第一篇:英語語法-sarline
英語語法--sarline
一、語氣及其種類
1)語氣(mood)語氣是一種動詞形式,表示講話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態度。
2)語氣的種類語氣可分為下列三種:
a)直陳語氣(indicative mood)表示講話人認為他所說的話是一個事實。如:
There are two sides to every question.每個問題都有兩個方面。
Jinzhou is famous for its apples.錦州以產蘋果聞名。
Comrade Zhang Side had a deep love for the Party.張思德同志對黨懷有深厚的愛。b)祈使語氣(imperative mood)表示講話人對對方的請求或命令。如:
Bring along your exercise books tomorrow.明天把練習本帶來。
Make yourself at home.請隨便,不要客氣。
Don't move!不許動!
Don't be late.不要遲到。
Be quiet!請安靜!
c)虛擬語氣(subjunctive mood)。
二、虛擬語氣一
虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式,用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個事實,而只是一種愿望、假設、懷疑、建議、猜測、可能或純粹的空想等。如:
If I were not so busy,I would go with you.假如我不太忙,我會和你一起去。(表示假設)I wish Lao Li were here.H6 would know how to fix the machine.老李在這兒就好了,他會知道怎樣把機器修好的。(表示愿望)
He suggests that we should all go to see the film.他建議我們都去看電影。(表示建議)
1.虛擬語氣的動詞形式
比較特殊,共有下列七種:
1)動詞原形(用于一切人稱和數)
2)動詞的過去式(用于一切人稱和數,be的過去式用were)
3)had + 過去分詞(用于一切人稱和數)
4)should + 動詞原形(用于一切人稱和數)
5)should have + 過去分詞(用于一切人稱和數)
6)should(第一人稱),Would(第二、三人稱)+ 動詞原形
7)should(第一人稱),Would(第二、三人稱)+ have + 過去分詞
[注]上述某些動詞形式和直陳語氣的某些動詞形式相同,但它們的用法及其所表示的時間概念則完全兩樣,二者切不可混淆。
虛擬語氣常用在表示條件的從句和表示結果的主句中。
2.虛擬語氣在條件從句和結果主句中的用法
1)表示與現在事實相反的條件和結果,:如:
If I Were you,I should go and see the dentist at once.假如我是你的話,我會馬上去看牙科醫生。
If they were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如沒有引力,我們就不能行走。
If they had time,they would study Italian too.假如他們有時間的話,他們也會學意大利語的。
If She knew German,She would read Marx and Engels in the original假如她懂德語,她就會讀馬克思和恩格斯的原著了。
He would tell me if he knew,but he does not,know anything about it.假如他知道的話,他會告訴我的,但是他一點也不知道。
2)表示與過去事實相反的條件和結果。如:
If I had known of your arrival I should have met you at the station.如果我早知道你要來,我會去車站接你的。
If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have met him.要是你早來幾分鐘的話,你就見到他了。
If She hadn't been so strict with herself, she wouldn't have made such great progress.她要是對自己要求不嚴格,她就不會有這樣大的進步。
If the child had fallen through the ice, he would have drowned.假如這孩子掉到冰窯里,他定會淹死了。
3)表示與將來事實可能相反的條件和結果。其用法和表示與現在事實相反的條件和結果相同。如:
If it Were Sunday tomorrow,my brother would go skating at the Beihai Park.如果明天是星期天,我弟弟會去北海公園滑冰的。
If you dropped the glass,it would break.你如將杯子掉下來,它就會打碎的。
What Would happen if I put the paper on the fire? -It Would bum.我若把紙放在火上會怎么樣?--紙就會燒著。
[注]在表示與將來事實可能相反的條件從句中,亦可用were to + 動詞原形(比較正式,常用于書面體中)和should + 動詞原形。如:
If you were to come tomorrow,I might have time to see you.你如果明天來的話,我或許會有時間見你。
If I were to see her tomorrow,I would tell her about your decisions.我明天如見到她,就把你的決定告訴她。
If it should rain tomorrow,what would we do?明天萬一下雨,我們怎么辦?
If you should meet George,tell him I want to see him.你如見到喬治,告訴他我要見他。
三、虛擬語氣二
不用if的條件從句結構
在筆語中,條件從句有時可以不用連詞小而把were,had或should移至主語之前。但如從句沒
有were,had或should,則一般不能這樣做。如:
Should he come,tell him to ring me up.他要是來了,讓他給我打個電話。
Were I in your position,I would go.如果我處于你的地位,我就去。
Had they not helped us,our experiment would have failed.如果沒有他們的幫助,我們的試驗是會失敗的。
[注]有時虛擬條件不用條件從句而用介詞短語、動詞不定式等來表示。如:
without contradiction nothing would exist.沒有矛盾就沒有世界。
We could not have done the work well without your help.要是沒有你的幫助,我們不可能做好這工作。
It wonld be a good idea to go swimming at the summer palace.到頤和園去游泳,倒是個好主意。
All this would have been impossible ten years ago.這一切在十年前是不可能有的。
四、虛擬語氣三
虛擬語氣和情態動詞
虛擬結構(不論從句或主句)??捎们閼B動詞的過去式,即could,might,wou1d等加不帶to的動詞不定式或不帶to的動詞不定式完成式,來作謂語動詞。這些情態動詞除表示虛擬結構外,本身還有獨立的意思。如:
If I were you,I Would go.我如果是你,我就愿意去。
If he were here,he might agree with you.假如他在這里,他可能會同意你。
I Would help you if I could.假如我能夠的話,我一定幫助你。
If it had not been for their help,we could not have succeeded.如果沒有他們的幫助,我們是不可能成功的。
五、虛擬語氣四
有時條件從句中的動作和結果主句中的動作所發生的時間不一致
這時,動詞的形式應根據它所表示的時間加以調整。如:
If he had followed the doctor's advice,he Would be quite all right now.他當時若是聽醫生的話,現在就會痊愈了。(從句說明過去,主句說明現在)
If I were you,I Would have gone to the theatre.假如我是你,我會去看話劇了。(從句的時間包括現在,主句說明過去)
If you hadn't helped me,I couldn't have finished it on time and most likely I would be still working now.假若你沒有幫助我,我不可能按時完成工作,很可能現在還在干哩。(從句說明過去,主句說明過去和現在)
用直陳語氣表示條件和結果
在現代英語里,多用直陳語氣表示條件和結果。直陳語氣的條件和結果所表示的往往是事實。如不是事實,其可能性也較虛擬語氣要大。如:
If it rains tomorrow,we shall not go out.假如明天下雨的話,我們就不出去。The dog won't attack you if you sit still.如果你安靜地坐著,狗是不會咬你的。
If the train leaves at eight thirty,there is no time to lose.火車如果是八點半開,我們得抓緊時間了。
If the rain stops,I'll go for a swim.要是雨停了,我就去游泳。
六、虛擬語氣五
省去從句或主句的虛擬結構
虛擬結構中的從句或主句有時形式上可以省略,但意義上卻仍存在。
1)省去了條件從句的虛擬結構。如:
That would be fine.那就太好了。(省去了if you should do it或類似條件)
You might stay here forever.你可以永遠呆在這里。(省去了if you wanted協或類似條件)I would not have done it.我是不會做那件事的。(省去了if were you或類似條件)
[注]虛擬結構中省去的從句有時并不容易找出。如:
Who would have thought of it ? 誰會想到是這樣的呢?
2)省去了結果主句的虛擬結構(常用以表示愿望)。如:
If he were here!假如他在這里該多好啊!
If I had never married.如果我從未結婚就好了。
這種結構也常用if only開頭。如:
If only I could help you!假如我能幫助你,那該是多好啊!
If only I were ten years younger!我要是能年輕十歲該多好啊!
If you would only try harder!你如再努力一試就好了。(only亦可置于would等助動詞之后)
[注]有時if only只表條件,不表愿望。如:
If only I had known earlier,I'd have sent you a telegram.我只要知道得早一點,就會拍電報給你了。
七.虛擬語氣的其他用法六
虛擬語氣用在主語從句中
在It is natural(necessary,strange,important)that...這類句型里,that所引導的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用should加動詞原形。如:
It is quite natural that he should think so.他這樣想是很自然的事。
It is strange that he Should have gone away without telling us.真奇怪,他沒有通知我們就走掉了。
It is necessary that the question should be settled at once.必須馬上解決這個問題。It is important that we should speak politely.我們說話要有禮貌,這是很重要的。It is imperative that we should practise criticism and self-criti-cism.應當進行批評與自我批評。
虛擬語氣用在賓語從句中
下列兩種賓語從句須用虛擬語氣:
1)在動詞wish后的賓語從句(常常省去連詞that),表示不可實現的愿望。從句中的動詞如用過去式,則表示與現在事實相反(如下面第一、二例句);如用過去完成式,則表示與過去事實
相反(如下面第三、四例句)。如:
I wish I were a pilot.但愿我是個飛行員。
I wish I knew how to operate the machine.我要是會操作這架機器該有多好啊!(= I'm sorry I don't know.)
I wish he hadn't gone.他要是沒走該多好!(= I'm sorry he has gone.)
