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農村初中作文教學的現狀和困境(合集)

時間:2019-05-12 13:33:08下載本文作者:會員上傳
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第一篇:農村初中作文教學的現狀和困境

農村初中作文教學的困境及對策

【摘要】《全日制義務教育語文課程標準》對語文課程的性質進行了新的定位:“語文是最重要的交際工具,是人類文化的重要組成部分。工具性與人文性的統一,是語文課程的基本特點。”作為語文課程的重要組成部分的寫作課程,過去重在強調文學性。從新課程準可以看出現在的寫作課程則強調文學性、認識性、實用性的統一。

〖關鍵詞〗作文教學中學語文困境對策

作文教學是語文教學的重要組成部分,隨著語文新課標的深入貫徹,以及中考作文比重的加大,作文教學在語文教學中的地位日顯重要,但農村初中作文教學效果卻極不理想,陷入了困境。作文課上,學生們愁眉不展、抓耳撓腮,其愁苦之狀苦不堪言,哪里去要求高水平高質量的學生習作呢?不會寫、沒有內容可寫、言不及義寫不出心中所想等成了阻礙學生寫作的主要問題。因此,改進作文教學,提高作文質量,激發學生寫作興趣,也就成了語文教學的當務之急了。

我認為當前作文教學存在以下幾個問題:

(一)、作文教學存在的問題。

1、作文教學觀念滯后,教學方法陳舊,模式固定。一方面,在目前的語文教科書中,作文單元訓練中很少有具體的易懂的作文理論知識,幾個字或幾句簡述,學生很難從中掌握寫作知識,也無法實際運用。另一方面,語文教學在指導寫作的技巧理念也過于機械,一般模式為:出題——講授寫作技巧(審題、立意、構思、選材、組材等)——學生寫作——批改——評講。由始至終是老師的一條龍服務,很少有學生的能動展現。這樣,學生的思路就陷入教師設計的框框之中,產生心理依賴,抹殺自己的思路,學習獨立作文能力,思維創新能力,寫作信心受到壓抑。

2、寫作題目單一‘枯燥,壓抑了學生的 寫作興趣和寫作思路,教師設計的題目通常是在上課之前想出或單純參考作文訓練來命題,缺乏計劃性、整體性、階梯性,一個題目可以被初中生在三年學習中重復翻抄,寫作水平的提高就成了一句空話。

3、教學評價單向化。體現在作文教學中,就是教師對學生作文評價標準和手段的不合理。語文新課程標準提出“評價的本質功能在于促進發展”,強調更要關注學生在語文活動中所表現出來的能力、情感與態度等方面的發展,幫助學生認識自我,建立信心。而我們對學生作文的評價標準很大程度只看重其文學性,只重視寫作技巧。評價手段更不合理,只有教師單向打分,以教師的評價標準為唯一標準,學生自始至終沒有參與評價

(二)、學生寫作訓練上存在的問題。

首先是學生對寫作興趣不大。前不久我對我們學校七年級四個班的學生進行抽樣調查,只有22.65%的學生對寫作感興趣;50%左右的學生是懼怕寫作。如何將學生從寫作的懼怕心理中解放出來是所有語文教師迫在眉睫的事。

其次學生作文“共性”多而“個性”少。表現在很多同學的作文,寫作材料司空見慣、千人一面;構思墨守成規、平庸無奇;立意蒼白乏力、膚淺無神;行文更是如潭死水、呆板無趣??前次我校七年級月考,出了個話題作文“感動”,近三成的同學寫自己感冒,爸媽送其上醫院。而在送往醫院這一事件上又有近五成的同學寫那天剛好下雨,爸媽為了兒女把自己淋濕。

再次學生評改作文能力有待提高。長期以來,我們的作文教學進行得很艱辛,因為其收效甚微,不能快速的轉化為“反映老師教學水平的學生的分數”而往往被老師所忽視。作文教學是語文教學的半邊天也只是停留在口頭上。我們的作文教學出路在哪兒?下面我就如何做好初中教學談幾點粗淺的認識。

一、激發學生作文興趣,讓學生樂寫作文

1、培養寫作興趣,激發寫作動機。教師應從學習、生活上關愛、激勵、啟發學生,時時感動學生,滋潤學生的心靈,讓學生擁有寫作的欲望。

2、降低寫作要求,分解寫作難度。作文教學中根據學生的實際寫作能力和水平,確立作文教學目標,從學生身邊和與他們生活密切相關的事情寫起,進行作文訓練,可以適當進行仿寫、片段訓練,逐步提高寫作要求,給學生適應的空間。

3、指導觀察生活,感受體悟生活。新課標明確提出:多角度地觀察生活,發現生活的豐富多彩,捕捉事物的特征,力求有創意地表達。因此,作文教學光從文本上指導學生是不夠的,更重要是引領學生深入生活,觀察生活,并在生活中學會思考。作文的素材來源于生活,來源于對生活的觀察、思考。教給學生觀察的方法,指導學生觀察自然和社會生活,感受人生的美好,產生美好的情愫,產生自己的見解,培育學生作文的本與源。

4、運用成就激勵,促進長足發展。作文教學中要善于把握時機,對學生寫作上的點滴進步都要予以表揚,對有畏難情緒的學生更要及時鼓勵。幫助學生在報刊或網絡上發表作品,鼓勵他們積極參加作文競賽,讓他們感受成功的喜悅,樹立寫作的信心。

二、教給寫作方法,讓學生會寫作。對初中學生來說,特別是農村初中學生,并沒有掌握多少寫作方法,要為他們的長遠發展考慮,教給他們布局謀篇等基本的寫作方法是很有必要的。掌握了基本的寫作規范才能在不斷地寫作實踐中創新和提高。

三、拓展豐富積累,讓學生能寫作文。

1、提倡積累素材,讓作文血肉豐滿。寫作需要厚積薄發,積累一定量的寫作素材是必

須的。要想讓初中學生在寫作中避免生搬硬造,要讓他們寫出有血有肉鮮活充實的作文來,就必須教給學生積累素材的方法,幫助他們積累一定的寫作素材。農村初中學生經濟條件有限,手頭資料少,網絡資源受限,教師要發揮主觀能動性,想方設法充實學生的素材庫。

2、拓展課外閱讀,儲蓄源頭活水。農村初中學生的學習、生活空間畢竟是狹小的,我們還要積極向課外拓展,豐富學生生活。讀書破萬卷,下筆如有神。閱讀不僅可以為學生提供寫作素材與寫作方法,還可以豐富滋養學生的心靈,提高學生的語文素養,為學生的作文插上騰飛的翅膀。進行課外閱讀需記住一條:不動筆墨不讀書。閱讀的同時要做好讀書筆記,并對感觸深刻的文章寫好讀后感。

四、做到當堂評展,讓學生會改作文。我們常說,好作文是改出來的。既然如此,那么我們首先應該讓學生知道自己的作文有哪些問題和不足,然后再教會學生怎樣改作文。要實現這一點,就要力求做到當堂評展學生的作文。農村初中作文教學中嚴重背離了這一點:學生習作完成后,教師最少用一周的時間批改作文,作文發到學生手中時,自己的寫作過程和構思都忘干凈了,教師的一兩句評語能起到什么作用呢?教師在寫作前可以從幾個方面予以簡單的規定,寫作過程中教師巡回了解寫作情況并予以指導,及時批閱最先完成的部分文章,全體同學完成后,同學們可分組按照事先規定互批作文,批完后對優秀習作進行泛讀展評,教師和參與批閱作文的同學談習作中的優缺點,如果時間充裕,可以當堂就某幾篇問題習作進行修改或請優秀習作者談創作體會。在這樣的課堂上才會讓學生重視作文、對作文感興趣,才能真正提升學生的作文水平。

五、制定初中三年一貫制作文訓練目標,逐步提高學生寫作能力和作文水平。農村初中的語文教師應靜下心來認真研讀語文課程標準,最起碼一所初中的語文教師要能夠坐到一起探討研究制定整個初中學段的作文訓練計劃,該計劃要在分析研究初一新生的實際寫作水平的基礎上并結合中考要求達到的寫作水平來制定,本著階梯上升、逐步提高的原則,為學生寫作能力的穩步發展鋪好道路。初中各年級的作文教學都以本計劃為綱,糾正隨意性與盲目性,避免重復,提高效率。

六、不拘一格強化作文訓練,重視作文運用,體現其實用價值,讓寫作成為學生的生活需要,逐步變“要我寫”為“我要寫”。

我們知道,作文教學應該是一個長期的系統工程,不可能憑借每學期6-8篇課堂作文就能一蹴而就完成達標任務并提升了學生的寫作水平。課堂提供給作文教學的時間極其有限,但我們可以積極向課外拓展:課堂教給方法,課外緊鑼密鼓的進行寫作實踐。寫日記、周記不失為作文訓練的好方法,既能夠積累素材,加深學生對生活的觀察和感悟,又能鍛煉學生的寫作水平。

