”

respect for children;the true liberation of the child should give their children the freedom they need to grow, your children can really grow up healthily.6.3 Making children understand the true meaning of the success

The current exam-oriented education in China, there is still, to completely shake off the pressure of scores and ranking is not realistic.Therefore, the key to the implementation of family quality education is to make the child understand that there is a consensus between parents and their children: examination is only a means to an end.Further said that is to develop an early age children the proper concept of success.With the changing times and the meaning of success is continually updated, but the real success is not in the modern examination results must be good, not necessarily the focus should be admitted to high school, the prestigious universities.Believe that all parents would prefer their children to be a happy future, ordinary people do not want to see their children because in the face of various pressures of mental disorder, a phenomenon occurs from time to time in our country, so it reminds us of the parents must be to re-examine their own evaluation criteria of success for children.So that children will embrace a wide range of education is to enable the children will be happy.The true meaning of success is happiness, but happiness is a unique experience available to everyone.7.Conclusion In the context of social change, to optimize and enhance the educational functions of the family is the responsibility of every family, but also social responsibility.Kids really need is enriching the soul and life of tempering, as some people have said, pain happy, which is the essence of quality education, life’s real, true-life.Happiness is the meaning of rich, quality education is complex, so the family enrich the connotation of quality education, perhaps we will always be in the exploration.Therefore, the topic of quality education in the family has yet to be explored and study continuously.14

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Acknowledgements Upon the completion of the paper, no words can express my heartfelt thanks to supervisor Han Wen, my mentor and supervisor, whose patience and encouragement will accompany me all through my life and learning during the journey of BA study.Not only has he inspired and influenced me upon how to write the paper, but also enlightened me as to the approach of teaching.Furthermore, I owe a debt of gratitude to many teachers in Shanxi Normal University.What I have acquired from their courses and lectures has widened my horizon in English learning and teaching.Finally, I wish to extend my gratitude to my family whose support and encouragement is an indispensable part along my journey of academic pursuit.

第二篇：英語論文

農村的中學英語課堂教學

如何實施目標教學, 優化教學過程, 推進素質教育并在課堂教學中融進素質教育，就農村的中學英語教學而言, 我認為最好的方法就是讓課堂教學活起來。那么, 在中學英語教學中, 怎樣才能讓課堂教學活起來呢?

一、利用各種教學媒體, 激活教科書, 讓學生更易理解接受。

.在教學中, 我們應想方設法, 利用電教器材如TV、VCD、電腦、收音機等, 讓教科書活起來、動起來、形象起來、發出聲來, 讓活的教科書震撼學生的心靈、開發學生的智力, 培養學生的創新能力。如我在講Shopping 這一課時, 就利用共享中的教學軟件, 將各種商品的圖片展現在電腦上,讓學生充當購物者, 運用所學過的句型進行現場模擬練習, 使課堂變得有聲有色、生動有趣。學生則充滿激情, 很好地理解和掌握了教學內容, 并能模仿自編自演對話, 達到了活學活用的效果。

二、重視學生的主體地位, 發揚教學民主, 創設和諧氣氛, 增強學生的參與意識, 讓學生在課堂中活起來

2.樹立學生的自信心與勇氣, 增強學生的參與意識。英語學科的教學特色是充分發揮其語言功能, 講究對話的藝術。這就要求教師引導學生全體主動參與, 使其克服羞于開口的毛病, 積極參與語言交際活動。在英語教學中, 我常常用表揚和鼓勵的話語激勵學生, 讓學生能夠大膽地表現自己, 每一課都盡量創設大量情境并提供廣泛的語言材料, 讓學生進行聽說讀寫訓練。如Unit 8 My family 和Unit 9 A birthday party 的教學, 我先讓學生看圖聽錄音跟讀, 然后口述,并運用句型進行家庭及人物的介紹, 再自編自演對話。這樣, 本來只有幾句話的內容, 經過處理, 就成為一個生動有趣的說話練習了。長期的訓練, 使學生由克服了說英語的膽怯心理, 變得自然大方, 而且不時有出色的表現。

三、教師轉變觀念, 讓教學方法與教學手段活起來

單

一、呆板的教學方法與手段, 只能讓課堂變得枯燥乏味。新課程背景下的英語課堂教學應是快節奏的、靈活多樣的、豐富多彩的, 而不是黑白無聲的。教師上課節奏要快, 以訓練學生的反應、思維。學生的有意注意時間大多不超過20 分鐘, 注意力易分散, 一旦教學方法呆板、節奏慢, 就會出現學生做小動作或小聲講話等不良習慣。因此, 教師應抓住學生注意力集中的短暫時刻, 用學生能接受的節奏組織形式多樣的課堂活動, 如游戲、唱歌、做動作、搶答競賽等, 使學生既緊張又活潑, 在輕松愉快而又緊張刺激的氛圍中學習。這樣, 學生的學習積極性高, 不會感到厭倦, 對知識記憶得也特別牢固, 教學效果自然較好。

四、優化合理的課堂結構:

(l)靈活運用“五步教學法”。(2)對好單詞關。培養興趣，激發求知欲;直觀教學，增強感官印象;總結規律，記憶單詞。(3)過好導課關。“溫故而知新”，在復習基礎上，巧設情景，引出新語言項目，再啟發學生觀察、分析、歸納。由學生嘗試去總結悟出新語言的規律，并讓學生在練中學、學中練。

