第一篇：傳統備課與現代教學設計的對比

傳統備課與現代教學設計的對比

王彬 1220440114 教育是隨著時代的發展而發展的，隨著現代教育技術的蓬勃發展，現代教學設計逐漸取代了傳統的備課，成為了教學的重要部分。為什么傳統的備課會被現代教學設計所取代?下面，我們將二者進行對比。

首先，二者具有一定的相似之處。

1.二者都注重教學的過程化，重視過程中各個環節的組成，重視對各個環節的情景預設。可以說，二者的計劃性是相同的。

2.二者的對于教學的一般程序相同。兩者都是遵循:目的(目標)———內容———形式(策略)———小結(評價)的教學程序進行的。

3.二者同樣關心教學的最后效果。但是，現代教學設計之所以能漸漸替代傳統備課，還是因為二者之間的許多不同之處。

1.內涵與理論基礎不同。

傳統備課與教學設計有著同樣的計劃性，但是，傳統備課是為了教師能夠順利的給出知識而進行的準備設計，屬于一個刺激——反應的過程，教師給出的刺激越大，學生的反應越大。而教學設計的內涵主要突出了“教”要基于“學”，教要為學服務。另外，傳統備課的理論基礎是依據教師的以往教學經驗而準備的，可以說一次的備課結果可以使用相當長的一段時間。而現代教學設計是以先進的教學理念為基礎，對于不同情景環境下的教學目標，應該設計采取不同的教學方法，講究“教無定法”，將教學看作是一門藝術或技術。

2.教學目標不同。

傳統的備課所制定的教學目標注重的只是知識的傳播，完全以知識的教授為重點，價值取向單一。而現代教學設計所制定的教學目標，不僅包括知識技能，還包括思維方法能力，以及樹立正確的情感態度價值觀，為的是解決學生更好的發展與學習。其價值取向是關注人的發展，體現的是以人為本的教育理念。

3.關注重點不同 同樣屬于課前的準備，傳統備課是為怎樣教而準備的，而現代教學設計是為怎樣學而準備的。或者說是，傳統備課的關注重點在于教師的教，以教師為主，然后才是教學對象；而現代教學設計的關注重點在于學生的學，以學生為主。

4.教學內容不同

傳統備課強調的是研究教材，吃透教材，備課重點在于研究教學大綱。其重心放在了純粹的知識教育，所適應的是應試教育的傳統教育模式。而現代教學設計，因為是以學生為起點，以學生為主，所以，教學內容綜合而多樣，不局限于教材上的知識。

5.教學手段與實施方式不同

傳統備課所涉及的教學手段單一，只是以簡單的教師講授為主。而現代教學設計所運用的教學手段多樣，包括實物投影儀、學具的運用,各種媒體的優化和多媒體的組合等。多樣的教學手段更加有助于學生學習興趣的開發以及對于知識的系統理解。

雖然二者同樣具有計劃性，即對課堂的預設，但是，在實施方式上卻存在根本性的差異。在傳統備課所預設的課堂上，教師角色首先定位于課堂的控制者，以保障課堂教學的有序，其次教師是知識的傳授者，教師的作用是對書本上的知識進行傳遞，解釋，示范。書本上的知識是作為靜止的，絕對的結果，學生學習的方式是記憶，模仿復制。而在教學設計的理論中，教師角色定位于組織者，引導者，合作者，教師的作用在于創設情境，組織活動，引導與啟發學生通過嘗試，合作，質疑等過程，建構自己對知識的理解，通過做習題來學習。除此之外，二者在實施中的靈活變通性也不一樣。無論是傳統意義的備課還是教學設計，它們都是課堂教學前的預設，最后都要形成一個教學方案，在實施中，備課所對應的教學過程是一個忠實執行教案的過程，沒有順利完成教學任務的一節課往往會被認為是不太成功的一節課。教學設計追求的教學過程是預設性與生成性的統一預設，保證了課堂教學不會陷入混亂狀態，但預設不是束縛，成功的課堂不是預設的一成不變的僵化程序的完成，而是動態生成的過程。在實際教學中，教師還要根據課堂中產生的新信息，呈現出的新的課程資源，不斷地調整預設，促進學生的生成與發展。

從以上對比可以看出，傳統備課更加適應應試教育，而現代教學設計更加適應的是現代素質教育。可以說，二者是不同教育體制下的思路與形式，從其眾多的不同點可以看出，現代教學設計是對傳統備課的繼承，發展與完善，更加適應當下的教育體制。

參考文獻：

1.張建南：傳統備課與教學設計的比較分析.廣東教育學院學報.2000.第二期

2.賴華強：談談教學設計原理對傳統備課理論的改進.韶關大學學報(社會科學版).第21卷第6期.2006.6 3.覃尊君：用現代教學設計取代傳統備課.湖北省鶴峰縣第一中學

第二篇：現代教學設計與傳統備課的區別

現代教學設計與傳統備課的區別

現代教學設計與傳統備課既有區別又有聯系，它們是繼承與發展的關系。現代教學設計是在傳統備課的原型上發展起來的。

教師所作的課前準備一般包括鉆研和組織教材、了解學生、選擇教學方法；此外，還要準備有關教具和設計板書等。其中的教案，是在上每節課之前預先對每節課的設計，是教師講課的依據，直接關系到課的質量。

