第一篇：英漢互動翻譯教程(電子版)

第七章 增詞翻譯法

(1)Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement.毛澤東是一位活動家，是原動力，是創(chuàng)造和運用出其不意、緊張和松馳而取得成就的戰(zhàn)略大師。

(2)The daily newspaper guides,educates and encourages the masses.這份報紙可指導群眾、教育群眾、鼓舞群眾。

（3）For the international community the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown to be the world’s eleventh largest economy, and is set to grow further.對于國際社會來說，這些變化所帶來的最為引人注目的結果是，中國已躍居世界第十一位經(jīng)濟大國，而且今后定會更強。

*In the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communique.晚上在參觀宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演以后，他還得起草最后公報。*My work,my family,my friends were more than enough to fill my time.我要干活，要做家務，還要招待朋友，這些足夠占去我全部時間。

*The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of ours is that he shall be able and willing to pull his weight.要在我們這個共和國里當一個好公民，第一必備條件就是他要能夠而且愿意盡自己的本分。

（4）Not to educate him(the Child)is to condemn him to repetitious ignorance.如果我們不對兒童進行教育的話，那就會使他們淪入世世代代的愚昧狀態(tài)。

（5）In the 1960s,the Soviets posed a serious challenge to America’s hegemonic position militarily,position militarily,politically and economically.20世紀60年代，在軍事、政治、經(jīng)濟等各方面，蘇聯(lián)人對美國的霸權地位提出了嚴重的挑戰(zhàn)。

（6）Time drops in decay，like a candle burnt out.時間一點一滴地逝去，猶如蠟燭慢慢燃盡。

He poured out his tale of misfortunes.他滔滔不絕地訴說了自己的遭遇。

（7）You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their ideas.你幾乎可以把這一點看成首都的一種傾向：歷屆總統(tǒng)經(jīng)常請他們的助手們提出“直率的批評”。

They can separate facts from opinions and don’t pretend to have all the answers.他們能夠把無數(shù)的事實從紛雜的意見中剝離出來，而又不會假裝知曉一切。Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause.貨物保險會使貿(mào)易商免受許多風險所可能造成的種種損失。The judge let him off with warnings not to cause trouble again.法官對他再三提出警告，不得重新作案，然后就將他放了。

The simple perception of natural forms is a delight.The influence of the forms and actions in nature is so needful to man,that,in its lowest functions,it seems to lie on the confines of commodity and beauty.只要一想到自然萬物的形體，我便心花怒放。自然界各種形狀和各種活動的影響，對于人類 1

都是非常必須的，這種影響，就其最粗淺的作用來說，似乎只局限于適用性和審美價值。（8)I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection,but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.我原以為這不過是表示親昵，但現(xiàn)在看來，這是為了聞一聞羊羔的味道，來斷定羊羔是不是自己生的。

*The English language is in very good shape.It Is changing in its own undiscoverable way,but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a true.英語目前的情況很好，它正按照它那不易為人發(fā)現(xiàn)的方式起著變化，而不是像一只樹上掉下來的李子那樣在逐漸腐爛。

*I particularly want to pay tribute,not only to those prepared the magnificent dinner,but also to those who have provided the splendid music.Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land.我特別要贊揚的不僅是那些準備了這次盛大宴會的人，而且還有那些為我們演奏了這樣美好音樂的人。我在國外從來沒有聽到過把美國音樂演奏得這樣好的。（9）She possessed an innocence unsullied by contact with the world.她擁有一種純真，這種純真并沒有因為同外界的接觸而玷污。

*As a result, a few token meeting were being set up through Foggy Bottom,the more-than-ever appropriate nickname for the Department of State.It describes Secretary Roger’s influence--foggy and at the bottom.結果在“霧谷”召開了幾次象征性的會議。用“霧谷”這個綽號來稱呼（美國）國務院是再貼切不過的詞語了。它描述了國務卿羅杰斯的影響——虛無縹緲如霧，地位低下如谷。（10）A government of and by and for the exploiting class cannot possibly survive.一個為剝奪階級所占有，由剝削階級所組成并為剝削階級服務的政府是不可能存在下去的。*Matter can be changed into energy ,and energy into matter.物質(zhì)可以轉化為能，能也可以轉化為物質(zhì)。

*Courage in excess become fool hardiness, affection weakness,thrift avarice.勇敢過度即成蠻勇，感情過度即成溺愛，節(jié)儉過度即成貪婪。

（11）You are only young once.At the time it seems endless,and is gone in a flash;and then for a long time you are old.人的一生只能年輕一次，年輕時總覺得時間無限，而逝去就在瞬間；然后呢，就要在漫長的歲月中度過晚年。

（12）Your invention is fantastic;you should send it ti Munich.你的發(fā)明真奇妙，你應該把它送到慕尼黑的德國專利局。

*The British people are still profoundly divided on the issue of jointing Europe.在英國人民中間到目前為止一直在英國是否加入歐洲“共同市場”的問題上存在嚴重分歧。（13）To attract foreign investment,the United State must offer higher interest rate,adding to domestic borrowing and financing costs,which boost inflation.為了吸引外資，美國必須提供較高的利率，而這樣就會加重內(nèi)債和金融開支，最終導致通貨膨脹。

*I am in charge of the depot,only I.People will hold me responsible but not you.只有我一個人負責管理這個倉庫，出了事情別人找我，找不到你。

*Noontime came and went;Nixon,who rarely had lunch,and Kissinger,who rarely missed it,skipped the meal and went right on talking for almost four hours.正午到了，又談到偏午，尼克松很少吃午飯，而基辛格則很少不吃午飯，但這回，倆人都不曾想到這頓飯，接連談了差不多四個鐘頭。

第八章 翻譯中重復的運用

（1)We accept and welcome,therefore,as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves,great inequality of environment,the concentration of business,industrial and commercial,in the hands of a few;and the law of competition between these,as being not only beneficial ,but essential to the future progress of the race.因此，我們接受并歡迎在我們生活的周圍存在巨大的不平等（我們必須把這個看做是我們必須適應的條件），接受并歡迎工商業(yè)的經(jīng)營集中在少數(shù)幾個人手中，接受并歡迎他們之間存在競爭的機制，這對于整個人類未來的進步不僅是有益的，而且是必需的。

（2）We find ourselves rich in goods,but ragged in spirit;reaching with magnificent precision for the moon,but falling into raucous discord on earth.We are caught in war,wanting peace.We’re torn by division,wanting unity.We see around us empty lives, wanting fulfillment.We see tasks that need doing,wanting for hands to do them.我們物質(zhì)豐富，但精神缺乏；我們以巨大的精神程度登上月球，但卻讓地球陷入極度紛爭。我們被卷入戰(zhàn)爭，我們渴望和平。我們被四分五裂，我們渴望團結。我們看到周圍的人們生活空虛，我們渴望生活的充實。我們看到等待人們?nèi)プ龈黜椚蝿?，我們需要人手來完成它們?They vanished form a world where they were of no consequence;where they achieved nothing;where they were a mistake and failure and a foolishness;where they have left no sign that they have existed-a world which will lament a day and forget them forever.他們無足輕重，一事無成；他們來到這個世界就是錯誤，就是失敗，就是荒謬；他們未曾留下過任何生活的痕跡，他們就這樣離開了這個世界，離開了這個只有片刻會為他們悲哀、卻永遠會忘卻他們的世界。

（3）Although credit are becoming a more acceptable part of the financial scene,they are still regarded with suspicion bu many as being a major part of the “l(fā)ive now,pay later”syndrome.Along with hire-purchase ,rental and leasing schemes,they provide encouragement to spend more money.盡管信用卡正在成為金融業(yè)更能接受的付款方式，但許多人仍然心存疑惑，把信用卡看成是“今日享受，明日付款”的一種重要表現(xiàn)。同分期付款、租賃方式一樣，信用卡鼓勵人們消費。

（4）We recognize-and share-China’s resolve to resist the attempts of any nation which seeks to establish global or regional hegemony.我們認識到中國有決心-同時我們自己也有同樣的決心來反對任何國家謀求建立全球霸權或地區(qū)霸權的企圖。

（5）On the wings of hope,of love, of joy,Miss Meadows sped back to the music hall,up the steps,over to the piano.美多思小姐仿佛插上了希望的翅膀，愛情的翅膀，歡樂的翅膀，一路飛奔回到音樂廳，她插上通道，跑上臺階，三步并作兩步走到鋼琴前。

*He no longer dreamed of storms,nor of great occurrences,nor of contests of strength.他不再夢見風暴，不再夢見驚人的遭遇，也不再夢到搏斗和角力。

（6）We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence ,which is now growing more and

more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.我們倡導和平共處的原則，這個原則目前在亞非各國越來越得人心了。

*And their conclusion are not just pie in the sky-they’re based on an astonishing experiment in which a dog was frozen for 15minutes,but then revived in perfect health!

他們的結論可不是天上掉餡餅，異想天開得來的，那是有實驗做依據(jù)的。在那次令人驚訝的實驗中，一只狗凍了15分鐘然后復活，而且十分健康。第十章 詞類轉換翻譯法

（1）The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and awkward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new one.數(shù)以百萬計的非洲人已逐漸意識到他們的生活狀況異常貧窮落后，這就促使他們奮起采取堅決措施，去創(chuàng)造新的生活。

*Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已經(jīng)用于探索宇宙。

*A glance through his office window panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.透過他的辦公室窗口就可以瞥見華盛頓紀念碑和林肯紀念館。

*We also realize the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the economy.我們也認識到越來越需要使某些經(jīng)濟部門實行工業(yè)化。

*The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people everywhere.他們違反在赫爾基辛格達成的協(xié)議，在國內(nèi)侵犯基本人權，因此受到了各地熱愛自由的人們的譴責。

（2）The best books are treasuries of good words,the golden thoughts,which,remembered and cherished,become our constant companions and comforts.最好的書蘊藏著金玉般的良言和閃閃發(fā)光的思想，將它們銘記在心、珍藏于心，這些良言和思想就會與我們朝夕相處，使我們時時得到慰藉。*We are enemies of all wars,but above all of dynastic wars.我們反對一切戰(zhàn)爭，特別是反對王朝戰(zhàn)爭。

（3）We are not afraid of the future because of a bomb.We are afraid of bombs because we have no faith in the future.我們不是因為有了原子彈而害怕將來，而是因為對將來沒有信心而害怕原子彈。

The noon sun clarified the air.I became aware of two surfers well out from the shore,patiently paddling their boards while they waited for a perfect wave.正午時天氣晴朗，我瞥見兩個沖浪者離岸很遠，耐心地踏著滑板，等候一個最理想的浪頭。（4）“Coming！”Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up the steps,across the veranda,and into the porch.“來啦”她轉身蹦著跳著跑了，越過草地，跨上小徑，躍上臺階，穿過陽臺，進了門廊。*Some longtime associates and friends wanted to protect him from the White House;some,to protect him from the public;and others,to protect him from himself.有些老同事和老朋友向保護他，使他免收白宮的連累；有些人想保護他，使他不受公眾的攻擊；還有一些人想保護他則是因為想使他本人不要說錯話或者是不要做錯事。

*Downstairs, then,they went,Joseph very red and blushing, Rebecca very modest,and holding her green eyes downwards.She was dressed in white,with bare shoulders as white as snow-the picture of youth, unprotected innocence ,and humble virgin simplicity.他們一路下樓，約瑟夫的臉漲得通紅，麗貝卡則舉止端莊，一雙綠色的眼睛望著地上，她穿著潔白的衣服，露出雪白的肩膀。這是青春的偶像，這是爛漫的純真，好一個溫順、純潔的少女。

（5）Mother had always tole me that poor people were basically kind.I didn’t think this man would want hurt me.媽媽總對我說，窮人的本質(zhì)是好的，所以我想這個人不會害我。

*On a silent afternoon in October Harriet and William were talking softly together.十月里一個靜悄悄的下午，哈里特和威廉在一起說著悄悄話。

*Finally,a youngish,mathematically minded customer got out a piece of paper and pencil and went into retirement.最后，顧客中一個年紀輕一些的、有數(shù)學頭腦的人拿出一張紙，一支筆，到一旁清算著。*They have not done so well ideologically,however,as organizationally.但是，他們的思想工作沒有他們的組織工作做得好。

（6）It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President’s reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.這篇發(fā)言清楚明白、心平氣和地說明了總統(tǒng)希望開始中美對話的原因。*She succeeded in rendering her position with family comfortable and secure.他鞏固了自己在這個家庭中的地位，可以安安穩(wěn)穩(wěn)、舒舒服服過日子了。

*Quick and decided in her ways,Emma lost no time in inviting ,encouraging,and telling her to come very often;and as their acquaintance increased, so did their satisfaction in each other.艾瑪辦事利索果斷，馬上邀請她，囑咐她常來，兩人相處越多越親密。（7）She was wisely determined to give it up.她很聰明，決定不干了。*This particular bit of Iceland was also heavily populated.冰島這塊小地方人口也很稠密。

*The bottle of castor oil was placed prominently by his bedside.蓖麻油瓶擱在他床邊顯眼的地方。

*He routinely radioed another agent on the ground.他跟另一個人地勤人員進行了例行的無線電聯(lián)系。

*The oceans contribute immeasurably to the earth’s life support system as well as provide an untapped storehouse of food, minerals,energy,and archaeological treasure.海洋對地球上的維持生命系統(tǒng)做出了不可估量的貢獻，同時又是一座尚未打開的寶庫，儲有食物、礦物、能源和具有很大考古價值的東西。

（8）When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist ,his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能反對他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和風趣將這人爭取過來。*The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市長有禮貌地前來訪問城市貧民，獲得了他們的一些好感。