五、發揚民主, 營造和諧氣氛, 注重培養學生學習英語的興趣激發學生的學習興趣，幫助學生形成學習動機讓學生動起來

（1）誘發學習動機、激發學習興趣。學生的學習活動總是由一定的學習動機引起的, 只有當學生喜歡學、要求學, 有迫切的學習愿望時, 他們才能自覺積極地投入到學習活動中去。那么, 學生的這種學習動機從何而來呢? 這就要靠教師的教學藝術, 要靠教師組織富有成效的學習活動去誘發學生的學習動機、激發學習興趣、活躍學生的思維, 如設置懸念、創設情境等, 將學生置于心求通而未達, 口欲言而不能的心理狀態。如組織課前活動時, 我通常以聽說訓練為重點,利用課前的幾分鐘, 開展Free talk 活動, 其中內容包括日常生活中常用的問候句型、自我介紹句型, 以及日期、天氣的正確表達方法, 讓學生以輕松、愉快的心情迎來即將開始的英語課。

（2）.心理學家告訴我們, 愛動是孩子的天性。在英語教學中, 教師應將“動中學、學中動”有機結合, 使學生動腦、動口、動眼、動耳、動手, 以最佳心理狀態投入到學習中去。如在教學Unit 3 In my schoolbag 時, 我一邊教學新單詞、一邊讓學生運用句型猜測老師的提包和筆盒中分別有什么。這樣, 學生學得趣味盎然, 教師也教得輕松自如。興趣是一種學習的動力，學習英語的興趣越濃，學習的積極性就越高，學習的效果就越好。課堂教學是教師激發學生學習興趣，提高學生參與行為的重要場所之一，教師應盡力使自己的課生動有趣。學生在課堂教學過程中發揮出的主體作用反過來又促進了教師的課堂教學質量的提高，教與學真正進人良性循環。著名心理學家布魯納說過“學習最好的刺激是對所學教材的興趣”，對學生來說，“興趣”將直接影響學習效果。新教材內容貼近學生的生活，在教學的過程中，應充分挖掘其趣味性，喚起情感共鳴，引起學生興趣。教師應做到備學生、備教材，設計每一節課，都使其有趣味性。創造和諧的課堂氣氛，充分調動學生的主動性和積極性，應盡量多揚少抑，哪怕這個學生僅僅取得一點進步。孔子曰:“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如樂之者?！奔せ顚W生學習動機，增強他們的學習積極性，變被動應付為主動探求知識，使之成為樂之者

六、培養競爭意識，增強學習自覺性現代社會充滿了機遇，也充滿了競爭，充滿了走上臺來推銷自己的時機。

這種競爭應該在日常學習和生活中進行，成為習慣性意識，隨時準備抓住機遇，去迎接挑戰。教師在教學中，要糾正學生的保守態度和嫉妒心理，向學生灌輸正確的人生觀念、高尚的思想意識，并身體力行地發動學生，促成他們充滿活力、積極向上、勇于表現、不怕競爭的人生觀，以適應現代生活的需求。具體可以分小組競賽、男女生之間競賽、自由組合競賽、個人挑戰競賽等。如教單詞可競爭誰讀得又快又好又準;教會話時，可競賽誰對話正確、流利;競賽哪個組，哪個學生先背出來。這樣競賽項目一出來，學生們的熱情立刻高漲起來，學習自覺性增強，學習效率就大大提高了。

綜上所述，課堂教學十分重要。英語素質教育的教學中，優化課堂教學模式是重點，也是實施素質教育主渠道，這就要求我們教師應做到優化教學目標的制定，優化課堂教學的設計，優化教學方法的組合等，通過優化課堂教學模式，以達到實施素質教育的目的。

第三篇：英語論文

如何提高英語閱讀能力

第三初中

張艷萍

多年以來，英語教育一直把學生的閱讀能力放在首位，因為閱讀是獲取信息的一個極其重要的途徑。在英語教學大綱中也有明確的規定，英語教育的目的是培養學生具有較強的閱讀能力、初步的寫和說的能力，使學生能以英語為工具獲取專業所需的信息，并為進一步提高英語水平打下較好的基礎。那么，英語學習者應該怎樣提高英語閱讀能力呢？

上海對外貿易學院的黃源深教授大聲呼吁：“外語是讀出來的，不是做練習做出來的?！弊x出來的外語才是自然的、地道的，因為那是從語境中悟出來的；靠練習做出來的外語是生硬的，常常也是不地道的，因為缺少語感，是依靠規則在拼湊。因此，在英語閱讀教學中，要有意識地擴大學生的閱讀量，增加語言輸入的數量和頻率；不僅讓學生學會語言知識，獲取文章所提供的信息，領悟文章的文化內涵，更為重要的是要采取適當的閱讀教學策略，使學生掌握閱讀的方法和技能，逐步培養用英語獲得信息、處理信息的能力，學會用英語進行思維和表達、分析問題和解決問題。

一、明確讀什么

閱讀能力的訓練總是離不開閱讀材料，如果在文章選材上不下工夫，所讀內容干巴巴、思想陳舊、表達生硬不地道，會使讀者閱讀興趣大減，甚至失去信心，達不到提高閱讀能力的目的。因此，應該選擇時代氣息濃、難易適中的、可讀性強的文章。

二、明確怎樣讀

閱讀的訓練在提高閱讀速度和閱讀理解質量。然而，閱讀速度和理解能力不是與生俱來，也不是一時半會就能提高的。如果盲目“加載提速”，則會欲速則不達。因此，掌握一套有效的訓練方法很重要。1.注意精讀與泛讀的結合

