第一篇:英語三大從句中that省略情況小結(jié)
http://www.tmdps.cn/kaoyan/
that省略情況小結(jié)
在英語長句閱讀中,我們常常會遇到連接詞that省略的情況。而一旦省略,對同學們的從句識別和判定會帶來一定的困難,從而影響閱讀的理解和翻譯。本文我們就來看一下,三種從句中連接詞that省略用法的幾種情況。
一、that引導定語從句,在從句中充當成分。
1.that在定語從句中作賓語時,往往可省略。如:
(1)John once talked to his mom about the cities(that)he had visited abroad.在從句中that作visit的賓語,故可以省略。
(2)The homework(that)I finished last night was left at home.在從句中that作finish的賓語,故可以省略。2.that在定語從句中作主語時,不可省略。如:
(1)The teacher that is kind to us goes back home very late every day.在從句中that作主語,故不可以省略。
(2)My old school that was located in the suburban was razed to the ground.在從句中that作主語,故不可以省略。
3.that在引導限定性定語從句時,有時相當于in which, at which, for which或on which, 并且在從句中可以省略。如:
(1)Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way(that)(in which)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.(2)I like the music for the very reason(that)(for which)he dislike it.(3)We arrived the day(that)(on which)they left.http://www.tmdps.cn/kaoyan/
二、that引導名詞性從句時,充當連詞,本身無實際意義。
1.that在引導賓語從句時,通常可省略。如:
We know(that)sound can travel through air.that引導的從句在主句中充當know的賓語,故為賓語從句,此時that可以省略。但:(1)在介詞短語后的賓語從句中that常不可省略,且前面往往有個形式賓語it。如:
You may depend on it that they will support your plan.See to it that you arrive at the railway station on time.(2)兩個賓語從句連用時,即使省略了第一個that,也不可省略第二個that。如:
I believe(that)you’ve done your best and that things will get better.(3)在雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)中,that從句充當直接賓語或是間接賓語時,不可以省略that。如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.2.that引導主語從句、同位語從句及表語從句時,正規(guī)語中,通常不可省略。
(1)We heard the news that our team had won.that引導同位語從句,that不可以省略。(2)The fact is that we have lost the game.that引導表語從句,that不可以省略。
(3)That you didn’t go to the party was a pity.that引導主語從句,that不可以省略。
不過,如果it作形式主語,that從句放在句末,可以省略that。如:(4)It was a pity(that)you didn’t go to the party.三、that引導狀語從句時,充當連詞,有時也可省略。
http://www.tmdps.cn/kaoyan/ 在結(jié)果狀語從句中,that有時可以省略。如: The sound is so weak(that)you can’t hear it.總之,that的省略現(xiàn)象在英語學習中很普遍,尤其是在定語從句和賓語從句中,大家遇到這兩種句型時要多加留心that是如何使用的,注意總結(jié)。另外,如果大家對that省略的情況把握不好,建議大家在寫作時最好不要省略that。
第二篇:if省略結(jié)構(gòu)小結(jié)
if類省略結(jié)構(gòu)小結(jié)
一、if從句省略“主語+be”
若if從句的主語與主句主語一致,且if從句的主語后跟有動詞be,那么通常可以省略if從句的“主語+be”。如:
If accepted for this post, you will be informed within a week.= If you are accepted for this post, you will be informed within a week.如果你被接受擔任這個職務,將在一禮拜內(nèi)給你通知。
If traveling north, you must change at Leeds.=If you are traveling north, you must change at Leeds.如果你是向北行,你必須在里茲換車。
If in doubt, ask your doctor.He can give you further information.=If you are in doubt, ask your doctor.He can give you further information.你若有疑問,可以問問醫(yī)生,他會向你作進一步的說明。
If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good night’s sleep.= If you are about to go on a long journey, try to have a good night’s sleep.如果你要長途旅行,晚上就好好睡一覺吧。
二、慣用表達歸納及用法舉例
1.if any 即使有(任何)??,即使有??