*Britain’s economic policy is now being pulled by the magnet of the next election.下一次大選磁鐵般牽引著英國的經(jīng)濟政策。

第十一章 引申翻譯法

（1）The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.在那米黃色凝固土摩天大樓叢中，漂浮著小巧玲瓏古色古香的日本水上人家。這情景頗有點兒引人注目；恰好象征和服和超短裙之間持續(xù)不斷的斗爭。

（2）New York has the poorest millionaires,the smallest great men,the haughtiest beggars,the plainest beauties,the lowest skyscrapers,the dolefulest pleasure of any town I ever saw.紐約有的是心靈最空虛的百萬富翁，人格最渺小的偉人，最目空一切的草包，最使人瞧不上眼的美女，最卑鄙齷齪的摩天大樓和最令人悲哀的娛樂，這一切比我所見到過的任何城市都有過之而無不及。

（3）It was clear to me that we were soulmates when it came to reducing government and expanding economic opportunity.顯而易見，涉及減少政府干預和擴大經(jīng)濟機會這個問題，我們倆是心有靈犀一點通的。（4）Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true the better part of a decade that it is true.宇宙膨脹雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學中一些公認理論在科學上看來可信的推論，七八年來許多天體物理學家一直認為這一學說是正確的。

（5）If a man empties his purse into his head,no man can take it away from him,an investment in knowledge always pays the best interest.傾己所有追求知識，沒有人能奪走它；向知識投資，收益最佳。

（6）Television,the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies,marked bu rapid change and growth,is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility,which promises to reshape our lives and our world.電視，這種從迅速變化和成長為標志的最普及和最有影響力的現(xiàn)代技術，正在步入一個新時代，一個極為成熟和多樣化的時代，這將重塑我們的生活和世界。

*He managed to carry the heavy suitcase into the house alone.好不容易一個人把那只很重的箱子搬進了屋。

第十二章 被動語態(tài)翻譯法

（1）And it is imagined bu many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with the processed of these men of science,and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.許多人認為，普通人的思維活動根本無法和科學家的思維過程相比較，這些科學家的思維過程必須經(jīng)過某種專門訓練才能掌握。

（2）The mice which haunted my house were not the common ones which are said to have been introduced into the country,but a wild native kind not found in the village.經(jīng)常在我房子里出沒的老鼠不是人們所說的從外面帶到本地來的那種普通老鼠，而是一種在村里看不到的本鄉(xiāng)土的野鼠。

(3)Yet these two lived together in peace and sympathy, only that now and then old Henry would become unduly cranky,complaining almost invariably that something had been neglected or missed which was of no importance at all.然而兩人老人一起過寧靜、相依為命的生活，只是有時老亨利有些過分急躁，幾乎沒完沒了地抱怨忘記了做某事或者沒有做某事，而這些事情根本是無關緊要的。

（4）New sources of energy must be found,and this will take time,but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the

past.必須找到新的能源，這需要時間；而要恢復以往我們曾感覺到的那種能源既價廉又充足的情況是不大可能出現(xiàn)了的。

*Your inquiries for all types of electric goods would be appreciated.歡迎來函詢購各種電器產(chǎn)品。

*The goods are urgently needed.Prompt shipment will be appreciated.急需此貨，請即裝運。（5）One private school served notice when it opened that “no person shall be considered as eligible who shall not be moving in the circle of Gentlemen,no retail trader being allowed in any circumstances to be so considered.” 一所私立學校在開學時發(fā)布通知說：“非紳士者不得進入本校，小商販決不允許進入本校?！保?）During the postwar years in Germany honors were heaped upon Einstein.戰(zhàn)后那些年，愛因斯坦在德國獲得的榮譽一個接一個。

*Many of their evenings and most of their Sunday were passes in each other’s company.許多夜晚和大多數(shù)星期天他們都形影不離。

*Once Einstein showed that the speed of light was as fast as anything material could possibly travel, a terrible handicap was placed on the science-fiction writer.It would take so long to reach even fairly close stars that tales on a galactic scale became hopelessly complicated.愛因斯坦一旦證明出光速是物質(zhì)運行的最大速度，便難倒了科幻作家。由于到相當今的恒星都要費不知多少時日，寫星系間往來的故事就難以下筆了。

第十三章 翻譯中句子結構的調(diào)整

（1）But just as all nations can benefit from the promise of this new world,no nation is immune to its perils.We all have a stake in building peace and prosperity, and in confronting threats that respects no borders-terrorism and drug trafficking,disease and environment destruction.但是，正如世界各國均會受益于這個新世界的美好前景一樣，沒有一個國家能夠免遭其危險。締造和平與繁榮，抵御不分跨越不同國界的諸多威脅-恐怖主義、販毒、疾病和環(huán)境破壞，這些與我們大家都有著利害關系。

*It seems to me that time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on diplomas and degree that no one wants to know about.在我看來，就業(yè)部門和教育部門同各所大學攜手合作、改革教育制度，使之更加有效地利用學校豐富的人才資源，更加充分地發(fā)揮學生們的應用能力和發(fā)揮刻苦鉆研精神，而不是像現(xiàn)在這樣把一切都花費在無人想知道其意義的文憑和學位上，這一時機已經(jīng)成熟。

（2）The most sensible people to be met with in society are men of business and of the world,who argue from what they see and know,instead of spinning cobweb distinctions of what things ought to be.商人和見過世面的人是我們在社會上能見到的最通達事理的人。他們討論問題時從自己的所知所見出發(fā)，而不糾纏于事物的是非曲直。

（3）Nature seldom provides me with the word,the turn of phrase,that is appropriate without being far-fetched or commonplace.要做到用詞、措辭恰到好處，既不牽強附會、又不落俗套，我天生少有這種本領。

*From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China,care and kindness surrounded us on every side.一踏上中華人民共和國國土，我們就隨時隨地受到關懷與照顧。*Alarm began to take entire possession of him.他開始變得驚恐萬狀。

（4）We have a feeling in retrospect,amounting to a practical belief,that we could have left undone the things that we have done,and that we could have done the things that we ought to have done and did not do,and we accuse or else excuse ourselves accordingly.回首往事，總覺得有些事情我們本來可以不做，但卻做了；有些事情我們本來應該去做，但卻沒有做。為此我們常常責備自己，要們原諒自己。這種感覺現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為一種符合實際的觀念。

*The assertion that it was difficult,if not impossible,for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic,social,and cultural development was now scarcely contested.如果一個名族不能自由地決定其政治地位，不能自由地保證其經(jīng)濟、社會和文化的發(fā)展，要享受其基本權利，即使不可能，也是不容易的。這一診斷幾乎是毋庸置疑的了。

（5）She was the product of the fancy,the feeling,the innate affection of the untutored but poetic mind of her mother combined with gravity and poise which were characteristic of her father.她的母親從未受過教育，但卻有著詩人般的智力：好幻想，易動情，天生富有愛心，而她父親的特點是冷峻、沉著。她就是這樣兩種性情的人相結合的產(chǎn)物。

（6）Einstein confessed, “To make a goal of comfort or happiness has never appealed to me”.愛因斯坦承認：“我素來不喜歡把舒服或快樂當作人生目標。” *The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.這小伙子長相老實，看上起脾氣也好，到處有人緣。

第十四章 英語主語的漢譯法

（1）His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.由于他很疲憊，而且天氣越來越熱，于是他決定，一遇到有樹蔭就坐下來歇息一會兒。*A man of less courage would not have dared to work inside enemy headquarters.如果換一個勇氣不足的人，那是絕對不敢在敵人的心臟地帶工作的。

（2）Serious examination of the extent and quality of pre-college science teaching made recently has led to progress of reform and improvement that already have had profound impact on all aspects of elementary and secondary science education.最近對大學入學前自然科學教育的程度和質(zhì)量進行了認真考察，據(jù)此形成了目前已經(jīng)對基礎科學教育和中等科學教育產(chǎn)生深刻影響的教育改革計劃。

*The establishment of a solid manufacturing and mining industry has kept Victoria’s unemployment rate the lowest in the country.由于建立了實力雄厚的制造業(yè)和采礦業(yè)，使得維多利亞州的失業(yè)率一直是全國最低的。（3）Harriet Smith’s intimacy at Hartfield was soon a settled thing.哈利艾特.史密斯很快就跟哈特菲爾德建立了親密的關系。

（4）The ocean covers three quarters of the earth’s surface,produces 90 percent of all its life-supporting oxygen, and is the driving force behind the entire weather system.海洋占地球表面四分之三。地球上維持生命的氧氣，90%產(chǎn)生于海洋，整個天氣系統(tǒng)變化的動力也是海洋。

（5）It is the insistence, as a first consideration,upon the interdependence of the various elements in,and parts of,the United states-a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the the pioneer.我們首先應該考慮的是，堅持美國國內(nèi)各種因素之間、各個部分之間的相互依賴關系-即承認體現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)的和永遠重要的美國開拓精神。

*It dawned on me that I had left the oven on.我突然想起烘箱未曾關掉。

*An idiot hope struck me that they might think something had insulted me while I was writing the cheque and that I had changed my mind.我突然癡人說夢似地希望他們會以為我在寫支票時有人冒犯了我，因而我改變了主意。

第十五章 正話反說、反話正說翻譯法

(1)He killed all the chicken infected with the bird flu without exception.他把感染了禽流感的雞一直不留地全部殺光了。

（2）All the employees strongly disapprove of the company’s new policy.所有雇員都強烈反對公司的新政策。

*The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation.雖然他一再解釋，但疑團仍然存在。

*Don’t draw your conclusion before the end of the year.到年底在下結論吧。

*He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.他這種人辦事優(yōu)柔寡斷，而且總是出爾反爾。

*Hitler's undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with worldwide condemnation.希特勒對猶太人赤裸裸的大肆迫害，這種行為遭到了全世界人民的譴責。*His arrogance displeased everyone present at the conference.他那傲慢的態(tài)度使得參加會議的所有人都感到氣憤。*At least he was indirectly responsible for the accident.他對這次事故至少負有間接責任。

（3）Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge.成功者敢于獨立思考，敢于運用自己的知識．

*The United Organization has not,so far,justified the hopes while the people of the world set on it.到目前為止，聯(lián)合國組織已經(jīng)辜負了全世界人民對它所寄予的希望。*No refunds or exchanges without complete factory packing and sales slip.商品退換須有完整包裝并出示發(fā)票。

*If you need any further help,please don’t hesitate to contact us.如需幫忙，請隨時與我們聯(lián)系。

(4)Admission by Invitation Only.非請莫入。

（5）He has not sacrificed sense to sound but to words,so he fails to make the reader understand the verse,let alone enjoy it and delight in it.他沒有因聲害意，卻因詞害意了，因此，他不能使讀者理解原詩，更不用說“好之”或者“樂之”了。

*I think that you are missing the point here.我覺得在這一點上你們沒有抓住問題的本質(zhì)。

*Her husband hates to her stony face.她丈夫不愿見到她那張毫無表情的臉。

*The government official was removed from his office because of his neglect of duty.那位政府官員因玩忽職守而被撤銷了職務。（6）Catching me making the same error again.我絕不會再犯同樣的錯誤。

第十六章 定語從句的翻譯法

（1）Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers,whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all.歷史書上出現(xiàn)得最經(jīng)常和最為顯耀的人物大多是一些偉大的征服者、將軍和士兵，而那些真正推動文明前進的人卻往往名不見經(jīng)傳。

*The sun,which had hidden all day,now came out in all its splendor.那個整天一直躲在云層里的太陽，現(xiàn)在又光芒四射露面了。

*Miggle’s laugh ,which was very infectious,broke the silence.米格爾那富有感染力的笑聲打破了靜寂。

（2）He unselfish contributed his uncommon talents and indefatigable spirit to the struggle which today brings them(those aims)within the reach of a majority of the human race.他將自己非凡的才智和不倦的精神無私獻給了那次奮斗，那次奮斗今天已使人類大多數(shù)人實現(xiàn)那些目標。

*They have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.他們現(xiàn)在不得不背著臭名終其余生，這個臭名就是：他曾貿(mào)然采取一種行動，該行動破壞了峰會，并且證據(jù)確鑿地有可能已觸發(fā)一場核戰(zhàn)爭。

*The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match the growing population,which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.食物供應的增加將趕不上人口的增長，這意味著我們在糧食的生產(chǎn)和購銷方面正陷入危機。（3）This will be epoch-making revolution in China’s social productive forces which will lay down the material foundation for the socialist and communist mode of production.這將是中國社會生產(chǎn)力方面的一次劃時代的革命，將會為社會主義和共產(chǎn)主義的生產(chǎn)方式打下物質(zhì)基礎。

*His wife,Betty,is s Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight, and whose book,Eighth Moon,tells of her sister Sansan’s life in China.他的妻子貝蒂是一位出生在上海的華人，8歲時離開中國，寫過一本名為《八月》的書，技術了她妹妹姍姍在中國的生活。

（4）This was the period when Einstein began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity.就在這期間，愛因斯坦開始了一項研究。這項研究使得他成就了他那著名的相對論。*We have a social and political system which differs in many respects from your own.我們的社會、政治制度在許多方面與你們的不一樣。

*It was a beautiful late-June morning,with fair-weather clouds and a light wind going,the grasses

long in the orchard-the kind of morning that always carries for me overtones of summer sadness.那是一個美麗的六月的早晨：天氣晴朗，空中有淡淡的浮云，清風徐徐，果園里的草已經(jīng)長得很高了-那樣的早晨對于我來說似乎總有些不吉祥。

（5）Nowhere is the clash between development and environment more visible than in China,where the world’s largest population faces pollution,deforestation and acid rain on a large scale.在中國，發(fā)展與環(huán)境之間的矛盾表現(xiàn)得最為突出。這個世界上人口最多的國家正面臨著環(huán)境污染、森林減少以及大范圍的酸雨侵襲。