1）做精讀訓練時，要注意培養理解能力和表達能力，注意對所學內容的理解和歸納，注意對語法知識的總結和積累；明確概括能力（尤其是邏輯思維能力）、背景知識以及加工策略（詞匯、句型、語法知識和語篇分析理解能力）在閱讀理解中的相互作用，逐步掌握如何抓住話題，利用自己已有知識對所讀文章進行預測、推斷、驗證和修改。通過精讀了解文章的結構特點、表達習慣，明確詞匯、句型、語法等語言基礎知識在形成閱讀理解能力中所起的作用，為進行廣泛和快速的閱讀打下堅實的基礎。

2）泛讀就是學生選擇適當的材料進行大量的閱讀。泛讀是提高閱讀速度、增強背景知識的有效途徑。做泛讀訓練要逐步達到以下三級理解層次：①理解文章的字面意思。②理解文章的深層含義。通過分析、判斷、推理等方法理解字里行間的言外之意——引申義，發展分析、綜合和概括的能力。③通過閱讀查閱讀相關資料，擴展自己的知識面。這樣在文章中出現而又沒有闡述的人文知識，立刻會躍入你的腦海，使本來模糊的語句清晰無比，可謂如魚得水。2.注重語言基礎知識和語篇能力相結合

所謂語篇能力是指學習和掌握所學語言的風格和表達習慣。詞匯、句型、語法都是語篇銜接的重要手段。在學習語言基礎知識的過程中，著眼培養和提高語言能力，同時注意在閱讀、完形填空、短文改錯、寫作等語篇訓練中激活、鞏固、升華語言基礎知識，才能促進知識與能力之間的轉化和遷移。在做閱讀訓練時，如何將“知識”與“能力”相結合，提高英語閱讀能力呢？

（1）注意詞匯在語篇中的銜接作用。在詞匯的學習中除了要結合閱讀語篇等來擴大詞匯量外，還要養成歸納同義詞、近義詞、上下義詞、反義詞和固定搭配的好習慣，把詞匯學習與語篇能力有機結合起來。（2）注意語法和句式在語篇銜接中的作用。語法好似語言的編碼系統，在語篇銜接中自然起著重要作用。

我通常的做法是：根據英語報刊的寫作版，指導學生采用擴寫、仿寫、續寫、改寫、縮寫、寫讀后感及內容梗概等方式完成寫作練習，一周一篇，通過互批、展示和面批，及時反饋、檢測學生的閱讀情況，并據此對學生提出新的、有針對性的閱讀要求。

在這種循序漸進的自主式閱讀訓練中，學生拓展了視野，積累了大量的詞匯。更重要的是，學生不再將英語閱讀視為被動的、外在式的行為方式，而是一種主動的、內需式的自主學習活動。

二、立足課堂優化，培養閱讀策略

自主式閱讀以課外為主，采取自學的方式，但這并不表示要摒棄課堂，相反，在有限的課堂教學時間里，教師更要靜心指導，讓學生可以借鑒他人的成功經驗，切實提高閱讀效率和閱讀能力。在每周一節的閱讀輔導課上，我從以下幾個方面指導學生閱讀：

（一）有針對性地介紹閱讀技巧

閱讀技巧是學生順利閱讀的關鍵因素之一。在學生積存了一定閱讀量的基礎上，教師根據教學目標，精選一到兩篇文章，設計閱讀任務，向學生介紹跳讀和略讀（skimming）、細讀（scanning）等閱讀技巧。

1.跳讀是一種有選擇的閱讀。跳讀所選的內容往往是文章中某些具體的事實和信息，直接以某個細節的關鍵詞（如時間、地名、人名等）為尋找對象。在跳讀訓練的初期，應設置一些

特定的細節問題，幫助學生快速地鎖定跳讀目標。比如，閱讀Teens Junior 3Arm strong passes away一文時，我給學生設計了如下提示性問題：

1）When did Armstrong become the firstman to walk on the moon? 2）What did Armstrong do on the moon?.3）Who did he walk with on the moon? 2.略讀也是一種選擇性閱讀，但其側重點是對整體內容的把握。當我們要確定文章的主題、作者的觀點、作者的風格或明確文章的結構時，就應選擇略讀的方式。略讀時，應引導學生抓住文章的一些標志性詞句，如文章的標題、段首與段尾、主題句以及文章結尾帶有觀點性的陳述句。比如，閱讀TeensJunior 3中的Thereal United Stated一文時，我出示了以下兩個問題引導學生略讀：

（二）適當精講部分文章

結合學生的需求、興趣和語言程度選擇閱讀材料后，應先要求學生限時閱讀，隨后教師對文章重點（如體裁、中心思想、背景知識和寫作意圖等）作適當講解，幫助學生更深刻地理解和領悟文章內容。比如，2014年青奧會將在南京舉辦，體育明星是學生追捧的對象，我們便集中一節課介紹了青奧會的相關知識，還有一些常見體育項目的英文名（如swimming，boxing，weightlifting，tennls等）以及這些項目的比賽規則等；“汶川”地震后，我向學生介紹了一些國際和國內的慈善機構，為加深對9A Unit 6Reading Earthquake in Taiwan一課內容的理解，我還請學生摘錄并在課堂上朗誦了這樣一首詩：