文章源于生活,是社會生活的另一種形式反映,是生活觸動作者的心靈時的感悟和傾吐。生活時時處處都有文章,作文教學應還原其本來面目,讓寫作成為學生生活的需要。學校日常活動中,可以鼓勵學生作活動計劃書和寫倡議書、通知、意見書、表揚信、時評等小文章;舉行國旗下的講話、演講等活動時,鼓勵學生寫演講稿、發言稿等文稿;家長會之前,鼓勵學生每人給家長寫一封信,感恩父母、匯報學習情況。長此以往,就會培養起學生自覺寫作的習慣。

七、發揮農村初中的優勢,讓學生走近自然,接受熏陶,寫出靈性;感受農村生活,體悟鄉民的淳樸自然,寫出本真。靈性和本真是大自然饋贈給農村孩子最美好的禮物。農村初中的語文教師應引領學生崇尚自然、師法自然,書寫人生的瑰麗文章。

八、對于農村初中語文教師方面的問題思考。

1、隨著國家的富強、經濟文化的發展,農村師資教育狀況很快就會有所改觀。隨著城市反哺農村時代的到來,有志青年也會擁抱農村這片熱土,農村語文教師隊伍也會不斷更換新鮮血液。我們更要呼吁國人認識語文這一基礎學科的作用,認識作文教學的重要性,引起相關教育部門的重視。

2、我們廣大農村初中語文教師也不能停止探索的腳步,走出去、請進來,積極豐富自己,對學生負責,跟上時代的步伐,創造性地進行作文教學,別讓農村孩子輸在人生的起跑線上。

總之,作文是一種綜合性,創造性很強的語言活動。這種活動必將長期貫穿于整個作文教學實踐中,教師應轉變教學理念,創設平等、互動、民主、和諧的學習氣氛,堅持賞識教育和成功教育。讓學生開放心態,張揚個性,放飛心靈,自由寫作,他們就會筆下生風,寫出富有創意的文章來。

參考文獻

1、中華人民共和國教育部制訂:全日制義務教育《語文課程標準》,北京師范在學出版社,2001年7月第1版。

2、中華人民共和國教育部制訂:九年義務教育全日制初級中學《語文教學大綱》,人民教育出版社出版,2000年3月第3版

3、全國中學語文教學研究會主編:《葉圣陶、呂叔湘、張志公語文教育論文選》,開明出版社,1996年版。

4、陳玉秋主編:《語文課程與教學論》,桂林,廣西師范大學出版社,2004年5月第1版。

5、韋志成:《作文教學論》,廣西民族出版社,1998年11月第1版。

6、李順昌:《中考作文素質練習》,廣西民族出版社,1999年9月第1版。

7、作文導報首都師范大學

8、語文教學與研究2010.01.04

第二篇:農村初中作文教學現狀思考及對策

成功作文

——農村初中作文教學現狀思考及對策

貴州習水三岔河中學 母建林

內容摘要:農村初中作文教學普遍存在重視不夠,方法陳舊,故而學生頭疼,教者堪憂,效果欠佳;認真反思,不難發現我們現實作文教學中存在的種種弊端;眾多教師也在潛心思索、苦苦找尋提高作文教學效果的靈丹妙藥。只要教者安排有序,指導有方,訓練有術,學生勇于作文,樂于作文,善于作文,相信師生會走進作文教學的陽關大道。關鍵詞:農村初中作文教學現狀改進措施

時下農村初中學生中,頗為流行這樣一句順口溜:“學生有三怕,即一怕文言文,二怕周樹人,三怕寫作文。”這雖然是一句戲謔之言,但一定程度上卻反映出中學生對作文的煩厭心理。因為怕寫作文,所以初中學生大多對作文深感頭痛;因為教師指導無序,所以中學生的作文水平難有長足進步。

一、寫作現狀與分析

初中作文教學效果不佳,令人堪憂,其中重要歸因在學生。學生寫作究竟存在著什么問題,其原因又何在呢?

1、書寫不“規范”,文面“慘不忍睹”

文面,就是文章的“面貌”,它涉及到方方面面,如行款格式,標點停頓,文字書寫以及行文中某些“習慣用法”,直接影響著文章表情達意。學生作文中,字跡潦草難以閱讀,不講究行款格式,隨心所欲使用和書寫標點,亂寫錯別字的現象普遍存在。此類現象既說明學生缺乏基本寫作常識,更反映出學生尚未形成良好的寫作習慣。俄國教育家烏申斯基說:良好的習慣乃是人在其神經系統中存放的資本,這個資本在不斷地增值,而人在其一生中就享受著它的利息。遺憾的是,我們的老師、同學對這些基本常識、寫作習慣重視不夠。

2、興趣不濃厚,作文“敷衍應付”

“作文作文,一提頭疼”。這一口頭禪形象說明了學生對寫作“一怕二厭三應付”的態度。每當教師布置作文,較多學生唉聲嘆氣,愁容滿面。蘇霍姆林斯基說:所有智力方面的工作都要依賴于興趣。只有學生的興趣調動起來了,才能激發起作文的靈感,學生才會產生強烈的“我想寫”的動機,其對寫作的滿腔熱情才能觸發文思泉涌,逐漸造就堅韌的寫作意志和頑強的寫作毅力,滿懷信心地去克服重重困難,走向作文成功之路。

“興趣是最好的教師”,這個道理大家都懂。可在實際教學中,許多老師并未在激發學生寫作興趣上花功夫,他們只顧一味布置作文,收取作文。很多學生寫出來的作文平淡無奇,甚至味同嚼蠟,難有成功的體驗,寫作興趣一點點被磨滅。久而久之,學生自然頭疼、逃避作文。

3、語言運用能力偏低,不能準確表情達意

“語文就應該姓‘語’,語文課一定要重視語言文字的教學與訓練。”福樓拜曾經對莫泊桑說:一定要仔細觀察從你眼前走過的每一個人,然后分別用最恰當的詞語去描述他們。“最恰當的詞語”即是要盡可能準確精練表達自己的意思。而實際呢,一方面因為學生詞匯積累不足,另一方面教師又缺乏對學生遣詞造句系統的訓練,學生語感自然不強,語言運用能力自然偏低,作文不僅文采欠缺,而且作文中濫用誤用詞語、前言不達后語、表達欠嚴密等毛病比比皆是。學生作文時常出現“心會而口難傳,意有而筆不 1

達”的尷尬處境。

4、教學“重文輕語”,“文”妙而“語”拙

葉圣陶先生在解釋“語文”概念時說:“‘語’就是口頭語言,‘文’就是書面語言,將口頭語言和書面語言連在一起就是‘語文’。”在現實生活中,由于“應試”的需要,學生的寫作存在著“重文輕語”的現象,一些學生的書面作文寫得不錯,但其口頭作文

卻讓人不敢恭維。目前中學生口頭作文基本是一種靜態的言語活動,學生從教師的命題

出發,力爭用清晰的語言、準確的字眼、流暢的語調“說”一篇東西出來,但卻不考慮

對誰說,為什么說,怎么說,因而總是采用固定模式“說”文,這種“口頭作文”拿到

社會實際生活中去,其交際功能無疑要大打折扣。

5、作文“閉門造車”,文品與人品反差強烈

葉圣陶先生說:“生活就如泉源,文章猶如溪水,泉源豐盈而不枯竭,溪水自然活

潑潑地流個不歇。”農村初中學生,生活圈子有限,交際范圍狹窄,“泉源枯竭”,又怎

能“溪水流個不歇”呢?

“質勝于辭,情勝于文。”劉勰也說“情者文之經”。如果學生不關心社會,不到生

活中實踐,心中烈火般的激情就得不到激發,他們對生活必漠然置之;如反映在習作里,試想,這種離開社會實情、脫離生活實際的孤陋寡情之作能感動人嗎?

對生活缺乏了解,缺乏體驗,也造成了當今許多中學生作文虛構的現象。虛構,本

是一種想象能力的表現。但我們的一些學生卻在感情上違心虛構,產生了許多矯情枉作。

如果我們的教師視若罔聞,無視于學生這種感情上的虛構,擔憂學生將來走上社會,與

人真誠相處、團結協作就成問題。

二、教學現狀與分析

教育的關鍵在教師。教師的水平決定著學生的水平。泰興市洋思中學有句名言:只

有教不好的老師,沒有教不好的學生。學生作文中的毛病歸因還得在教師身上。教師的教學存在著什么問題呢?