*A gulf had opened between them over which they looked at each other with eyes that were on either side a declaration of the deception suffered.在他們之間產(chǎn)生了一條鴻溝。雙方隔著鴻溝相對而視，彼此的目光都在宣告了各自所遭受的對方的欺騙。

（6）I should want not merely to see the outline of her face,so that I could cherish it in my memory,but to study that face and find in it the living evidence of the sympathetic tenderness and patience with which she accomplished the difficult task of my education.我不僅渴望著看到她的臉龐，好讓我把它珍藏在記憶中，而且渴望著端詳那張臉，并從中找出活生生的證據(jù)來窺見她那富于同情心的溫柔和耐心，因為她正是運用這種溫柔和耐心，完成了教育我的這項艱難任務。

*My assistant,who had carefully read through the instruction before doing his experiment,could not obtain satisfactory results,because he followed them mechanically.我的助手雖然在做實驗之前已從頭至尾仔細閱讀了說明書，但由于生搬硬套，就沒有能夠得出滿意的結果。

（7）We believe that it is a serious responsibility of your government to insure that weapons which you have provided to Cuba are not employed to interfere with this surveillance which is so important to us all in obtaining reliable information on which improvements in the situation can be based.我們相信，貴國政府有重大責任來保護你們提供給古巴的武器不會用于干擾這種偵察行動，因為這種偵察行動對于我們雙方獲取改善局勢所需要的可靠信息都是非常重要的。

第十七章 英語特殊句式的翻譯

(1)It is not supposed to be easy for women to rise to the height of taking the large free view of anything-anything that calls for action.人們認為，婦女們對任何事情，尤其是需要采取行動的事情，都胸懷廣闊，要達到這個境界是很難的。

*Make it the first object to be able fix and hold your attention upon your studies.要把專心致志于學業(yè)并在學業(yè)上持之以恒作為首要目標。

*I have heard it remarked by a statesman of high reputation that most great men have died of overeating themselves.我曾聽到一位有民望的政治家說過：大多數(shù)偉人都是因吃得過多而命歸黃泉的。

(2)George Washington was discretion itself in the use of speech,never taking advantage of an opponent,or seeking a short-lived triumph in a debate.喬治.華盛頓措辭十分謹慎，在辯論隊中從不欺騙她的對手，也不貪求一時的勝利。*The winner was all smiles as he heard the results of the voting.聽到投票結果，獲勝者興高采烈。

*To his superiors,he is humility itself.他對長輩非常謙恭。

（3）They say that he had no university education,but he seems to be something of a scholar.據(jù)說他并沒有受過大學教育，但他看上去卻有點兒學者的派頭。

*He is more of a scholar than a teacher.與其說他是教師，不如說他是學者。

（4）So vast and so pervasive is the sea that if the earth’s crust were made level,ocean water would form a blanket over 8000 feet deep.海洋浩瀚無邊、分布遼闊，如果將地球表層平整起來，海水就會以8000多英尺的深度覆蓋著地球。

*Particularly remarkable,Mr.Holton said in an interview,is the extent to which their interest in physics dominates the correspondence despite their personal difficulties.尤其難能可貴的是，霍爾頓先生在一次會見中說，盡管他們各自都有困難，但他們在通信中隊物理學的興趣竟然站著最重要的位置。

（5）They are all too satisfied to take the opinions of others without the pain of thought for themselves.他們都非常滿足于接受別人的意見，而自己懶得動腦筋去思考問題。

*They are too apt to keep their inferiors at a distance.他們對部下總愛抱著高高在上的態(tài)度。*English is not too difficult a language to learn as long as you make up your mind to learn it.只要你下定決心學習，英語是很容易學好的一種語言。

（6）Success in life does not depend so much on one’s school record as on one’s honesty and diligence.一個人一生中能否取得成功并不在取決于他在學校時的成績，而是取決于他是否有誠信，是否勤奮。

*Law, in its true notion,is not so much the limitation as the direction of a free and intelligent man to his proper interest.法律，從真正意義上說，并不是限制一個自由而有智慧的公民的正當權益，而是引導他們享受其正當權益。

（7）In the Middle Age widespread use was made of arguments from analogy, on the belief that the universe formed an ordered structure and that the macrocosmic pattern of the whole is reproduced in the microcosmic pattern of parts so that it is possible to draw inferences by analogy from one to the other.在中世紀，廣泛采用類推法的各種論點，這些論點基于下述觀念，即宇宙形成一個有次序的結構，整體的宏觀格局是部分微觀格局的再現(xiàn)，因此，有可能通過類推法做出由此及彼的推斷。

漢譯英 課件2-4講 6-7講 課件2 語境與選詞

*If this is true, I’ll challenge my decision.如果真是這樣，我將重新考慮我的決定。

*Recent discoveries have challenged the old notion.最近的發(fā)現(xiàn)沖擊了過去的概念。

*None of them challenged this resolution.他們無人對此決議提出異議/反對這項決議。

*Can you produce any evidences to challenge the fact? 你能拿出證據(jù)來否認/推翻這個事實嗎？ *He managed to make a living with his pen.他靠寫作勉強維生。

*They have their smiles and tears.他們也有自己的歡樂與悲哀。

*I have read Shakespeare, Mark Twain and Tolstoy.我讀過莎士比亞、馬克·吐溫和托爾斯泰的作品。*Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of superstition.無知是迷信的根源，也是恐懼的根源。

*The presence in China of Coca-cola, Mc-Donald’s and KFC has certainly helped spur the development of the domestic soft-drink and fast-food industries.可口可樂、麥當勞以及肯德基在中國的投資經(jīng)營當然有助于促進國內(nèi)的軟飲料及快餐業(yè)的發(fā)展。

*Beware first-class travelers!Passengers sitting in the rear of a plane have the best chance of survival in the event of a crash, an extraordinary and costly aviation experiment ever conducted has revealed.頭等艙的乘客要當心了！一項耗資巨大的特別飛行試驗揭示，在墜機事故中生還機會最大的是坐在飛機尾部的乘客。

*心有余而力不足

One’s ability falls short of one’s __wishes____.*您的建議我會永遠銘記在心。

I will always bear your advice in __mind___.*如果你忘了她的生日，她會很傷心的。

You’ll hurt her _feeling__ if you forget her birthday.*居心叵測

To nurse evil _ intentions____.*得人心者得天下

Those who gain _popularity__ among the people will gain the power.*勞心者治人，勞力者治于人

Those who work with _brain____ rule and those who work with their brawn are ruled.*哀莫大于心死

*The greatest despair comes from a devastated _heart__.*如果你留下來，我也要留下來。If you stay, I will, too.*小馬也就是十二三歲，臉上還瘦。

Xiao ma was no more than twelve or thirteen years old, with a very lean face.*她怎么好好的就自殺了？這也怪了！

Why should she have committed suicide for no reason? It’s rather odd.*他對事情的進展情況也還滿意。

He is quite satisfied with the way things went.*The aggressive nature of imperialism will never change.帝國主義侵略的本性是不會改變的。

*Jim was an aggressive engineer who did his job quite well.吉姆是個有進取心的工程師，他工作干得非常出色。*I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.我不知道他是不是一個內(nèi)奸。

*He spent a whole month working out a detailed plan for marketing new products, but the marketing managers thought that he was just teaching his grandmother to suck eggs.他花了整整一個月的時間做了一份詳細的新產(chǎn)品促銷計劃，可是市場營銷經(jīng)理們卻認為他是在班門弄斧。

*雖說“羅卜、白菜保平安”是個理兒，但頓頓吃白菜，也會受不了的。

Although “some radish and Chinese cabbage everyday keeps the doctor away” is one truth, yet people can’t stand repeatedly eating cabbage at every meal.* 宜昌是巴楚文化的發(fā)源地，誕生了屈原、王昭君等千古風流人物。

Yichang City is the birthplace of Chinese Bachu Culture as well as many great personalities through the ages, such as the great poet Qu Yuan and the famous beauty Wang Zhaojun.課件3增詞法：

*He is no longer the man he was.他不再是過去的他了。

*But over the last several years, China has been seeking to resume its contracting party status.近幾年來，中國一直在尋求恢復其締約國地位。*The crowd melted away.人群漸漸散開了。*This book is above me.這本書太難，我看不懂。

*Don’t take it seriously,.It’s only a joke.不要認真嘛！這不過是個玩笑而已。

*The roofs of this pagoda are constructed of colored glazed tiles of yellows and greens.這座寶塔的屋頂是用濃淡不同/深淺不一的黃色和綠色的琉璃瓦蓋成的。

*Even today, poor, uneducated blacks do not always receive the same degree of justice that the affluent and better-educated can expect.即使是在今天，沒有受過教育的貧困黑人并不總是能得到與受到良好教育的富人同等的公正待遇。

*Despite Kennedy’s assurances, the story started to leak.盡管肯尼迪反復/一再保證，事情還是泄漏了出來。

*We were lucky enough to be alive after the accident.We wouldn’t have the chance to sit here and reflect on that night.真是很幸運，在那次事故之后我們還活著/死里逃生/幸免于難。否則，我們不可能有機會坐在這里回想那天晚上的事。

*Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.勇敢過度即成蠻勇，情感過度即成軟弱，節(jié)儉過度即成貪婪。

*Unemployment in black ghettos remained consistently higher than in white communities.Stable family life was difficult to maintain.黑人聚居區(qū)失業(yè)率始終高于白人社區(qū)，黑人/他們很難維持穩(wěn)定的家庭生活。

*The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper, and more abundant.工程的目的是要創(chuàng)造有用的物品，使它們的質(zhì)量更好/可靠，價格更低/便宜，數(shù)量更多/充足 *On the wings of hope, of love, of joy, Miss Meadows sped back to the music hall.美多斯小姐仿佛插上了希望的翅膀，愛情的翅膀，歡樂的翅膀，一路飛奔回到音樂廳。*The world has never seen a nation as big as China rise as far and as fast as China has in the past 20 years.過去20年里，全世界從未見過哪個崛起的國家有中國這樣大、崛起的速度有中國這樣快、影響有中國這樣廣。

*The veteran skydiver was in freefall for four minutes and 20 seconds before opening his red and white parachute and floating down to the desert in the US state of New Mexico.“I prepared for this for seven years.” he told ServusTV in Austria in his first interview after the leap.這位資深的跳傘員以自由落體飛行了4分鐘20秒，隨后打開了紅白相間的降落傘，最終降落在了美國新墨西哥州的沙漠里。在跳傘成功后首次接受采訪時，他告訴奧地利Servus電視臺，“我已經(jīng)為此準備了七年?！?*請把這張表填一下，填完給我。

Please fill in this form, and give it to me when you have finished.*天氣寒冷，河水都結冰了。

It was so cold that the river froze.*理論聯(lián)系實際，這是我們應當牢記的一條原則。

That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.*前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.課件4 減詞法

*He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes and said nothing.他聳聳肩，搖搖頭，雙眼朝上，一言不發(fā)。

*One must make painstaking efforts before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.要掌握一門外語，非下苦功夫不可。

*If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.他會得寸進尺的。

*Radioactivity may cause illness that could be passed on to our children and grandchildren.放射會導致疾病發(fā)生并遺傳給后代。/ 放射可以引起遺傳性疾病。

*Doctors finds that a child’s eyes do not reach full development until about twelve years of age.醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)，兒童的眼睛要到大約12歲才發(fā)育完全.*If you know the frequency, you can find the wavelength.（如果）知道頻率，就可以求出波長.*It is human nature to love the true, the good, and the beautiful.喜愛真、善、美是人類的天性。

*He gave a great shout and ran out of the room.他大喊一聲，從房間里跑了出來。

*Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.車未停穩(wěn),切勿上下.*To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder.學習不容易，應用更不易。

*These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.這些發(fā)展中國家，幅員遼闊，人口眾多，資源豐富

*When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are usually callous.孩子長大后就希望獨立生活，你如果還像年幼時那樣關注他們，就會成為他們的負擔，除非他們對此麻木不仁。

*You can see a video of First Lady Michelle Obama playing ping-pong in China, hear her talk about the importance of studying abroad and view a picture of her huddling with her daughters with the Great Wall Of China snaking into the distance.What you won’t see, however, is a disclosure of how much her week-long trip in China cost.The White House has a longstanding policy—that stretches back decades—of not commenting on the costs of trips taken by first ladies, vice presidents and presidents.你可以看到美國第一夫人米歇爾·奧巴馬在中國打乒乓球的颯爽英姿，可以聽到她侃侃而談出國留學的重要意義，也可以看到她手挽愛女在蜿蜒曲折的長城前合影留念，卻無從得知她為期一周的行程花費幾何。

多年來，白宮一直堅持不公開披露/評論總統(tǒng)、第一夫人及副總統(tǒng)的出訪開支。*人們利用科學去了解自然，改造自然。

People use science to understand and change nature.*這些新型汽車速度快，效率高，行動靈活。These new cars are fast, efficient and handy.*多年來那個國家一直存在嚴重的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象。

For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country.課件 6 肯定與否定

*The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.這項建議差點通不過。*We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我們相信，年輕一代將不會辜負我們的信任。

他隨便看了一眼字條就走了。*He carelessly glanced through the note and *Men only weep when deeply hurt.got away.男兒有淚不輕彈（只因未到傷心時）

*The soldiers should fight to death before they surrendered.戰(zhàn)士們寧愿戰(zhàn)斗到死，決不投降。

*This machine is far from being complicated.這部機器一點也不復雜。

*The darkness was thinning, but the street was still dimly lighted.天漸漸有些亮了，然而街上還亮著暗淡的燈光。

*The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us.這些事件引起了我們的重視。

*Many mistakes in her composition escaped the careless teacher.那位老師很粗心，沒有看出她作文中的許多錯誤。

*John was dying and only strangers stayed around him.約翰快要死了，周圍一個親人也沒有。*The song is like nothing on Earth.此曲只應天上有。*Are you a father?