Correct errors, if any(=if there are any errors).如有錯誤就請訂正。
There are few people nowadays, if any, who remember him.當今記得他的人,如有的話,也不多了。
2.if anything 如果有什么??的話
If anything, she works too hard.要說的話呢,就是她工作太辛苦了。
I’m not angry.If anything, I feel a little surprised.我沒有生氣。如果說我有什么反應的話,那就是我感到有些驚訝。
3.if anybody(anyone)若有(任何)人的話 If anyone, he knows.如果有人知道,那就是他了。4.if ever(即使有??也)極少,難得
He seldom if ever travels abroad.他到國外旅行,即使有過,也是極少的。
He seldom, if ever, goes to the movies by himself.他不會,即使有也很少,單獨去看電影的。
5.if necessary 如果有必要的話 I could come earlier, if necessary.如果有必要我可以早點來。If necessary, Jim might shorten it.如果有必要,吉姆可以把它縮短。6.if not 假如不是這樣的話;不然的話;否則
I might see you tomorrow.If not, then it’ll be Saturday.我可能明天去看你。如果不是明天,那就在周六。
Ask her if it is a convenient time.If not, can she suggest another possible time? 問問她那個時間方便不方便。要是不方便的話,那她可不可以提出一個可行的時間?
有時not還可修飾另一個詞語。如:
This is one of the oldest buildings in town, if not the oldest.這是城里最古老的建筑之一,如果不是最古老的話。
His pronunciation, if not good, is at least tolerable.他的發(fā)音如果說不算好,至少也還過得去。
7.if possible 如果可能的話
If possible, let me know beforehand.如果可能,可在事前通知我。
If possible, I wish to go there next summer.如果可能,我希望明年夏天去。8.if so 假如這樣的話
They think she may try to phone.If so, someone must stay here.他們認為她可能來電話。要是這樣的話,就得有人守在這兒。
Inflation may be rising, if so, prices will go up.通貨膨漲率可能上升,如果是這樣,物價就會上漲。
注意以下if so與if not連用的情形:
Will you be staying another night? If so, we can give you a better room.If not, could you be out of your room by 12:00? 您要再住一晚嗎? 如果是這樣,我們可以給您提供條件更好一點的房間。如果不是,您能在12點前離開這房間嗎? 三、一點補充說明
if省略結(jié)構(gòu)有時不表示條件,而表示讓步。如:
It’s possible, if(it is)difficult.這事雖難,但有可能辦到。
His style, if(it is)simple, is pleasant to read.他的風格盡管單一,但讀起來令人愉快。
第三篇:主語從句中的虛擬語氣
一、It’s important…類
這一類型主要包括It is(was)important(necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that...句型。如:
It is impossible that he should go home.他不可能會回家去。
It is necessary that I should return it right now.我有必要馬上把它還回去。
It is important that we should speah politely.我們說話要有禮貌,這是很重要的。It is not necessary that everyone be a scientist.沒有必要使每一個人都成為科學家。It is imperative that we should practise critidsm and self-criticism.應當進行批評與自我批評。
二、It’s a pity…類
It is a pity that she should fare so badly.她竟吃得這么差,真可憐。
It’s a pity that he should be so obstinate.真遺憾他竟這樣倔犟。
It was a pity that you couldn’t come.你不能來,真是太遺憾了。
It is a pity that she failed the driving examination.她沒通過駕駛考試真是遺憾。
It is his desire that a medical man should stay here.他希望有一個醫(yī)務人員留在這里。
三、It’s desired…類
這種主語從句還常用在It is(was)desired(suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc.)that...句型。如:
It is requested that a vote be taken.建議付諸表決。
It is settled that you leave us, then? 那么你肯定要離開我們羅?