1、教學隨意性強,缺乏系統安排

寫作能力是一種綜合能力,它的形成和發展有一個循序漸進的過程。因此,作文教

學必須立足實際,制訂方案,以便分階段分步驟實施。這個計劃不僅應包括整個中學階

段作文教學的全程訓練目標,而且更要落實到每學期的階段目標以及每堂課的訓練重點

和要求。很多老師在開學初制訂教學計劃時,只是籠統地訂一個語文教學計劃,作文教

學只是“蜻蜓點水”,有的甚至完全不提,更不必說制訂整個初中的作文訓練方案。在具體的操作過程中,作文教學的隨意性也很大。一學期有只做一、二篇作文的,有做足

數作文但只批二、三篇的,有臨時有事,便到班上隨便布置一下作文題目的,還有平時

不做作文,等到學校或上級來人檢查時突擊布置作文的??如此等等,都說明了目前許

多老師作文教學上的無序性,這種無規律的“蜻蜓點水”、“突擊備戰”式作文教學根本

違背了學生的認知規律,學生自然而然地就會產生惰性或應付心態。

2、命題脫離實際,缺乏真情實感

作文教學計劃的盲目無序,必然導致命題的盲目隨意。有臨時出題目的,有照本宣

科出題的,有撥高性出題的,出的題目不符合學生的生活實際,沒有與學生的心理發展

同步,沒有與學生生活實際接軌,也沒有體現由低而高整體訓練的作文教學規律,命題

缺乏科學性、實用性、藝術性。這種命題所要求的生活經歷與學生的實際生活相去甚遠,學生沒有親切感,也找不出動情點。這樣的結果,必然是應付式的交差或虛構一番,這

是與“說真話、抒真情”相悖的。如果我們老師深思熟慮,掌握學生身心的發展變化,把握其心態,適時從其喜怒哀樂中捕捉興奮處、動情點,設計命題,就能為學生創設積

極作文的氛圍,學生也能自覺地投入命題規定的范圍,最終完成作文。

3、批改欠科學,高耗而低效

“一百個讀者就有一百個哈姆雷特”。有多少個教師,就有多少個批改標準。一些

教師在批改作文時,常常忘記自己面對的是一群十幾歲的初中學生,往往要求過高,無

視學生認知能力、思維能力、審美能力的實際。有經驗的老師則完全會根據學生的實際

情況確定自己的批改標準。錢夢龍先生在接手一個“雙差班”后布置的第一篇作文是《我的家》。其要求就兩項:(1)、標題必須寫在第一行的正中;(2)、文章要分段,家里有

幾個人就分幾段,每段起始必須空兩格。結果,這些平常吃慣了30分、40分的學生,一下子得到了“優秀成績”,少則80分,多則90多分,學生一下子就有了強烈的成就

感。這種低起點的批改標準無疑值得我們借鑒。

作文批改周期長,也是當前作文教學中一個突出的問題。這主要有老師精批細改的緣故。葉圣陶先生向來不主張由教師對學生的作文進行精批細改,他說:“學生不明白

為什么改,你改了也沒有用,有的根本不認真看,真叫做勞而無功,至少是勞而不得。”

楊初春老師的“快速作文法”提倡“評閱瀏覽自改法”,學生在短時間完成后,老師立

即抓緊時間把全班作文瀏覽一下,發現普遍性和傾向性的問題,及時在全班講評和進行

個別指導,然后讓學生互相修改或自改。這樣,不但能把老師從繁瑣的作文批改中解放

出來,而且能有效地加大作文的訓練量,提高學生的寫作水平和鑒賞能力。

4、缺“成功教育”,傷學生自信

蘇霍姆林斯基說:“成功的快樂是一種巨大的情緒力量,它可以促進學生學習。”學

生作文不可能十全十美,也不可能一無是處。對好作文,尚可“雞蛋里挑骨頭”;對較

差的作文,則應力求找出其“閃光點”,哪怕就一丁點的進步,都應毫不吝嗇地加以肯

定。“數子十過,不如獎子一長。”這樣容易增強學生寫好作文的信心。輕易在作文本

上寫上“一塌糊涂”“一竅不通”等,無疑是一盆盆潑向學生的涼水,澆滅著學生作文的希望之花。

作文評講,很多老師只讀評優秀之作,而忽視了大部分學生的微小“閃光點”。如

果老師講評時注意對“差生”傾斜,褒揚他們作文中的小小優點,這樣那些原來作文成績不理想的學生,在受到成功激勵后,內心的喜悅難以言喻,作文積極性就會倍增,作

文訓練形成良性循環,作文水平自會得到提高。

5、脫離生活,閉門造車

語文學習的外延和生活的外延相等。劉國正先生說:“語文天然是與生活聯系在一

起的??語文一旦與生活聯系,馬上就生動活潑起來。”學生只有投身于生活,在生活

中學習語文,運用語文,寫作積累過程中時刻注入社會生活的活水,作文教學這棵樹才

會枝繁葉茂,結出豐碩的果實。一些老師脫離生活的純技巧作文指導,實在是事倍功半。

因為即使有再絕妙的技巧而沒有豐富的生活積累,也是不可能激起寫作的沖動,產生寫

作靈感的。

“寫作的根源在于自身的生活,脫離生活,寫就無從說起。”葉圣陶先生的這句話

我們應該謹記。

6、重文輕道,跛足而行

語文教育自古以來就很重視“文道”結合。只可惜為了應試,一些老師只注重培養

學生的寫作技能,認為技能提高了內容是可以隨意填塞的。于是,對學生作文中出現的一些不健康思想也不進行疏導教育,忘記了自己作為教師“教書育人”的職責。

7、重教輕寫,紙上談兵

葉圣陶先生說:“教師善讀善寫,深知甘苦,左右逢源,則為學生引路,可以事半

功倍。”可見,教師經常“下水”可以有效地指導學生的寫作。但現實卻不容樂觀。語

文教師雖具備一定的寫作技能,但寫作作為一種技能,必須在反復實踐中才能形成,才

能提高。不大動筆的教師和經常“下水”的教師在指導寫作時,取向和心態有很大差異。前者由于缺乏對寫作心理的深刻體驗和把握,往往更多的是居高臨下的理論知識的灌輸,更多的是對技法的迷信,更多的是束縛靈性和創造的教條,寫作顯得生澀、神秘,讓學生望而生畏。后者把自己寫作的體驗推及到學生身上,往往更能把握住寫作的關鍵,將寫作化難為易,化苦為樂。

三、改進現狀 提高效率

現實的作文教學中確實存在諸多不足,我們應敢于面對,立足農村實際,積極尋找對策,致力于作文教學研究,投身于作文教學改革,極力扭轉作文教學中“高耗低效”之弊端。

1、引領學生走進生活,不斷積累豐富素材

沒有豐富的生活,哪有精彩的作文?語文的外延就是生活。語文老師應積極引導學生熱愛生活,全面體驗生活,感受生活的點點滴滴。引導學生熱愛大自然,用心感受大自然;啟迪學生留心學校、家庭、社會人與事;指導多觀察,多思考,多記載,并及時建立“生活素材庫”,以備作文時搜尋提取甚至信手拈來。

2、加強學生練筆訓練,有序提高寫作水平

語文課程標準要求:初中學生每學年作文一般不少于14萬字,其他練筆不少于1萬字。學生練筆包括讀書筆記、美文摘抄、日記周記等多種形式。教師應指導學生大量閱讀美文,既培養學生審美能力,更能讓學生學習優美詞句,逐漸豐富自己的文采。新教材每篇課文后都有“讀一讀,寫一寫”,教師可以利用這一內容大做文章。那些需要掌握的詞語不僅要求學生正確朗讀,正確書寫,更重要就是要靈活運用。怎樣運用?最好的辦法就是連詞成句,連句成段,連段成篇。這樣可謂一舉多得。

3、作文命題,力求靈活寬泛,促進有“話”可說

言之無物是學生作文的一大弊病。為何如此?大多因為作文題目學生生疏,沒有親切感,學生沒有寫作激情,未能觸動創作靈感,自然不可能“文思泉涌”。如果擬題靈活寬泛些,學生有了更大的選擇空間,就可以選擇熟悉的可感的題目作文。學生有話可說,內容自然充實有力。

4、作文指導,變教師說教為學生各抒己見

半個多世紀來的作文指導,都是一讀范文,二給命題(材料),三作講解(從審題立意到選材安排),四提要求。這四步曲,唱膩了,師生雙方都沒有興趣。如此指導,學生寫出的作文從立意到構思,甚至遣詞造句,都大同小異,千篇一律。如果改為學生各抒己見,情況大不一樣。所謂各抒己見,就是教師少指導,學生先思考,然后各自談談自己的見解,這樣一個學生的見解可以啟發其他同學的思維,同時不同的思維相互交流、碰撞,就會產生智慧的火花,不同學生就會寫出不同的作文,甚至有見地的作文。