We wish you had come to our New Year's party.我們真希望你來參加我們的新年聯歡會。(= but you did not)
動詞wish如果是過去式,后面賓語從句的動詞的虛擬語氣形式不變,仍用過去式或過去完成式。如:
She wished she knew how to play golf.她但愿會打高爾夫球。(和過去事實相反)
I wished I hadn't been so forgetful.Then I shouldn't have missed the concert.我要是不這樣忘事該多好,那我就不會不去聽音樂會。(和過去的過去的事實相反)
[注]有時在賓語從句中可用would或might加動詞原形,表示有可能實現的愿望。如:.I wish he,might stay with me.我希望他和我住在一起。
He wishes I would go with him.他希望我和他一起去。
I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安靜一些。
2)動詞demand(要求),suggest(建議),order(命令),insist(堅持),propose(建議)等后面的賓語從句,用should(用于所有的人稱)加動詞原形來表示虛擬語氣。如:
I suggest that we should hold a meeting tonight.我建議今晚開個會。
The chairman proposed that we Should discuss the question.主席提議我們討論這個問題。Most students insist that they should have more English classes.多數同學堅持要多上英語課。
[注]這種結構往往可不用should,尤其在美國,只用動詞原形(用于所有的人稱)。如上面三例只用hold,discuss和have,不用should hold,should discuss和should have。又如: I suggest that we make a new expertinent.我建議進行新的試驗。
I propose that the matter be put the vote at once.我提議把這個問題馬上付表決。虛擬語氣用在狀語從句中
由as if或as though所引導的狀浯從句表示比較或方式時,從句中的謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣。動詞形式用動詞的過去式(be用were)或had + 過去分詞。如:
My mother locked after the orphan as if he were her own child.我母親照料這個孤兒像自己孩子一樣。
You speak as if you had really been there.你談得好像你真的到過那里似的。
注意下面句中的as if從句用作表語。如:
It looks as if it might rain,天好像要下雨似的。
[注]連詞lest和in case所引導的狀語從句中的謂語動詞亦用虛擬語氣。例見15.33和15.30 虛擬語氣用在定語從句中
It is time(that)…句型中的定語從句里的謂語動詞常用虛擬浯氣表示將來,動詞形式用動詞的過去式:意思是“該干某件事了,時間已經有些晚了”。如: It is time we left.我們該走了。
It is time we went to bed.我們該睡覺了:
It is time we summed up our results.我們該總結我們的成績了。虛擬語氣用在簡單句中
下面是虛擬語氣用在簡單句中較常見的兩種情況,皆表祝愿。如:
1)動詞原形1ive用在Long live…中。如:
Long live the Communist Party of China!中國共產黨萬歲!Long live the people!人民萬歲!
(1ive在此也是虛擬語氣的一種動詞形式,不可改為lives)
2)May用在句子開頭(多用在正式的文體中)。如:
May good luck be yours.祝你順利。
May you be happy.祝你快樂。
May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!
第二篇:英語語法
2010年1~12月政治時事
1月1日—中華人民共和國擔任本1月聯合國安全理事會輪值主席。
1月1日—本第一個天文現象,月偏食,此次稱“藍月”。(下一次將等到2028年)1月1日—西班牙接任瑞典成為新一屆歐洲聯盟輪值主席國。
1月1日—世界上最大的自由貿易區中國-東盟自由貿易區正式建成,總人口達十九億。
1月4日—阿拉伯聯合酋長國首都迪拜,地球地表上最高的人造建筑物,高達828米的“哈利法塔”正式開幕啟用。
1月5日—臺灣通過食品衛生管理法修正案,明文禁止美國牛絞肉、內臟等六項高風險部位進口。
1月5日—北半球因大氣循環系統遭到破壞和太陽黑子活動減少以及北極震蕩,導致暴雪不斷,歐洲大陸幾近冰封,溫度創新低。
1月5日—沙特阿拉伯宣布擬建造高達1000米的王國塔(Kingdom Tower),預計2020年完工啟用。
1月7日—日本捕鯨船與反捕鯨抗議船只在怒濤中發生碰撞之后,澳大利亞政府今天面臨派遣巡邏船到南極海域的壓力。這起事件造成一名保育人士受傷。
1月9日—美國加利福尼亞州發生芮氏6.5級地震,造成市政廳損毀。
1月12日—加勒比島國海地首都太子港發生芮氏7.0級地震,造成海地總統府、醫院損壞,當地估計有高達二十萬人死亡。
1月15日—日環食。21世紀持續時間最長的日環食。(下一次要等到3043年)
1月16日—立法會經過長達15輪近170多次提問,財務委員會以21比31正式通過對廣深港高速鐵路香港段撥款申請。這筆款項中,500多億元為建造工程、118億元為非建造工程,8600萬元為對菜園村居民的補償。
1月17日—第67屆金球獎頒獎典禮在美國貝弗利山希爾頓酒店舉行,詹姆斯·卡麥隆執導的影片《阿凡達》獲得劇情類最佳影片和最佳導演獎項。
1月19日-日本最大的航空公司日本航空公司正式向東京地方法院申請破產。
足協反賭,南勇、楊一民被抓。
胡錦濤2月24-26來陜西訪問。
國家能源委員會成立,溫家寶任主任,李克強任副主任
2010年5月1日至10月31日(總共184天)——2010年世界博覽會(Expo 2010)是一個籌備中的世界博覽會,2010年在中國上海市舉行,也是歷來首次由中國舉辦的世界博覽會。博覽會的主題是“城市,讓生活更美好”。主辦機構預計吸引世界各地7000萬人次參觀者前往,總投資達300億人民幣,是世界博覽會史上最大規模。
2010年5月12日——中國第二個防災減災日,以紀念汶川大地震2周年。
國內部分:
1:1月1日,中國—東盟自由貿易區正式啟動。這是世界上人口最多的自由貿易區,是全球第三大自由貿易區,也是由發展中國家組成的最大自由貿易區。
2:1月6日,《國務院關于推進海南國際旅游島建設發展的若干意見》日前發布,標志著海南國際旅游島建設正式上升為國家戰略。
3:1月10日晚,2010沈陽國際冰雪節暨盛京燈會、關東廟會在沈陽棋盤山開幕。
4:1月11日,2009國家科學技術獎勵大會在北京人民大會堂隆重舉行。
5:1月13日,沈浩先進事跡報告會在北京人民大會堂舉行。6:1月21日,國家統計局局長馬建堂在國務院新聞辦發布會上宣布,據初步測算,2009年我國國內生產總值335353億元,按可比價格計算,比上年增長8.7%,增速比上年回落0.9個百分點。
7:1月22日,上海世博會最大的單體工程、世博會“一軸四館”永久場館之
一、上海世博會地標性建筑的世博軸工程,正式竣工。
8:1月27日,中國政府網發布的《國務院辦公廳關于成立國家能源委員會的通知》說,根據第十一屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議審議批準的國務院機構改革方案和《國務院關于議事協調機構設置的通知》精神,為加強能源戰略決策和統籌協調,國務院決定成立國家能源委員會。
9:1月28日,全國檔案戰線的時代楷模、解放軍檔案館原館員劉義權,19時20分在北京病逝,走完了他近60年忠誠而執著、平凡而偉大的人生。國際部分:
1:1月6日,美國宇航局公開了哈勃望遠鏡拍攝到的132億年前的宇宙照片,距離宇宙大爆炸之后僅6億年,這是迄今為止最早的宇宙照片。
2:1月8日,西班牙和歐盟領導人晚在馬德里的皇家劇院舉行歐盟輪值主席國交接儀式。
3:1月12日,海地當地時間下午,一場里氏7.3級地震突襲海地,首都太子港受損嚴重,此次地震震級太高,震中距太子港僅16公里,震源距地表不過10公里,造成重大傷亡。
4:1月14日,東南亞國家聯盟(東盟)外長非正式會議、第三次東盟政治安全共同體理事會會議和東盟協調理事會會議在越南峴港舉行。
5:1月18日,為期4天的第三屆世界未來能源峰會在阿拉伯聯合酋長國首都阿布扎比開幕。
6:1月19日,日美兩國外長和防長就《日美安全保障條約》修訂50周年紀念日發表聯合聲明說,兩國將進一步深化在廣泛領域的安保合作。
7:1月21日,英國著名的科學雜志《自然》發表封面文章,介紹中國科學家有關“大熊貓基因組”研究取得的成果,并配有兩頭嬉戲的中國大熊貓的圖片。
8:1月27日晚,為期5天的2010年世界經濟論壇年會在瑞士山城達沃斯開幕,全球90多個國家的2500多位來自商業、政治、教育、文化等各界人士濟濟一堂,著重探討金融危機之后的全球治理問題,力求提出解決問題的行動方案。
二月
國內部分:
1:2月2日,紀念姬鵬飛同志誕辰100周年座談會在北京人民大會堂舉行。
2:根據《中華人民共和國食品安全法》規定,國務院近日決定設立國務院食品安全委員會。
3:2月12日至13日,在中華民族傳統節日春節到來之際,中共中央總書記胡錦濤來到福建省漳州市,親切看望在這里創業發展的臺商,并向廣大臺灣同胞致以新春的祝福。
4:2月15日晚,申雪/趙宏博在溫哥華冬奧會花樣滑冰雙人滑比賽中奪得金牌,這是中國選手第一次奪得花樣滑冰項目的奧運金牌。另一對中國選手龐清/佟健獲得銀牌。
5:2月19日,社會各界人士懷著悲痛的心情來到北京八寶山革命公墓,送別我國當代著名教育家、首批特級教師、北京第二實驗小學原副校長霍懋征。
6:2月25日,中共中央政治局常委、中央書記處書記、國家副主席習近平上午在人民大會堂出席“2010’經濟全球化與工會”國際論壇開幕式并致辭。
國際部分:
1:2月7日,哥斯達黎加最高選舉法院晚宣布,執政黨民族解放黨總統候選人勞拉?欽奇利亞在當日舉行的總統大選中以46.8%的得票率獲勝,擊敗了反對黨公民行動黨候選人奧頓?索利斯和自由運動黨總統候選人奧托?格瓦拉,成為哥斯達黎加歷史上首位女總統。
2: 2月12日,第二十一屆冬季奧林匹克運動會開幕式在加拿大溫哥華哥倫比亞體育館舉行。
3:2月12日上午,在國際奧委會第122屆全會上,中國前短道速滑名將楊揚以89票贊成5票反對的絕對優勢當選為國際奧委會委員。
4:2月27日凌晨,智利發生里氏8.8級強烈地震,已至少有122人死亡,遇難人數還在繼續上升。三月
國內部分:
1:3月1日,以“展現時代巾幗風采、謳歌女性光榮使命”為主題的紀念三八國際勞動婦女節100周年專題文藝晚會在京舉行。
2:3月2日,中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席胡錦濤在解放軍歌劇院觀看反映解放軍檔案館原館員、全國檔案戰線時代楷模劉義權先進事跡的大型話劇《生命檔案》。
3:3月5日上午,第十一屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議在人民大會堂開幕。
4:3月5日,是第十一個中國青年志愿者服務日,各級共青團組織圍繞迎世博、迎亞運開展青年志愿者行動。
5:3月7日上午,紀念“三八”國際勞動婦女節100周年大會在人民大會堂舉行。
6:3月13日,中國人民政治協商會議第十一屆全國委員會第三次會議在北京人民大會堂閉幕。
7:3月14日,“打通攔門沙,治理長江口”這個幾代仁人志士的夢想今天終于實現,長江口深水航道治理三期工程順利通過交工驗收。
9:3月18日,我國首架大型民用直升機AC313,在江西景德鎮首飛成功,該直升機由中航工業集團自主研制。
10:3月19日,上海城市文明志愿服務行動“集結號”全面吹響——為迎接世博會的到來,上海組建了一支由近200萬名志愿者組成的城市文明志愿者隊伍,人數將近上??側丝跀档?/10。
11:3月22日,是第十八屆世界水日,也是第二十三屆中國水周的第一天。
12:3月28日晚,大型音樂舞蹈史詩《復興之路》在國家大劇院舉行閉幕演出。國際部分:
1:3月15日下午,曾擔任過安倍內閣法相和麻生內閣總務相的自民黨政要鳩山邦夫以希望組建新黨為由,向自民黨高層提出離黨申請。
2:3月20日中午,尼泊爾前首相、尼泊爾大會黨主席吉里賈?普拉薩德?柯伊拉臘在加德滿都病逝。
3:3月21日晚,在長達近11個小時的辯論和投票之后,美國國會眾議院通過了最終版本的醫改法案。
4:3月30日,歐洲核子研究中心的大型強子對撞機實施總能量達7萬億電子伏特的質子束流對撞,首次對撞取得成功。四月
國內部分:
1:4月8日,股指期貨啟動儀式在上海舉行,中共中央政治局委員、上海市委書記俞正聲和中國證監會主席尚福林共同啟動了股指期貨。
2:4月8日,我國首輛高速磁浮國產化樣車在成都實現交付。
3:4月11日傍晚,經過3天的高層對話與討論之后,博鰲亞洲論壇2010年年會完成了全部既定議程,于在海南博鰲落下帷幕。
4:4月13日,核安全峰會在美國首都華盛頓舉行,國家主席胡錦濤出席會議并發表重要講話。
5:4月12日,國家主席胡錦濤在華盛頓會見日本首相鳩山由紀夫,就中日關系和其他共同關心的問題坦誠深入交換意見。
6:4月14日7時49分,青海省玉樹藏族自治州玉樹縣發生7.1級地震,給當地人民群眾生命財產造成嚴重損失。
7:4月22日,國土資源部、遼寧省人民政府、中國地質調查局、中國地質學會以“珍惜地球資源 轉變發展方式 倡導低碳生活”為主題在全國各地舉辦了豐富多彩的活動,隆重紀念第四十一個世界地球日。
8:4月24日上午,國家金融信息大廈在北京市麗澤金融商務區奠基。
9:4月26日,時速250公里的福(州)廈(門)鐵路正式開通運營,兩地鐵路運行時間從原來中轉繞行所需的11個小時縮短到目前的1.5個小時。
10:4月26日上午9時,我國內地首條海底隧道、全長8.695公里的廈門翔安隧道正式通車,標志著我國海底隧道自主設計、自行施工的能力躍入世界先進行列。
11:4月28日,國家主席胡錦濤下午在人民大會堂同法國總統薩科齊舉行會談。
12:4月28日,晚第六屆中國國際動漫節在浙江杭州開幕。