（三）適時檢測閱讀質量

初中生處于青春波動期，自律能力相對欠缺，學習自覺性有時還不夠，若完全放手，有的學生會因為惰性而不能及時完成閱讀任務，使課后的自主閱讀流于形式。通過一定的課堂檢測，可以起到督促學生的作用。一般我以周為時間單位，事先準備好一些題目，內容涉及學生所閱讀的英語報刊的所有版面。學生以小組為單位，抽取老師事先準備好的題目。我會根據作答情況，對小組給予獎勵。為了更好地掌握學生閱讀英語報刊的情況和閱讀輔導課的效果，我還把報刊閱讀測試與課本教學測試相結合，從英語報刊上選取兩到三個內容放入測試題中，進一步督促學生認真閱讀。

第四篇：英語論文

本科畢業論文

Noticing in SLA（小二號Times New Roman加粗居中頂頁眉）

(空一行)Abstract: This article focuses on the role of “noticing” and “noticing the gap” in second language acquisition.It is argued that this notion has gained wide support on the basis of intuition and assumption rather than on the findings of appropriate and exhaustive empirical research.The aim of this paper is twofold: a)to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.This paper concludes that 1)empirical research has yet to validate the role of noticing in language acquisition, 2)an alternative view offered by Truscott(1998), which suggests that noticing is merely tied to the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge, is worthy of investigation, and 3)future research into the relationship between training learners to notice linguistic forms and the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge may enhance our understanding of noticing in second language acquisition.（小四；不分段；頂格）

(空一行)Key words: noticing;metalinguistic knowledge;linguistic forms（小四）(空三行)（摘要、文章、參考文獻均先在默認狀態下輸入，然后第二稿時再按照要求進行字體、字符大小、加粗等的編輯。如果中、英文摘要在一頁里放不下，則將中文摘要另換頁。）

二語習得中的注意（小二號宋體加粗居中）

（空一行）

摘要：本文著重研究了“注意”和“注意差距” 的作用，指出這一概念受到廣泛重視是出于直覺和假設,而不是基于廣泛的實證研究.本文旨在:1)探討“注意”這一概念的理論構建；2）評估“注意”強化語言習得假設的有效性。本文得出結論如下：1)通過實證研究，證明了“注意”在語言習得中的作用；2）特拉斯科特在1998年提出的新觀點是值得研究的，他認為“注意”只同元語言知識的習得有聯系；3）如果能對學習者所受的注意語言形式訓練和元語言知識的習得之間的關系作進一步研究，會幫助我們更好的理解二語習得中的“注意”。（五號）

（空一行）

關鍵詞：注意；元語言知識；語言形式（五號）

i

本科畢業論文

（空一行）

Contents（四號加粗居中頂頁眉、）

1.Introduction..............................................................................................................................I 2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing...................................................I 2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing...................................................................................I 2.2 Noticing and language acquisition.....................................................................................I 3.Influences on noticing..............................................................................................................I 3.1 Task demands....................................................................................................................II 3.2 Frequency..........................................................................................................................II 3.3 Perceptual salience................................................................................................................................................II 4.Conclusion.............................................................................................................................II References................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................................................iv

（目錄用電腦自動生成的格式，把行距改成1.5倍行距

二級標題與第一級標題首字母對應

三級標題與第二級標題首字母對應

不設置四級標題）

ii

本科畢業論文

Noticing in SLA（小二加粗居中頂頁眉，每個實詞首字母大寫）

（空一行）

1.Introduction（一級標題，四號加粗頂格；所有標題后均不加逗點或句點）

The significance of the role of conscious and unconscious processes and the notion of interface in second language(L2)development has been the focus of much debate in the general field of cognitive psychology.One proposal is that put forward by Burka(1996), who offers a hypothesis related to conscious learning that focuses on what Skehan argues is “the crucial concept of noticing”(Deleuze, 1986，p.48)（這是參考文獻出處文中注的格式，p用小寫）.The purpose of this paper is to a)consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.[一級標題與一級標題之間空一行，一級標題和二、三級標題之間都不空行。所有標題均頂格、并只有第一個單詞首字母大寫（除專有名詞外）。]

2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing（一級標題）

2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing（二級標題，小四加粗）

The term “consciousness raising” refers to the drawing of learners' attention to the formal properties of language(Fee and Fox., 1988).However, a key difference between noticing and consciousness raising is that noticing has supposed implications for language processing and the actual acquisition of linguistic features.（每段第一行退進4個空格）2.2 Noticing and language acquisition

Geertz(1973)identifies three aspects of consciousness involved in language learning: awareness, intention and knowledge.Johnstone(1993)states that a)whether a learner deliberately attends to a linguistic form in the input or it is noticed purely unintentionally, if it is noticed it becomes intake.To help clarify Schmidt’s hypothesis and the place of noticing in L2 acquisition the following model, proposed by Ellis, is useful.(一級標題與一級標題之間空一行，一級標題和二、三級標題之間都不空行)3.Influences on noticing Jones(1978), in harmony with Schmidt's discussion of memory processing above, comments that it is inside short-term memory that noticing must in reality take place, since the “spotlight consciousness”(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)provided by short-term memory is

i

本科畢業論文

triggered by different influences on noticing.Schmidt(1990)claims that the following factors influence noticing in the input: 3.1 Task demands

Instruction provides structured, differentiated input that assists noticing by focusing attention on and enhancing awareness of language features(Pikarsky and Christensen, 1976).3.2 Frequency