5、作文批改,變孤筆批閱為群筆修改

作文批改,是語文教師的一大沉重負擔,白天改不完晚上改,在校改不完回家改。教師花的精力和時間很多,學生所得卻很少。如果變老師一支孤筆批閱為學生幾十支筆修改,立即會出現嶄新局面,立即會產生教學“共振”的最佳效果。語文課程標準明確指出:“要有計劃地培養學生自己修改作文的能力和習慣,可指導他們自己修改,或組織他們互相批改。”變孤筆為群筆的具體做法是:小組內互改→小組間互改→分小組面批→二次創作→小組內互改→小組間互改→分小組面批→成功作文與佳作積累。

6、作文評講,變一人點評為師生共賞

傳統作文評講是唱獨腳戲,一人點評眾人聽:朗讀優秀作文、剖析典型病例、指導修改等。這實際上是“滿堂灌”、“填鴨式”在作文教學中的反映。結果,自然滋生厭惡情緒。為了充分調動學生的積極參與意識,無論是優秀習作,還是典型病例,都可以變

教師一個人評說為師生各抒己見,共同評析。

師生共賞評析是學生“顯山露水”的好機會,也是品評和接受品評的好方法。人人動腦筋,個人顯其能,大家有長進,鑒別能力、欣賞能力和表達能力就能普遍獲得提高。

四、主打話題作文,進行系統訓練。

參照“話題作文100題演練”,從第五周起,力爭每周訓練一個話題,指導學生寫成功作文,走階段性“一勞永逸”,三年后“以不變應萬變”的作文成功之路。

實踐表明,只要教師安排有序,指導有方,訓練有術,學生勇于作文,樂于作文,善于作文,我們的作文教學自然事半功倍,低耗而高效。

(作者:聯系電話*** 郵編564601)

第三篇:農村初中英語聽力教學現狀分析

CONTENT

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………..i 摘 要…………………………………………………………………………………………….ii 1.Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………1 2.Current situation of English listening teaching in rural areas………………………………… 2 3.Listening problem of junior middle school students in rural areas…………………………….2 3.1 The pronunciation problem....................................................................................2 3.2 Vocabulary problem...............................................................................................4 3.3 The lack of grammar knowledge.............................................................................4 3.4.Inadequate background knowledge.........................................................................4 3.5 Psychological problem...........................................................................................5 3.6 Inappropriate listening habits..................................................................................6 4.Strategies for helping students solve listening problem 6 4.1 To explore efficient method of listening teaching.......................................................6 4.1.1 Choosing the appropriate materials.................................................................7 4.1.2 Creating a harmonious atmosphere of teaching................................................7 4.1.3 Paying attention to teaching art......................................................................7 4.1.4 Making a variety of classroom activities.........................................................8 4.1.5 Organizing extra-curricular activities..............................................................8 4.1.6 Setting the scene..........................................................................................8 4.2 To strengthen students?phonology...........................................................................8 4.3 To combine the four skills.......................................................................................9 4.3.1 Combination of intensive listening and extensive listening................................9 4.3.2 Combination of listening and speaking............................................................9 4.3.3 Combination of listening and reading.............................................................9 4.3.4 Combination of listening and writing............................................................10 4.4 To enhance cultural knowledge of English language.................................................10 4.5 To develop the independent awareness of studying about rural students......................10 4.6 To improve teaching facilities of English in rural area...............................................11 4.7 Other strategies....................................................................................................11 4.7.1 Expanding scope of reading..........................................................................11 4.7.2 Mastering skills..........................................................................................11 5.Conclusion 12 Bibliography 14

1.Introduction

The object of English teaching is to develop the ability of students? acquiring information and communicating with others.During the English teaching, it is true that listening, speaking, reading, and writing are four basic skills.However, listening is very important part of English teaching, and listening is basis for developing other skills and provides a basis for language learning.But it is also the most difficult of all the learning skills for learners to master.When listening, listeners follow the speaker, thinking about what the speaker is saying and what is going on in the mind of the speaker, guessing the speaker?s opinions and attitudes and catching the true meaning of the speaker?s words.Listening itself accounts for almost half of the commutative activities in one?s daily life.In addition, learners should have the knowledge of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar.According to the status quo, on the other hand, the level of listening teaching is decreasing in the countryside.Many learners are afraid of listening, looking on it as more difficult than any other skills and pay much attention to training their ability to speak, read and write.The Result if this causing directly affects the activeness of students who study English listening after, and increase the difficulties of learning to listen.With the deepening if reform and open-up in our country, the distance between the poor and the rich is becoming more and more bigger.At the mostly rural countries, English listening class start with the junior middle school.It is believed that this is a key point that students are encouraged to exercise their ability to listen from this time.From now on, students must accumulate basic knowledge in case they cannot catch up with others after learning roads, for instance, in college.In view of this situation, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of English listening in rural country.In this article, we start with conditions of the middle school listening teaching, point out some problems and design some activities in the beginning of the class.Then we focus on some activities of teaching English listening and insist that the activities should be emphasized on the process of listening, rather than the result of listening.What?s more, students should attach more great importance to the elementary knowledge, such as phonetics,assimilation, enough vocabulary, etc.In this paper, listening problem and strategies of junior middle school in rural area.We will discuss them in details in the follow parts: 2.Current situation of English listening teaching in rural areas China is a developing country.Its economic development is not balanced and production and living standard of rural are very low.Especially in rural country, lack of modern teaching facilities and making structure of teacher-resource unreasonable which affect directly or indirectly students? listening.And the pursuit of short-term examinations also influences English listening.Even most excellent teachers go to developed regions rather than staying at work in the countryside.3.Listening problem of junior middle school students in rural areas Listening is an important mean of language learning.It is one of the significant ways in English language communication.However,(RenXiaoping,2001:1-2)puts forward some statistics show that nearly fifty percent students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult part among all kinds of examinations.in the following parts ,listening problem of junior middle school students in rural areas will be explored.3.1 The pronunciation problem It is clear that “ Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonetic medium of language”, Dai Weidong proposed.(WangQiang,2002:35).If students want to listen and understand the general language materials, they must make every effort to listen and understand each word, which is very important.English, as a new language for Chinese students, usually appears some problems exactly on phonetics, such as the mistakes on pronunciation, intonation, and all kinds of skill like word stress, assimilation, etc.For instance, the phrase “tinned meat”, in the informal occasion, its pronunciation is described as /tin`mi: t/.-Ed among tinned is omitted.The pronunciation of n assimilates /m/ just as following examples: That boy—thap boy

Ten people—tem people In English, Many short words have two or more than kinds of pronunciation: accented mode and one or more than one weak stress.The word in non-stress position of sentence usually appears with mode of weak stress.However, the word in stress position mainly appears with stress mode.But there are many exceptions, sometimes stress appears in position on non-stress Such as the following dialogue: A: You had better give him the key.B: I am going to do it.These two sentences in the pronunciation as follows: “Him” appears with weak stress.On the other hand, it is assimilated by give so that the pronunciation of these two words changes.But in the second sentence, “going to ”and “do” also appear with the form of weak stress.These changes of pronunciation caused the difficulties for the listener.Sentence stress is the relative strength or key point of words on pronouncing among sentence.When people speak, not every word is stressed.All in all, notional words are stressed, but functional words appear with weak stress unless the speaker intended for being emphasized.Good understanding function of sentences can help learners understand implied meaning of sentences in the process of listening comprehension.The following dialogue will serve to illustrate the point:(Man)Is anyone coming to class today?(woman)Relax.It is ?barely ?two.Question: What does the woman mean?

a.Only two people came to class so far.b.The man should take a nap.c.It is not very late.d.The teacher is too strict.The correct answer is c.The lady emphasizes “barely” and “two” in the dialogue.But some students think that he emphasize the reached number.In fact, the woman wants to express this meaning that it is too early to worry about the students? present situation.3.2 Vocabulary problem English has a wide vocabulary and it is a very flexible language.Size of English vocabulary, the proficiency of grasping and phenomenon of polysemy and homonym bring about a certain difficulties for students' listening comprehension.During the process of listening comprehension, listener should not only do the exercises of sound recognition, but also learn more vocabularies.As(Li Guanyi,2008:2-3)put forward that “Some English words have a common root but are used in very different senses.Consider human and humane, for example.Their origin is the same and their meanings are related, but their usage is distinct.A human action is not the same thing as a humane action.We cannot speak of a Declaration of Humane Rights —There is a weapon called a humane killer, but it is not a human killer.” For example, the following two sentences: a:She was fast asleep.b: She ran fast.“Fast” has different meanings in the different contexts.However, students usually make a wrong conclusion according to familiar words which they master.Sometimes using different words can express the different meaning.For example, “Dianti”, British use “lift”, but American use “elevator”;“Ren Xingdao”, British use “pavement”, But American use “sidewalk”.Besides, for instance, first floor, it represents the second floor in Britain, but in American it represents the first floor.3.3 The lack of grammar knowledge Some students have not solid grammar skills and idioms in listening so that they misunderstand the original meaning of sentence with fuzzy concept or misunderstanding grammatical structure of sentences.As the following examples: “It is unnecessary for you to go there.” In this sentence, if students do not know that unnecessary is antonyms of necessary, they will misunderstand this sentence, even the opposition to the meaning.So grammar can help students catch the implication of the vocal sounds, and understand them well, and it is also the essential condition of a whole passage comprehension.3.4.Inadequate background knowledge