你有孩子嗎？

*He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children.他衣服沒脫就跳入水中，把孩子救了上來。

*Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized that he was not alone in the garage.他突然聽見背后有聲音，便意識到車庫里還有別人。

*No deposit will be refunded unless ticket pre-sented.憑票退還押金

*I have read your article, and I expected to meet an older man.我看過你的文章，沒想到你這么年輕。*Western society cannot bring the remaining 5.1 billion people in less developed countries up to the Western consumptive “standard of living” without exhausting the earth’s resources.西方社會要讓欠發(fā)達國家的51億人口都達到西方消耗型的”生活標準“，必然將地

球的資源消耗殆盡。

*No one ever gave me directions like this on a golf course before: “Aim at either Microsoft or IBM.”

平生第一次有人在高爾夫球場向我發(fā)出這樣的指令：“瞄準微軟或IBM方向?！?*He would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life.叫他干什么他都愿意，只要不再過以往那種日子就行。

*All the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat.并非燃料中的所有化學能都可轉為熱能。*She loved him too well not to detect from the deepened line between his eyes that he had received an unexpected blow.她深愛著他，從他眉宇間那加深了的皺紋間，她不會看不出他受到了突如其來的打擊。

*那位老人能不停地游泳達三個小時以上。

The old man could swim continuously for more than three hours.*開始學英語時，講英語不可能不犯錯誤。

At the beginning of learning English, you can't speak it without making mistakes.*湯姆這次期末考試不及格。

Tom failed in the final examination.*瑪麗不愿意去很遠的地方工作。

Mary is reluctant to work in the far place.*沒有設備，我們就自己制造。

Short of equipment, we make it on our own.* 他的解釋不能讓人滿意。

His explanation is far from satisfactory.*他無權簽訂這份合同。

It’s beyond his power to sign this contract.*我們的生活條件和他們一樣糟。

Our living conditions are no better than theirs.課件 7 英語主語與漢語主題

*When he had to speak ,his confidence *那家飯店菜不錯。

They serve good food in that restaurant.*我突然有了一個好主意。

A good idea suddenly strikes me.*下雨了，我們沒法來。

The rain prevented us from coming.*她聽到這個好消息后不禁流淚了。

suddenly deserted him.不得不說話時，他突然失去了信心。*The beautiful scenery gained the place quite a reputation.這個地方因景色優(yōu)美而出名。

*His name slips my mind.我一下子想不起他的名字了。

*Dusk heard the boy cry in the street.黃昏的時候，這個小孩在街上哭.*The idea grew with him as he grew into manhood.他成年了，而他的想法也隨之成熟了。*Attitudes towards money vary from person to person.人們對于金錢的態(tài)度各自不同。*His slowness lost him the chance.由于動作遲緩，他錯過了機會。*The motor refused to start.這馬達就是發(fā)動不起來。

*The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上，一點腳步聲也沒有。*One step brought us into the family sitting-room, without any passage.未經(jīng)任何過道，我們一步便邁進了這家人的客廳。

*Her eyes tell me that something must have happened.她的眼神告訴我，一定出了什么事兒了。*處處都有熱心人。

There are warm-hearted people everywhere.*在紐約，這段時候可以常常聽到圣誕歌聲。

Usually at this time of the year, Christmas carols can be heard all over New York.The good news brought tears to her eyes.*當夜幕降臨時，他離目的地還有好幾英里路。

Nightfall found him many miles short of his destination.*我一看到那棵樹，就會想起童年的情景。

The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.*我疏忽了這個問題。

This issue slipped my attention.*工作之后，我卻漸漸對過節(jié)不感興趣了。

After I started my career, my interest in festival-celebrating began to fade.*他兩天就抽完一包煙。

a.He finishes a pack of cigarettes in two days.b.A pack of cigarettes lasts him only two days.c.It takes him only two days to finish a pack of cigarettes.*已經(jīng)有數(shù)千人在持續(xù)了一年的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中喪生。

a.Thousands of people have died in the civil war, which broke out a year ago.b.The civil war, which has been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives.c.The death toll of the civil war, which broke out a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.

第二篇：英漢對比翻譯

英漢對比與翻譯

被動與主動

英語多用被動句，而漢語少用被動句，多采用主動的表達方式。

英語常用被動句，主要有以下幾方面的原因：

1.施事的原因。

A 施事未知而難以言明。

B 施事從上下文中可以不言自明。

C 施事不如受事重要，或受事需要強調(diào)。

D 由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事，如為了使敘述顯得圓通，得體，或為了表達某種微妙的情緒。

Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.今晚有人在此講了些不該講的話。

2.句法的要求。

A 為了使句子承上啟下，前后連貫，便于銜接。

Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin things, called “fibres”, and these fibres can be made into cloth.B 為了保持句子平衡。

I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job

3.修辭的考慮。

英語修辭學主張不要過分使用被動句，但適當使用被動句可以使表達方法靈活多變，避免句型單調(diào)，達到一定的修辭效果。

4.文體的需要。

某些文體較多使用被動句，以迎合其表達的需要。例如科技文體，新聞文體，公文文體等，以顯客觀，正式。

It?s traditional among technical writers to keep themselves in the background, to exclude personal pronouns and emphasize their work instead.由于鋁總是和其他元素結合在一起的，所以，在自然界找不到處于游離狀態(tài)的鋁。

原譯: Since aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, we can never find it.Since aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, it is never found free.我們將理論設想與模擬實驗結果進行比較，發(fā)現(xiàn)該理論設想完全可以應用于電力系統(tǒng)。

The theoretical prediction was compared to the results from simulated tests and was found to be applicable to power system.漢語少用被動句

漢語的被動語態(tài)有較明顯的消極情態(tài)色彩，歷史上曾經(jīng)被稱為 “不幸語態(tài)”(the Inflictive-Voice)。

漢語中實際存在兩種被動句：

一是有形態(tài)標志的被動句。

形態(tài)標志主要指的是“被，受，遭”等詞語，又稱為結構被動句。

The aged should be respected everywhere.老人應到處受到尊敬。

She was caught in the downpour.她叫大雨淋著了。

The dictionaries have been affected with damp.字典受潮了。

Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch.面積的三分之二由廣闊的松林,云杉林和白樺林所覆蓋。

If this suggestion is accepted, it should not be considered as a precedent.如果此建議被接受,以后不得引以為例。

We were received with great honor and kindness in your great country.我們在貴國受到過隆重和盛情的接待。

另一種被動句是無形態(tài)標志的被動句，又稱為意義被動句。

杯子打了。

這個座位占了。

新產(chǎn)品總是好賣。

那個技術性難題很難解決。

Only objects struck by the light are visible.只有被光照到的東西才能被看見。

光照到的物體是可見的。

漢譯英

A 漢語的“意義被動句”譯為英語的被動語態(tài)。

軍備競賽必須制止。

The arms race must be stopped.我們的團結進一步加強了。

Our unity has been further strengthened.B.漢語的無主句往往轉換成英語被動句。

必須保證8小時睡眠。

Eight hours? sleep must be guaranteed.發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯誤，一定要改正。

Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.C.有時將主動句轉移為英語被動句是為了上下文的連貫，使句子之間的銜接緊密自然。

那個孩子在街上玩，一輛摩托車把他撞傷了。

The boy playing in the street was injured by a motorcycle.他出現(xiàn)在舞臺上，觀眾給予熱烈鼓掌。

He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.英譯漢中的一個普遍而又可理解的現(xiàn)象:不適當?shù)膩y用”被”。

Unless something is moved, no work is done.除非某種東西被移動，否則功就不會被完成。

除非某種東西發(fā)生了移動，否則就沒有功。

英譯漢

A

轉換成漢語的意義被動句。

Solution to the problem was ultimately found.這個問題的解決辦法終于找到了。

On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.在他們國內(nèi)電臺的廣播中，中東事件只輕描淡寫地報導了一下。

B 變狀語或其他成分為主語，把原主語轉換成賓語。

Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.潤滑能減少摩擦,延長機器壽命。

C 如原句無表施動者的狀語，考慮到漢語的表達習慣，可適當填詞，如 “人, 人們,大家,我們”。

The lecture is considered very important for beginners.大家認為這個講座對初學者來說很重要。

Although the first synthetic materials were created little more than a hundred years ago, they can now be found almost everywhere.雖然首批合成材料僅在一百多年前才研制出來，但現(xiàn)在人們幾乎都到處能見到它們。

D 轉換成漢語無主句。

A force is needed to stop a moving body.要使運動的物體停下來，就需要施加力。

E 有些英語被動句被動意義很弱，側重強調(diào)或肯定某一事實或行為的存在，可按原句語序譯成漢語“是?.的”判斷句。

History is made by the people.歷史是人民創(chuàng)造的。

The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美國的學分制是一八七二年在哈佛大學首先實施的。

F 用“加以”，“予以”等字眼。

These problems should be resolved at an appropriate time with an appropriate means.這些問題應當在適當?shù)臅r候，以適當?shù)姆绞郊右越鉀Q。

Our prisoners of war must be repaired without further delay.我們的戰(zhàn)俘必須毫不延遲地予以遣返。

英語被動語態(tài)有其獨到的修辭功能.比較:

The games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 are awarded to the city of Beijing.Beijing has been awarded the games of the 29th Olympiad.在翻譯被動語態(tài)時,句尾信息核心原則(the Principle of Endfocus)不可遺忘。

應用文翻譯

應用文就體裁而言，幾乎涵蓋當今政治，經(jīng)濟，社會，文化生活的各個領域，包括政府文件，告示，科技論文，新聞報道，法律文書，商貿(mào)信函，產(chǎn)品說明書，使用手冊，廣告，技術文本，科普讀物，旅游指南（tourist guidebook）等各類文本。

應用文翻譯有別于文學翻譯。

按照功能翻譯學派的理論：翻譯是一種有目的的交際活動。在這一過程中，譯者應該根據(jù)客戶或委托人的要求，結合翻譯的目的和譯語讀者的具體情況，來決定原語文本信息的選擇，翻譯策略的運用及譯文的表現(xiàn)形式，以滿足不同文本的功能。

文本類型分類

按照文本功能，文本可分為三種：

表達型文本(expressive texts)

信息型文本(informative texts)

呼喚型文本(vocative texts)

表達型文本的核心是作者的思想，其在文本中的地位是神圣的，因而作者的個性成分構成了表達型文本的表達要素，包括他所要傳遞的思想，信息以及表達思想的方式。

Question: 哪些體裁屬于表達型文本？

文學作品，私人書信等

信息型文本中，信息傳達的“真實性”是這類文本的“核心”，而作者在文本中只是處于一種“匿名”的地位，作者的個人寫作手法，風格或者個人成分不再重要。

Question: 哪些體裁屬于信息型文本？

科技報告，法律文書，合同，商品說明書等。

對于信息型文本（科技，法律，新聞）的翻譯來說，其側重點在于信息的準確傳遞。在這些文體當中，引起讀者的晦澀，曲解是大忌。因此，與一般的翻譯文本不同，在形式與內(nèi)容的關系上，它往往注重內(nèi)容而輕形式，為突出信息傳遞的效果不惜改變原文形式。它不像文學作品那樣追求對文學形象的審美體驗。

The contract was declared null and void by the competent authority.主管部門宣布合同無效。

We are looking forward with interest to your reply.盼復。

Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon.恐怖分子劫持客機撞向世貿(mào)雙塔，美國國防部五角大樓也遭突襲。

呼喚型文本中，由于文本的“核心”是“讀者層”，是需要呼喚讀者去感受，反應，行動，因而文本作者的身份并不重要，包括他在文本中體現(xiàn)的個人成分：思想，風格。

Question: 哪些體裁屬于呼喚型文本？

廣告，包括商品，旅游廣告等

對于呼喚型文本的翻譯來說，其目的在于誘導。非常注重讀者的反應。意在喚起讀者去體驗去行動，它更看重的是譯文的效果而不是原文。

在翻譯策略上，基本以“歸化”為主流。

以目的語讀者為中心，順從譯文讀者的欣賞習慣和心理感受，盡量使用他們所熟悉的語言表達形式，減少信息交流與文化交流的障礙，去獲取譯文預期的效果。甚至原文的信息都可以考慮增刪，改動，以配合讀者的需要。這是它大大不同于文學翻譯的地方。

M＆M’ melts in your mouth, not in your hands.只溶于口,不溶于手。

Where there is a way for car, there is a Toyota.車到山前必有路，有路必有豐田車。

Not all cars are created equal.古有千里馬,今有三菱車。

總而言之，在具體的操作中，很少有文本是只有單純一種功能的，大部分文本都是以一種功能為主而其他二者兼而有之。因此，譯者必須首先確定一種文本的主要功能，或在同一文本不同部分確定每一部分的語言功能，從而有針對性地采用相應的翻譯策略和手法，或忠實傳遞原文信息，或顧及譯文讀者，注重譯文效果。

英漢旅游文本對比與翻譯

旅游文本包括旅游景點介紹，旅游宣傳廣告，旅游告示標牌，民俗風情畫冊等。

旅游資料是一種大眾化的，喜聞樂見的通俗讀物，它的目的就是要讓普通游客讀懂看懂并能從中獲取相關的自然，地理，文化，風俗等方面的知識，并有到此一游的愿望。

旅游資料主要有兩個功能：一是傳遞信息；二是誘導行動。其功能更像商品廣告，目的是要吸引游客，最大限度地取得旅游產(chǎn)品的預期功能。

英漢旅游文本的差異

滿樹金花，芳香四溢的金桂；花白如雪，香氣撲鼻的銀桂；紅里透黃，花多味濃的紫砂桂；花色似銀，季季有花的四季桂，竟相開放，爭妍媲美。進入桂花公園，陣陣桂花花香撲鼻而來。