It was proposed that this matter be considered at the next meeting.有人提議這事下次會議再討論。
It is desired that this rule should be brought to the attention of the staff.希望這條規(guī)則引起全體職員的注意。
【特別說明】
(1)在現(xiàn)代英語中,有時也可不用虛擬語氣而用陳述語氣,但初學者宜慎用。
(2)在It is amazing(strange, surprising, astonishing, a pity, a shame)以及 I am surprised(sorry)和I regret等結(jié)構(gòu)后的that 從句中有時也用should,表示說話人的驚異、懊悔、失望等情感,常含有“竟然”之意:
It’s strange that he should be so rude.他竟如此無禮,真是奇怪。
I’m surprised that he should have failed.他竟然失敗了,這使我很吃驚。
若不用虛擬語氣也可以,則不帶感情 色彩,比較:
It’s a pity that he failed the exam.他考試沒及格,真是遺憾。
It’s a pity that he should have failed the exam.他考試竟沒及格,真是遺憾。
第四篇:高二英語省略語法教案
高二英語省略語法教案
1)省略主語:祈使句中通常省略主語,但為了強調(diào)也可以使用主語。例如 Stop singing and start to prepare for your recitation.不要唱了,開始為背誦做些準備把。You perform a dance first.你先表演個舞蹈吧。
2)謂語的省略:多出現(xiàn)在并列句及對話中,謂語部分相同時。例如: I was born in China and Lucy(was born)in America.我出生在中國,露西出生在美國。
What we can’t get seems better than what we have(got).我們沒有的東西似乎比已經(jīng)擁有的更好。
Reading makes a full man and writing(make)an exact man.讀書使人充實,寫作使人準確。
Some of us study French, others(study)GERMAN.我們有的學法語,有的學德語。
3)賓語的省略:在并列句或?qū)υ捴校绻髡Z、謂語不同而賓語相同時,常把這一部分賓語省略。例如:
Peter enjoys swimming but Mike hates(swimming)比得喜歡游泳,而邁克則討厭游泳。-Which program do you like? 你喜歡哪一個節(jié)目? -It’s hard to tell.很難說。
4)在含有比較結(jié)構(gòu)的復合句中,常在as和than引導的分句中省略某些與主句相同的部分或省略在特定上下文或特定情景中某些不言而喻的成分或整個as, than從句。例如: The piano in the other shop will be cheaper(than those in this shop), but not as good(as those in this shop).另一家商店里的鋼琴更便宜,但是并不一樣好。
How beautifully she sings!I’ve never heard a better voice(than hers).她唱得多好!我從沒有聽過比這更好的嗓音。
5)一般疑問句和祈使句的答語中,常用“Yes/ No+主語+助動詞”,而省略主要動詞或其他成分,但助動詞應和原句的動詞時態(tài)保持一致。回答特殊問句的答語中常省略和問句相重復的部分,只保留新信息部分。例如:
-Could I borrow your dictionary? 我可以借你的字典嗎?
-Yes, of course you can(borrow my dictionary).當然可以。-Have you ever been to Hong Kong? 你去過香港嗎? -Never.從來沒有去過。
6)復合句中從句的句尾和主句相同時,從句的句尾可省略。例如: Mary is going to sweep the floor though Alice won’t(sweep the floor).瑪麗要打掃地板,而艾麗斯不做這件事情。7)兩個或兩上以上被形容詞修飾的同一名詞,前面的常被省略;重復出現(xiàn)的形容詞,后邊的可以省略。例如:
There were middle-aged(men)and elderly men to attend the meeting.有幾個中老年男人出席了會議。We are young boys and(young)girls.我們是少年男女。
8)表示時間、條件、比較、方式或讓步狀語從句中,如果謂語動詞是be,主語和主句的主語一致或主語是it時,常常省略主語和謂語部分。例如:
When(it is)heated, water sends out steam.加熱時水會變成蒸汽。
He often kept silent unless(he was)spoken to.他常常保持沉默,除非有人和他說話。
Many roofs were replaced with new ones where(it is)necessary.必要的地方屋頂被換成了新的。
She hurried away as if(she was)very angry.她匆忙離開了,似乎是很生氣。
She went on working though(she was)exhausted.盡管筋疲力盡,她仍然繼續(xù)工作。
9)當不定式所表示的內(nèi)容上文已經(jīng)出現(xiàn),為避免重復,不定式里的動詞及其后續(xù)部分省略,只保留to。例如:
You’d better give a performance if you should be asked to.你最好進行表演,如果被邀請的話。
I think he should get a job, but you can’t force him to if he is not ready to.我想他應該得到一份工作,但如果他不愿意,你不能強迫他。
但當被省略的內(nèi)容如果是“情態(tài)動詞+動詞完成式”時,或不定式后有be的任何形式時,to后要保留到have和be。例如:
He didn’t come to the meeting, but he ought to have.他沒有來參加會議,但是他本應該來的。The young girl is not what she used to be.那個女孩子不是原來的樣子了。