從傳統的備課中我們不難看出，其有如下淺層次的特點：

1、以教師為中心，以教代學，強調教的設計；

2、備課基于對教材知識點的傳授，教案就是教學實施的腳本；

3、以教學經驗為備課依據；

4、備課是課前的準備，它的內容是預設的、靜態的、課堂教學強調教案的忠實執行；

5、重心在分析教材、梳理知識等方面，教師是“教教材”，其重要職能往往是實現和強化教材、缺失自己的教學創意；

6、成果比較單一，主要是教案。

無疑，其形式——教案就在一定程度上反映了教師的課前準備情況，記錄著教師的教學軌跡，反映著教師的教育理念和教學策略，這也正是我們學校領導檢查老師教案的依據。其用心可謂良苦，但往往問題也就出在這兒。

現代教學設計并不是對傳統備課的全盤否定，而是與傳統備課無論在內容上，還是形式上都有著一定的歷史繼承性：都是課前的教學準備，有各自的具體環節，包含對教學內容的分析過程，考慮采用一定的教學手段和方法，必須形成一定的教學實施計劃，有自己的教學評價，也都涉及到文字記載等。但現代教學設計又不同于傳統備課，打破了其形式和要求，實現了教學設計的現代化、科學化和規范化，體現了新課程精神和要求，是教學上的一次深刻革命。它具有以下特點：

1、以學生為中心，以學論教，強調學的設計；

2、立足于學生的實際需要，著眼于學生的發展；

3、教學設計的主體工作需要在課前完成，但需要在教學過程中不斷調整，教學設計貫穿于課的過程中；

4、現代教學設計突破了傳統的單向式的教學程式真正體現教學相長原則，把教學過程看成一個多向的師生互動，實現教師自身的發展和提高。

5、現代教學設計適用的范圍更寬，運用的資源更豐富，手段更先進。現代教學設計不僅以教案等文本形式存在，更以教學軟件、教學媒體等作為載體，表現為課件，大大地增加了知識容量，顯示了生動、形象的視聽功能，整合了不同知識信息之間的內在聯系，大大地強化了教學設計效果。

現代教學設計給我們耳目一新的感覺，遠遠超越了教案本身，是對教案在三維上的擴展和延伸。現代教學設計使新課程標準及其反映的先進理念在備課中得以充分體現，促進我國教育事業的更好更快發展。

第三篇：傳統建筑材料與現代建筑材料特性對比分析

傳統建筑材料與現代建筑材料特性對比分析

建筑材料是建筑的基本物質，它決定著建筑的特征、風格、效果等。傳統建筑材料主要有石材、木材、粘土磚瓦、石灰和石膏，現代建筑材料有鋼材、水泥、混凝土、玻璃、塑料。它們各具特色，在建筑中發揮著自己舉足輕重的作用。

石材是人類歷史上應用最早的傳統建筑材料。石材已它堅不可摧的強度，作為建筑的基石承受著千百年來的風雨酷寒，至今仍屹立在現代建筑之林。石材具有蘊藏量豐富、分布廣泛、結構細致、抗壓強度較高、耐水性好、耐久性好、耐磨性好的特點，所以人們開始將石材應用在建筑上，將石材不斷壘砌起來，慢慢地建成了大型的建筑物。西歐曾一度盛行用石材建筑，如偉大的建筑法國凡賽爾宮，英國國會大廈都是杰出的代表作。而且埃及金字塔也是由切割整齊的大塊石材砌筑而成的。因此石材建筑有威嚴雄厚、莊重高貴的特點。由于石材密度大，自重大，墻體的厚度較大，因此建筑物的面積使用率降低，但將其應用成為高檔建筑的象征，建造出獨特的藝術效果。

木材作為傳統建筑材料具有重量輕、強度高、美觀、加工性好、可再生、可循環利用、綠色無公害等特點，所以木結構建筑具有良好的穩定性和抗震性能。但木材在建筑應用上也具有缺陷，木材容易變形和開裂，容易霉變和蛀蝕，容易燃燒，這些都將影響木材的使用質量和耐久性。木材是永恒的建筑材料，木材因其具有優良的力學性能，自古以來被廣泛應用于建筑活動中。我國五臺山南禪寺和佛光寺的部分建筑就是典型代表建筑，單體建筑的無定坡度平緩，出檐深遠，斗拱比例較大，風格莊重樸實。現代土木建筑工程中梁、柱、支撐、門窗、混泥土模板都離不開木材。木材作為一種會呼吸的建筑材料，冬暖夏涼，能夠創造出最適宜人類居住的生活環境。

粘土磚瓦是一種人類人工生產的建筑材料，長期以來，我國以普通粘土磚瓦作為房屋建筑的主要墻體材料。粘土磚瓦具有塊體小、質量輕、易于施工、外形規則井染有序、承重、保溫維護、立面裝飾的特點，將其應用在建筑中，為人們營造居住空間的建筑活動中發揮了重要的作用。故宮就是應用粘土磚瓦的典型建筑代表，形狀規則的粘土磚瓦作為外墻飾面使得故宮具有良好的藝術效果。但是粘土磚瓦的原材料是天然的粘土，它的燒制是以毀損良田為代價的，逐步被其它材料被取代了，但是它們在人類建筑史上的地位永遠不會被磨滅。