A language feature may become frequent due to repeated instruction or by way of teacher talk.As such, when the item does appear more frequently in the input, the likelihood 3.3 Perceptual salience

The more prominent a language form at input, the greater the chance it will be noticed(Skehan, 1998).It stands to reason, therefore, that the less salient a form, the less likely it is to

(一級標題與一級標題之間空一行，一級標題和二、三級標題之間都不空行)4.Conclusion

It can be seen that there are various views regarding the role of conscious and unconscious processes in L2 acquisition.An important contribution to this debate has been Schmidt's “noticing hypothesis” and its claims about how input becomes intake, and this

ii

本科畢業論文

References（四號居中加粗頂頁眉）

(空一行)Burka, Lauren P.A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.Retrieved August 18, 2009, from http://www.tmdps.cn/talent/ lpb/muddex/essay..Deleuze, Giles.Foucault.(Sean Hand, Trans.& Ed.).Minneapolis: U M P, 1986.Fee, Elizabeth & Daniel M.Fox.(Eds.).AIDS: The Burdens of History.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.Geertz, Clifford.The Interpretation of Cultures.New York: Basic Books.1973.Johnstone, Sue.Feminism and Pornography: Policing the Boundary between Art and Popular Culture.Doctoral Dissertation.Rutgers University, New Jersey, 1993.Jones, James.Daydreaming.In Lorence Smith(Ed.), Fictions.New York: Yale UP, 1978: 127-35.Magistrale, Tony.Wild Child: Jim Morrison’s Poetic Journeys.Journal of Popular Culture, 1992, 3: 133-44.Pikarsky, M.& Christensen, D.Urban Transportation Policy and Management.Boston: D.C.Heath, 1976.蓋淑華.英語專業學生詞匯附帶習得實證研究.外語教學與研究, 2003, 4: 282-286.梁正溜.英語教學.上海: 外語教育出版社, 1999.(注意事項：

1.英語為小四，中文為五號；行距1.5倍，條目先列英語后列中文, 英文作者先寫姓氏，加逗號后，再寫名字，名字后用句點, 英文和中文條目分別按作者姓氏英語首字母和漢語拼音首字母順序排列；中英文書名均不用書名號且英語書名為斜體；網址要需標注網上查閱資料日期；每一個條目如需占用兩行，第二行則退進四個空格；條目中的每項不同內容（包括結尾）均用句點分隔，出版社前有地點就標注地點，并用冒號隔開，出版社與年代之間用句點。相關內容參考“論文格式要求”中實例部分 2．文章中參考文獻文中注的引用出處格式：（作者姓，年代，頁碼）或（作者姓，年代）如：(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)(Pikarsky & Christensen, 1976))

iii

本科畢業論文

Acknowledgments(四號加粗居中頂頁眉)

(空一行)I would like to thank my supervisor BBBB for her invaluable guidance, enthusiasm and support throughout the course of this work.I am also very grateful to CCCC for his helpful comments and insightful suggestions during the research and writing of this thesis.I would also like to thank DDDD for taking the time to be my external examiner.Many other people have helped and contributed their time to the research of this thesis.My thanks to EEEE, and FFFF for their invaluable comments and suggestions.I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude toward everyone in the English Department of AAA University, especially GGGG, HHHH, for their valuable suggestions and help in these two years of study as well as their friendship.Thanks to all the other friends I have made at AAA University for making my stay at AAA an enjoyable period of time.I will always be indebted to my family, especially my parents IIII and JJJJ.I would like to thank them for their support and confidence in me.My gratitude goes to everyone at home.This thesis would not have been possible without all their kindness and encouragement.(注意: 此文本僅供參考,各位同學應該依據實際情況寫出致謝！!如果仿寫,請注意紅色字體部分).iv

本科畢業論文

Noticing in SLA（小二號Times New Roman加粗居中頂頁眉）

(空一行)Abstract: This article focuses on the role of “noticing” and “noticing the gap” in second language acquisition.It is argued that this notion has gained wide support on the basis of intuition and assumption rather than on the findings of appropriate and exhaustive empirical research.The aim of this paper is twofold: a)to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.This paper concludes that 1)empirical research has yet to validate the role of noticing in language acquisition, 2)an alternative view offered by Truscott(1998), which suggests that noticing is merely tied to the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge, is worthy of investigation, and 3)future research into the relationship between training learners to notice linguistic forms and the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge may enhance our understanding of noticing in second language acquisition.（小四；不分段；頂格）

(空一行)Key words: noticing;metalinguistic knowledge;linguistic forms（小四）(空三行)（摘要、文章、參考文獻均先在默認狀態下輸入，然后第二稿時再按照要求進行字體、字符大小、加粗等的編輯。如果中、英文摘要在一頁里放不下，則將中文摘要另換頁。）

二語習得中的注意（小二號宋體加粗居中）

（空一行）

摘要：本文著重研究了“注意”和“注意差距” 的作用，指出這一概念受到廣泛重視是出于直覺和假設,而不是基于廣泛的實證研究.本文旨在:1)探討“注意”這一概念的理論構建；2）評估“注意”強化語言習得假設的有效性。本文得出結論如下：1)通過實證研究，證明了“注意”在語言習得中的作用；2）特拉斯科特在1998年提出的新觀點是值得研究的，他認為“注意”只同元語言知識的習得有聯系；3）如果能對學習者所受的注意語言形式訓練和元語言知識的習得之間的關系作進一步研究，會幫助我們更好的理解二語習得中的“注意”。（五號）