The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus.Flowers from these trees in different colors are in full bloom, which pervade the whole garden with the fragrance of their blossoms.Tiny islands are strung around the edge of the peninsula like a pearl necklace: hunks of coral reef, coconut palms and fine white sand.座座島嶼玲瓏小巧，緊密相連，像一串珍珠綴成的項鏈，環(huán)繞著半島邊緣。島上椰樹成片，沙灘如銀，四周滿是紅色的珊瑚礁，景色如詩如畫。

英文旅游文體大多簡潔，明了，客觀力求忠實再現(xiàn)自然。最忌羅嗦堆砌，失其自然流暢之美。

漢語講究四言八句，言辭華美，聲情并茂，詩情畫意盎然，情景相融，虛實相生，充滿了意境美，色彩美，音韻美，情感美，極大地迎合了中華民族的審美心理和欣賞習慣。

英漢互譯

漢譯英------修辭性減譯

英譯漢------修辭性增譯

Venice invites idleness and strolling.Its silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words: Horas non mumero nisi serenas(I count only the happy hours).威尼斯是人們休閑解悶，閑庭信步的好去處，她寧靜從容，閑適悠然，連城中的日就上都刻著這樣的銘文：“只記幸福時光”。

阿壩州風光秀麗，山河壯美。座座雪峰聳入云霄，原始森林遮天蓋地，莽莽草原花團錦簇，疊溪遺跡神秘奧妙，瀑布溪流蜿蜒跌宕，高山湖泊燦若明珠，藏羌村寨別具一格，肥沃河谷瓜果飄鄉(xiāng)。

The beautiful landscapes of Aba Prefecture feature towering snow-clad mountains, crisscrossing rivers, and boundless forests and grassland.On this fertile land are peculiar geological ruins, fantastic streams and waterfalls, alpine lakes, and Tibetan and Qiang villages.注釋性增譯或改譯

The earliest recorded eruption of Vesuvius occurred in 79 A.D.and destroyed Pompeii.有記錄記載的最早的維蘇威火山噴發(fā)是在公元79年，摧毀了龐貝古城。

歸化

As one of the Four Tigers in Asia, Hong Kong is also known as the Oriental Pearl and the Shopping Paradise.作為亞洲四小龍之一的香港，同樣被譽為“東方之珠”和“購物天堂”。

Singapore, the smallest nation in Asia, occupies a 225 square mile expanse of swamping, tropical islands---an area about the size of Trenton, New Jersay.亞洲最小的國家新加坡是一個熱帶國家，原是一片洼地，面積為225平方英里，遠不如香港的一半大。

英漢企業(yè)推介文本的差異與翻譯

企業(yè)推介文本是對外宣傳企事業(yè)單位形象的一個主要途徑，用最直接有效的方式讓國外讀者或消費者了解自己，以促成購買的欲望與行為。

企業(yè)推介文本屬于呼喚型文本，其翻譯的核心是傳遞信息，感染受眾。

英漢企業(yè)推介文本的差異

內(nèi)容

語言

內(nèi)容

我國企業(yè)在推介自己時，多在炫耀自己是成功者，竭力為讀者樹立一個強大而可靠的形象，以博取消費者的信賴。

我國的簡介在內(nèi)容上常常千篇一律，一般都是包括企業(yè)的經(jīng)營性質(zhì)，注冊資金，從業(yè)人員，廠房占地面積，產(chǎn)品介紹，獲獎情況等。

英文的推介顯得靈活輕松，以人為本，客觀具體，突出信息功能，把功夫放在給讀者留下切實可行的印象上。

語言

漢語修辭講究詞句整齊對仗，聲韻和諧。重視凝練概括，辭藻華麗。大量渲染烘托，夸大煽情。常常用響亮的口號作為結尾。

英語

不示人以其藝術性的藝術是最高的藝術。

這一修辭傳統(tǒng)造成西方話語推崇質(zhì)樸自然，在平實中顯生動，重客觀表述事實，不提倡文字表達重過分張揚，空洞無物，重復堆砌。因此，英語企業(yè)推介文本行文簡潔直接，信息明確，邏輯條理清楚，一目了然。

精制老北京二鍋頭”為北京特產(chǎn)。已具百年歷史，因具獨特風格而蜚聲華夏。該酒以紅高粱為原料，采用傳統(tǒng)工藝精制而成。本品清香純正，醇甜綿柔，爽凈協(xié)調(diào)，余味悠長，實為宴朋贈友之上品---精制老北京二鍋頭。

西鳳酒是久負盛譽的名酒之一，遠在唐代就被列為珍品，北宋末年，蘇東坡任職鳳翔，酷愛此酒，隨之盛名益彰。1910年西鳳酒參加南洋賽酒會獲獎，隨獲世界聲譽。

西鳳酒清澈透明，香氣濃郁，醇厚圓潤，回味悠長，別具一格。飲后令人神聲清爽，有通胃祛勞之功，歷為廣大群眾所喜愛。---西鳳酒

綿竹“劍南春”酒，久負盛名，曾多次榮獲各種獎勵，1989年榮獲國家優(yōu)質(zhì)金獎，為中外人士贊賞。

“劍南春”歷史悠久，唐人李肇《國史補》一書已有記載。

它是用高粱，大米，糯米，小麥，玉米釀造，具有芳香濃郁，醇和甘甜，清冽凈爽，余味悠長的特點，是宴席饋贈之佳品。---劍南春

中鐵XXX局集團有限公司是一支修建鐵路，公路，承擔市政建設，工業(yè)與民用建筑，設備安裝，火電，水利水電，機場，港口，礦山建筑與安裝的大型專業(yè)施工隊伍。現(xiàn)有員工XXX名，擁有各類專業(yè)技術干部XXX名。

企業(yè)資產(chǎn)總值XXX億多元，年施工能力XXX億元以上，擁有各類大中型施工機械設備XXX臺（套），擁有世界先進，國內(nèi)一流的隧道，橋梁，鋪架高等級公路和大型圖示方機械化施工生產(chǎn)線，在全國500家最大經(jīng)營規(guī)模建筑企業(yè)排序中名列第XXX位。

1999年通過ISO9002質(zhì)量體系認證，獲得英國UKAS證書，并取得國家對外開展經(jīng)濟合作業(yè)務的資格。2002年取得“鐵路工程施工總承包特級”主項資質(zhì)，進入全國99家特級企業(yè)行列。2003年通過GB/T28001職業(yè)安全健康管理體系和ISO14001環(huán)境管理體系認可。

公司先后被授予“全國工程建設管理先進單位”，“全國先進建筑施工企業(yè)”，“全國思想政治工作優(yōu)秀企業(yè)”榮譽稱號，連年被遼寧省信譽評級委員會評定為特級（AAA）信譽企業(yè)。

China Railway XXX Bureau Group Corporation is a builder comprehensively engaged in the construction for railways, highways and airports, civil engineering, water conservancy, thermalpower/ hydropower projects, mine building and equipment installations.The corporation has XXX employees among whom xxx are professional technicians.Well equipped with xxx large-and-medium-sized construction equipment and a world-advanced productive line in the mechanized construction for tunnels, bridges, expressways and large-scale earthworks, it possesses a total capital of more than RMB xxx billion with an annual productive capacity of over RMB x billion, ranking xx among the 500 largest construction enterprises in China.Entitled to be a superfine contractor in railway construction by the state in 2002, it was authorized as one of the 99 superfine enterprises in China.處在世紀之交的XXX 鐵路車輛（集團）有限責任公司，正在奮力實現(xiàn)“再現(xiàn)國家隊雄風，再造新世紀輝煌，再為社會主義增光”的宏偉愿望，朝著“發(fā)展規(guī)模集團化，產(chǎn)品品種系列化，市場營銷國際化，經(jīng)營格局多元化，企業(yè)規(guī)?，F(xiàn)代化”的目標邁進。公司將一如既往地堅持“信譽第一，用戶至上”的宗旨，不僅以更多的高質(zhì)量，高品位，高檔次的新產(chǎn)品滿足市場，而且以良好的作風，為廣大用戶提供一流的全過程的服務。

At the turn of the century, XXX Railway Rolling Stock(Group)Co.Ltd, is now striving hard in confidence and well on the way towards a global-market-oriented enterprise group to be well developed in management, marketing and product series.Focusing on our clients, we will continue with our credit to provide our customers with high quality and advanced products as well as our cover-all services.天津師范大學是一所綜合性的重點高等師范院校，誕生于1958年，隨著共和國的成長，她也歷經(jīng)磨礪，走過了三十多年的風風雨雨。三十多年來，一批批德才兼?zhèn)涞慕虒W，科研和管理人員匯集在這里，懷著振興天津，振興教育的希冀，在這塊土地上默默地耕耘。春華秋實，碩果累累，兩萬多名教育教學人才走出學校大門，足跡遍及全國，桃李滿天下。他們獻身教育，殫思竭慮，為撐起教育的脊梁，托起明天的太陽。

Founded in 1958,the University has entered its fourth decade with a remarkable record of both hardship and achievements.It is now ranked as one of the key institutions of teacher training in China.In the past thirty years, hundreds of talented teachers, researchers and administrators have gathered and worked here in a continuous endeavor to meet the ever-increasing demands for educators both in Tianjin and the rest of the country.More than 20 thousand students have graduated from the University and are now teaching nationwide.They have dedicated their wisdom and energy to the educational needs of the country in the firm conviction that future of China lies in the education of the younger generation.國內(nèi)外受眾的思維共性，心理習慣，信息需求和言語表現(xiàn)方式等都有相當大的差異。

因此，在翻譯企業(yè)推介文本時，應充分考慮譯本受眾的接受傾向，采取恰當?shù)姆g策略。

文化差異與翻譯

征婚廣告

男，未婚，36歲，身高172米，北京市某公司總經(jīng)理，大學畢業(yè)，樸實自信。當過軍人，記者，城市有私人豪華住宅（帶泳池）及轎車。覓25歲以下，漂亮純情，中專文化的女性，憑照片簡歷試緣。

女，48歲，身高1.58，有婚史，獨居，初中文化，體健貌端，氣質(zhì)高雅，在某市工作，覓60歲以下（大中城市），65歲以下（海外），身高1.65以上，開朗大方，經(jīng)濟條件優(yōu)裕的男士為伴。

S/W/M, 5?10??,165.Ibs., blonde hair, blue eyes, seeking attractive, slim lady between 28&40, who likes to go dancing and have a good time.I am social drinker.Enjoy 50?s and 80?s and country music, dancing, dining out, cookouts, sports.Great sense of humor but also a serious side.Please send photo and phone number.Thank you.S/W/F, 31, 5?6??, blonde and tan!Seeking sun loving male, 26-42.Must be affectionate, honest, caring.But also can get wild and crazy!Interests: Romantic weekends, beaches, fishing, camping, cuddling, auto races, barbecues, flea markets.Loving for friendship or relationship? Enjoy summer activities? Pick up that pen and write！Photo and phone number.文化是一種復雜體，它包括知識，信仰，藝術，道德，法律，風俗，以及其余社會上習得的能力與習慣。

語言，文化與翻譯

如同在做心臟手術時人們不能忽略心臟以外的身體其他部分一樣，我們在翻譯時也不能冒險將翻譯的言語內(nèi)容和文化分開來處理。

------Susan Bassnett

To do translation, you have to be both a bilingual and a bicultural.（1）ecological culture

（2）material culture

（3）social culture

（4）religious culture

（5）linguistic culture

ecological culture

揮金如土 ；瑞雪兆豐年；

揠苗助長；解甲歸田；瓜熟蒂落；

俯首甘為孺子牛 ；

黔驢技窮；人心齊，泰山移；

不到黃河心不死，不到長城非好漢。

福如東海，壽比南山。

all at sea

burn one?s boats

sail before the wind

keep one?s head above water

to sink or swim

to go with the stream

to clear the decks

all at sea

plain sailing

to rest on one?s oars

to spend money like water

How many winter days have I seen him, standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind.Shall I compare thee to a summer?s day Thou art more lovely and more temperate.力大如牛---------as strong as a horse

老黃牛--------work like a horse

狐朋狗黨

狗急跳墻 狼心狗肺 狗腿子

狗嘴里吐不出象牙

lucky dog

Every dog has his day.Love me, love my dog.Barking dogs never bite.2.物質(zhì)文化對比

巧媳婦做不出沒米的飯，叫我怎么樣呢？

Even the cleverest housewife can?t cook a meal without rice.What do you expect me to do?

I don?t see what I am supposed to do without any capital.Even the cleverest housewife can?t make bread without flour.3.社會文化對比

天下真有這樣標致的人物，我今兒才算見了！況且這通身的氣派，竟不像老祖宗的外孫女兒，竟是個嫡親的孫女，怨不得老祖宗天天口頭心頭一時不忘，只可憐我這妹妹這樣命苦，怎么姑媽偏就去世了！

4.宗教文化對比

謀事在人，成事在天。

Man proposes, Heaven disposes.Man proposes, God disposes.周瑞家的聽了笑道：“阿彌陀佛，真坑死人的事兒！等十年都未必這樣巧的呢?！?/p>

Gracious Buddha!” Mrs.Zhou chuckled.“How terrible chancy!You might wait for ten years without such a run of luck.”

God bless my soul!” Zhou Rui?s wife exclaimed.“You would certainly need some patience!Why, you might wait ten years before getting all those things at the proper times.”