石灰作為一種傳統的建筑材料，具有可塑性強、硬化緩慢、硬化后強度低、硬化過程中體積收縮大等特性，其幾千年的歷史足以證明人類對這種材料的信任和依賴，至今石灰仍然作為重要的建筑材料廣泛地應用于各類建筑工程和各類建筑材料工業生產中，如室內粉刷，拌制石灰砂漿和灰漿，配制三合土和灰土。石膏同樣作為一種古老的傳統建筑材料，石膏具有原料豐富、生產工藝簡單、生產能耗低、吸濕性強、價格低廉、不污染環境等優良性能，特別適用于現代建筑的室內隔斷、裝飾、裝修工程中，同時主要用于制作石膏抹面灰漿和制作石膏制品。

鋼材作為現代建筑材料在現代建筑中有著舉足輕重的作用。17世紀70年代人們開始使用生鐵，19世紀初開始使用熟鐵建造橋梁和房屋，從19世紀中葉開始，隨著冶金業冶煉并軋制出抗拉和抗壓強度都很高、延伸性好、質量均勻的建筑鋼材，適應了社會生產發展的需要，鋼材得到蓬勃發展。鋼材具有重量輕而強度高、塑性和韌性好、安全可靠、工業化程度高、施工速度快、拆遷方便、密封性好、耐熱性好等優質特性，使得其在現代建筑中發揮著至關重要的作用，主要應用在機場、體育館等大跨度鋼結構，旅館、辦公大樓等高層建筑鋼結構，電視塔、通訊塔等高聳建筑鋼結構，大型儲油庫、煤氣庫等板殼鋼結構，工業廠房鋼結構，小型倉庫等輕型鋼結構，橋梁鋼結構，升降機、起重機等一動鋼結構。

水泥作為現代建筑材料，廣泛應用于工業、農業、水利、交通、城市建設、海港和國防建設中，在現代已經成為任何建筑工程中都不可或缺的建筑材料。水泥是一種無機粉末狀材料，水泥和水拌合能形成具有流動性、可塑性的漿體，隨著時間的延長，水泥漿經自身的物理化學作用，由可塑性的漿體變成堅硬的固體，具有一定的強度，并能將塊體或顆粒狀材料膠結成為整體。水泥不僅能在空氣中凝結硬化，產生強度，而且能在水中硬化，并能很好的保持和發展強度。水泥在建筑工程中使用量大，應用范圍廣，能應用在土木建筑、油井建筑、大壩建筑、砌筑建筑、道路建筑等工程中。

混凝土作為現代建筑材料在當代建筑工程中有著非常重要的作用。混凝土是利用粘土、石灰、石膏、火山灰或天然瀝青作膠結材料，與砂，煤渣，石子混合形成的一種建筑材料，具有凝結力強、堅固耐久、不透水等優良特性。但混凝土屬于脆性材料，雖然抗壓強度較高，但抗拉強度極低，很容易開裂。隨著水泥和鋼材的出現使用，人們在實際使用中發現將它們結合起來具有更好的粘結力，可以相互彌補缺點，發揮各自所長，在混凝土加入鋼筋，即可以保護鋼筋不暴露在大氣中，不易生銹，同時增加了構件的抗拉性能，于是出現了鋼筋混凝土，使得混凝土材料在建筑上具有更廣泛的應用。同磚石結構、木結構和鋼材結構相比，混凝土結構發展非常迅速，已成為土木工程結構中最主要的結構材料，而且高性能混凝土和新型混凝土還在不斷地向前發展。

此外，玻璃和塑料作為現代新型建筑材料也不斷地應用在現代建筑工程中。玻璃可以滿足采光、裝飾和立面設計要求，符合現代建筑節能的要求。玻璃幾乎應用于一切建筑領域，因為其有很多品種，如鋼化玻璃、半鋼化玻璃、中空玻璃、夾層玻璃、著色玻璃、鍍膜玻璃、壓花玻璃、防火玻璃、真空玻璃等。玻璃從僅僅滿足采光和封閉的單一功能，發展到今天的兼有節能、安全、裝飾和其它新功能的階段，是科學技術進步和社會發展的結果。塑料是一類新興的建筑材料，由于它優異的性能和廣闊的應用領域以及前景，已被認為是繼現代材料的鋼材、水泥、木材后的第四大類建筑材料。塑料應用范圍廣，上至屋頂下至地面，從室外的公共設施到室內裝飾裝修材料，都可以見到它的身影。目前塑料應用在建筑中最多的是給排水管、輸氣管等管材和塑鋼門窗，其次是電線、電纜等。由于塑料具有顯著的節約能源的優勢，其制品的生產和使用能耗遠低于其它建筑材料，所以塑料現在廣泛應用在各種屋面、墻面、地面建筑工程中。建筑塑料也朝著高功能化、高性能化、多用途和低成本的方向不斷發展。