10)某些動詞短語之后的介詞可以省略。例如:spend…(in)doing sth.花(時間)做某事;stop/ prevent sb.(from)doing sth.阻止某人做某事;be busy(in)doing sth忙于做某事;waste time(in)doing sth.浪費時間做某事。11)賓語從句中,連詞that可省略,但如有兩個以上的賓語從句,除第一個that外,其他的that都不可省略。另外,定語從句中,that, which, whom作賓語時可以省略。例如:
Mr Wang said(that)the job was important and that we should try our best to do it.王先生說,那項工作很重要,我們應該盡力去做。
This is the computer(that)his father sent him as a birthday gift.這是他父親送給他作為生日禮物的那臺電腦。
12)主從復合句中主句中有一些成分被省略或省略一個從句或從句的一部分,用so或not代替,此時不要用it或that代替。例如:
-Do you think he will come tonight? 你認為他今晚會來嗎?
-Yes, I think so./ No, I don’t think so.是的,我認為他會來。/不,我不認為他會來。-Are you feeling any better? 你感覺好些了嗎? -I am afraid not.恐怕不是這樣。
類似的用法還有:How so? / Why so?/ Is that so? / I hope so./ I am afraidso.怎么會這樣?/為什么會這樣?/是那樣嗎?/我希望如此/恐怕是這樣。
I suppose not./ I believe not./ I’m afraid not./ I hope not./ I guess not.我想不會的/我不相信會這樣/恐怕不是如此/不希望如此/我認為不會如此。
1.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him________.(NMET1995)
A.not to
B.not to do
C.not to it
D.do not to 2.-Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
-I_________, but I had an unexpected visitor.(NMET1997)
A.had
B.would
C.was going to
D.that 3.-Does your brother intend to study German?
-Yes, he intends__________.(1998上海)
A.had
B.would
C.was going to
D.that 4.-I’ll be away on a business trip.Would you mind looking after my cat?
-Not at all._________.(NMET1995)
A.I’ve no time
B.I’d rather not
C.I’d like it
D.I’d be happy to 5.-Do you think it’s going to rain over the weekend?
-_________.(NMET1994)
A.I don’t believe
B.I don’t believe it
C.I believe not so
D.I believe not
KEYS!1.A
2.C
3.B
4.D
5.D 3
第五篇:定語從句中的特殊用法
定語從句中的特殊用法
定語從句是起定語作用的,修飾,說明名詞,代詞或句子內(nèi)容的從句,被定語從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。引導定語從句,并在句中擔任成分的詞叫做關系代詞或關系副詞。定語從句是高考常考內(nèi)容之一,使用時要尤其注意以下十種特殊用法。
一、只用that不用which的情況
1、當先行詞是all, little, few, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代詞時。如: Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.當時發(fā)生的一切就像是一場噩夢。
I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.我要把你在舞會上跟我說的話全都告訴他。、當先行詞被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very(恰好的,表示強調(diào))等詞修飾時。例如: 2The only thing that we could do was to wait.我們能做的只是等待。
That’s the very thing that we can do.那正是我們能做的事。
3、當先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。例如:
The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.我們參觀的第一個地方是長城。
This is the best novel that I have ever read.這是我看過的最好的小說。
4、被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時。例如:
Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water.Now you can see the two that are still alive.昨天我捉到了兩條魚,把它們放在一盆水里。你可以看到那兩條魚還活著呢。
5、主句是There be結(jié)構(gòu),修飾其主語的定語從句宜用that作關系代詞修飾物。例句:
There’s still a room that is free.還有一個空房間。
6、先行詞中同時包括人和物時。例如:
We talked about the people and the villages that we remembered.我們談論了我們記得的人和村子。
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.他問起他去過的這幾家工廠和工人的情況。
7、當主句中有who, which時,而定語從句中也要用到who或which時,為了避免who…who, which…which等重疊,定語從句要用that引導。例如:
Who is the man that is standing by the door? 站在門邊的那個男人是誰?