5.語言文化對比

寶釵笑道：“我說你得隴望蜀呢。我勸你且緩一緩。”

她有沉魚落雁之容，閉月羞花之貌。

不要失了你的時了！你自己只覺得中了一個相公，就‘癩蛤蟆想吃起天鵝肉’來！

難道這也是個癡丫頭，又像顰兒來葬花不成？” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可謂東施效顰；不但不為新奇，而且更是可厭。

文化的差異給翻譯帶來的困難

詞匯空缺

詞義沖突

聯(lián)想意義不同

詞匯空缺

我屬雞。我從來不吃雞。雞年是我的本命年。

錢先生周歲時“抓周”，抓了一本書，因此得名“鐘書”。

文化空缺不僅體現(xiàn)在詞匯層面，還體現(xiàn)在語言層面。

表現(xiàn)在：語言韻律，修辭格，句子的長短，句子結構的緊湊或松散，篇章的層次，段落的排列組合，銜接等。

嘴上無毛,說話不牢。

Downy lips make thoughtless slips.哼!你別看我耳朵聾---可我的心并不聾啊!

Hem!Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehension.長相思

白居易

汴水流，泗水流，流到瓜洲古渡頭，吳山點點愁。

思悠悠，恨悠悠，恨到歸時方始休，月明人倚樓。

Everlasting Longing Bai Juyi See the Bian River flow, And the Si River flow!By Ancient Ferry, mingling waves, they go, The Southern Hills reflect my woe.My thought stretches endlessly, My grief wretches endlessly, So thus my husband comes to me，Alone on moon---lit balcony.魯大海：放開我，你們這群強盜！

周 萍： 把他拉下去！

魯侍萍：這真是一群強盜！

（走到周萍面前）你是萍，??憑---憑什么打我兒子？

Hai:

Let go of me, you hooligans!

Ping: Hustle him outside!

Ma:

You are hooligans, too!(going across to Zhou Ping)You?re my---mighty free with your fists!What right have you to hit my son?

詞義沖突

聯(lián)想意義不同

等我性子上來，把這‘醋罐子’打個稀爛，他才認的我呢！

人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋甕！

“這斷子絕孫的阿Q！”遠遠地聽到小尼姑的帶哭的聲音。

一見面是寒暄，寒暄之后說我“胖了”，說我“胖了”之后即大罵其新黨。（魯迅《祝福》）

語言的融合鱷魚的眼淚------crocodile tears

橄欖枝------olive branch

特洛伊木馬------Trojan horse

酸葡萄------sour grapes

白色污染------white pollution

語言的融合 綠色食品------green food

網(wǎng)上購物------on-line shopping

快餐------fast food

網(wǎng)址------website

民主；科學；邏輯；雷達；維他命；超市

翻譯方法

1.直譯法

直譯指在一定程度上保留原文的語言表現(xiàn)形式，但前提條件是譯文必須為譯語讀者所理解與接受------通順易解。

奈達：最好的翻譯應該讀起來不像翻譯。

又要馬兒好，又要馬兒不吃草。

You want the horse to run fast and you don?t let it graze.叫一聲請，一起舉箸，卻如風卷殘云一般，遭去了一半。看那周先生時，一箸也不曾下。

At the signal to begin, they fell to with their chopsticks, like a whirlwind scattering wisps of cloud.And half the food had gone before they noticed that Chou Chin had not eaten a bite.她有沉魚落雁之容，閉月羞花之貌。

Her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down, the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to shame.2.套用法

在保留原有意義的前提下，套用或借用譯語表達方式來代替原語的表達。

壯得像頭牛---as strong as a horse

聰明無比---as wise as an owl

膽小如鼠---as timid as a hare

急得像熱鍋上的螞蟻---as nervous as a cat on a hot tin roof

海底撈針---to look for a needle in a haystack

想是翟家這奴才，走下鄉(xiāng)狐假虎威著實恐嚇了他一場。

It?s all the fault of this rascal Chai.He goes down to the villages like a donkey in a lion?s hide, and he must have scared this painter fellow out of his wits.寶玉忙道：“只是這姑娘可好，你們大爺怎么就中意了？”香菱笑道：“一則是天緣，二來是‘情人眼里出西施’。

---What?s the girl like? How did he come to take a fancy to her?

---It?s partly fate, and partly a case of “Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.”

不要失了你的時了！你自己只覺得中了一個相公，就‘癩蛤蟆想吃起天鵝肉’來！

“Don?t be a fool!” he roared.“Just passing one examination has turned your head completely---you?re like a toad trying to swallow a swan!”

寶釵笑道：“我說你得隴望蜀呢。我勸你且緩一緩?！?/p>

Bao-chai laughed.“You?re like the famous general, ?one conquest breeds appetite for another?.I advise you to take things more gently.”

需注意：盡量避免使用譯語中的具有典型民族文化特征的詞語------不要給洋 人穿上長袍馬褂。

as wise as Solomon 智如諸葛

to teach one?s grandmother to suck eggs.夫子廟前賣文章，關公面前耍大刀。

Two heads are better than one.三個臭皮匠，勝過一個諸葛亮。

3.直譯加注法

這種方法既保留了原文的文化與語言色彩，又能為譯語讀者所理解。

人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋甕！

They call jealous people “vinegar bottles”, don?t they? Well, she?s not just a bottle full of vinegar;she?s a storage jar---a whole cistern---full of it!

一見面是寒暄，寒暄之后說我“胖了”，說我“胖了”之后即大罵其新黨。（魯迅《祝?！罚?/p>

After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked fat, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.“難道這也是個癡丫頭，又像顰兒來葬花不成？” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可謂東施效顰；不但不為新奇，而且更是可厭?！?/p>

Can this be some silly maid coming here to bury flowers like Frowner?” he wondered.He was reminded of Zhuang-zi?s story of the beautiful Xi-shi?s ugly neighbor, whose endeavor to imitate the little frown that made Xi-shi captivating produced an effect so hideous that people ran from her in terror.The recollection of it made him smile.“This is ?imitating the Frowner? with a vengeance,?” he thought, “---if that is really what she is doing, not merely unoriginal, but downright disgusting!

“這斷子絕孫的阿Q！”遠遠地聽到小尼姑的帶哭的聲音。

“Ah Q, may you die sonless!” sounded the little nun?s voice tearfully in the distance.(---a curse intolerable to hear in China)

我屬雞。我從來不吃雞。雞年是我的本命年。

I was born in the Year of the Rooster.I never eat chicken.The Year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck.Note: Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year in which a person is born.Spring Festival 1993, for example, is the first day of the Year of the Rooster.People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol.All other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either good-or-bad-luck years for them.錢先生周歲時“抓周”，抓了一本書，因此得名“鐘書”。

When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things.Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu(=book lover).意譯法

由于英漢兩種語言存在巨大差異，意譯是不可避免的。意譯的好處是譯文易懂，但失去了原文的文化與語言色彩。

Free translation is the last resort.等我性子上來，把這‘醋罐子’打個稀爛，他才認的我呢！

Y:

“One of these days when I really lose my temper, I?m going to give that vinegary bitch a good beating to show her who?s master here.”

H: One of these days when I get my temper up I?m going to lay into that jealous bitch and break every bone in her body.Then perhaps she?ll know who?s master round here.寶釵笑道：“我說你得隴望蜀呢。我勸你且緩一緩?！?/p>

Bao-chai laughed.“You?re like the famous general, ?one conquest breeds appetite for another?.I advise you to take things more gently.”

“The more you get, the more you want!” Chuckled Pao-Chai.天下真有這樣標致的人物，我今兒才算見了！況且這通身的氣派，竟不像老祖宗的外孫女兒，竟是個嫡親的孫女，怨不得老祖宗天天口頭心頭一時不忘，只可憐我這妹妹這樣命苦，怎么姑媽偏就去世了！

This is the first time I?ve set eyes on such a ravishing beauty.Her whole air is so distinguished!She doesn?t take after her father, son-in-law of our Old-Ancestress, but looks more like a Jia.No wonder our Old Ancestress couldn?t put you out of her mind and was for ever talking or thinking about you.But poor ill-fated little cousin, losing your mother so young!

人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋甕！

They call jealous people ?vinegar bottles?, don?t they? Well, she?s not just a bottle full of vinegar;she?s a storage jar---a whole cistern---full of it!

If other women are jealous, she?s a hundred times.她有沉魚落雁之容，閉月羞花之貌。

Her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down and the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to shame.Her beauty is beyond description.除了我這間房,大院里還有二十多間呢。一共住著多少家子，誰說得清？住兩間房的就不多，又搭上今兒個搬來，明兒個又搬走。我沒那么好的記性。大家見面，招呼聲“吃了嗎?”透著和氣。

Besides the room we occupy there are twenty more rooms in the same compound.How many families live there, only God knows.Those who occupy two rooms are very few.Besides, they are always on the go，moving in today and moving out tomorrow.I haven?t got such a good memory as to remember all that.When people meet, they greet with each other with a Hi, just to show their good neighborly feelings.

第三篇：英漢口譯教程單詞總結

英漢口譯教程（詞匯部分）

Unit2:禮儀祝詞

開幕/閉幕式 opening/closing ceremony

開幕詞 opening speech/address

致開幕詞 make an opening speech

友好訪問 goodwill visit

閣下 Your/His/Her Honor/Excellency

貴賓 distinguished guest

尊敬的市長先生 Respected Mr.Mayor

遠道而來/來自大洋彼岸的朋友 friends coming from a distant land/the other side of the Pacific

東道國 host country

宣布??開幕 declare??open

值此之際 on the occasion of

借此機會 take this opportunity to

以??名義 in the name of

本著??精神 in the spirit of

代表 on the behalf of

由衷的謝意 heartfelt thanks

友好款待 gracious hospitality

正式邀請 official invitation 回顧過去 look back on

展望未來 look ahead/look into the future

最后 in closing

圓滿成功 a complete success

提議祝酒 propose a toast

第二部分詞語擴展

一、政治詞匯

亞太地區(qū) Asian-Pacific region

建交 establishment of diplomatic relations between

互訪 exchange of visit

外交政策 foreign policy

一貫奉行 in persistent pursuit of

平等互利 equality and mutual benefit

雙邊關系 bilateral relations

持久和平lasting peace

二、政治詞匯

貿(mào)易額 trade volume

商業(yè)界 business community

跨國公司 transnational corporation

經(jīng)濟強國/經(jīng)濟大國/經(jīng)濟列強（視具體情況翻譯）economic power

紀念

in commemoration of;to commemorate;to observe 慶祝

in celebration of;to celebrate;to observe 司儀 MC(Master of Ceremony)簽字儀式 signing ceremony

致歡迎詞 to give /deliver a welcoming speech/address;Speech of welcome

告別辭

farewell speech/address;Valediction(an act of saying goodbye, esp.on very important or formal occasions)

出席宴會的貴賓有 it is my pleasure to introduce / I have the honor to introduce / I would like to introduce the honored guests attending the banquet ?

6女士們、先生們、朋友們Dear friends, ladies and gentlemen

7各位領導貴賓們女士們、先生們同志們、朋友們 Honorable leaders, distinguished guests, dear comrades and friends, ladies and gentlemen，閣下 Your/His/Her Excellency 殿下 Your/His/Her Royal Highness

皇帝陛下 Your/His/Her Imperial Majesty

尊敬的首相??親王殿下

Respected Mr.Prime Minister, your Highness Prince ? 敬愛的??閣下

Your Excellency Respected and Dear ? 尊敬的閣下

Your Excellency Respected ???

總理閣下及夫人

Mr.Prime Minister and Mrs.??? 國王和王后殿下 Their Majestie 值此??之際

on the occasion of ? 第三部分例句

1.我愿借此機會，代表我們代表團的全體成員，對我們東道主的誠摯邀請，表示真誠的謝意。

On the behalf of all the members of my mission, I would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to our host for their earnest invitation.2.現(xiàn)在，我愉快地宣布第二十二屆萬國郵政聯(lián)盟大會開幕。

Now, I have the pleasure to declare the 22nd Universal Postal Congress open.3.我很榮幸地代表中國政府和人民向來自聯(lián)合王國的代表團表示熱烈的歡迎。

I have the honor to express this warm welcome on behalf of the Chinese Government and people to the delegation from the United Kingdom.4.我謹向各位表示最熱烈的歡迎。

I would like to extend my warmest welocme to all of you.5.我預祝大會圓滿成功！

I wish the conference a complete success!8我代表中國政府和人民并以我個人的名義向貴國人民致以親切的問候和良好的祝愿I would like/wish to extend, on behalf of the Chinese government and people and in my own name, our cordial greetings and best wishes to your people.9中國有句古話說有朋自遠方來不亦樂乎 There is an old saying in Chinese which goes: “Isn’t it a great pleasure /joy to have fiends coming from afar?”

/

As a Chinese saying goes, “Nothing is more delightful than meeting friends from far away.”

我非常愉快地??

It is with great pleasure that I ?;I have the great pleasure to ? 我為能??而深感愉快

It gives me great pleasure to ?

10我很榮幸地代表中國政府和人民向??代表團表示熱烈的歡迎 I have the honor to extend, on behalf of the Chinese government and people, our warm welcome to the ? delegation.11請允許我向遠道而來的貴賓們表示熱烈的歡迎和親切的問候 Allow me to express our warm welcome and gracious greetings to our distinguished guests from afar

12我們?yōu)槟芙哟??而深感驕傲和榮幸 We are very proud and honored to receive ?(such a group of distinguished political leaders)

13對我本人來說這是一個非常愉快和令人難忘的機會This is also a very happy and memorable occasion for me personally.s King ?and the Qu 14這使我有極好的機會來拜訪老朋友結識新朋友

It provides me with an excellent opportunity to meet old friends and make new ones.15今天我們能夠在北京接待以??為首的??感到格外的愉快和高興 Today we are especially pleased and happy to receive in Beijing ?led by ?