（空一行）

v

本科畢業論文

關鍵詞：注意；元語言知識；語言形式（五號）

vi

本科畢業論文

（空一行）

Contents（四號加粗居中頂頁眉、）

1.Introduction..............................................................................................................................I 2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing...................................................I 2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing...................................................................................I 2.2 Noticing and language acquisition.....................................................................................I 3.Influences on noticing..............................................................................................................I 3.1 Task demands....................................................................................................................II 3.2 Frequency..........................................................................................................................II 3.3 Perceptual salience................................................................................................................................................II 4.Conclusion.............................................................................................................................II References................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................................................iv

（目錄用電腦自動生成的格式，把行距改成1.5倍行距

二級標題與第一級標題首字母對應

三級標題與第二級標題首字母對應

不設置四級標題）

vii

本科畢業論文

Noticing in SLA（小二加粗居中頂頁眉，每個實詞首字母大寫）

（空一行）

1.Introduction（一級標題，四號加粗頂格；所有標題后均不加逗點或句點）

The significance of the role of conscious and unconscious processes and the notion of interface in second language(L2)development has been the focus of much debate in the general field of cognitive psychology.One proposal is that put forward by Burka(1996), who offers a hypothesis related to conscious learning that focuses on what Skehan argues is “the crucial concept of noticing”(Deleuze, 1986，p.48)（這是參考文獻出處文中注的格式，p用小寫）.The purpose of this paper is to a)consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.[一級標題與一級標題之間空一行，一級標題和二、三級標題之間都不空行。所有標題均頂格、并只有第一個單詞首字母大寫（除專有名詞外）。]

2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing（一級標題）

2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing（二級標題，小四加粗）

The term “consciousness raising” refers to the drawing of learners' attention to the formal properties of language(Fee and Fox., 1988).However, a key difference between noticing and consciousness raising is that noticing has supposed implications for language processing and the actual acquisition of linguistic features.（每段第一行退進4個空格）2.2 Noticing and language acquisition

Geertz(1973)identifies three aspects of consciousness involved in language learning: awareness, intention and knowledge.Johnstone(1993)states that a)whether a learner deliberately attends to a linguistic form in the input or it is noticed purely unintentionally, if it is noticed it becomes intake.To help clarify Schmidt’s hypothesis and the place of noticing in L2 acquisition the following model, proposed by Ellis, is useful.(一級標題與一級標題之間空一行，一級標題和二、三級標題之間都不空行)3.Influences on noticing Jones(1978), in harmony with Schmidt's discussion of memory processing above, comments that it is inside short-term memory that noticing must in reality take place, since the “spotlight consciousness”(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)provided by short-term memory is

本科畢業論文

triggered by different influences on noticing.Schmidt(1990)claims that the following factors influence noticing in the input: 3.1 Task demands

Instruction provides structured, differentiated input that assists noticing by focusing attention on and enhancing awareness of language features(Pikarsky and Christensen, 1976).3.2 Frequency

A language feature may become frequent due to repeated instruction or by way of teacher talk.As such, when the item does appear more frequently in the input, the likelihood 3.3 Perceptual salience

The more prominent a language form at input, the greater the chance it will be noticed(Skehan, 1998).It stands to reason, therefore, that the less salient a form, the less likely it is to

(一級標題與一級標題之間空一行，一級標題和二、三級標題之間都不空行)4.Conclusion

It can be seen that there are various views regarding the role of conscious and unconscious processes in L2 acquisition.An important contribution to this debate has been Schmidt's “noticing hypothesis” and its claims about how input becomes intake, and this

本科畢業論文

References（四號居中加粗頂頁眉）

(空一行)Burka, Lauren P.A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.Retrieved August 18, 2009, from http://www.tmdps.cn/talent/ lpb/muddex/essay..Deleuze, Giles.Foucault.(Sean Hand, Trans.& Ed.).Minneapolis: U M P, 1986.Fee, Elizabeth & Daniel M.Fox.(Eds.).AIDS: The Burdens of History.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.Geertz, Clifford.The Interpretation of Cultures.New York: Basic Books.1973.Johnstone, Sue.Feminism and Pornography: Policing the Boundary between Art and Popular Culture.Doctoral Dissertation.Rutgers University, New Jersey, 1993.Jones, James.Daydreaming.In Lorence Smith(Ed.), Fictions.New York: Yale UP, 1978: 127-35.Magistrale, Tony.Wild Child: Jim Morrison’s Poetic Journeys.Journal of Popular Culture, 1992, 3: 133-44.Pikarsky, M.& Christensen, D.Urban Transportation Policy and Management.Boston: D.C.Heath, 1976.蓋淑華.英語專業學生詞匯附帶習得實證研究.外語教學與研究, 2003, 4: 282-286.梁正溜.英語教學.上海: 外語教育出版社, 1999.(注意事項：

1.英語為小四，中文為五號；行距1.5倍，條目先列英語后列中文, 英文作者先寫姓氏，加逗號后，再寫名字，名字后用句點, 英文和中文條目分別按作者姓氏英語首字母和漢語拼音首字母順序排列；中英文書名均不用書名號且英語書名為斜體；網址要需標注網上查閱資料日期；每一個條目如需占用兩行，第二行則退進四個空格；條目中的每項不同內容（包括結尾）均用句點分隔，出版社前有地點就標注地點，并用冒號隔開，出版社與年代之間用句點。相關內容參考“論文格式要求”中實例部分 2．文章中參考文獻文中注的引用出處格式：（作者姓，年代，頁碼）或（作者姓，年代）如：(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)(Pikarsky & Christensen, 1976))