縱觀上述各種傳統建筑材料和現代建筑材料，各種材料各有自己獨特的的優良性能，但也有自己的缺陷而被慢慢取代。石材抗壓強度高，一般應用于大型高貴建筑，可以使建筑有獨特的藝術效果，但它不能廣泛應用于普通房屋建筑中。木材具有良好的穩定性和優良的力學性能，所以它是永恒的建筑材料，從古至今建筑都離不開木材的支持。粘土磚瓦具有外形規則井然有序和立面裝飾的特性曾廣泛應用于傳統建筑中，但由于資源的匱乏，粘土制品越來越少，最終粘土磚瓦被取代。而混凝土和鋼材的出現，是建筑材料發展史上的一個偉大革命，打破了傳統建筑材料的形狀、尺寸的限制，是建筑物向高層、大跨度發展有了可能。石灰石膏和水泥都是膠凝材料，隨著水泥的出現和廣泛使用，取代了石灰石膏作為膠凝材料在建筑上的地位。此外，玻璃和塑料作為現代新型建筑材料，具有節能裝飾的作用，在現代環保節能的環境背景下被廣泛應用于現代建筑中。

相比傳統建筑材料和現代建筑材料，由于社會技術的進步和人們不斷發展的建筑需求，現代建筑材料比傳統建筑材料具有更多的優勢，從而在當代建筑中占據主導地位，而傳統建筑材料則作為補充作用應用于建筑中。現代建筑材料鋼材、水泥、混凝土、玻璃和塑料打破了傳統建筑材料石材、木材、粘土磚瓦和石灰石膏的形狀、尺寸的限制，將建筑物向高層、深層、大跨度發展，向城市建設需求發展，符合現代社會環保節能的趨勢。現代建筑材料是在傳統建筑材料上不斷改革創新中產生的，未來建筑材料也會隨著社會技術的改革進步和人們不斷日益增長的建筑需求不斷地向前發展。如今現代建筑也越來越需要滿足人居環境的要求，人居環境的不斷改善也指引著現代建筑不斷向前發展。發泡陶瓷保溫板是以周邊鋼圍框、內置桁架與發泡水泥芯材及面層復合而成的輕質構件產品，具有承重保溫一體化、節能環保、循環利用、一級防火、抗震等品質特征。

目前市面產品主要有：屋面板、網架板、樓層板、墻板、異型板等。

輕質

公司研制的無機改性水泥珍珠巖復合芯材，容重小于600kg/m3，使得整板自重只有傳統混凝土材料的約30%。·高強

采用輕鋼骨架與高強度無機無機輕質芯材的組合結構，雖然是輕質板，卻保持了傳統鋼筋混凝土重型板承載力大、安全度高的特點。既可滿足均布荷載要求，又具有較強的集中承載能力，是替代傳統混凝土屋面板、樓板的理想材料。·耐久

選材和構造作法的精心設計組合，使得產品設計使用年限可達50年：

芯板為無機材質，穩定性好，抗老化，使用壽命等同于混凝土材料；

板底鋼絲直徑3mm以上，保護層厚度20mm以上而且吸潮率低于0.1%；

板材抵抗酸、堿等氣體腐蝕能力強，經25次凍融循環后，體積和強度幾乎沒有變化。·保溫隔熱

板材具有優良的保溫性能，材料導熱系數低，整板傳熱系數最低可達0.3w/m2k，滿足高寒地區的建筑保溫節能要求； 板材具有優異的隔熱性能，板外側升溫至900℃時，板內側溫度僅為50℃，是高溫地區理想的建筑隔熱材料。·耐火

芯板采用無機材質，不燃燒，且在火中不爆裂、無有毒氣體釋放，是優良的耐火材料；整板耐火極限大于2小時，滿足構件的一級防火要求。·防水

發泡水泥復合板出廠時自帶專用的無機復合抗滲涂層，配合屋面整體防水作法形成了可靠的復合防水體系，解決了一般輕質板材易滲漏的問題。·泄爆

能滿足特殊建筑屋面、墻面泄爆易碎的要求。實驗證明，爆炸中發泡水泥復合板鋼骨架將保留在建筑主體結構上，而芯材瞬間粉碎，既達到泄爆目的又不會造成次生傷害。·隔聲

板材平均隔聲量43db以上，滿足演播廳等高等級聲學建筑的隔聲要求。·抗震

發泡水泥復合板屬于輕質板材有利于抗震，加上合理的抗震節點設計，能滿足8度地震設防烈度要求。且地震發生時，板材造成的次生傷害小，是震區建筑理想的構件材料。·節能環保

發泡水泥復合板主要材料均為天然無機材質，不釋放有毒有害物質，且板材透氣性好，居住健康舒適；

發泡水泥復合板生產中可利用部分工業廢料，屬于資源綜合利用產品。·使用方便

發泡水泥復合板安裝速度快，施工環節少，大大縮短了建筑工期；

發泡水泥復合板外形、規格可按客戶要求訂制，可以滿足開洞、吊掛物件等使用要求；

發泡水泥復合板為采光天窗、風機設備、避雷系統及二次裝修等配套施工提供了方便合理的解決方案。·維護簡單

發泡水泥復合板正常使用中無需特別維護，使用成本低；局部損壞可以現場直接修復，如有更換必要時，亦可單板更換，不影響整體結構。

疏松、多孔、導熱系數小的材料。多孔陶瓷材料由于其特有的保溫、隔熱、隔聲、防火性能,而被廣泛應用于國防、宇航、化工和建筑等行業。以建筑拋光磚原料為基礎料,添加少量的礦化劑和氧化鎂,經干壓成型后于1220℃-1300℃燒成下制備了具有防水、保溫功能的閉孔高溫發泡陶瓷。運用XRD、顯微鏡測試手段對發泡陶瓷的孔徑分布、顯微結構、物相組成進行了表征,探討了原料配方、燒成制度對制品的主要性能,如:導熱系數、吸水率、密度和強度的影響。結果表明,發泡陶瓷的氣孔率高達66.72%(閉孔氣孔率為66.39%,開孔氣孔率為0.33%);體積密度為0.7987g/cm3;吸水率為0.41%;抗壓強度為10.89MPa;導熱系數為0.198W/(m·K);主晶相為石英和莫來石;且孔徑和氣孔率隨著燒成溫度升高而增大,氣孔率越高,發泡陶瓷的抗壓強度和導熱系數越小。