16今天晚上我能夠參加??為??舉行的宴會感到十分高興和榮幸 I’m very happy and honored this evening to attend this banquet given by ? in honor of ?

17今天我們懷著極為興奮的心情在這里集會歡迎?? We assemble/are gathered here today with great elation to welcome ?

18今天晚上我們在這里設宴歡迎應??邀請前來我國訪問的??閣下和??的其他貴賓感到十分榮幸和快慰。

We are very much honored and pleased to give a banquet this evening in honor if His Excellency …and the other distinguished guests from … who have come to visit China at the invitation of … 請允許我邀請各位與我一起舉杯為我們兩國的友誼和合作干杯 May I ask you to join me a toast to the friendship and cooperation between our two countries.為??的健康干杯 to the health of ?

20我愿借此機會感謝??的熱情好客和周到安排

I’d like to take this opportunity to thank … for the warm hospitality and thoughtful arrangements

Unit3：體育

國際奧委會

The International Olympic Committee /IOC 奧委會主席 The chairman of the International Olympic Committee 倫敦奧組委

London Organizing Committee 遠離興奮劑 Reject doping 可持續(xù)發(fā)展

Sustainable development 國家體育場 the National Stadium 國家游泳中心 the National Aquatics 興奮劑 doping 世界紀錄保持者 world-record holder 獎牌榜 medal standings、metal tally 會徽Emblem 頑強的意志和拼搏的精神 fortitude and perseverance 以壓倒性優(yōu)勢勝出 secret ballot 電視直播 live broadcast 吉祥物mascot 健身keep fit 爆發(fā)出雷鳴般的歡呼聲和掌聲burst into thunderous cheers and applause 全運會運動項目： 1足球 Football 2籃球 Basketball 3排球 Volleyball

4自行車 Bicycle

5.現(xiàn)代五項(擊劍、游泳、馬術、跑射)Modern Pentathlon(fencing, swimming, equestrian, run shot)6.田徑Track and field

7.鐵人三項Triathlon 8.武術套路Wushu Routine 9.藝術體操

Rhythmic Gymnastics 10舉重.Weightlifting

11.擊劍 Fencing

12游泳 swim 13.跳水Diving

14.Wrestling摔跤 1 5Archery射箭 16.射擊Shooting 17.Judo柔道

18.Taekwondo

跆拳道 19.Horsemanship 馬術 20.Golf 高爾夫球 21.Rugby 橄欖球 22.Marathon馬拉松 23.Tennis 網(wǎng)球 24.Gymnastics體操

25.花樣游泳Synchronized Swimming

26.Baseball棒球

27.field hockey曲棍球 28.Softball壘球 29.Kayaking皮劃艇 0.Rowing賽艇

31激流回旋Slalom 32.Windsurfing帆板

33、Sailboat帆船

34、Water polo 水球 35.Handball 手球

36、Table tennis 乒乓球

37、Game Open Waters 公開水域 38.Boxing拳擊

39.Beach Volleyball沙灘排球 40.Wushu Sanda武術散打 41.蹦床Trampoline 42.羽毛球Badminton

Unit4：旅游

WTO

World Tourism Organization 世界旅游組織

WATA

World Association of Travel Agencies 世界旅行社協(xié)會 ISOT

World Office of Social Tourism國際社會旅游局

WTTC

World Tourist and Travel Council 世界旅游及旅行理事會

時差反應 jet lag 旅游收入 tourism receipts/earnings/revenue 觀光旅游 sighting tour 民俗旅游 folk customs tour 生態(tài)旅游 ecological tour 出入境游客 inbound and outbound tourist 民風民俗 folk custom 名勝古跡 scenic spots and historical sites 文化古跡 cultural relics 世界奇跡 world wonder 奇峰 grotesque peak 圣地sacred peak

人間天堂 paradise on earth 淡季Low season 旺季Peak season 平季Shoulder season

往返機票Round-trip ticket 單程機票O(jiān)ne-way ticket

海關申報處Customs service area

行李領取處Luggage/baggage claim area 避暑勝地Summer resorts

出土文物Unearthed cultural relics

古建筑群Ancient architectural complex 徒步旅行Trekking holiday 高原反應Altitude stress 奇珍異寶Rare treasure

青山綠水green hills and clear waters

綠色蔥蔥lush green /luxuriant vegetation

百花競放Hundreds of flowers contend to blossom

奇峰羅列rows of perilous peaks exhibiting a great variety of shapes 拔地而起to rise abruptly from the ground

光怪陸離grouped into grotesque and colorful forms

賞心悅目 pleasing to the eye /a feast to the eye

園林建筑 garden architecture

佛教名山 famous Buddhist mountains

頂禮膜拜 to worship /to pay homage to

人如潮涌with throngs of people milling around

空前絕后 to be unprecedented /to have no parallel in history 姿態(tài)逼真 lifelike /vivid as if alive

光彩奪目 emitting radiant sparkles

綿延山巒 rolling ranges

湖光山色 landscape of lakes and hills 景色如畫 Picturesque

誘人景色 inviting views

景色宜人soothing vista

自然景觀 natural scenery/attraction 人文景觀 places of historic figures and cultural heritage 名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers 名勝古跡 scenic spots and historical sites 佛教名山 famous Buddhist mountain 五岳 five great mountains 避暑山莊 mountain resort 度假勝地 holiday resort 避暑勝地 summer resort 自然保護區(qū) nature reserve 國家公園 national park 旅游景點 tourist attraction 古建筑群 ancient architectural complex

河湖交錯river 田園村舍field and village 氣勢磅礴magnificent 無邊無際boundless 如詩如畫painting 姹紫嫣紅a blaze of bright colors

四通八達extend in all directions

崇山峻嶺steep mountain

煥然一新take on an entirely new look

惟妙惟肖

remarkable true to life

Unit5：教育

學前教育pre-school education 初等教育 elementary education 中等教育secondary education 高等教育higher/tertiary education 成人教育adult education 基礎教育basic education

掃盲教育education for illiterates 職業(yè)技術教育vocational and technical education 文盲率illiteracy rate 師范大學normal/teacher’s university/college 助學金tuition assistance 直屬教育部directly under the Ministry of Education 尊師重教respect teachers and value education 人才強國戰(zhàn)略the strategy of making China stronger by producing more outstanding personnel 弘揚~~的良好風氣foster an environment of? 國家教育委員會State Education Commission 強強合并 merger of the strong 揭牌儀式 unveiling ceremony，inauguration 科教興國 to rejuvenate the country through science and education 教育方針 education policy

實現(xiàn)高等教育大眾化 to strive for providing higher education to a majority of people 全面推進素質(zhì)教育 to provide an education with all-round development in schools and higher-learning institutions 教師資格認定 teacher qualification accreditation 教學方法創(chuàng)新 innovation in pedagogy 考評 evaluation of one’s professional work 教師教學質(zhì)量評估 instruction performance quality assessment scheme 應試教育 exam-oriented education system 因材施教原則 principle of individualized instruction 招生簡章 prospectus 擇優(yōu)錄取 merit-based enrollment 準考證 exam admission card 品學兼優(yōu) intellectual and moral excellence 基本框架 basic framework

辦學效益 efficiency in school management

協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展 coordinated and balanced program of development 教育投入 input in education

優(yōu)化教師隊伍 optimize the teaching staff 實行分區(qū)規(guī)劃 practice regional planning 社會參與 communal participation 新增勞動力 incoming labor force 基礎科學 the fundamentals 學分制 the credit system

三學期制 the trimester system

雙學士制 a double BA degree system

主副修制 a system of a major field of specialization plus a minor field 師范學院 teachers' college

工業(yè)大學 polytechnic university 工業(yè)學院 engineering institute 農(nóng)業(yè)大學 agricultural university 農(nóng)學院 agricultural college 醫(yī)科大學 medical university 醫(yī)學院 medical college/school

中醫(yī)院 institute of traditional Chinese medicine 音樂學院 conservatory of music 美術學院 academy of fine arts 體育學院 physical culture institute 分校 branch school 重點學校 key school

業(yè)余學校 spare-time school

Unit6：科學技術

Tidal power

潮汐能 Geothermal power

地熱能 Fossil fuel

化石燃料 W/㎡瓦特/平方米

Solar constant

太陽常數(shù) Ultraviolet

紫外線

Wind turbine

風力渦輪機 Ferocious

猛烈的 Implication

影響 Utility plant

民用電站 Nuclear weapons proliferation

核武器擴散 Uranium

鈾

stem cells

干細胞 genetic engineering

基因工程 Clone

克隆

genetically modified foods(GM foods)

轉基因食品 immune system

免疫系統(tǒng) plastic surgery

Orthodontics

Human Genome Project

Mutation

nervous system

物理：

1.功率 power 2.穩(wěn)定性 stability 3.載荷 load 4.概率 probability 5.勢能 potential energy 6.動量 momentum 7.電流 current 8.直流電 direct current 9.交流電alternating current 10.電壓 voltage 11.變壓器transformer 12.靜態(tài)的 static 13.動態(tài)的 dynamic 14.薄膜 thin film 15.量子理論quantum theory 16.黑洞 black hole 17.參數(shù)parameter 18.變量 variable 19.因子factor 20.乘法、繁殖multiply

21.光學optics 22.合金alloy 23.陶瓷ceramics 24.不對稱 asymmetry 25.摩擦 friction 26.流體力學 fluid mechanics 27.重力，地心引力gravity 28.work 做功

整形手術 牙齒矯正

人類基因組織計劃突變

神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)

29.輻射radiation 30.杠桿作用，杠桿效率leverage 31.聲納sonar 32.分貝decibel 33.漂白bleach 34.鍋爐boiler 35.沸點boiling point 36.晶體管transistor 37.容量capacity 38.離心力centrifugal force 39.向心力centripetal force 40.電荷charge 41.帶電粒子charged particle 42.公式formula 43.等式equation 44.凈化器cleaner 45.系數(shù)coefficient 46.生化biochemistry 47.壓縮compression 48.傳導性conductivity 49.導體conductor 50.常數(shù)constant 51.含量content 52.轉化conversion 53.冷卻器cooler

54.自動化automation 55.臨界點critical point 56.晶化crystallize 57.紋理 texture 58.電磁輻射 electromagnetic radiation 59.中子neutron 60.統(tǒng)計學statistics 61.等離子plasma 62.奇點 singularity 63.濕度humidity 64.頻率frequency

65.頻譜frequency spectrum 66.動力學dynamics 67.力學 mechanics 68.重心center of gravity 69.撞擊，沖擊impact 70.電力系統(tǒng)power system 71.絕緣insulation 72.磁場magnetic field 73.放電discharge

74.斷電，停電blackout 75.放射性的radioactive 76.分子 molecule 77.金屬metal

78.鈣calcium 79.二氧化硫sulfur dioxide

80.氫彈H-bomb 81.原子 atom

82.核 nucleus

83.暗物質(zhì) dark matter 84.零點能 zero energy 85.發(fā)動機motor 86.磁暴 magnetic storm 87.超新星 Supernova 88.相對論 theory of relativity 89.大爆炸理論 Big Bang Theory 100.光年 light year 101.紫外光 UV(ultraviolet)radiation 102.紅外線 infrared ray 103.可見光 visible light 104.混沌 chaos 105.波長 wavelength 106.電極electrode 107.保險絲，熔絲fuse 108.波譜，光譜spectrum 109.泵 pump 110.屬性property 111.特征 characteristic 112．負極 negative pole.113.正極 positive pole 114.定理theorem 115.計算 calculation 116.運算 operation 117.假設 hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)118.命題 proposition 119.統(tǒng)計statistics 120.平均數(shù) average 121.加權平均數(shù) weighted average 122.方差 variance 123.標準差standard deviation 124.比例propotion 125.百分比 percent 126.百分點 percentage 127.百分位數(shù) percentile 128.排列 permutation 129.組合 combination 130.圖表 graph 131.條形統(tǒng)計圖 bar graph 132.柱形統(tǒng)計圖 histogram 133.曲線統(tǒng)計圖 curve diagram 134.扇形統(tǒng)計圖 pie diagram 135.常量 constant 136.變量 variable 137.算術 arithmetic 138.和 sum

環(huán)境資源：

1.京都議定書 Kyoto Protocol 2.太陽電池solar cell 3.酸雨 acid rain 4.太陽能 solar energy 5.溫室效應greenhouse effect 6.水資源 Water Resources 7.核能nuclear energy 8.循環(huán)經(jīng)濟 Recycling Economy 9.氣壓計barometer 10.臭氧層 ozone layer 11.煤氣coal gas 12.玷污contamination 13.可替代能源alternative energy 14.生物多樣性bio-diversity 15.動物棲息地habitat 16.除草劑herbicide 17.熱島效應 heat island effect 18.不降解的 non-degradable 19.綠黨green party 20.燃料fuel 21.能源危機energy crisis 22.廢氣exhaust gas 23.垃圾掩埋地 landfill 24.誤用，濫用misuse 25.可再生資源renewable energy sources 26.天然資源，自然資源 natural resources 27.瀕危物種 endangered species 28.壽命 life expectancy, life span 29.可持續(xù)發(fā)展sustainable development 30.氣候變化climate change 31.溫室氣體greenhouse gases 32.有毒的 poisonous, toxic 33.侵蝕erosion 34.處理掉（廢品等）dispose 35.污染物pollutant 36.信風trade wind 37.熱帶的tropical 38.海嘯tsunami 39.毛毛雨drizzle 40.雨夾雪sleet 41.冰雹hail 42.凍雨ice rain 43.氣流air current