Language is the medium of culture, and special culture produces different characteristics of the language background.In China, English is a foreign language(EFL), not a second language(ESL).Both students and teachers are doing their jobs under their condition which quit different from that such as in the US.Even most of articles on English listening textbooks were written by European or American.If students do know the social system, customs, way of thinking and values and so on about western countries, they will be difficult to understand the materials while listening.Consider an ignorant of foreigners for Chinese culture at all, for example.When he or she hears of moon cakes, dumplings, and couplets among Chinese traditional culture, we can hardly ask him or her to have a correct understanding for these.For example, the implication of Chunjie and Dizhu cannot be represented by the Spring Festival Landlord completely.Plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum is to Chinese what cowboy is to American.The core of culture is the spirit, including social system, customs, way of thinking and values and so on.China and the western countries including Britain and America, due to the difference of the geographical location, the existing social system, cultural formation and developing process, there are fundamental differences in this aspect.The different values construct different styles of communication and language behavior patterns between the East and West.3.5 Psychological problem

The process of listening comprehension is a very complicated psychological one.So it is very important of students to have a good state while listening.But linguists tell us that it is easy for one to produce frightens when he is at his nervousness.If students meet some words or sentences they do not understand by chance, they will have the fidgets, even some students are afraid of listening at the very beginning.It has designed a variety of obstacles about the important information, and lowered the degree of listening comprehension.On the other hand, the loudness and the articulating of the sounds, the noise made by inside or outside factors, etc, 6

may become barriers affecting the students? listening well.(ZhangQi,1996.10:1)put forward that “Psychological linguistics regards listening is involved with the perception of a language: Perception is to turn the voice into meanings, and it is an analysis of the language signal perception.The process of the language perception is an activity of the short-time memorization.”

How do the students overcome psychological factors? Firstly, teachers should attempt to organize their classes in English, what?s the most important point, students can concentrate on their attention while listening.Secondly, using the first five minutes efficiently before the class, or the revision time, ask students to listen to the radios in English.Never be afraid of it.Psychological quality is quite important to do everything, so does listening comprehension.3.6 Inappropriate listening habits The main purpose of listening is to understand the general idea of the material.During the listening process, students should try their best to catch the main contents which the key point.For instance, some students cannot directly understand materials in English, but with the help Chinese, experienced the process of a heart translation.Besides, students usually do their utmost to get the meaning of each word, each sentences.Once they meet a new word or a difficult sentence, they will stop to think so that they cannot catch up with the speed any more.In fact, it is unnecessary to understand every word, every sentence, only should catch the main idea, that? enough.Therefore, it is necessary for teacher to point out the bad habits and then help the student from good habits.4.Strategies for helping students solve listening problem 4.1 To explore efficient method of listening teaching Teaching methods are an important part of improving the level of students? English listening.Students need to be instructed by teachers in the class.Then teachers should motivate students? activeness and stimulate students? enthusiasm for listening English.Meantime students should study pronouncing rules, listening skills and background of relative culture, etc.There are five ways in listening activities for teachers: choosing the appropriate materials, creating a harmonious atmosphere of teaching, paying attention to teaching art, variety of classroom activities, organizing extra-curricular activities, which will discuss in detail as follow: 4.1.1 Choosing the appropriate materials Before having the class, teachers must choose and analysis the materials.(Jeremy Harmer,2000:100)put forward that “Teachers need to listen the tape all the way through.That way, they will be prepared for any problems, noises, accents etc.That way they can judge whether students will be able to cope with the tape and the tasks that go with it.” By doing so, the teacher will know the length of the materials, the difficult points and the focus of the materials, so the teacher can decide in advance how to go with the teaching in class.4.1.2 Creating a harmonious atmosphere of teaching One kind of democratic, harmonious, loose classroom atmosphere let the students be at one kind of best study state.In the classroom a teacher's look or smile can bring certain influence to the student.Teacher is teaching with English.The teacher must use some body language according to the text content for letting students understand.Teachers should let students Participate in actively and initiatively to build up confidence.4.1.3 Paying attention to teaching art Another way is that the teacher can use some simple tools to stimulate students? interest for listening.First of all, it is crucial point that students? need must be met many tools which teachers use, including colored chalks on the blackboard, multimedia classroom and so on.These tools can create a vivid situation of English learning, and Stimulate and the cultivate students' interest for English learning.Taking advantage of multimedia technologies can make remote and strange environment convert colorful teaching situation so that students can get better comprehending and make students do their best to avoid the disturbances of mother tongue.Then the teacher should let the students speak English with beautiful pictures and melodious music.In a word, letting the student learn English in a state of happy is very

important.4.1.4 Making a variety of classroom activities Teenagers? hyperactivity and naughty is a normal psychological phenomenon.In English class, the teacher should grab the students? individuality to urge them to learn.In particular, it is very

important that the teacher organize class activities.(Wangqiang,2002:90)put forward that “This type of activity works very well as an information gap activity between pairs of students.” For example, one student draws a simple picture and then tells his or her partner how to draw it in English.Neither partner can look at each other?s drawing during the task.After they have completed the task, they can compare their pictures to see how similar they are.4.1.5 Organizing extra-curricular activities Listening is not only trained in the class.The teacher should let students get out of classroom to contact outside environment instead of staying inside.So the extra-curricular activities are important mean of teaching, and it is good for increasing knowledge and opening horizons.Extracurricular activities organized purposeful can make students learn lively independently, and can also stimulate students? enthusiasm for learning.4.1.6 Setting the scene Another type of activity is to set the scene for the students.For example: picture, video, TV etc.Listening to passages in the classroom can be more difficult than listening in real life due to the lack of context.So the teacher can help provide the background information to activate learners? schema or illustrate the picture to help students to understand the main idea, so they will be better prepared to understand what they hear.4.2 To strengthen students’ phonology Teachers should strengthen students? basic training of phonology.On the other hand, students should study to distinguish vowels and consonants within words, to identify stress, weak stress and tone.And teachers should let students more contact with listening exercises of phonology and tone to eliminate the obstacles for phonology.All Ears made by Zhejiang Education Press is valuable training material

for listening.4.3 To combine the four skills 4.3.1 Combination of intensive listening and extensive listening Intensive listening and extensive listening are indispensible in the listening training.Intensive listening is to let students listen some materials again and again until students understand completely.For instance, the student takes measures to listen each sentence among the college entrance examination English listening in these years.Then they check and correct errors.Or the student can repeat material contents after listening, and answer relative questions in order to let teachers know the students? degree of mastering for materials.The purpose of extensive listening is to catch main idea, to listen different tones, to develop good sensitivity and clear and fluent speed of language and to enlarge knowledge.The teacher must cope with their relation between these.To sum up, extensive listening is the basis of intensive listening, and intensive listening is the deepening of extensive listening.What's more, using extensive listening drives intensive listening.4.3.2 Combination of listening and speaking.Listening and speaking are indispensible.The student must listen to understand in order to say.Only do students understand, they can say after that.Therefore, The teacher should organize actively students to use every chance to say English, and to use English to show themselves.However, the student should make full use of English Corner to exercise their oral English.Different tones in oral English can express different emotion, attitudes and meanings.Only do students more exercise, they can grasp that different tones show different feelings in the context.Furthermore, more exercises on oral English can make students better distinguish different tones which express different meanings.To conclude, speaking can improve listening, and listening can drive speaking.4.3.3 Combination of listening and reading Reading can develop the language sensitivity and the flow of speech while listening.The combination of listening and reading can make tong, structure and meaning get together, and reduce errors of judging.For teachers, they should let