13:4月30日,晚展示中國發展新貌,薈萃世界文明精華。舉世矚目的中國2010年上海世界博覽會開幕式在上海世博文化中心隆重舉行,國際部分:
1:4月8日,國際航空運輸協會(簡稱國際航協)理事長喬瓦尼?比西尼亞尼在北京出席該機構北亞區辦公室喬遷慶典時表示,去年底以來,全球航空業狀況有所好轉,不過全行業仍處于虧損狀態。
2:4月15日,“金磚四國”領導人第二次正式會晤在巴西首都巴西利亞舉行,中國國家主席胡錦濤、俄羅斯總統梅德韋杰夫、巴西總統盧拉、印度總理辛格出席。
3:4月25日,在華盛頓舉行的世界銀行發展委員會春季會議通過了發達國家向發展中國家轉移投票權的改革方案,在提高發展中國家在世行投票權問題上“邁出歷史性一步”。
4:4月29日下午,為期兩天的第十六屆南亞區域合作聯盟(簡稱南盟)首腦會議在不丹首都廷布落下帷幕。五月 國內部分
1:5月1日,上午中國2010年上海世界博覽會開園儀式在上海世博中心舉行。
2:5月5日,國務院召開全國節能減排工作電視電話會議,動員和部署加強節能減排工作。3:5月5日,國務院總理溫家寶主持召開國務院常務會議,審議并通過《國家中長期教育改革和發展規劃綱要(2010—2020年)》。
4:5月3日至7日,應中共中央總書記、國家主席胡錦濤的邀請,朝鮮勞動黨總書記、國防委員會委員長金正日對中國進行非正式訪問,并在北京、天津、遼寧等省市參觀考察。5:5月12日,成都至都江堰的快速鐵路——成灌快鐵正式開通運營。是全國首條市域城際鐵路。
6:5月13日上午,河南省高級人民法院與商丘市中級人民法院聯合召開新聞發布會宣布:給予因錯案冤枉服刑10多年的趙作海國家賠償金及生活困難補助費共計65萬元。7:5月14日,第六屆中國(深圳)國際文化產業博覽交易會在深圳隆重開幕。
8:5月15日,上午以“攜手建設創新型國家”為主題的第十屆科技活動周開幕式在北京首都博物館舉行。
9:5月15日,中國房山世界地質公園開園,地質公園博物館迎來首批游客。國際部分
1:5月2日,第十三屆東盟與中日韓(10+3)財長會在烏茲別克斯坦首都塔什干舉行。2:5月3日,第八次《不擴散核武器條約》締約國審議大會在紐約聯合國總部開幕,來自189個締約國的代表參加了此次會議,會議主要圍繞《不擴散核武器條約》的“三大支柱”,即核不擴散、核裁軍及和平利用核能等方面的議題,以大會和小組討論的形式進行。3:5月4日,日美兩國政府代表在東京首次圍繞美軍普天間機場搬遷問題舉行正式工作磋商。
4:5月6日,第六十四屆聯合國大會召開特別會議,紀念第二次世界大戰結束65周年。5:5月8日,應俄羅斯總統梅德韋杰夫邀請,國家主席胡錦濤抵達莫斯科,出席俄羅斯紀念衛國戰爭勝利65周年慶典。
6:5月11日晚,英國保守黨和自由民主黨(自民黨)宣布組成最近70年來首個聯合政府,保守黨領袖卡梅倫成為1974年以來首個“無多數議會”下聯合政府的首相。
7:5月11日晚,英國保守黨和自由民主黨(自民黨)宣布組成最近70年來首個聯合政府,保守黨領袖卡梅倫成為1974年以來首個“無多數議會”下聯合政府的首相。2010年7月-12月重大時政 1、7月10日是“中國2010年上海世博會志愿者主題日”,也是世博歷史上首次設立的“志愿者主題日”。
2、國家統計局新聞發言人盛來運7月15日在國新辦的新聞發布會上宣布,據初步測算,上半年國內生產總值172840億元,按可比價格計算,同比增長11.1%,比上年同期加快3.7個百分點。
3、今年是深圳經濟特區建立30周年。溫家寶強調,改革開放是決定當代中國命運的關鍵抉擇,是實現國家強盛、人民幸福的必由之路。過去 30多年中國的發展變化,靠的是改革開放,未來要實現中華民族的偉大復興,仍然要靠改革開放。4、8月26日,我國第一臺自行設計、自主集成研制的“蛟龍號”載人潛水器3000米級海上試驗取得成功,最大下潛深度達到3759米,標志著我國繼美、法、俄、日之后成為第五個掌握3500米以上大深度載人深潛技術的國家。5、9月3日是中國人民抗日戰爭勝利65周年紀念日 6、9月29日,總高達600米的世界第一高的電視觀光塔——廣州塔落成。7、2010年上海世界博覽會中華人民共和國國家館日儀式10月1日上午在上海世博中心隆重舉行。8、10月31日晚,2010年上海世界博覽會閉幕式在上海世博文化中心隆重舉行。上海世博會是繼北京奧運會后我國舉辦的又一國際盛會,也是第一次在發展中國家舉辦的注冊類世界博覽會。本屆世博會的主題是“城市,讓生活更美好”。理念是“理解、溝通、歡聚、合作”。9、10月1日18時59分57秒,嫦娥二號衛星成功發射。這標志著探月工程二期任務邁出了成功的第一步。
11月8日,探月工程嫦娥二號月面虹灣局部影像圖揭幕儀式上午在北京舉行。影像圖的傳回,標志著嫦娥二號任務所確定的工程目標全部實現,科學目標也正在陸續實現,探月工程二期嫦娥二號任務取得圓滿成功。
中國載人航天工程新聞發言人8月17日表示,我國載人航天工程第一個空間交會對接目標——天宮一號目標飛行器,已于近日完成總裝。該飛行器將于2011年發射進入預定軌道,之后,發射神舟八號飛船與之交會對接。
10、郭明義同志先進事跡首場報告會10月11日在北京人民大會堂舉行。郭明義同志是助人為樂的道德模范,是新時期學習實踐雷鋒精神的優秀代表。
此前,香港義工黃福榮在青海玉樹地震中舍己救人的義舉得到了國家的肯定和表彰。被授予 “抗震救災舍己救人杰出義工”稱號,11、10月17日是聯合國確定的第十八個“國際消除貧困日”,今年的活動主題為“縮小貧窮與體面工作之間的差距”,12、第六次全國人口普查工作2010年11月1日在全國展開。我國的人口普查每10年開展一次。13、11月12,第十六屆亞洲運動會在廣州隆重開幕,中國體育代表團取得了199枚金牌、416枚獎牌的優異成績,連續八屆名列亞運會金牌榜首位。
14、亞太經合組織第十八次領導人非正式會議11月13日在日本橫濱舉行,國家主席胡錦濤出席當天舉行的第一階段會議并發表重要講話。
15、我國超級計算機跨入世界領先行列:國家超級計算天津中心的“天河一號”以峰值速度4700萬億次、持續速度2566萬億次每秒浮點運算的優異性能位居世界第一,國家超級計算深圳中心的“曙光星云”位居第三。
16、韓國和朝鮮11月23日下午在西部海域存在爭議的“北方界線”附近發生交火,半島局勢日趨緊張。
17、12月3日,京滬高鐵跑出時速486.1公里,再次刷新世界鐵路運營試驗最高速。
7月1日上午8時,我國乃至世界上標準最高、里程最長、運營速度最快的滬寧城際高速鐵路正式投入運營 18、12月24日,位于安徽合肥的我國新一代“人造太陽”、世界首個全超導托卡馬克(EAST)核聚變實驗裝置2010實驗圓滿結束,目前已獲得1兆安等離子體電流、100秒1500萬度偏濾器長脈沖等離子體、大于30倍能量約束時間高約束模式等離子體、3兆瓦離子回旋加熱等多項重要實驗成果。
19、中國共產黨第十七屆中央委員會第五次全體會議,于2010年10月15日至18日在北京舉行。全會聽取和討論了胡錦濤受中央政治局委托作的工作報告,審議通過了《中共中央關于制定國民經濟和社會發展第十二個五年規劃的建議》。20、9月7日,中國漁船在釣魚島海域被日本海上保安廳巡邏船沖撞。而后又與追蹤的另兩艘日本巡邏船中的一艘發生碰撞。隨后日方扣押了中國籍漁船和船員,9月25日,被日方非法抓扣的中國船長詹其雄乘中國政府包機安全返抵福州。
21、今年,國家大力推進新型農村社會養老保險。
新型農村社會養老保險,稱為“新農保”,是繼取消農業稅、農業直補、新型農村合作醫療等政策之后的又一項重大惠農政策。采取個人繳費、集體補助和政府補貼相結合,其中中央財政將對地方進行補助,并且會直接補貼到農民頭上。從2011年元月起,年滿60周歲、未享受城鎮職工基本養老保險待遇的農村居民,不用繳費,可以按月領取基礎養老金55元。
第三篇:英語語法全集
中學英語語法網絡圖全集
中學英語語法網絡圖 一.名詞 I.名詞的種類: 專有名詞 普通名詞
國名.地名.人名,團體.機構名稱 可數名詞 不可數名詞
個體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質名詞 II.名詞的數:
1.規則名詞的復數形式:
名詞的復數形式,一般在單數形式后面加-s或-es?,F將構成方法與讀音規則列表如下: 規則 例詞 一般情況在詞尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe結尾的詞 變-f和-fe為v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞,變y為i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y結尾的名詞,或專有名詞以y結尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外來詞加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 兩者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th結尾的名詞加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2.不規則名詞復數:
英語里有些名詞的復數形式是不規則的,現歸納如下: 規則 例詞 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 單復數相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 只有復數形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集體名詞總是用作復數 people, police, cattle, staff 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(整體)也可以作復數(成員)audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 復數形式表示特別含義 customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7 表示“某國人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 單復數同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 合成名詞 將主體名詞變為復數 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 無主體名詞時將最后一部分變為復數 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 將兩部分變為復數 women singers, men servants
III.名詞的所有格:
名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加’s構成,二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西,后者多表示無生命的東西。1.’s所有格的構成:
單數名詞在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 復數名詞 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不規則復數名詞后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights,以s結尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有關系時,各名詞末尾均須加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes 表示共有的所有關系時在最后一詞末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 表示"某人家""店鋪",所有格后名詞省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法:
1 表示時間 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然現象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示國家城市等地方的名詞 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 4 表示工作群體 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及價值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞 the life’s time, the play’s plot 某些固定詞組 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法:
用于無生命的東西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的東西,尤其是有較長定語時:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名詞化的詞:the struggle of the oppressed 二.冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞(a, an),定冠詞(the),和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法: 指一類人或事,相當于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相當于every,one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相當于the same We are nearly of an age.用于人名前,表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事 A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.用于固定詞組中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠詞的用法: 表示某一類人或物 The horse is a useful animal.用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于樂器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫婦” the Greens, the Wangs 用于序數詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前 He is the taller of the two children.用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海,山川群島的名詞前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 用于表示發明物的單數名詞前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的復數數詞之前,指世紀的某個年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示單位的名詞前 I hired the car by the hour.用于方位名詞,身體部位名詞,及表示時間的詞組前 He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠詞的用法: 專有名詞,物質名詞,抽象名詞,人名地名等名詞前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this? 季節,月份,星期,節假日,一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示職位,身份,頭銜的名詞前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 學科,語言,球類,棋類名詞前 He likes playing football/chess.6 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前 by train, by air, by land 以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的復數名詞前 Horses are useful animals.三.代詞:
I.代詞可以分為以下七大類: 人稱代詞 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 賓格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代詞 形容詞性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名詞性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 反身代詞 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代詞 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑問代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 關系代詞 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代詞 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II.不定代詞用法注意點: 1.one, some與any: 1)one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,復數為ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2)some可用于疑問句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答復,或者表示建議,請求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3)some 和any修飾可數名詞單數時,some表示某個,any表示任何一個。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4)some和數詞連用表示“大約”,any可與比較級連用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today? 2.each和every: each強調個別,代表的數可以是兩個或兩個以上,而every強調整體,所指的數必須是三個或三個以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary./ Each(of us)has a dictionary./ We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points./ Every one of us has strong and weak points.3.none和no:
no等于not any,作定語。none作主語或賓語,代替不可數名詞,謂語用單數,代替可數名詞,謂語單復數皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.4.other和another: 1)other泛指“另外的,別的”常與其他詞連用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,the other特指兩者中的另外一個,復數為the others。如: He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2)another指“又一個,另一個”無所指,復數形式是others,泛指“別的人或事”如: I don’t like this shirt, please show me another(one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5.all和both, neither和either all表示不可數名詞時,其謂語動詞用單數。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English./ Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers./ Not both of us are teachers./ Either of us is a teacher.四.形容詞和副詞 I.形容詞: 1.形容詞的位置:
1)形容詞作定語通常前置,但在下列情況后置: 修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構成的復合不定代詞時 nobody absent, everything possible 以-able,-ible結尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后 the best book available, the only solution possible alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空間、時間、單位連用時 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成對的形容詞可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容詞短語一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2)多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序: 代詞 數詞 性狀形容詞 冠詞前的形容詞 冠詞 指示代詞 不定代詞
代詞所有格 序數詞 基數詞 性質 狀態 大小 長短 形狀 新舊 溫度 顏色 國籍 產地 材料 質地 名詞
all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 3)復合形容詞的構成: 形容詞+名詞+ed kind-hearted 6 名詞+形容詞 world-famous 2 形容詞+形容詞 dark-blue 7 名詞+現在分詞 peace-loving 形容詞+現在分詞 ordinary-looking 8 名詞+過去分詞 snow-covered 4 副詞+現在分詞 hard-working 9 數詞+名詞+ed three-egged 5 副詞+過去分詞 newly-built 10 數詞+名詞 twenty-year II.副詞 副詞的分類: 時間副詞 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 頻度副詞 always, often, frequently, seldom, never 2 地點副詞 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑問副詞 how, where, when, why 方式副詞 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 連接副詞 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 程度副詞 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 關系副詞 when, where, why III.形容詞和副詞比較等級:
形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級,比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est,多音節和一些雙音節詞前加more 和most。
1.同級比較時常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I am not so good a player as you are.2.可以修飾比較級的詞有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3.表示一方隨另一方變化時用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4.用比較級來表達最高級的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day.5.表示倍數的比較級有如下幾種句型:
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
五.介詞 I.介詞分類: 簡單介詞 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2 合成介詞 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短語介詞 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 雙重介詞 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分詞轉化成的介詞 considering(就而論), including 6 形容詞轉化成的介詞 like, unlike, near, next, opposite II.常用介詞區別: 表示時間的in, on, at at表示片刻的時間,in表示一段的時間,on總是與日子有關 表示時間的since, from since 指從過去到現在的一段時間,和完成時連用,from指從時間的某一點開始 表示時間的in, after in指在一段時間之后,after表示某一具體時間點之后或用在過去時的一段時間中表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范圍內,on指與什么毗鄰,to指在某環境范圍之外表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分 表示“穿過”的through, across through表示從內部通過,與in有關,across表示在表面上通過,與on有關 表示“關于”的about, on about指涉及到,on指專門論述 between與among的區別 between表示在兩者之間,among用于三者或三者以上的中間 besides與except的區別 besides指“除了…還有再加上”,except指“除了,減去什么”,不放在句首表示“用”的in, with with表示具體的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,單位,語言,聲音as與like的區別 as意為“作為,以…地位或身份”,like為“象…一樣”,指情形相似in與into區別 in通常表示位置(靜態),into表示動向,不表示目的地或位置
六.動詞 I.動詞的時態:
1.動詞的時態一共有16種,以ask為例,將其各種時態的構成形式列表如下: 現在時 過去時 將來時 過去將來時 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask
進行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked
完成進行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking should/would have been asking 2.現在完成時與一般過去時的區別:
1)現在完成時表示過去發生的動作或存在的狀況,但和現在有聯系,強調的是對現在造成的影響或結果,它不能同表示過去的時間狀語連用,漢譯英時可加“已經”等詞。簡言之,利用過去,說明現在。如: I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.(已經看過,且了解這本書的內容)2)一般過去時只表示過去發生的動作或狀態,和現在無關,它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用,漢譯英時可加“過”,“了”等詞。簡言之,僅談過去,不關現在。如:
I read the novel last month.(只說明上個月看了,不涉及現在是否記住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只說明在北京住過十年,與現在無關)3.現在完成時與現在完成進行時的區別:
兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續到現在”,在含義上如著重表示動作的結果時,多用現在完成時,如著重表示動作一直在進行,即動作的延續性時,則多用現在完成進行時。一般不能用于進行時的動詞也不能用于現在完成進行時。
I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。
I have been reading that book all the morning.我早上一直在讀那本書。4.一般將來時的表達方式: 將來時 用法 例句 will/shall+動詞原形 表示將來發生的動作或存在的狀態 My sister will be ten next year.be going to+動詞原形 含有“打算,計劃,即將”做某事,或表示很有可能要發生某事 It’s going to clear up.We’re going to have a party tonight.be + doing 進行時表示將來 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發生的動作 He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? be about to + 動詞原形 表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發生的動作,后面一般不跟時間狀語 I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.be to + 動詞原形 表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.6 一般現在時表示將來 時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般現在時表示將來 The meeting starts at five o’clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II.動詞的被動語態:
常用被動語態 構成 常用被動語態 構成 一般現在時 am/is/are asked 6 過去進行時 was/were being asked 2 一般過去時 was/were asked 7 現在完成時 have/has been asked 3 一般將來時 shall/will be asked 8 過去完成時 had been asked 過去將來時 should/would be asked 9 將來完成時 will/would have been asked 5 現在進行時 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情態動詞的 can/must/may be asked 注
意
事
項 被動語態的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態動詞后加not,短語動詞的被動態不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結構be going to, used to, have to, had better變為被動態時,只需將其后的動詞變為被動態。如: Trees should not be planted in summer./ The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語有一類句子不出現主語,在英語中一般可用被動結構表示。如: It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 下面主動形式常表示被動意義:如:
The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice.The door won’t shut./ The play won’t act.The clothes washes well./ The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious./ Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語沒有被動態:
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
七.情態動詞
I.情態動詞基本用法:
情態動詞 用法 否定式 疑問式與簡答
can 能力(體力,智力,技能)允許或許可(口語中常用)
可能性(表猜測,用于否定句或疑問句中)can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…? Yes,…can.No,…can’t.could couldn’t do
may 可以(問句中表示請求)可能,或許(表推測)
祝愿(用于倒裝句中)may not do May…do…? Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not.must 必須,應該(表主觀要求)
肯定,想必(肯定句中表推測)must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’t have to.have to 只好,不得不(客觀的必須,有時態人稱變化)don’t have to do Do…have to do…? Yes,…do.No,…don’t.ought to 應當(表示義務責任,口語中多用should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…? Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.shall 將要,會
用于一三人稱征求對方意見
用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…? Yes,…shall.No,…shan’t.should 應當,應該(表義務責任)
本該(含有責備意味)should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…? will 意愿,決心
請求,建議,用在問句中would比較委婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…? Yes,…will.No,…won’t.would would not/wouldn’t do
dare 敢(常用于否定句和疑問句中)dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…? Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.need 需要
必須(常用于否定句和疑問句中)need not/needn’t do Need…do…? Yes,…must.No,…needn’t.used to 過去常常(現在已不再)used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do Used…to do…? Yes,…used.No,…use(d)n’t.Did…use to do…? Yes,…did.No,…didn’t.II.情態動詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測:
以must為例。must + do(be)是推測現在存在的一般狀態進行;must + be doing 推測可能正在進行的事情;must +have done是推測可能已經發生過的事情。1.must“肯定,一定”語氣強,只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America./ He must be talking with his friend./ He must have already arrived there.2.may和might“也許”,后者語氣弱,更沒有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home./ They might have finished their task.3.can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t語氣強,用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there;it was so near.(推測某事本來可能發生,但實際上沒有發生)
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強,常用于疑問句和否定句中)III.情態動詞注意點:
1.can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達“某事終于成功”,而can無法表達此意。Be able to有更多的時態。另外,兩者不能重疊使用。
2.used to和would: used to表示過去常常做現在已經不再有的習慣,而would只表示過去的習慣或喜好,不涉及現在。
3.need和dare作情態動詞和實義動詞的區別: 兩者作情態動詞時常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式為:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?
做實義動詞時可用于肯定句,否定句和疑問句。其形式為:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/dare to do
八.非謂語動詞
I.非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構成: 非謂語形式 構成 特征和作用
時態和語態 否定式 復合結構
不定式 to do to be doing
to have done to be done to have been done 在非謂語前加not for sb.to do sth.具有名詞,副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語
分詞 現在分詞 doing having done being done having been done 具有副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語
過去分詞 done 動名詞 doing having done being done having been done sb’s doing 具有名詞的作用 在句中做主、賓、定和表語
II.做賓語的非謂語動詞比較: 情況 常用動詞
只接不定式做賓語的動詞 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
兩者都可以 意義基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動作,接動名詞多指一般或習慣行為)
need, want, require(接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義,若接不定式則應用被動形式)
意義相反 stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事
意義不同 remember/forget/regret to do(指動作尚未發生)
remember/forget/regret doing(指動作已經發生)go on to do(接著做另外一件事)go on doing(接著做同一件事)
try to do(設法,努力去做,盡力)
try doing(試試去做,看有何結果)mean to do(打算做,企圖做)mean doing(意識是,意味著)
can’t help to do(不能幫忙做)can’t help doing(忍不住要做)III.非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的區別:
常見動詞 與賓語的邏輯關系及時間概念 例句
不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主謂關系。強調動作將發生或已經完成 I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 現在分詞
notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主謂關系。強調動作正在進行,尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.過去分詞 動賓關系。動作已經完成,多強調狀態 We found the village greatly changed.IV.非謂語動詞做定語的區別: 區別 舉例
不定式 與被修飾詞往往有動賓關系,一般式表示將來,進行式表示與謂語動作同時發生,完成式表示在謂語動詞之前發生 I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.動名詞 通常指被修飾詞的用途,無邏輯上的任何關系 Shall we go to the swimming pool?