（一）、住宅產業化優勢分析

1、采用住宅產業化生產方式建設的住宅與傳統生產方式相比，全面提升了住宅的綜合質量和品質。某項工程由于采用預制裝配整體式混凝土剪力墻結構技術，所有的結構構件在工廠預制，現場裝配化施工，基本消除了墻體常見的滲漏、開裂、空鼓、房間尺寸偏差等質量通病，實現了主體結構精度偏差以毫米計算，偏差基本小于０．１％，室內空間舒適度也有了明顯提高。

２、采用工業化生產方式，節能降耗效果顯著。據相關統計顯示，通過采用工業化生產方式，預制率達到了９０％以上，施工現場模板用量減少了８５％以上，現場腳手架用量減少了５０％以上，鋼材節約２％，混凝土節約７％，抹灰工程量節約５０％，節水４０％以上，節電１０％以上，耗材節約４０％，管理費用節約５０％，項目綜合造價大約節省１５％以上，經濟效益十分明顯。

３、采用工業化生產方式，大大縮短了生產周期，生產效率得到了大大提升。

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第四篇：傳統備課與教學設計的區別

傳統備課與教學設計的區別

教學設計與傳統備課既有區別又有聯系，它們是繼承與發展的關系。現代教學設計是在傳統備課的原型上發展起來的。

教師所作的課前準備一般包括鉆研和組織教材、了解學生、選擇教學方法；此外，還要準備有關教具和設計板書等。其中的教案，是在上每節課之前預先對每節課的設計，是教師講課的依據，直接關系到課的質量。

從傳統的備課中我們不難看出，其有如下淺層次的特點：

1、以教師為中心，以教代學，強調教的設計；

2、備課基于對教材知識點的傳授，教案就是教學實施的腳本；

3、以教學經驗為備課依據；

4、備課是課前的準備，它的內容是預設的、靜態的、課堂教學強調教案的忠實執行；

5、重心在分析教材、梳理知識等方面，教師是“教教材”，其重要職能往往是實現和強化教材、缺失自己的教學創意；

6、成果比較單一，主要是教案。

無疑，其形式——教案就在一定程度上反映了教師的課前準備情況，記錄著教師的教學軌跡，反映著教師的教育理念和教學策略，這也正是我們學校領導檢查老師教案的依據。其用心可謂良苦，但往往問題也就出在這兒。

教學設計并不是對傳統備課的全盤否定，而是與傳統備課無論在內容上，還是形式上都有著一定的歷史繼承性：都是課前的教學準備，有各自的具體環節，包含對教學內容的分析過程，考慮采用一定的教學手段和方法，必須形成一定的教學實施計劃，有自己的教學評價，也都涉及到文字記載等。但現代教學設計又不同于傳統備課，打破了其形式和要求，實現了教學設計的現代化、科學化和規范化，體現了新課程精神和要求，是教學上的一次深刻革命。它具有以下特點：

1、以學生為中心，以學論教，強調學的設計；

2、立足于學生的實際需要，著眼于學生的發展；

3、教學設計的主體工作需要在課前完成，但需要在教學過程中不斷調整，教學設計貫穿于課的過程中；

4、現代教學設計突破了傳統的單向式的教學程式真正體現教學相長原則，把教學過程看成一個多向的師生互動，實現教師自身的發展和提高。

5、現代教學設計適用的范圍更寬，運用的資源更豐富，手段更先進。

教學設計不僅以教案等文本形式存在，更以教學軟件、教學媒體等作為載體，表現為課件，大大地增加了知識容量，顯示了生動、形象的視聽功能，整合了不同知識信息之間的內在聯系，大大地強化了教學設計效果。

教學設計給我們耳目一新的感覺，遠遠超越了教案本身，是對教案在三維上的擴展和延伸。現代教學設計使新課程標準及其反映的先進理念在備課中得以充分體現，促進我國教育事業的更好更快發展。

第五篇：淺析西方傳統美術與現代美術對比(英語版論文)

xxxxxxx院

xx系xxxx屆x科

畢業論文

題目:淺析西方傳統美術與現代美術對比

作 者：xxx 指導教師：xxx 研究方向：文化 年級班級：xxx

完成時間： xxxx年x月 On the contrast of Western traditional art and modern

art

xxx

（XX學校英文名）

.Tutor: XXX Specialty:XXX

Direction: Culture

X, XXXX

摘 要

隨著科技發展，生活質量的提高，越來越多的人開始關注藝術，以陶冶情操。欣賞并收集美術作品便是其中一種方式，其中，不乏有部分人鐘愛于西方美術作品。然而，美術作品層出不窮，卻又少之又少的人對西方美術作品有深入了解；人們只能從色彩和線條進行區分，至于細節：時期、風格、流派等人們卻所知甚少。