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? 你養(yǎng)的那兩頭奶牛中哪一個產(chǎn)奶多?
人或物在定語從句中表語時,用that引導定語從句,而that通常也可以省略。例如:
He is no longer the man that he was.他不再是過去的他。
8、二、修飾物時只用which不用that的情況
1、引導非限制性定語從句時。例如:
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的,這使得他很輕。
2、當關系詞前有介詞時。例如:
This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.這就是毛主席曾經(jīng)住過的地方。
3、在一個句子中有兩個定語從句,其中一個定語從句的關系代詞用了that, 另一個宜用which。例如:
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.我來給你看我從新開的圖書館里借來的那本小說。
4、當關系代詞后面有插入語時。例如:
Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.這就是我跟你說過的會有助于你學好英語的那本英語語法書。
5、先行詞為that時。例如:
The clock is that which can tell us the time.鐘是報時的裝置。
三、修飾人時只用who不用that的情況
1、先行詞為one, ones, anyone, those指代人時。如:
The person I want to learn from is one who studies
hard and works well.我最羨慕的是學習勤奮,工作出色的人。
2、在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語的定語從句宜用 who關系代詞指代人。例如: There’s a gentleman who wants to see you.有位先生想見你。
3、當先行詞有較長的后置定語時。例如:
I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.昨天下午我在公園里遇到一位中文講得非常好的外國人。
4、一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句,其中一個定語從句的關系代詞是that, 另一個宜用who以避免重復。The student that was praised at yesterday’s meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.受到校長表揚的學生是位謙虛好學的班長。
注意:當關系代詞前面有介詞時,只能用whom。例如:
The person to whom this letter was addressed died three years ago.這封信的收信人三年前就去世了。
way在定語從句作先行詞的用法
當先行詞為way時,定語從句的引導詞可用in which, that或省略引導詞。例如:
I don’t like the way(that /in which)he looks at me.我不喜歡他那種樣子看著我。四、五、在定語從句中作狀語的關系副詞when, where, why的用法
1、先行詞表示時間時,定語從句中的謂語動詞如果是不及物動詞,用關系副詞when或介詞+ which;如果是及物動詞,用which或that都行。例如:
I still remember the days when(=on which)we lived together.我仍然記得我們在一起的時光。
2、先行詞表示地點時,如果定語從句中謂語動詞是不及物動詞,用關系副詞where或介詞+which;如果是及物動詞時,用which或that都可以。例如:
This is the small village where(=in which)Chairman Mao ever lived.這就是毛主席曾經(jīng)居住過的小村莊。
表示原因時,why前的先行詞是表示原因的名詞reason。例如:
Can you tell me the reason why(=for which)you di3、dn’t finish your homework? 你能告訴我你沒有完成作業(yè)的原因嗎?