現在分詞 與被修飾詞之間是主謂關系,表示動作與謂語動作同時發生 the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves
過去分詞 與被修飾詞之間是被動關系,表示動作發生在謂語動作之前,現已經完成 V.非謂語動詞做主語和表語的區別: 區別 舉例
不定式 多表示一個特定的具體的將來的動作,做主語時可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表語有時可和主語交換位置,而且意義不變,并且還能用what來提問主語或表語。My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important.(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語時常用)
動名詞 與不定式的功能區別不大,然而它更接近于名詞,表示的動作比較抽象,或者泛指習慣性的動作,有時也可以用it做形式主語,做表語時可以和主語互換位置。It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job.分詞 無名詞的性質,不能做主語。但是有形容詞的性質,可以做表語,多表明主語的特征性質或者狀態等,可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。
現在分詞多含有“令人…, , ”之意,說明主語的性質特征,多表示主動,主語多為物。過去分詞一般表示被動或主語所處的狀態,含有“感到…”之意,主語多是人。The situation is encouraging.The book is well written.(常見分詞有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)
九.定語從句 I.定語從句起了形容詞的作用,在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞,引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞,他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用,二是在從句中擔當一個成分,并與先行詞保持數的一致。
關系詞 先行詞 從句成分 例句 備注
關系代詞 who 人 主語 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時,常可以省略,但介詞提前時后面關系代詞不能省略,也不可以用that whom 人 賓語 Mr.Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy(whom)she loved died in the war..whose 人,物 定語 I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.that 人,物 主語,賓語 A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star(that)I want to see very much.which 物 主語,賓語 The book(which)I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as 人,物 主語,賓語 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as做賓語一般不省略
關系副詞 when 時間 時間狀語 I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on which where 地點 地點狀語 This is the house where I was born.可用in which
why 原因 原因狀語 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which II.that與which, who, whom的用法區別: 情況 用法說明 例句
只用that的情況 1. 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時。2. 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時 3. 先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數詞修飾時 4. 先行詞既指人又指物時
5. 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時
6. 句中已經有who或which時,為了避免重復時 1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情況 1. 在非限制性定語從句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人 2. 在由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。
3. 先行詞本身是that時,關系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III.as與which的區別: 定語從句 區別 例句
限制性定語從句中 名詞前有such和the same修飾時,關系代詞用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.非限制性定語從句中 as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如,象”的含義,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引導的從句只能放主句后,并無“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別: 類別 語法意義及特征 例句
限制性定語從句 對先行詞起修飾限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明確,這種從句與主句的關系十分密切,寫時不用逗號分開。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定語從句 對先行詞作附加的說明,與主句的關系不十分密切,較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開,相當于一個插入語,不能用that引導,關系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.十.名詞性從句
種類 作用 常用關聯詞 例句
主語從句 在復合句中做主語,相當于名詞,一般置謂語之前,也可用it作形式主語,主語從句放主句之后 that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, wherever Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.表語從句 在復合句中做表語,相當于名詞,位于系動詞之后 It looks as if it is going to snow.賓語從句 在復合句中做賓語,相當于名詞 He asked me which team could win the game.同位語從句 放在名詞之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等)表明其具體內容 You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.十一。狀語從句 種類 連接詞 注意點
時間狀語 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly 主句表示將來意義時,從句須用一般現在時;while引導的從句中動詞一般是延續性的;until用在肯定句中主句動詞是延續性的,而否定句中主句動詞為短暫性的。
地點狀語 where, wherever
原因狀語 because, as, since, now that because語氣最強,since較弱,表示大家都明了的原因,as又次之。
條件狀語 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that 從句中動詞時態不可用將來時,常用一般時代替
目的狀語 so that, in order that, for fear that so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情態動詞
結果狀語 so…that, such…that
比較狀語 than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more
方式狀語 as if, as though, as as if 和as though引導的從句一般用虛擬語氣。
讓步狀語 though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever as在讓步狀語從句中常用倒裝形式;although和though用正常語序,可和yet連用,但不可和but連用
十二。倒裝句 種類 倒裝條件 例句
完全倒裝 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副詞開頭的句子表示強調 Out rushed the children.表示地點的介詞短語作狀語位于句首 Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.強調表語,置于句首,或為保持句子平衡 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.部分倒裝 never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首 Hardly did I know what had happened.only和修飾的狀語放于句首 Only then did he realized the importance of English.not only…but also連接并列的句子,前倒后不倒 Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.neither…nor…連接并列的句子,前后都倒裝 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.so…that, such…that中的so或such及修飾的成分放于句首時前倒后不倒 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.as引導的讓步狀語 Child as he is, he has learned a lot.so, neither或nor表示前句內容也適用于另外的人或事。He can play the piano.So can i.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 May you be in good health!省略if的虛擬條件 Were I you, I would not do it in this way.十三。虛擬語氣 類別 用法 例句
If引導的條件從句 與現在事實相反 從句動詞:過去式(be用were)
主句動詞:should/would/could/might+動詞原形 If he were here, he would help us.與過去事實相反 從句動詞:had+過去分詞
主句動詞:should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞 If I had been free, I would have visited you.與將來事實相反 從句動詞:過去式 / should+動詞原形 / were+不定式
主句動詞:should/would/could/might+動詞原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.其它狀語從句 as if引導的狀語從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式 They are talking as if they had been friends for years.in order that / so that引導的狀語從句中動詞用can / could / may / might / would等+動詞原形 Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.賓語從句 demand, suggest, order, insist后接的從句中動詞為should+動詞原形 He suggested that we not change our mind.wish后的從句中分別用過去式,過去完成式和should/would+動詞原形表示與現在,過去和將來情況相反 I wish I could be a pop singer.主語從句 在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… 等從句中,謂語動詞用should+動詞原形 It is strange that such a person should be our friends.其它句型中 It is time that…句型中動詞用過去式或should+動詞原形 It’s high time that we left.would rather所接的從句中動詞用過去式或者過去完成式 I would rather you stayed at home now.If only句型中動詞常用過去式或者過去完成式,表示強烈的愿望 If only our dream had come true!
十四。重要句型
1.It was not until midnight that he finished his task.2.Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again.3.The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.4.He walked around the house, gun in hand.5.May you be in good health!6.Wish you a pleasant journey back home!7.The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes.8.What surprised me most was his imagination and patience.9.He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head.10.Sitting under the tree are Mr.Green and his first teacher.11.On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.12.Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help feeling very proud.13.No sooner(Hardly)had he arrived at the theatre than(when)the play started.14.Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics.15.How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!16.There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room.17.Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory.18.There goes the bell.19.Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here.20.It is no use crying for help.21.If only I had been your student in the middle school!22.It is believed that such a thing will not happen again.23.Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this.24.“He works particularly hard.” “So he does, and so do you.”