本文采用論述、對比等方法，分別對時間、特點、流派、代表作家及其代表作等幾方面，對傳統西方美術和西方現代美術進行了分析。表明西方美術并不是自始至終只有色彩運用和繪畫線條的變化，更有形式以及所繪畫目的的過度。

關鍵詞：西方傳統美術；西方現代美術；流派；代表作

Abstract With the develop of technological, and improve of life's quality.More and more people are beginning to focus on art, it is can cultivate their sentiments.One of the ways is appreciate and collect the works of art, in these people, there are lots of people fall in love with the works of Western art.However, more and more works of art are published, few people have a good understanding of Western art works;people only distinguish by color and line, the details including period, style, genre and so on, people just know little about these.This paper analyses Western traditional art and Western modern art from time, characteristics, schools, painters and their representative works.It shows us the Western art not only have changes of color or lines of painting, but also have the changes of form and purpose of painting.Key words: Western traditional art;Western modern art;schools;representative works

Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………......1 Chapter One

The historical event table…………...............................3 1.1 Primitive times…………………….……………………..3 1.2 Ancient Greece and Rome………...………………….......3 1.3 Middle Ages……………..……………………………..…3 1.4 Renaissance………………………….……………………4

1.5 17-18 century………………………….……………….....4 1.6 19th century…………………………………….……..….4 1.7 20th century……………………………………………....5

Chapter Two

Character…………………..…………………………..6 2.1 Traditional painting………………………….……………6 2.2 Modern painting…………………………….………….…6

Chapter Three Schools……………………………………………......7 3.1 Traditional painting………………………………….........7

3.2 Classicism ………………………………….……………..7 3.3 Anti-classicism...……………………………………….…7 3.4Modern painting…...............................................................7 3.5 The structure of emphasize form……………………….....8 3.6 Expressionism......................................................................8 3.7 The grotesque dreams..........................................................8 Chapter Four

representative...............................................................10 4.1Traditional painting..............................................................10 4.1.1 Jan Van Eyck...................................................................10 4.1.2 Works.................................................................................10 4.2 Modern painting..................................................................10 4.2.1Vincent Willem van Gogh...................,.............................10 4.2.2 Works.................................................................................10 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..12 Bibliography…………………………………………………….…….…..13

Introduction

Art has become an indispensable element of people's modern living.People enjoy the visual enjoyment which from art?s works, they are keen on collecting works of art, and research the value of the works of art.Most people just can distinguish the color and the line, few people have in-depth study in the works of art.Not to mention how to distinguish Western traditional painting and Western modern painting.To help people have more knowledge and deeper understanding of Western art, the paper have a comparison and analysis of Western traditional painting and Western modern painting from some angles.First, the paper have a description in Western art culture from the time of order, we can see clearly the Western art culture from since ancient times to now, the Western art culture?s Western traditional painting, Western modern painting, the birth of the different arts, the different style of art are alternated and replaced and the heyday of every art style.Second, as the paper is mainly analysis the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting, so this part the paper will analysis their characteristics of the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting, it is from the purpose of painting and methods of expression to analysis their characteristics.There are difference performance and expression between the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting, but the most basic essence which they pursuit are same.Third, the biggest difference between the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting should be the schools.After thousands of years, especially after Renaissance, no matter the Western traditional painting or the Western modern painting, both of them have formed a lot of schools.Of course, the birth of a new school must be with a new approach of creative and expression, as well as the pursuit of goals, therefore, the paper will also introduce some style of painting which people can usually find in our daily life, but not understand well.Finally, To let people know more about the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting, in the part this paper will introduce some representative painters and their works.Hope that after reading the paper, those people who love Western art works and can have a deeper understanding of Western art, and more love art.2 Chapter One

The historical event table

From the historical event table, is not difficult to find that the Western modern painting is replacing slowly the Western traditional painting.1.1 Primitive times

No Greek, no art and science, no slavery, no Rome Empire, no Greek culture or Rome Empire, there would be not modern European.Because of the war and natural, there is not left any purely Greek painting, the only material from the “Greek vase painting”, Greek art have two pursuits, the one is exact reproduction, another one is elegant and harmonious.Understanding of Roman painting is mainly come from Pompeii.1.2 Ancient Greece and Rome The earliest human paintings produced in the late Paleolithic, the art of this period continued for about 10,000 years, for the last 5000 years of the Paleolithic, almost all of the pictures are concentrated in here, 1.7 million years to 1.2 million years ago, in the Gede Lin cultural period, these oldest pictures are drawn on the cliffs of the original caves, great momentum and lifelike, called masterpiece of naturalism.The murals on France Lascaux Cave and Spain Altamira cave, they are outstanding representatives