44.氣流侵襲air intrusion 45.氣團air mass 46.酸霧acid mist

47.大氣化學air chemistry

48.航空氣候?qū)Waeronautical climatology 49.余震aftershock

50.綠化，造林afforestation

UNIT 7：社會與家庭

Cramped

狹小的

Anonymous

默默無聞的 Apartment mortgage

房屋按揭 Immediate pressure

瞬時壓力 Fiancee未婚妻

Post-industry society

后工業(yè)社會

Informal General Assemble

聯(lián)合國大會關于兩性平等和增 debate on gender equality and the

強婦女能力的 Empowerment of women Unabated

有增無減 Toll

傷害 Cover up

遮蓋 Tacitly condone

默許 Follow-up

后續(xù)工作 UN resolution

聯(lián)合國決議

Peacebuilding Commission

建設和評委員會 Human Rights Council

人權理事會 家庭類型單詞（胡明明）

DINK

丁客家庭 nuclear family

核心家庭 Stem family

主干家庭 joint family

聯(lián)合家庭 single parent family

單親家庭 reconstituted family

重組家庭 兒童問題詞匯

兒童維權者

child advocate

素質(zhì)教育

quality-oriented education / education for all-round development 寓教于樂

edutainment / to combine education with entertainment 農(nóng)村留守兒童

left-behind children in rural area 救助失學兒童

兒童權益

參議院農(nóng)業(yè)委員會

盧旺達兒童問題詞匯（錢嫣荷）

genocide

reconciliation

orphan

Agahozo-Shalom

Mass killings

Anne Herman

Kinyarwanda

Hebrew

Provide assistance to dropouts

rights of children

Senate Agriculture Committee 種族滅絕；滅絕整個種族的大屠殺 和解；調(diào)和；和諧；甘愿

孤兒

青年村的名字 大規(guī)模屠殺

安妮海曼 盧旺達語

希伯來語

第四篇：英漢實用翻譯教學大綱

《英漢實用翻譯》教學大綱

課程名稱：英漢實用翻譯課程代碼：

課程類別：專業(yè)必修課

教學時數(shù)： ３６節(jié)（每學期）／2學時每周；總學時：７２節(jié) 學分：４學分

適用范圍：中英文秘／經(jīng)貿(mào)英語／英語新聞／英語教育等專業(yè) 考核方式：閉卷筆試制訂日期：２００６年３月

前言

我國的改革開放、經(jīng)濟建設以及社會發(fā)展均需要大量高素質(zhì)實用型專業(yè)人才，本著“授人以魚，不如授人以漁”的指導思想，我國高等教育越來越重視大學生實用專業(yè)技能的培養(yǎng)，英漢實用翻譯正是為此目的而開設的專業(yè)實用技能課程，在簡單介紹英漢翻譯常識和理論的基礎上，本課程擬通過大量引自國際貿(mào)易文書、單證和實務中實例的翻譯和譯法的討論，簡略地歸納和總結一些最為常用和實用的英漢翻譯技巧，然后依據(jù)所學技巧，廣泛練習，與各類國際貿(mào)易實用文體的學習相結合，融會貫通，培養(yǎng)學生正確翻譯各類實用文體的能力，以便在較短的時間里初步適應社會的要求，正確運用技巧，獨立應對用人單位的英漢筆頭翻譯任務。

課程性質(zhì)、教學目標與要求：

本課程是為我校英語系所有專業(yè)方向?qū)W生開設專業(yè)技能必修課程，開設時間以第四、五學期為宜，可避免和減少不必要的外界沖擊。教學目標是向同學們傳授英漢翻譯的初步思維策略和處理各類實用涉外文書翻譯的基本技巧，并在此基礎上，引導同學們識別和了解不同涉外文書文體特色。課程要求同學們在大量實踐的基礎上不斷提高英漢翻譯技能并增強雙語的表達能力，以便本段學業(yè)完成之后能夠進一步自學或深造，并能初步適應和完成可能接手的涉外文秘和英漢翻譯工作。

教學內(nèi)容：

第一部分、英譯漢基本思維策略

１、對翻譯工作者的要求

（１）良好的英語語言和文化修養(yǎng)

（２）扎實的母語語言文化基本功

（３）跨文化意識的培養(yǎng)和形成（４）初步了解翻譯的基本理論和技巧

（５）養(yǎng)成良好的職業(yè)操守和工作習慣

（６）正確有效的利用工具和傳媒

２、英漢翻譯理論和常識簡介

（１）翻譯的定義

（２）翻譯的種類

（３）翻譯的過程

（４）翻譯的標準

（５）涉外文書翻譯的基本原則：總則和細則

文體之分，標準之異

格式、語體、措辭、行文等

第二部分、翻譯的基本技巧

（１）注意詞義的精當再現(xiàn)

一詞多義和詞義的判斷與選擇

語境和詞義的引申

如何再現(xiàn)源語的語體色彩

如何發(fā)揮譯文語言的優(yōu)勢

（２）活用及形式、視點轉換技巧

合度增益與減省

詞類的轉換

反面著筆

語態(tài)的轉譯技巧

（３）翻譯基本表達手段的運用

直譯法、意譯法及二者之間的相互關系以及如何選擇運用的問題，其他輔助性的變通和補償手段簡介

第三部分、各類涉外文書的翻譯

（１）外貿(mào)信函的特點與翻譯

格式問題

稱呼與結尾禮辭

措辭問題

摘譯問題

（２）涉外廣告的特點與翻譯

涉外廣告標題、口號的句法與修辭特點

涉外廣告標題、口號的翻譯

涉外廣告標題、口號的翻譯中應注意的問題

廣告正文的特點與翻譯

廣告正文翻譯中存在的主要問題

商標與品名的特點及翻譯

（３）涉外合同的特點與翻譯

條理性

規(guī)范性

嚴謹性

（４）涉外文書常用詞語的翻譯

be interested in

appreciate

(be)subject to

responsible for/ responsibility 與 liable for/ liability

abide by / comply with;according to / in accordance

with / in line with

against

offer, quote / quotation, bid

if, in case 及其它

shall及其它

（５）企業(yè)名稱的翻譯

英語公司及企業(yè)名稱的漢譯

漢語公司及企業(yè)名稱的英譯

技法小結

主導教材：劉季春《實用翻譯教程》，中山大學出版社，１９９６年

輔助教材：馮慶華，《實用翻譯教程》，上海外語教育出版社，１９９５年；張培基等，《英漢翻譯教程》，上海外語教育出版社，１９８２年； 華先發(fā)等，《新編大學英譯漢教程》，上海外語教育出版社，２００４年

自編講義

考核方式：閉卷筆試

平時表現(xiàn)與作業(yè)（３0%）； 期末考試（７0%）

學時分配計劃

第一部分：１０節(jié)

第二部分：２６節(jié)（第一、二部分在第一學期完成）第三部分：３６節(jié)（第三部分在第二學期完成）

第五篇：英漢習語文化翻譯論文

關鍵字：意義 表面 差異 表達 形象 文化 歷史 研究 翻譯 作用 彎曲 壓電 隱含 字面 下的 金屬電極 屈曲

習語是某一語言在使用過程中形成的獨特的固定的表達方式。本文所要討論的習語是廣義的、包括成語、諺語、歇后語、典故等。英漢兩種語言歷史悠久，包含著大量的習語，它們或含蓄、幽默、或嚴肅、典雅，不僅言簡意賅，而且形象生動，妙趣橫和，給人一種美的享受。由于地理、歷史、宗教信仰、生活習俗等方面的差異，英漢習語承載著不民的民族文化特色和文化信息，它們與文化傳統(tǒng)緊密相連，不可分割。習語中的文化因素往往是翻譯中的難點。本文試圖借助語用學的理論，對英漢習語的翻譯作一些探索。

美車哲學教授H.p.Grice在他的Meaning一書中把話語的意義分為自然意義（natural meaning）和非自然意義（non-natural

meaning）兩種。話語的非自然意義指人們意欲表達的意義，即在特定的場合下表達出交際者意圖的語用隱含意義。這就是Grice的會話含意（conversational

implicature）理論的基礎。那么，由于英漢兩種語言的文化背景的差異，同樣字面意義、形象意義的話語文章可能具有完全不同的隱含意義。隱含意義才是說話人或作者所要表達的意義。根據(jù)我們的觀察，英漢習語之間的多方面差異可歸為兩類：一是形象意義的差異，一是隱含意義（包括褒貶義）的差異，而它們都是字面以外的意義，是文化差異的具體反映。由此出發(fā)，本文提出了英漢習語文化意義翻譯的具體原則和方法。

一、英漢習語中所反映的文化差異

朱光潛先生在《談翻譯》一文中說：“外國文學最難了解和翻譯的第一是聯(lián)想的意義……”，“它帶有特殊的情感氛圍，甚深廣而微妙，在字典中無從找出，對文學卻極要緊。如果我們不熟悉一國的人情風俗和文化歷史背景，對于文字的這種意義就茫然，尤其是在翻譯時這種字義最不易應付?！庇幕祟悓W家愛德華·泰勒在《原始文化》（1871）一書中，首次把文化作為一個概念提了出來，并表述為：“文化是一種復雜，它包括知識、信仰、藝術、道德、法律、風俗以及其作社會上習得的能力與習慣?！笨梢娢幕母采w面很廣，它是一個復要的系統(tǒng)。語言作為文化的一個組成部分，反映一個民族豐富多彩的方化現(xiàn)象。我們經(jīng)過歸納總結認為，英漢習語所反是非曲直的文化差異主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：

1、生存環(huán)境的差異

習語的產(chǎn)生與人們的勞動和生活密切相關。英國是一個島國，歷史上航海業(yè)曾一度領先世界；而漢民族在亞洲大陸生活繁衍，人們的生活離不開土地。比喻花錢浪費，大手大腳，英語是spend

money like water，而漢語是“揮金如土”。英語中有許多關于船和水的習語，在漢語中沒有完全相同的對應習語，如to rest on

one’s oars（暫時歇一歇），to keep one’s head above water（奮力圖存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。

在漢語的文化氛圍中，“東風”即是“春天的風”，夏天常與酷署炎熱聯(lián)系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火燒”、“驕陽似火”是常被用來描述夏天的詞語。而英國地處西半球，北溫帶，海洋性氣候，報告春天消息的卻是西風，英國著名詩人雪萊的《西風頌》正是對春的謳歌。英國的夏季正是溫馨宜人的季節(jié)，常與

“可愛”、“溫和”、“美好”相連。莎士比亞在他的一首十四行詩中把愛人比作夏天，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s

day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate。

2、習俗差異

英漢習俗差異是多方面的，最典型的莫過于在對狗這種動物的態(tài)度上。狗在漢語中是一種卑微的動物。漢語中與狗有關的習語大都含有貶意：“狐朋狗黨”、“狗急跳墻”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等，盡管近些年來養(yǎng)龐物狗的人數(shù)大大增加，狗的“地位”似乎有所改變，但狗的貶義形象卻深深地留在漢語言文化中。而在西方英語國家，狗被認為是人類最忠誠的朋友。英語中有關狗的習語除了一部分因受其他語言的影響而含有貶義外，大部分都沒有貶義。在英語習語中，常以狗的形象來比喻人的行為。如You

are a lucky dog（你是一個幸運兒），Every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意日），Old dog will mot

learn mew tricks（老人學不了新東西）等等。形容人“病得厲害”用sick as a dog，“累極了”是dog-tired。與此相反，中國人十分喜愛貓，用“饞貓”比喻人貪嘴，常有親呢的成份，而在西方文化中，“貓”被用來比喻“包藏禍心的女人”。

3、宗教信仰方面

與宗教信仰有關的習語也大量地出在在英漢語言中。佛教傳入中國已有一千多年的歷史，人們相信有“佛主”在左右著人世間的一切，與此有關的習語很多，如“借花獻佛”、“閑時不燒香，臨時抱佛腳”等。在西方許多國家，特別是在英美，人們信奉基督教，相關的習語如Good

helps those who help themselves（上帝幫助自助的人），也有Go to hell（下地獄去）這樣的詛咒。

4、歷史典故

英漢兩種語言中還有大量由歷史典故形成的習語，這些習語結構簡單，意義深遠，往往是不能單從字面意義去理解和翻譯的。如“東施效顰”、“名落孫山”、“葉公好龍”等等。英語典故習語多來自《圣經(jīng)》和希臘羅馬神話，如Achilles’heel（唯一致命弱點）、meet

one’s waterloo（一敗涂地）、penelope’s web（永遠完不成的工作）、a pandora’s box（潘多拉之盒棗災難、麻煩、禍害的根源）等。

二、英漢習語翻譯的具體原則和方法

關于翻譯標準，中外翻譯理論家們提出了不同的主張。從嚴復的“信、達、雅”，傅雷的“重神似不重形似”，到張培基先生提出的“忠實通順”；從瞿秋白的“等同概念”，到美國著名的翻譯理論家Eugene

A·Nidar的“功能對等（functional equivalence）”或“動態(tài)對等（dynamic equivalence）”，我們可以看出，這些主張是相互影響、互為補充、不斷完善的，雖然側重點有所不同，但中心要結晶都是譯文要忠實準確地表達原文的意義，保持原作的風格，忠實反是非曲直原作的面貌。所謂忠實表達原文的意義，應指忠實表達原文的字面意義、形象意義和隱含意義三個方面。但是，并不是原文的每句話、每個習語、詞匯都同時具備三種意義，有的可能只有字面意義，沒有形象意義；有的可能兼有字面意義和形象意義，但沒有隱含意義。尤其是，任何兩處語言文化都不可能完相同。