student develop good habits of reading half hour each day while listening.All in all, whatever the materials of listening and reading are texts or passages, the student start with recording with words, then they can read with recording without words.At last, the student can be read synchronously with sensitivity and reading.4.3.4 Combination of listening and writing.The exercises of listening and writing are very important for improving the level of listening.Listening and writing are the process of brain labor that need needs the high attention of concentration with limited time and stimulates actively students? whole language knowledge.In the process of listening and writing, the student only understand directly and memorize, which can make the whole contents write down completely while listening.When a student can better take down contents which he or she listen, he or she will understand the content, hat?s not a question.4.4 To enhance cultural knowledge of English language In communicative habits, a nation's cultural characteristics in language reflects mainly sentences with words and tone of Voice, therefore, must be considered the cultural factors in the language.Due to students' growth in rural area, so their knowledge of English culture is relatively scarce with information block.In view of this, the teacher must instruct consciously students know politics, geography, history, social system and so on.4.5 To develop the independent awareness of studying about rural students.The success of English teaching in college relies on students? independent awareness of studying.And the differences of student's individuality also require students to promote corresponding training in listening, speaking, reading, writing according to their specific conditions.Therefore, the independent training can help students' listening comprehension improve.Nevertheless, how should students do in junior middle school? Specifically speaking, teachers? duty is very important.As people, playing is children? nature, they are very active, especially junior middle school.They are hard to calm down if teachers do not stop them properly.So teachers should make reasonable plans in order to meet students? taste, and help them carry out plans.Gradually the student will form good habit after class.4.6 To improve teaching facilities of English in rural area It is true that listening teaching has taken place changes fundamentally for modern multimedia languages which make computer, VCR, recorder, projector, network and teaching software of listening, etc.put together and make images, audio, video, storage and transmission integrate.With the development of modern educational technologies, multimedia computer as the core of the foreign language teaching has become the developing direction of foreign language teaching reform.Therefore, national education sector and rural secondary school should change with the times, and attach importance to the English teaching of rural junior school.At the same time, they also increase investment in rural country, and improve teaching facilities, and recruit excellent teachers.4.7 Other strategies 4.7.1 Expanding scope of reading.Now listening is related to reading.The more students read, the higher rates of lexical reiteration become.Moreover, the student can avoid the process of a heart translation to digest directly material contents of listening.Generally speaking, if a student has few scope of reading, his or her speed of reading will be low.So their sped of listening is not fast, and their understanding is not deep.For teachers, they must make a point of reading training to improve speed of reading.Even they should guide students to avoid deliberating one by one word.It is proper that students can only catch main idea and grasp important details within limited time.The improvement of reading speed can promote acceleration of thinking tempo.In this circumstance, the student can keep up with speed of listening.4.7.2 Mastering skills Using listening exercises improves skills of listening and changeable abilities which is an effective way for English listening.At the beginning stage of listening training, the student can take notes.For instance, they should put down name, place, time, Age and so on in the materials.The objective of doing this is to regard these information gotten down as references.On the basis of this, students then use their

brain to memorize.Now students must pay attention to the training of micro-skills on listening, and catch the beginning and ending of articles to make their every effort to grasp theme and key sentence.At last, students should browse options on questions, and then predict the content and genre in the listening materials.For some implied problems, the student must make the most of their imagination and experience to understand, guess, promote, and notice the background knowledge and usage of English.If necessary, the student can use PaiChuFa to eliminate impossible answer.5.Conclusion In the final analysis, on one hand, we all know some problems which exist in the English listening are phonetics, stress , weak stress, etc.On the other hand, we also put forward some solutions to deal with these problems.Just as teachers change their practice activity they gain new insights about the learning potentials of their students.(Zhang Jianzhong,1999:290-297), “These success have encouraged teachers to preserve in their effort to design learning experiences that provide multiple entry and exit points for their students.” In fact, teachers did not teach the phonetics and phonology in the junior middle school.Main practice on listening is about the textbook which has a small part for training listening.But the listening teaching is limited, It must add some activities.In the listening activities, according to the certain purpose, it can choose different skills: scientific training on listening, harmonious atmosphere in the class, paying attention to teaching art, making a variety of classroom activities, organizing extra-curricular activities and so on.These types of activities can be designed into games, which are popular for student.Above all, we make a point of teachers? role.More importantly, we also cannot ignore students? importance.In most cases, students should even take the initiative to exercise listening.For instance, students should master skills, including cultural knowledge of English language, developing abilities of reading and writing, etc.Besides there?s no exception that the government should make a point of education concerning rural country, for the government must provide substantial financial support and teaching equipment.In short, teachers play a important role of supervision, students play a

dominant role, and the government play a role of adjuvant in the junior middle school in the countryside for the improvement of listening level.If we excellently cope with the relationships between students? role, teachers? role and the government, we will not worry about improving the level of English listening.If they can perform their duties, the improvement of listening will not prove to be a problem in the junior middle school in the countryside.Bibliography

[1].Jeremy Harmer.How to teach English〔M〕.北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2000.6:100 [2].Ren Xiaoping.Listening Barriers Among Chinese Students and Training Tactics〔J〕.延安教育學院學報,2001:1-2 [3].Zhang Qi.Psychological analysis in listening teaching and radio programs teaching〔J〕.云南教育學院報,1996.10:1 [4].戴煒凍 A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English〔Z〕.上海:上海外語教

[5].李觀儀 新編英語教程〔Z〕.上海:上海外語教育出版社2008.8 [6].王薔 A course in English language teaching〔Z〕上海:高等教育出版社,2002.5:90 [7].章兼中 外語教育學〔Z〕.浙江.浙江教育出版社,1999.15

第四篇:初中物理教學論文 農村初中物理實驗教學如何走出困境.doc

探究性實驗對于農村學生的重要性

摘要:現在中考實驗試題從題型從傳統的實驗變成以探究實驗,題型主要包括實驗操作型、科學探究型、數據分析型、項目設計型、實驗開放型以及實驗測定型等幾種。從實驗能力上主要考查學生的測量和訓練性實驗能力、驗證實驗能力、探索性實驗能力和設計性實驗能力。對于農村學生來說,新題型的改變,學生束手無策,失分較嚴重.直接影響學生的中考總分成績。

關鍵詞: 科學探究實驗

現狀:在近年的中考物理試卷中,實驗試題所占分值越來越大,一般都在20%~30%之間,實驗試題的答題情況將直接決定中考物理的成績檔次,尤其是農村中學的學生在實驗方面失分較嚴重。這與農村中學老師教學思想有直接的關聯。農村中學老師教學一直認為實驗題不是很重要背背書本實驗就可以考高分,這樣造成能不做的實驗盡量不做,分組實驗用演示實驗代替,老師是實驗的主體。教師的思維代替學生的思維被動的接受。學生的思維變狹窄了,遇到新穎的實驗題就很難準確解答。學生只有記憶實驗能力沒有應變, 分析歸納能力.從而大大降低做題的正確率.這就要求老師要轉變觀念研讀新課標改變舊的傳統思想,把傳承學生實驗變為探究學生實驗。我們需從兩方面來改變我們教學理念,提高學生實驗能力和提高學生解答實驗題能力。一要研究新課標科學探究實驗內容 , 二是科學探究實驗具體做法及策略。

一 研讀新課標中科學探究,研透科學探究的七個環節。我們一要知道什么是科學探究,科學探究的重要性二要知道科學探究實驗的七個環節的內容及深層次應用。科學探究性實驗重在科學探究的過程,其結果往往是具有不唯一性,有時甚至可能得不出結果,即使得不出結果,也不一定就說該探究是失敗的。它旨在發展學生對科學探索的興趣,使學生在了解和認識自然的過程中有滿足感及興奮感,獲得成功的喜悅。而學生分組實驗的結果往往都是確定的,它具有明確的目的、原理、步驟。如何進行數據處理,結果誤差等都是預先設計好了的。學生在實驗過程中只需要按照實驗報告上的要求去做,就一定能達到預期的結果。它重在學生實驗結果的獲得。

科學探究的七個環節是 提出問題,猜想與假設,設計實驗與制定計劃,進行實驗與收集證據,分析與論證,評估,交流與合作。這幾種程序可依次進行,可穿插配合使用,也可單獨進行。1.提出問題

我們要盡可能地引導、激發學生的想象能力,從而使他們會發現問題和提出問題。探究是從問題開始的,發現和提出問題是學習的開端。問題情境的設置就是要促使學生在原有知識與掌握的新知識之間發生激烈沖突,激化學生意識中的矛盾。教師在教學中要善于創設問題情境,使學生在閱讀、觀察、調查中對自然現象、生活現象或實驗現象產生好奇,發現或提出一些有探究價值的問題。

2、猜想假設

猜想與假設是學生運用已有物理實驗和實踐經驗,對問題的可能答案進行猜測,嘗試性地提出自己的見解和想法。這一環節有利于調動學生參與學習的積極性和主動性,有利于促進學生思維能力、創造能力的發展。在教學中可根據具體的內容,采用多種方式,鼓勵每位學生大膽說出自己的想法。