25.Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.26.Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements.十五。動詞搭配 1.add to增加,增進 add … to把…加進… add up相加
add up to總計,所有這一切說明
1)I don't think these facts will ________ anything.2)Fifty new books have been ________ the library.3)The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.4)You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________.(add up to, added to, add to, added…up)2.break away from打破,脫離,掙脫,改掉 break down出毛病,身體(精神)衰弱,分解,拆開 break off暫停,中斷 break in強行進入,插話 break into闖入
break into pieces成為碎片 break out爆發
break up搗碎,驅散,瓦解,學期結束,拆散 break through突破
1)The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods.2)When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried.3)Don't break ________ while others are speaking.4)Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee? 5)When does school break ________? 6)After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.(away from, down, in, off, up, up)3.bring up撫養,嘔吐,提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出,出版 bring in引入,引進,掙錢 bring back使回想起 bring down使下降,使倒下
1)The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars.2)The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English.3)The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays.4)Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding? 5)The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan.6)We decided to bring the matter ___ at the next meeting.7)The wind brought _______ a lot of trees last night.8)Next month they will bring ________ a new edition of the book.(down, in, back, about, up, up, down, out)4.call on號召,拜訪(某人)call at拜訪、參觀(某地)call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回憶起, 征召入伍 call in召集,請某人來 call out大喊,高叫 call off取消,不舉行
1)Doctors are often called _____ in the middle of the war.2)Please wait for me at home.I'll call _______ you at your house at seven tonight.3)The trains calls _______ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou.4)He called her name __________, but she didn't answer.5)The sports meet was called ____ on account of the rain.(in, for, at, out, off)5.come about發生,出現 come down下跌,落,降,傳下來 come in進來
come into(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)come on來臨/ 快點 come out出版,結果是 come along一道來,趕快
come to達到(an end/an agreement/a stop)蘇醒,合計,總共是 come over走過來 come up發芽,走近come across偶然碰到 come back回想起 come from來自,源自
1)I come _________ the book I lent you last month.2)How did it come _________ that you both got lost? I thought you had a map.3)It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before.4)Come __________ now, or else we shall be late.5)He came __________ me like a tiger.6)The price of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year.7)The word came __________ use many years ago.8)When the examination result came _________, he had already got a job.9)The bill came __________ over a thousand dollars.10)I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they haven't come __________ yet.(for, about, back, on, at, down, into, out, to, up)6.cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒,削減
cut off切斷,割掉,斷絕關系 cut up連根拔除,切碎 through剪斷,鑿穿 cut out刪(省)掉,戒掉 cut in插嘴
1)Don't cut ___ this tree.It will be very shady in summer.2)You must cut ________ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness.3)We decided to cut _________ the moor(曠野)to the village.4)Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the tree into pieces.5)The electricity was cut ___________ when the lady refused to pay the bill.6)We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut __________.(down, down, across, up, off, in)
7.die of(disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于(疾病,饑餓,寒冷,情感原因)die from死于(意外事故、情形)die away漸漸消逝 die out絕種 die down(爐火)漸熄 die off逐一死去 8.fall behind落后 fall over one's feet 跌跤 fall down掉下,跌倒 fall back撤退,后退
1)Babies often fall _____ when they are learning to walk.2)Our team seems to have fallen __________ the others.3)As soon as the enemies fell __________, the people returned to their village.4)She fell__________ the bench and had her leg broken.(down, behind, back, over)9.go in for從事,喜愛,參加 go through通過,經受 go over復習,檢查
go up(價格)上漲,建造起來 go after追捕,追趕 go against違反
go ahead先行,開始吧,問吧,說吧 go away離開 go by時間過去
go down下沉,降低,(日、月)西沉 go on(with)繼續進行 go with相配,陪同 go without沒有,缺少 go out外出,熄滅 go all out全力以赴
go off爆炸,進行,變壞,斷電,停止供應 go back on背約,食言 go beyond超出
1)Many new factories have gone __ in the past few years.2)Rents have gone __________ greatly recently.3)Many years have gone ___________ since we first met.4)Let's continue our journey until the sun goes _______.5)His actions went ___________ the will of the people, 6)I can't do it, for it goes ___________ my duty.7)Over 100 students went ____________ this entrance examination.8)The bomb went ____________ and killed ten people.9)The buyer went ___________ the car carefully before reaching a decision.10)This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue shirt.11)If you think you can solve the problem, go ______.12)Many students went __________ playing basketball.(up, up, by, down, against, beyond, through, off, over, with, ahead, in for)10.get down下來,記下,使沮喪 get down to致力于,專心于 get on進展,進步,穿上,上車 get off脫下,下車 get in收集,插(話)get away逃跑,逃脫,去休假 get over忘記,越過,克服,從疾病中恢復 get along with進展,相處 get up起床
get through打通電話,完成,通過 get round消息傳開
get close to sth.接近,幾乎 get into(trouble)get to(know)get back取回,收回 get out 1)She spoke so fast that I couldn't get ____ what he said.2)We will find ways to get _________ difficulties.3)The story has got __________, and everyone knows about it.4)When I get _________ with the report, I'll go to the cinema.5)After a delicious meal the two men got __________ to business.6)Don't always get __________ a word when others are speaking.7)It took me a long time to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience.(down, over, round, through, down, in, over)11.give away贈送,泄露,出賣 give out發出,疲勞,分發,公布 give off發出(光、熱、氣體)give in(to sb.)屈服 give up放棄,讓(座位)
1)His accent at last gave him __________.2)The liquid gave ________ a strong smell.3)The headmaster gave ___________ the names of the prize-winners.4)The soldiers gave _________ the town to the enemies.5)Who will help me to give the books ___________? 6)Don't believe in those who give his friends ________.7)After a long walk, my strength gave ____________.(away, off, out, up, out, away, out)12.hand in交上,提交 hand out分發 hand down流傳,遺傳 13.hang about閑逛 hang up掛電話
14.hold back阻止,隱瞞 hold up舉起,使停頓 hold on別掛電話,等,堅持 hold out持續,堅持,伸出 hold down控制,鎮壓
1)I'm sure he is holding something _________.2)She managed to hold ______ her emotion until her guests had left.Then she cried.3)Tell him to hold ________ a moment.I'll come soon.4)Our food supply won't hold _________ for more than a few days.5)The train was held ________ as a result of the floods.6)These measures helped to hold ___________ the city's population.7)Hold ___________ your left arm, please.(back, back, on, out, up, down, up)15.keep up(courage, English, spirits)保持,keep up with跟上
keep off(grass)不接近,離開
keep away from避開,不接近,離…遠遠的 keep out of keep to(rules, promise)堅持,遵守 keep on繼續,堅持下來
keep back阻止,留下,隱瞞,扣下 keep from克制,阻止
1)The angry lady told the strangers to keep ________ from her.2)I can hardly keep ________ my tears after hearing his words.3)Only pride kept her __________ bursting into tears.4)I can scarcely keep __________ asking him what he has done.5)“Don't touch me,” screamed the woman, “Keep __________!” 6)Keep _________ until you succeed.7)Keep _________ your courage, and you'll succeed in the end.8)The thick coat can keep the cold ___________.9)Always try to keep ___________ the rules when you play a game.10)I can't keep ________ with everything you're doing.(away, back, from, from, off, on, up, out, to, up)16.knock at/on敲 knock into撞到某人身上 knock down撞倒 knock out of把…敲出 knock over撞倒
knock off停止工作,休息
1)The boxer soon knocked his opponent _________.2)The office stuff knocks _________ at six every day.3)Try knocking __________ the window and see if there is anyone indoors.4)He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked __________ the car parked there.(down, off, on, into)17.leave for離開前往 leave out刪去,遺漏 leave behind遺留,忘記拿走 leave to留給,遺囑贈于 leave over遺留,剩下,延期
1)“Whose name has been left __________?” demanded the teacher.2)When he died, he left all his property _____ his niece.3)He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella ___________.4)Don't leave this matter _________ until tomorrow.5)Leave some meat ___________ for tomorrow.6)Those are questions left _________ by history.(out, to, behind, over, over, over)18.look up查找,向上看 look through翻閱,瀏覽 look on旁觀 look on…as看作 look into調查
look after/ at / for 照顧/看/尋找 look out(for)當心
look about / around/round四下查看 look down upon瞧不起 look back upon回憶,回顧 look ab.up and down仔細打量某人 look ab in the face/eyes直視某人
1)I spent two hours looking ______ the students' papers.2)Look _______!There is a big hole in front.3)He took part in the game, and the rest of us just looked ______ and cheered for him.4)The old man looked _____ upon the days of his youth.5)She was so snobbish(勢利)that she looked __________ upon all his neighbours.6)The police promised to look __________ the case as soon as possible.7)He looked __________ but saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing.(through, out, on, back, down, into, about/around/round)19.make up編造,配制,打扮,組成 make up for彌補