本科畢業論文

Acknowledgments(四號加粗居中頂頁眉)

(空一行)I would like to thank my supervisor BBBB for her invaluable guidance, enthusiasm and support throughout the course of this work.I am also very grateful to CCCC for his helpful comments and insightful suggestions during the research and writing of this thesis.I would also like to thank DDDD for taking the time to be my external examiner.Many other people have helped and contributed their time to the research of this thesis.My thanks to EEEE, and FFFF for their invaluable comments and suggestions.I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude toward everyone in the English Department of AAA University, especially GGGG, HHHH, for their valuable suggestions and help in these two years of study as well as their friendship.Thanks to all the other friends I have made at AAA University for making my stay at AAA an enjoyable period of time.I will always be indebted to my family, especially my parents IIII and JJJJ.I would like to thank them for their support and confidence in me.My gratitude goes to everyone at home.This thesis would not have been possible without all their kindness and encouragement.(注意: 此文本僅供參考,各位同學應該依據實際情況寫出致謝！!如果仿寫,請注意紅色字體部分).

第五篇：英語論文

讓英語“火”起來

——淺談農村英語教學

李

苗

長清區孝里鎮下巴中心小學

摘要：英語現已成為小學教育中的一門主學科。各地方、各部門對英語教學也是尤為重視。我是一名小學教師，我的主教學科是語文，但學校師資有限，我也帶著英語課。我覺得在我們農村地區的英語教學中，特別是英語口語教學的效果很差。我們應該教師積極地去探索改變教學方法，運用激勵機制，努力營造語言環境，培養學生大膽開口說英語，從而提高農村小學生的英語口語水平。關鍵詞： 農村小學英語

現狀

對策

一、農村小學教學現狀

英語教學也要從娃娃抓起，這已成為當今教育界的共識。目前我國的英語教學基本上已普及到小學階段，然而農村小學英語教學狀況令人堪憂，具體表現在以下幾個方面：

（一）農村小學英語師資力量薄弱。

農村學校教師師資力量薄弱，教師本身英語水平就有限，尤其是英語口語。擔任英語教學的大部分教師是兼職教師，而且不是英語專業畢業的，英語知識水平有限。對于這一點，我深有感觸啊。哪一個學校若有一個專業的英語老師，肯定要教三四個班的英語，“大班教學”、“多班教學”、“跨級教學”的現象是再平常不過的事了，這樣的教學必然影響備課的質量和教法的改進。其次農村小學英語教學方法與評價手段單一，基本上都是采取“滿堂慣，英譯漢”的教學方法，無法滿足學生的學習興趣，導致學生產生厭倦心理，不愿意繼續學習英語。

（二）農村孩子比較膽小，羞于說英語。

農村小學的學生從小受特定環境與家庭教育的影響，往往做事比較拘謹、不善言談，在課堂上有許多學生不愿意開口說話，擔心自己會說錯，會遭人恥笑，所以羞于說英語。這些不說的學生始終處于被動地位。學習一門語言，如果不開口說，那一定不能達到最佳效果。

（三）缺乏學英語的環境氛圍。

我們學生的家長大都忙于農活，閑暇時間就外出打工。根本沒時間管孩子的學習，再說他們那一代學歷也不高，甚至還有的小學都沒畢業，更不可能輔導孩子學習。這樣一來農村沒有用英語進行交流的環境，農村小學學生幾乎都是在英語課上才接觸英語。

二、農村小學英語口語教學的對策

農村小學英語口語教學存在著問題，那么如何才能有效改變農村小學英語口語教學的現狀呢？我覺得應從以下幾方面著手：

（一）加強師資隊伍建設是搞好農村小學英語教學的關鍵。

小學英語師資缺乏是制約農村小學進行英語教學的瓶頸。因此，當前農村小學英語教學的關鍵是加強師資隊伍建設，提升師資水平。分析農村小學師資隊伍現狀，總結農村小學英語課程開設的實踐，我認為立足于現有師資力量的培養、提高，不是學好了再干，而是干起來再學習。邊教邊學，在實踐中打造農村小學英語教師隊伍，才是解決農村小學英語課程師資問題的有效方法。

（二）學校要重視農村小學的英語教學工作。

學校要根據學生實際，在教學內容的安排上為英語教學創造良好的環境，特別要重視學生發音準確性的教學，讓學生初步掌握一些簡單英語知識，為以后進一步學習英語打下良好的基礎。

（三）教師要根據農村小學生的特點認真研究和實施教學方法。

1、教師不僅讓學生背單詞、學音標、記語法，還要讓學生多聽、多說、多玩、多演，在活動中接觸語言信息。教師可根據不同的教學內容，精心設計，把每一課導演成學生喜聞樂見的形式：時而朗讀，時而重述，時而提問，創造語言情境，啟發學生思維，促使他們積極主動地進行創造性的學習，從而提高小學生學習英語的效率。營造語言環境的教學方法有以下幾種：（1）起英文名