3、設計實驗

針對探究的目的和條件,設計明確、具體的操作步驟,達到預期目標。教學中教師應根據探究問題的難易程度,在設計實驗方案時給學生必要的方法指導,注意實驗設計的層次性和典型性,使學生逐步掌握統籌問題、分析問題及控制變量的意識。

4、進行實驗、收集數據。

通過實驗,獲取事實與證據;正確操作,確保實驗順利進行;科學記錄實驗現象及數據。

5、分析論證得出結論

引導學生對實驗進行解釋并通過理性分析形成結論,這是實驗的目標。教學中注意引導學生逐步學會用報告形式將實驗進行總結,包括:實驗的目的、方法、步驟、注意事項、結果、分析和討論,學生通過比較、分類、歸納、概括等方法,對事實與證據進行簡單的加工、整理、歸納、處理和分析,得出正確的結論。

二 科學探究實驗具體做法 要求我們從以下幾點進行把學生變為實驗的主體,老師作為組織者,引導者,管理者,聆聽者,評價者,欣賞者。努力提高學生的實驗思維,學生的動手,動腦,觀察,歸納分析能力。

1、重視課程改革,掌握探究性實驗的特點和設計要求

傳統的學生實驗都是在新課學習之后安排時間進行的,屬于驗證性物理實驗,且都只強調對實驗基本技能的培養。在新課程改革目標中,尤為重視對學生探究能力的培養,致力于改善學生的智能結構,激發學生的創造精神。

探究性物理實驗教學有如下特點:一是探究物理規律并培養學生基本的實驗操作能力;二是讓學生經歷探究過程,學習科學研究的思想和方法,對學生進行情感教育;三是能充分體現課堂教學中學生的主體地位,教師的主導作用。

探究性實驗的要求是在教師的提示啟發下,學生自己研究課文,確定實驗課題,進行猜想,設計實驗方案,選擇實驗器材,進行實驗和對實驗結果進行分析、推理,最后得出結論。為此,教師事前要做好安排,準備可供選擇的實驗器材。

2、從“提”、“學”、“練”三個環節入手,做好探究性物理實驗 中學物理應培養學生的實驗能力,具體表現在以下幾個方面:

(1)實驗的基本技能 ①明確要求,準確選用儀器進行實驗的能力;②從實驗中觀察物理現象的能力;③測量和分析、處理數據的能力;④從實驗中抽象出物理規律和驗證理論的能力。

(2)實驗的初步設計、探究能力 ①發現問題,進行科學猜想的能力;②合作討論,對猜想和假設進行初步的分析能力;③根據需要,進行實驗方案設計的能力。

為了使學生更好地從實驗觀察中形成概念,認識規律和培養能力,我們經多年的教學實踐,體會到必須抓好“提”、“學”、“練”幾個環節有目的、有計劃、有步驟地做好探究性物理實驗教學。

所謂“提”,就是根據目標,提問能激發學生興趣和思維的疑點;提供可選擇的儀器;提示實驗手段、思路。

所謂“學”,就是在教師指導下學生預習、閱讀課文,進行思考。明確要進行探究的實驗課題、實驗原理,了解器材性能、使用,進行猜想或假設,設計實驗方案。這些環節還包括教師的引導、小組分組討論。所謂“練”,即學生動手實驗,這是實驗課的中心環節。要求學生正確安裝、安全操作并了解和掌握“控制條件、變量”,以找到各種因素之間的必然聯系的思想方法和實驗手段;正確觀察、量度和整理、分析數據,從復雜多變的過程中剖析現象之間的因果關系,從而認識現象的本質特征,并抽象出物理規律。

3、物理探究性實驗教學還應注意的問題

(一)要立足于學生的發展,努力體現“探究”的過程性

實驗探究重點強調的是“探究”,而不是驗證。要大膽放手,讓學生獨立思考、積極動手、動腦、動口,相互交流合作,全身心的參與到學習活動中去,這樣學生才能真正理解、掌握知識技能。學習的情感各意志,學生的主動性、獨立性,嚴謹的科學態度,及勇于探索和堅持真理的精神才能得到培養。教學實踐會面臨著探究時間的問題,為了完成教學任務,學生總是匆忙做完實驗,在實驗的過程中沒有思考、發問和批判的時間,那么我們可以在教學中根據探究的內容設置兩課時或多課時。第一課時,創設情境激發學生發現并提出所要探究的問題讓學生提出猜想、假設、充分討論并引發學生通過實驗和討論發現新的問題。(二)要恰當地運用分組討論,努力體現教學的全體性 課堂討論是實驗探究教學中的重要環節,也是促進師生雙向交流,培養學生創新能力的有效學習方式。在全班集體討論時往往可能有一部分同學沒有發言的機會均等,這就需要通過分組討論來彌補。分組討論時,教師針對不同的學生的實際情況采用同一層次的與不同一層次的分組方式交叉進行,使全體學生受益。

(三)要積極營造融洽、合作的教學氛圍,努力體現課堂的民主性。

教師要關愛每個學生的成長和發展,寬容大度,摒棄師道尊嚴,努力成為學生的良師益友。和諧的師生關系、活躍的課堂氣氛、高漲的學習情緒、競爭的學習機制,已成為現代教育理論新要求的教學過程要素。在課堂上我們要允許學生隨時打斷老師的講話,提出自己的觀點,哪怕是淺顯的、可笑的、古怪的、甚至是故意刁難的。對那些一時無法解釋清楚的可以課后回答,對學生的錯誤或是故意刁難的也要用誠懇的善意的語調指出其不足,同時也要肯定其合理的部分,讓學生消除探索學習中的恐懼心理,有一個安全感。這樣才能創造良好的“合作交流”氛圍,促進學生間相互學習和借鑒,有利于培養學生的團隊精神。

應該說在實驗探究的過程中,我們既要重視探究的過程,又要重視結果,重視對實驗結果的收集、處理以及評估。在實驗深究中,學生處于主體地位,教師既是組織者、參與者,又是指導者、評估者,同時也是學習者。只要我們加強學習,努力實踐,認真總結,讓實驗探究貫穿于物理教學之中,鼓勵學生積極參與,那么,學生就不僅能更好地掌握物理基礎知識和基本技能,而且,學生的科學探究能力、實事求是的科學態度和敢于創新的探索精神也能夠得到訓練。

三 物理探究性實驗教學的策略

1、創設問題情境

學生 探究實驗學習的積極性、主動性,往往來自于一個對于學習者來講充滿疑問和問題的情境.創設問題情境,就是在教材內容和學生求知心理之間制造一種“不協調”,把學生引入一種與問題有關的情境的過程.通過問題情境的創設,使學生明確探究目標,給思維以方向;同時產生強烈的探究欲望,給思維以動力。

如我在教密度知識后創設問題情境讓學生猜想,如果我們教室的空氣能壓縮到一個口袋里,你能背的動嗎?請學生分組量一量,算一算。計算的結果讓學生大吃一驚。在上電阻的大小跟哪些因素有關的實驗探究中,我采用了兩種不同規格的燈泡“220V,100W”和“220V,15W”,先讓學生觀察燈絲的粗細,正常工作時電燈的亮暗。初步思考造成這一結果的原因,設計了四個不同的問題情景。讓學生去猜想導體的電阻還可能與哪些因素有關。最后分組進行該項的實驗,收到了非常好的效果。

2、鼓勵學生自主探究

自主探究就是讓每個學生根據自己的體驗,用自己的思維方式自由地、開放地去探究,去發現物理知識的形成過程。自主意義建構就是學生是以原有的知識經驗為基礎,對新的知識信息進行加工、理解,由此建構起新知識的意義,而不是被動接受新的知識。在新知識學習過程中,教師無法代替學生自己的思考,更代替不了幾十個有差異的學生的思維.通過學生動手“學物理”、動腦去“想物理”,使他們自主探究的體驗獲得知識形成過程的積極的情感體驗。自主探究的目的,不僅在于獲得物理知識本身,更在于讓學生在自主探究的學習過程中獲得科學探究的方法,從而增強學生的自主學習意識,培養學生的主動探索精神和創造能力。

如:在學習串聯電路和并聯電路一節時,老師可發給學生兩只燈泡及其它器材,讓學生連接電路。提問:兩只燈泡有幾種不同的連接方式,各有何特點?學生分組討論、設計實驗方案、畫電路圖,動手實驗,并讓燈泡發光。通過探究得出:有兩種方式,即一種是順次連接,一個燈泡損壞,另一個不工作;另一種是并排連接,一個損壞,另一個照樣發光。隨后,老師告訴學生串聯電路、并聯電路這兩種最基本的連接方式。為了讓學生加深對兩種方式的理解,老師還可提出,現有三只不同燈泡又有幾種不同的連接方法呢?讓同學們去探究。學生在學過通電線圈在磁場里轉動的實驗后,老師可提問:如何才能讓線圈持續轉動下去呢?讓學生課外去探究。(老師可發給學生小型電動機模型),查閱資料,從而明確換向器的作用,使學生在探究活動中取得成功感。