make into / of / from 制成
make out弄懂,發現,看出,填寫,開列(清單)make for走向,駛往,促使
1)Can you make this length of cloth __________ a suit? 2)I asked the driver if he was making ___________ London? 3)My father made __________ a check for me to buy the camera.4)We must make the loss _________ next week./ He tried hard to make ________ for the damage he had done.5)He made __________ a story, which I found hard to believe.6)Someone is coming, but I can't make ___________ who it is.(into, for, out, up/up, up, out)20.pass away去世 pass by經過
pass down(on)…to傳給 pass through經歷 pass over漠視,忽視
1)The old clock has been passed ________ to me from my grandfather's grandfather.2)The man passed ___________ last week in peace.3)We are passing ____________ difficult times.4)The secretary passed ___________ the details in the first part of his report.(down, away, through, over)21.pay back還錢,報復
pay for付錢,為…受到懲罰,因…得到報應 pay off還清
1)How much did you pay __________ the dictionary? 2)You should pay _________ the money you borrowed from me.3)I'll pay him ____________ for all his crimes(罪行)against me.4)Some day, you'll pay __________ what you have done today.5)Has she pay ____________ the debt yet?(for, back, back, for, off)
22.pick up拾起,獲得(information),接人,站起,收聽,自然習得(language /knowledge),恢復重獲(pick up health)pick out挑選,辨認,看出
1)I picked the information __________ while waiting in the queue.2)My friend has arranged to pick me _________ at 6:00.3)The patient has picked _________ health during the last two weeks.4)She picked _______ the most expensive pair of shoes.5)I can't pick John ___________ in the crowd.6)Can I pick __________ VOA with this short-wave radio? 7)He fell down suddenly, but picked himself ___________ quickly.(up, up, up, out, out, up, up)pick cotton/flower/leaves/words選詞
23.put up搭起,張貼,舉起,安裝,投宿,安排住下 put up with忍受 put out伸出,撲滅 put off推遲 put into放進,翻譯 put away放好,存錢 put down記下,平息
put on穿戴,上映,增加(put on weight/speed)put forward 提出,提前 put through 接通電話 put aside放到一邊 put back放回
1)He put _________ half his wage every week.2)The government soon put __________ the revolt(**).3)Put your watch __________.It's slow.4)He put __________ his hand for me to shake.5).Please put me __________ to Extension(分機)2.6)We put ___________ for night at the village inn.7)He is very proud, and he often put _________ airs.(擺架子)8)We had a telephone put _____________ in our office.9)I can't put __________ with your laziness.(away, down, forward, out, through, up, on, up, up)24.pull down拆掉,推翻 pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脫 pull in進站 pull out取出,(火車)離站 pull down往下拉,拆毀 pull over駛到一邊
pull through恢復健康,渡過難關,脫離險境 pull up(使)停住
1)The train slowly pulled __________ and disappeared in the distance.2)All the old houses here have now been pulled ______, and new ones are to be built.3)The car pulled _________ when I blew the horn.4)The doctor thinks the man will pull __________.5)The driver pulled ________ at the traffic lights.(out, down, over, through, up)25.push over推倒,刮倒
push ahead(on, forward)繼續前進,堅持下去 push through排除困難辦好謀事,努力設法通過,擠過
1)We've decided to push __________ with our plan to build a new road 2)Many trees were pushed __________ in the hurricane.3)They were determined to push the new rules ________ at any cost..4)Take care not to push the baby _________.5)They pushed ___________ the crowd and at last reached us.(on, over, through, over, through)26.run across偶然碰到 run after追逐,追捕 run away逃跑 run for競選
run into偶然碰到(困難)遇見(人),相撞 run out of用完
1)If you drive so fast, you'll run _________ someone some day.2)I ran __________ a friend of mine in the exhibition.3)Our water has run __________.Can you fill up some more bottles? 4)Why do you always run __________ adventure? 5)He didn't want to run ___________ president that year.6)In that way you will only run __________ difficulties.(into, across/into, out, after, for, into)27.see off送行 see through看透,識破 see to照料,照管 28.send for派人去請 send off送行
send out發出(光亮)等 send up發射 29.set up建立
set off出發,觸發,引起 set out動身,著手(to do),陳述 set about開始著手(doing)set to work(n.)開始做 set back撥回,使推遲
1)I shall set my watch ___________ by five minutes.2)We set __________ reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang.3)We set _________ at daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever since then.4)I set __________ to advise him not to drink.5)What were the reasons he set ___________ in his report? 6)The president set __________ a special group of soldiers to guard him.7)The unpopular law set _________ a series of protests.(抗議)(back, about, off/out, out, out, up, off)30.take off脫掉,起飛 take on呈現 雇傭 take away拿走 take in吸收,領會 take up從事,占用(時間空間)take down記錄,取下 take back收回 take for誤認為 take along隨身帶 take over接管 take out 1)I take _________ all I said about his dishonesty.2)He went to the shelf and took __________ a book of poems.3)At first I took him _________ a doctor.4)I can see that most of you have taken ________ everything that the teacher taught.5)Bill has now taken __________ his father's business.6)My job takes __________ most of my time.7)The boss took ____________ twenty people for his new company.(back, down, for, in, over, up, on)take charge of負責, take sth.for granted想當然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以… ……為自豪, take the place of, 代替take turns to do輪流做, take office就職 31.think of想起 think of…as把…看作 think out想出 think up想出 think about考慮 think over仔細考慮 think well of sb.對某人看法好 32.turn off / on打開
turn over翻身,反復考慮,翻(書頁),翻轉 turn out證明為,結果,制造成品 turn to轉向,求助 turn down調低,拒絕 turn against變得敵視,反對 turn away打發走,驅逐,轉過臉去 turn back返回,轉回去 turn round轉過身來
turn up向上翻,露面,出現,音量調大 turn in上繳
turn upside down把倒置,弄得亂七八糟
1)The child turned __________ its mother for comfort.2)Turn ___________ and let me see your face.3)However much he turned the problem ________ in mind, he could find no satisfactory solution.4)The English evening party turned _________ a great success.5)The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned _______.6)The football stadium was full, and many people had to be turned __________.7)The army turned him ___________ on account of(因為)his poor health.8)She turned the whole house ___________ in her search for her missing purse.9)Where did your purse turn ____________? I found it in the snow.10)The villagers suddenly turned __________ the foreigners who lived nearby.11)The factory turns ____________ 2000 new cars last year.(to, round, over, out, away, away, down, upside down, up, against, out)
第四篇:英語語法
Topic3 Bicycles are popular with people
一、重點詞匯:
(一)詞形轉換:
1.death(動詞)die(形容詞)dead 2 slow(副詞)slowly
3.crossing(動詞)cross 介詞)across 4.success(動詞)succeed(形容詞successful
5.Pain(形容詞)painful 6.lead(名詞)leader
7.final(副詞)finally 8impossible(反義詞)possiblecourage(動詞)encourage
(二)重點詞組:
1.Slow down 減速
2.run into 撞到
3.avoid doing sth 避免 防止做某事
4.warn sb to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某事
5.ride into 進入 躋身于get used to(doing)習慣于做某事
7.a sharp turn 急轉彎
8.be popular with 受……的歡迎
9.get a fine 處以罰金
10.go on doing sth 繼續做某事
11.the way to success 成功之路
12.obey the traffic rules 遵守交通規則 13.break the traffic rules 違反交通規則 14.be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事 15.be famous for 因……聞名
16.be in danger 處于危險中
17.after a while 一會兒
二. 重點句型及重點語言點
1.I think traffic in Beijing is crazy.我認為北京的交通很擁堵。
traffic 是不可數名詞
2.If people obey the traffic rules , there will be fewer accidents.如果人們都遵守交通規則,交通事故將會減少。
If we break the traffic rules, it will be dangerous and we will get a fine.如果人們違反交通規則,將很危險,我們會受到處罰的。
這是if 引導條件狀語從句,主句用一般將來時,從句用一般現在時。
3.I feel a little more confident.我感到自信多了。
more confident 是比較級
4.It can help us save energy and avoid pollution.這樣可以節約能源以及避免空氣污染。avoid sth / doing sth 避免做某事
You should avoid making the mistake like that.He ran into the wall to avoid hitting the truck.5.Bicycles are popular with people.自行車深受人們歡迎。Be popular with 受……歡迎 6 It warns us to be more careful.Warn sb(not)to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某
事
He warned her to keep silence.Warn sb about sth 提醒某人某事
7.Most people think bicycles are much safer than any other vehicle.大部分人認為自行車比其他交通工具要安全些。
8..However, his way to success didn’t go well.然而,他的成功之路并非一帆風順。
The way to success 成功之路 success in doing sth 在……成功
I didn’t have much success in finding a job.我找工作沒什么結果。
9.Like the other challenges in his life, Lance faced it head-on.像面對生命中其他挑戰一樣,蘭斯迎頭面對。
10.It seems impossible to beat him.打敗他似乎是不可能的。
beat sb 打敗某人 win a game /match/ a gold medal
It seems +adj+to do sth 做某事似乎……
She always seems to be sad.
第五篇:英語語法
各位領導,各位姐妹:
大家好!在這個春光燦爛的日子里,我們迎來了第101個國際勞
動婦女節,一個專屬于我們女性的節日。它體現了社會對女性的關愛,對女性的尊重,對女性的理解。充滿了體貼和愛心,帶給我們的是自尊自信,樂觀向上的精神。在這個特殊的日子里,我要向各位姐妹以及我自己說一聲“節日快樂”。
在過去的一年,我們經歷了8.12特大洪水災害,一場百年不遇的大災難,它的破壞力和殺傷力對黃渚人民所造成的傷害和損失是難以計量的。但是,在這場災難面前,我們沒有被打倒,而是以堅強樂觀的心態抵御災害,保衛家園。尤其是我們的婦女同胞,更是展現了巾幗不讓須眉的風范,她們在精神上和實際行動上都為抗洪救災做出了巨大貢獻,無論家里受災與否,大家都積極投入到抗洪第一線,不怕苦,不怕累,團結一心,眾志成城。這就是我們黃渚的女性同胞,自強不息,永不服輸。在此,我要向各位姐妹道一聲“大家辛苦了”。
我們作為女性感到驕傲和自豪,在我們的前后,在我們的周圍有
這么多偉大的女性。姐妹們,你是否想到要加入這偉大的行列呢?偉大的女性,要付出巨大的犧牲,你是否愿將你的畢生精力投到這偉大的事業中去呢?姐妹們,接下來我們將面臨更嚴峻的考驗,因為我們即將要投入到災后重建的工作中去了。這項工作任重而道遠,需要我們的積極參與和大力支持。我相信,大水能沖垮房屋,卻沖不垮我們對美好生活的信心,只要我們肯干,一切都會好起來的。
時代在變化,人的觀念也要與時俱進,新世紀的宏偉大業,為廣
大婦女提供了施展才華的廣闊舞臺,新時代的廣大婦女要進一步樹立“自尊、自信、自立、自強”精神,在新形勢和新任務面前,堅持解放思想、實事求是,以與時俱進的思想觀念和奮發有為的精神狀態,勇于創新,開拓進取,在經濟和社會發展中大顯身手,在實現自身價值的同時創造出無愧于時代的新業績。
俗話說:根扎的越深,樹就長的越高,步踏的越實,路才能走的越遠。我們必須腳踏實地,努力奮斗。時代向我們發出了召喚,十二五的號角已經響起,重建的大旗已經升起,讓我們積極行動起來,齊心協力,共創美好明天!
謝謝大家!