1.3 Middle Ages The long period of the Middle Ages(476-15 century), between in the end of classical civilization and the beginning of the revival.Many people think that medieval art is grotesquery, confused, even dismissed as ugly, some people think that the art of this time is rich, it is reflects the oriental culture, it is a fusion of Greek and Roman culture and the barbarian cultural.In the medieval, Christian is dominant, so, the painting is also service for it.The service consists of five parts, first, the painting of Early Christian(2-5 century), second，Byzantine painting(5-15 century), third, barbarian and the Carolingian Renaissance, fourth, the Romanesque(10-12 century), Fifth, Gothic(12-15 century).1.4 Renaissance Italy is the center of Renaissance, the painters of the early 14-15 century Giotto, Masaccio and so on, they combined with humanistic ideals and the realistic depiction of nature, Though there are still traces of dull,but showing realism which is a different style with medieval.The end of the 15th century to the mid-16th century, painters reach a consensus on the terms of true and elegant, literary three heroes, Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci, Michelangelo Simoni and Raphael Sanzio.The painters of venetian school focus on the performance of light and shade, pursuit the mood of hedonism, and had a profound impact.The 1520-1590,the painter of approach,they do not care about the expression of works' content, have great enthusiasm on form factors, Interested in manifestations twisted posture, peculiar perspective and brilliant colors, it is reflects a different taste with the classical aesthetic spirit of the Renaissance.In addition, the Netherlands, Germany and France also fusion of Italian style with local traditional style of painting, to become their own painting style.1.5 17-18 century

Western painting created a vibrant new situation in 17th century.To Italy, Teresa Fernandez, the Netherlands, Spain and France as a representative.Generally can be divided into three types, first, Baroque, the characteristics of strong momentum, dramatic, contrast of light and shadow and spatial illusion.Second, classicism and academism, classicism emphasized rationality, performance of forms and types, neglect spiritual of artist, expression of sensual and fun.Third, realism, refusal to follow the norms of classical art and the ”ideal beauty“, Reluctant to landscaping natural, is to faithfully depict natural.Western painting in the 18th century, rococo style flourished, at the same time, realism also been developed.Characteristics of Rococo is Gorgeous, tiny, pursuit delicate sensual pleasure of elegant, exotic, Yan light.1.6 19th century French painting plays a dominant role in Europe.The development of French painting is roughly divided into Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, New Impressionist and Post-impressionist and so on stage.1.7 20th century At this time, appears many modernist thought, parted ways in the theories and concepts of art and traditional painting.Modernist emphasis on express the subjective emotional, emphasis on purely art and language of painting?s own value, they exclude utilitarian, also took exception to the factors of description and reproducibility, they think the most important is organization screen structure, express inner emotions to create a mysterious dream.The main genres have Fauvism, Cubism, Paris School, Expressionism, the Vienna Secession, Style Marxism, Dadaism Metaphysical Painting, Surrealism, Supremacist, Abstract Expressionism, Spectroscopy art, Light effects, Newsurrealism, Super-realism.5

Chapter Two

Character

Western painting emphasizes on the use of color, Rafael's ” The School of Athens “ is one of the typical piece.This is also the most essential distinction between the western painting and Chinese painting.2.1 Traditional painting

These painters who are committed to the pursuit of pure art, think that traditional painting adulteration too many ”non-art impurities“.The western traditional painting is pay attention to artistry, in fact, it is not only pay attention to artistry, but also pay attention to many aspects of non-artistic.Traditional painting in this art, it have not purely, is mainly in the utilitarian and descriptive and so on.Western traditional painting, one of its characteristic is emphasizes description.Long-term since, painters have been put expression of story and legends effectively, depict the specific circumstances, to express some meaning or symbolism, as their task.This descriptive is fully reflects by the works “Arnaud Fanny couple portrait” of Jan Van Eyck.For traditional painting, basic goal is to reproduce the art?s fundamental.2.2 Modern painting Modern painting pursuits of pure art, on utilitarian and descriptive, it is not similar with traditional painting.This is probably the important sign of distinguish between traditional painting and modernist painting.However for traditional painting, main features of modern painting is also reproducibility, but this reproducibility is not immutable and frozen on the depiction of natural.Modern painting with a strong style in the realism including the times, nation, and the artist's own style.6

Chapter Three Schools

A different schools have different styles, from the style of painting is not difficult to see the background of the time.So, the painting not only a work, but a representative of time.3.1 Traditional painting Classicism and anti-classicism, they are the two mainstream of the art of painting in Western tradition.The former showed for Renaissance Classical reactionary, the latter reflects incompatible with neoclassicism