給學生起一個通俗易懂，而又別致的英文名字?？筛鶕W生自己名字的特色起，例如：名字中有叫?月?的女生起名叫?Moon?；名字有?雪?的女生起名叫?Snow? ；還可根據諧音起名，例如：有?婕?的女生可叫?jesse?；有?濤?的男生可叫?Thomas?或?Tom?。這些名字對于小學生很有新鮮感，所以從一個名字就很有可能引起學生對英語的興趣，而不再排斥。老師可讓學生每人只做一張寫有自己英文名字的卡片，上課前擺放在桌子上，上課時老師叫學生，學生叫學生都只叫其英文名字，這樣學生潛移默化地掌握了常用的英文人名的讀法和寫法，同時也鍛煉了口語表達能力。（2）視聽模擬口語練習培養語感

在英語課堂教學中模擬表演創設的情境，往往受時空限制無法全部做到。而農村小學設備落后，在這種情況下，可運用錄音手段來移植情景，形象生動地再現有關對話的時空。例如：下雨的情境課堂上難以再現，又無多媒體設備來展示圖片或錄像，老師可讓學生聽預先錄下的下雨聲，打雷聲，也可展示預先畫好的有關下雨的圖片（在有限的設備資料情況下，可取得美術老師的幫助），讓學生先體會下雨的情境，再學習有關下雨的對話內容，這樣學生在情景中深入角色，自覺主動學習，又在表演中充分展露自己的才華，在相互評價中體現自我。

（4）唱英文歌，形成輕松愉快的氣氛

心理學研究證明，兒童的注意力易分散，唯有對感興趣的東西才會集中注意并能持久。不少小學英語學習內容可以用歌曲形式表達，這有助于激發興趣和分散難點。學生在唱歌時，隨著旋律的起伏變化，在感到松弛、愉快、滿足的同時，產生興奮情緒。凡是教材上有的歌曲我們都學唱，學生在沒有掌握多少英語的情況下，就能唱出一句句有難度的英語歌，這無疑給學生增添了無限樂趣和成就感，增強了求知欲。因此，在英語教學中融音樂與英語為一體，能幫助學生理解對話，表現情景內容，創設有聲語言環境，使學生自然投入。在唱歌過程中，可以根據歌曲內容進行問答或分角色對話，體現歌曲中的交際情景。唱歌不僅可以激發學生學習的興趣，還可以增強記憶力。讓學生從機械、呆板、單調、緊張的學習環境中解脫出來，消除學習疲勞，并感受到學習的樂趣，提高學習效率。因此可以說唱歌也是在課堂上不可缺少的“調和劑”和“興奮劑”。（5）設計游戲情景，復習鞏固對話內容

在對話復習教學中設計適合兒童口味的游戲情景，是寓教于樂的好方法，能幫助教師把單調乏味的復習工作變得生動活潑，為學生在輕松自然的氣氛中進行語言操練創造了條件，使學生樂而好學。學生在游戲情景中深入角色、踴躍表演，在玩中復習鞏固，既符合孩子們樂于模仿與好玩的天性，又充分發揮了主觀能動性與創造性，還調節了學習節奏。尤其是農村小學生，天性活潑好動，不易管理，但在課堂上設計游戲活動，絕對是孩子們樂于做的事情。而目前農村小學英語教學中引入游戲教學做得還不夠。當然既要注意質，又要有良好的量的把握，不要把課堂變成游戲天地，讓孩子們在游戲中體會到快樂輕松，卻沒學到任何知識。那樣即使課堂氣氛多么活躍，孩子多么“喜歡”上英語課，這都不是一堂成功的課，因為沒能完成知識技能的教學目標。因此，教師在將游戲引入課堂時，要注意把握好度。（7）扮演角色，進行對話訓練

對話是在一定情境下的習慣性語言，脫離了情景，對話也就失去了意義。在教學中，教師可設計具體的題目范圍讓學生練習聽說，如自我介紹、結識新友或看醫生、借東西、問路、新年等可以啟發學生想像出他們喜歡談的題目一起練習聽說。這種方法比較適合小學高年級的學生。而對于低中年級的學生，教師可根據課文人物制作頭像，讓學生扮演文中人物，練習課文對話內容。這些對話表演，可以幫助學生了解對話內容，逼真地再現對話，使學生有身臨其境的感覺，大大激發了他們內在的表達欲望，從而積極地參與對話活動，加深了對對話內容的理解。

2、教師要把教學重點放在學生知識形成的過程上，善于設計問題，引導、幫助學生形成自主思考、發現問題、分析和解決問題的思路和習慣，讓學生通過“感知—概括—應用”的思維過程去發現并掌握語言運用的規律。

3、英語教師應根據農村小學的實際，靈活運用教材，整合教材和其他的教學資源，作教學資源的設計者和組織者。

4、在英語教學過程中，教師應充分將課內英語教學與學生實際生活聯系起來，鼓勵學生把課內學到的英語用到學校、家庭生活中，還可以布置一些與英語有關的實踐活動，提高學生學習英語的興趣。

總之，教師要想方設法盡量啟發、誘導、激勵學生產生說的欲望。除了為他們創造各種條件讓他們有機會?說?，還要具體幫助、指導，為他們創設各種情景，出些具體題目或范圍，并指導學生該說什么，怎么說。真正帶動農村小學生說英語的氣氛，營造良好環境。如若農村的小學英語教師能做到以上幾點，農村的小學英語教學水平必定會上一個臺階！參考文獻：

（1）《淺談如何促進小學英語口語教學》英語聯盟（2）《創設情景教學 提高教學效率》作者：饒劍（3）《淺談農村小學英語口語教學》作者：李紅霖

（4）《新課程理念下如何恰當地創設教學情境 》人民大學附屬小學特級教師 錢守旺