3、在合作交流進行探究

所謂合作交流,是指在學生自主獨立探究的基礎上,讓學生在小組內或班級集體范圍內,充分展示自己的思維方法及過程,揭示知識間內在規律和解決問題的方法、途徑。在合作交流中學會相互幫助,實現學習互補,增強合作意識,提高合作能力,分享探究性學習的成果。

如在教完熱傳遞這個知識點后,學生對生活中許多物理現象很感興趣,因此我就組織了一個物理興趣小組,分成5組,選擇一個課題研究:“保溫瓶的保溫性能”。該課題需要進行原理分析、實驗、測量、總結交流。各組得出的結論雖有不同,但基本上都達到了我們預期的目的,培養了學生自主獨立探究的能力。

4、引導探究,創新提高

引導探究,就是將所學的知識在教師的引導下,運用于解決問題的探究實踐之中,全面培養學生綜合運用所學知識的能力、搜集和處理信息的能力.重點強調學生解決問題是一個探索的過程,不是一個簡單地用現成的模式解決問題的過程。讓學生在自主探究的實踐中了解實際問題中的各種關系,這對培養和提高學習實踐能力和創新精神具有重要意義。教學中主要讓學生動腦、動手、動口,引導他們自己得出結論,這樣不僅重視知識的獲得,而且更重視學生獲取知識的過程及方法,更加突出了學生的學,學生學得主動,學得積極。課堂氣氛比較活躍,真正體現了“教為引導,學為主體”的思想,提高學習實踐能力能力。

“好玩” 科學探究課堂提高學習實踐能力,培養學生創新精神,課堂氣氛活躍內容生動,靜態課堂變為動態課堂,把被動的接受變為主動探究,課堂氣氛活躍內容生動,學生樂于學老師樂于傳授,我想這就是科學探究核心思想。然而 農村中學存在著教學資源不足 , 教學理念陳舊,這就要求我們轉變思想,潛心研究新課標中每個實驗,動腦筋辦法總比困難多,利用身邊的小瓶小罐自制教具,“瓶瓶罐罐”做實驗,讓科學探究實驗的春風吹進每位學生的心靈。

摘要 初中物理新課標

第五篇:農村小學作文教學困境及解決方法初探

農村小學作文教學困境及解決方法初探

作文寫作一直是農村小學語文教學過程中的一大難題,每每一提上作文課,學生們都望而生畏。且不僅是學生畏懼,老師們也不好受,常常是努力付出不少,收效不見多少。因此作為課上就經常出現老師抓頭發、學生咬筆桿的尷尬現象。為什么會出現這樣一種現象,通過在農村執教多年,我大致總結出主要是由于以下幾方面的不足:

1、閱歷不足

農村小學生受生活環境、家庭條件等客觀因素限制,見得少、聽得少,大部分學生生活圈子單調狹窄,很少去經歷一些新事物,接受新思想,因此寫其作文來,往往千篇一律,常常出現雷同或重復,大多數屬記流水帳。學生作文完全是在一種脫離實際生活經驗的情況下,拼湊或抄襲而成,讓人看后啼笑皆非。這樣的作文根本就達不到提高的目的。

2、閱讀不足

農村學校由于缺少閱讀書籍,學生閱讀量根本上不去,一些學校的所謂“閱覽室”根本就是個為了應付上級檢查的擺設。而靠家庭閱讀往往很多家長又沒這方面的意識,覺得作文寫不好那是老師的責任,本來就寫不好了,還花錢買那多“閑書”干嘛?總總原因使得農村小學的學生書籍閱讀甚至不足城市學生的一半,知識面不廣,詞匯量又少,視野不開闊,寫作內容往往就是刻意模仿課本或者一些作為書里的素材,假話、套話,屢見不鮮,使得農村學生寫作能力越趨萎縮。

3、實踐不足

農村小學的學生往往就是學校——家里兩點一線的生活,除了課堂教學外,學校很少組織校外活動,學生除了看看電視,幫家里干點農活,也很少參與其它的社會實踐活動。這種封閉式作文訓練下行程的思維局限,時間久了學生們自然也很少積極去主動接觸生活,導致小學生作文無話可說,假話連篇,東拼西湊,總寫不出一篇好的文章。缺乏了真實的感受與體驗,作文就像失去了源頭的死水,寫出來的東西蒼白無力,毫無生趣。

通過總結以上農村作文教學中三方面的不足,我們可以看出,一些問題是客觀存在,只能交由社會發展進步來逐步解決提高。但我們也不能把一切都交予時間,利于一切可以利于的條件,我們也可以嘗試著做一些方面的轉變和改善。根據我在農村多年的執教經驗,我認為可從如下幾個方面進行改觀:

1、自然而然

農村學生或許比不上城市學生條件優越、見多識廣,但我們也不是一無是處。優美的自然風景,濃濃的鄉土氣息,活潑的田野生活,這都是學生們取之不盡的寫作素材,只是我們常年身處其中所以有些麻木罷了。城市學生可以參觀動物園、科技館、紀念碑什么的,而農村的學生上樹掏鳥蛋、下河摸魚蝦、捕蝴蝶、逮蟈蟈,這些也是城市學生無法接觸的野趣。更何況農村周邊植被豐茂,動物繁多,學生們在跟隨家長下田的過程中早有接觸,只是我們缺少一顆發現美的心,不能把這些野趣風光變成多彩的生活感受,并最終在作文里表達出來罷了。因此農村作文教師,要學會引導學生,去走進大自然、感受大自然,最后表達大自然,讓作文寫作不再是硬著頭皮湊字數,讓一切轉變的自然而然。

2、日“記”月累

學生們在整體的寫作布局上一時無法把握到位,這個時候就要從一些觀察片段開始練起,也就是要重視日記的作用。上面說了,農村生活也不是一無是處,照樣多姿多彩,因此教師就要學會讓學生把平日里看見的、聽到的、想到的點點滴滴親自把它記錄下來。并且無論寫什么,都不能籠統的概述,力求具體實在。只有這樣東西才是最感人的,也只有這樣的練習才最能達到鍛煉人的效果。讓學生們從小就學會從去自己身邊發覺素材,從小事挖掘意義,做生活的有心人,通過這樣的基礎訓練,學生們再寫成篇的作文時就不會再覺得無話可說了,而是當做一件快樂是事情來做。

3、生動活潑

改變以往總是依靠課堂和書本的小圈子。教師應積極組織在校園、班級內多開展豐富多彩的活動,讓學生有事可做,有事可寫。小學生天性還是好動的,不時的帶著他們走出校園,走進田野風光,引導學生去觀察去思考;不定期的組織一些諸如演講

比賽、朗誦比賽之類的事情,讓學生們主動去背誦一些名篇名段名句,積累文學素材。總之,不要局限于一種方式,要順應小學生活潑好動的天性,讓學習變成一件生動活潑的事情,并在過程中提高學生興趣,增加寫作素材。

4、“思”海無涯

愛因斯坦說過:“想象比知識更重要”。小孩子由于思維還沒有形成定性,具有很大可塑性。教師應充分利用這一特性,利用一切條件去豐富學生的想象力。因為豐富的想象力是寫好作文的不竭源泉。沒有想象力的作文,注定會內容空洞,沒有新意。童年的想象力對于整個人生來說,都是最多姿多彩的年紀,教師應積極引導,讓學生把這種多姿多彩的想象變成可表達的具體語言,讓學生的作文,由此生成自己的“靈魂”。

5、持之以恒

上面談了不少措施和方法,有些或許別的老師早已想到并且付諸過實踐,但我想說的是,無論是采取的哪種方法,關鍵的問題是要持之以恒。無論是寫日記、多實踐、開發想象力,都要根據教學過程中的實際情況,制定可行的教學方案,從細微的事情抓起,循序漸進,持之以恒,時刻留心改變過程中一些可能的偏差,將學生引導到正確良好的作文習慣上來。

總之,作文教學不是件容易的事,對農村學校的老師和學生來說,更是如此。但“寶劍鋒從磨礪出,梅花香自苦寒來”,農村的孩子并不比其它地方的笨,我們雖然不能比誰的條件更好,但我們可以比誰更能吃苦。一個合格的農村教師,就要學會充分的利用農村的有效資源,科學引導,積極探索,大膽創新,讓農村小學生的作文寫出屬于自己的特色,做一名學習和生活中的有心人。

二〇一三年五月二日

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