3.2 Classicism Classical painting characteristic is biased towards the rationality, especially the characteristics of form reflected in attach importance to sketching and scorn the color.Classicism pursuits solemn and serene, pure , harmonious.3.3 Anti-classicism Anti-classical is biased towards enthusiastic and emotion.It is emphasize the spirit of freedom and indulgence, the momentum of wealthy and spectacular, and the emotion of turmoil and vehement.It is fully manifested in the Baroque and Romantic art.3.4 Modern painting Modernist period, in the field of painting, produced diverse factions and trend of thought.Abstract art virtue of the volume and clumps of non-specific image to set up a three-dimensional space?s shape and structure, that it's away from the people's daily visual, almost no any connection with the natural objects.Expressionism its way of painting is exaggerated and deformed;it makes works become a symbol of the spiritual and emotional.Surrealistic fantasy use many visual image with full of fantasy and symbolic to take people to a spiritual world, the world is ethereal and transcendent.Looking at modernist painting, is not difficult to see the common characteristics is disregard for objective representation and emphasizes subjective performance.3.5 The structure of emphasize form The structure of emphasize form Is a schools of modern painting.In order to structure, the cubist painter not hesitate sacrifice reproducibility.Images in their pen, are decomposed completely, and reduced to the basic element and many block face.Analytic Cubism by decomposing images, collocated and connected to different block faces, and get the clear picture structure.Consolidated a variety of materials of Cubism used to collage block face with a variety of materials, show slightly the specific shape of objects, but its goal is display the unity and independence of the painting world.In order to pursue the constituted order of the painting, Piet Cornelies Mondria went to the symbolism and abstract, his developed his minimalist collection of abstract schemata including tree primary colors, three non-color, and he mesh structure of “the horizontal line-perpendicular ”, seek absolute balance between the various elements.3.6 Expressionism The Expressionistic is the second largest mainstream of modernist painting.The painters of Expressionist concerns the expression of inner feelings and spirit, they believe art is not the objectively reproduction，but the representation of the soul.In the painting of Vincent Willem van Gogh, landscape is mad, the mountain is commotion, the moon and nebula are rotating, cypress trees like a round and round huge black flames scrolls straight on the sky.And the Norwegian painter who are always in the eulogize to “life, love and death”, Edvard Munch, he used the way of extreme exaggeration, vividly demonstrated the extreme loneliness and anguish of the human.3.7 The grotesque dreams Expression the grotesque dreams, it is the third mainstream of modernist painting.This typical representative of the mainstream is the metaphysical faction and super-realist painting.According to the view of Sigmund Freud, Dream is the unconscious, the subconscious, it is one of the most direct way to manifestation, It is a vent, that the instinct not be accepted completely, It is use a distorted way to denudation the nature of the human?s depths of the soul.Artistic creation as same as dream, it is the expression of subconscious and symbolism.Painters believed that dreams can display the “eternal life” and “the other side of eternal life”, only corrective reality and change reality by dream, they would can tear down the wall and get to the “the other side of eternal life”, achieve the marvelous realm of surreal.The painter of Italian metaphysical faction，Giorgio de Chirico is regarded as a pioneer in super-realist painting.His created the most disturbing dream scene?s works in the modern art.On the desolate Italy square, shrouded ominous clouds, dead light makes people afraid, seems to be a sort of threat is frozen in there, forever, the mutually exclusive things meet in the clear light, the accidental and absurd content makes us feel uneasy, however, the singular between images and clear breath, also has some magical and special charm.As the writer Comte de Lautréamont said,” It is as beauty as the encounter of a sewing machine and a parasol on the operation table”.The pursuit of super-realist painter is that dreamy effect.They put their own whimsy in the appearance of the world, This strange ideas come from these elusive factor，Sex, death, metamorphosis ……

Chapter Four representative In each period, there are representative painters and representative works, this Chapter, the paper will discourse these painters and their works.4.1Traditional painting

4.1.1 Jan Van Eyck Jan Van Eyck(1385-1441), painter of the Netherlands.In the painting of early Netherland, he is one of the greatest painters, he is also the founder of the Nordic Gothic painting in fifteenth century.The founder of Netherlands Renaissance art, the key figure of the painting formative period.Because he made a unique contribution to the development of oil painting techniques, he is known as the “father of oil painting”.4.1.2 Works

“Arnaud Fanny couple portrait” of Jan Van Eyck is called extraordinary in the history art.Painter realistically portrayed the image of a typical asset, it is not only reproduce the appearance and personality traits of the couple, but also use extremely realistic depiction of the indoor environment, the painting shows the special shape of the painter.It is said that this subtle depiction ,even the modern photographer is admired.To expand the space by the reflection of mirror, it is another characteristics of the masterpiece, the artistic feature has a great influence and inspiration for the later genre painting of Dutch.4.2 Modern painting

4.2.1Vincent Willem van Gogh Vincent Willem van Gogh(1853－1890),the painter of Dutch Post-Impressionist.He is a pioneer of the Expressionist, and have deeply influenced in the art of the twentieth century, especially Fauvism and expressionism of German.His works, such as “Starry Night” and “Sunflowers” have entered the the ranks of world's well-known and expensive works of art.July 29, 1890, Van Gogh because of mental illness suicide in France Oise River.4.2.2 Works “Starry Night” is a painting of distant and intimate.The universe of Van Gogh can last forever in “Starry Night”.Those outbreak stars have close relationship with the space exploration of era, it is better than the era of mystical beliefs.However, this phantom is spend a lot of effort to create.This painting shows Vincent Willem van Gogh is good at grasp of excellent means of modeling.11

Conclusion

The paper is from several aspects to analysis the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting.Not only discourse the characteristics of the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting, but also discourse the different schools between the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting.After discuss the schools, the paper give some examples for the schools, to help people understand these schools easily.In a word, the emphasis of Western traditional painting is religion and ethics, the things in the painting didn't have any characteristics, the human in the painting?s expression is stiff.Renaissance, works of extol human nature appears, it is headed by Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci.From the late of 17th century, the painters of impressionist began to advocating the beauty of nature.Later, Picasso began a theme of modernism and abstract, the painting is more individuation.12 Bibliography

Jan Van Eyck

“Arnaud Fanny couple portrait” 1434 Vincent Willem van Gogh

“Starry Night” 1889 Edvard Munch

Representative of Expressionism Sigmund Freud

The founder of the psychoanalytic school Comte de Lautréamont

The writer of“Song of Maerduoluo” Masaccio

Italian painter of Renaissance Raffaello Sanzio

painter and architect of Italia, one of literary three heroes Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci

One of literary three heroes, the perfect representative

of Europe of Renaissance Picasso

the founder of three-dimensional painting school 13