六、whose引導的定語從句
Whose引導定語從句時,其先行詞可以指人,也可以指物,當先行詞指物時,可以用the+名詞+of which的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
He studies in a school whose buildings(=the buildings of which)are built on top of a hill.他就讀的學校其房子都建在山頂上。
七、as作關系代詞引導的定語從句
1、引導限制性定語從句。在主句中常有the same, so或such與as相呼應, as在定語從句中可作主語、賓語、主語補足語等。as引出的定語從句帶有比較意義,從句常常只寫出比較部分,但as本身不可省略。例如:
He used such expressions as he could find in the texts.他使用在課文中可以找到的那些詞語。
They stayed for the night in the same room as they had once rented.他們在他們曾租用過的同一房間過夜。
注意:在the same…后也可用that引導定語從句,但含義有所不同。that引出的從句,指的是與先行詞同一的事物,而as引導的從句指的是與先行詞同類的事物。例如:
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.這個包和我昨天丟失的包的樣子是同樣的。
This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.這就是我昨天丟失的那個包。
2、引導非限制性定語從句。帶主句的全部或部分內(nèi)容。常譯為“正如-------”“就像------”等,定語從句可以置于主句句首、句中或句末。as后常接expect, know, report, say, see等動詞的主、被動語態(tài)。例如:
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.正如大家所知道的那樣,月球每月繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)一圈。
He wasn’t unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes.他并未失去知覺,這從他的眼神可以看出來。
注意:as, which引導非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別:
1)、都可以代整個主句,相當于and this或and that.2)、as可放在句首,而which不能。
3)、as代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;如果為行為動詞,則從句中的關系代詞只能用which.例如:
It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.昨天下大雨,這使得我不能去公園。
八、of短語作為定語從句的先行詞的情況
one of the +復數(shù)名詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)后面的定語從句中的謂語動詞,通常用復數(shù)形式,與定語從句所靠近的那個復數(shù)名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。但如果one of the+復數(shù)名詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)前面帶有the/only/the only之類的限定語,從句的謂語動詞則要用單數(shù)形式,此時從句在意義上修飾的 是the one.例如:
Tom is one of the boys who were late that morning.湯姆是那天早晨遲到的男生之一。
Tom is the(only/the only)one of the boys who was late that morning.湯姆是那天早上唯一遲到的男生。
九、that有時可用作關系副詞來代替when, 引導一個定語從句,修飾表示時間的名詞,如day, time, moment等。例如:
I arrived here the day that(=when)he left.我是在他離開的那天到達這兒的。
He worked hard the whole time that(=when)he lived here.他在這里的整個時間工作都很努力。
十、than和but也可用作關系代詞引導定語從句
1、than用作關系代詞,在定語從句中作主語或賓語。例如:
You spent more money than was intended to be spent.你花的錢超過了預定的數(shù)額。(than是關系代詞,在句中作主語,其先行詞是money)
2、but作為關系代詞引導定語從句時,一般同具有否定意義的主句連用,其先行詞可以是人,也可以是物,但只用于限制性定語從句中。例如:
There was not a single student in my class but learnt a lot from him.(but=who did not)我班上每一個學生都從他那里學到了很多東西。
因此,在這種句子中,but在意義上等于“that...not”,“who...not”,“which...not”。
修飾物體時關系代詞that和 which的區(qū)分 使用that的情況:
1.當先行詞是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代詞時。e.g.Do you have anything that is important to tell me? 2.當先行詞被all, any, some, no, not, every, each等修飾時。
e.g.I have some books that are very good.3.當先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞所修飾時。e.g.This is the first book that I bought myself.The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.4.主句是以which或who開頭的特殊疑問句時 e.g.Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting.5.當先行詞在從句和主句中都作表語時,無論先行詞是人還是物.China is no longer the country that she was.6.如有兩個定語從句,其中一個已用which引導,另一個宜用that.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.7.在there be句型中,只用that.He asked for the latest book(that)there is on the subject.8.當先行詞被the very, the last, the next, the only 等詞修飾時。e.g.This is the very book that I lost yesterday.9.當先行詞又有人又有物時。
e.g.I won’t forget the things and the persons that I saw.只能使用which的情況。
1、非限制性定語從句中。
e.g.Mary has a book, which is very precious.2、在介詞之后。
e.g.This is a house in which lives an old man.3、當主句中的主語被that修飾時。
e.g.That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.