第一篇:高考英語復習重在補差
高考英語復習重在“補差”
現在,高考考生的英語首先要解決的就是補差。
“補差”就是要補一補自己在歷次模擬考試中發現的差距。針對高考英語中常見的幾種題型,最近可以具體在以下方面加強。
單項選擇在做的時候除了要完成選項、校對答案之外,更重要的是把做對的、填對的題,無論是句子還是對話都要認真地閱讀一遍,然后用一個本子或者白紙進行默寫、抄寫。
完型填空題是高考里最難的一種題,應該練習先看文章本身,后看選項,不要忙著看后面的20個選項,文章從頭到尾看一遍,再看填什么詞合適。有時候完型填空是閱讀理解的一個方面,如果讀得很多,知識面很廣,做這些題就比較容易。
閱讀一般來說先看下面的理解題,然后再去看這個文章本身,這樣帶著問題去閱讀,有目的的閱讀。生詞多是目前高考閱讀材料的一個特點,所以要學會根據上下文來猜測詞義。
書面表達的基本原則,是使用盡可能簡單的英語盡可能表達盡可能豐富的內容。寫作就是說話,如果口語很好,出口就能成章,你落筆亦可成文了,所以口語很重要。寫作文之前可以練練復述,把故事復述下來,也可以多看看閱讀材料,把材料里面的選題、問答背一背,復述大意。每篇文章背上四句,這樣背多了,素材就積累多了。最后動筆寫文章時就會手到擒來。
第二篇:高考一百天英語復習
高考的成敗,從某種角度來看,并不真正是在高考場上的搏殺,其決戰其實是在高考場外,也就是說高三這一年的復習質量決定著高考的成敗。
高三英語復習是一項復雜的系統工程,復習得法,將事半功倍,成績驕人。
高三英語復習首先要扎實系統地掌握足夠的基礎知識(課本知識和語法知識體系),使新舊知識系統化、條理化;然后迅速把掌握的知識轉換成能力,如解題能力、分析能力、知識遷移能力、創新能力。因此,同學們要充分發揮主體作用,講究策略、方法,使整個高三的英語復習有目的、有計劃、有步驟地順利進行。
在第一階段復習過程中,同學們要認真學習和研究《大綱》和《考試說明》,以《大綱》為依據,以《考試說明》為指導,以課本為基礎,按照知識的內在聯系,將其要點進行分類整理,使之條理化、系統化和規律化。這一階段復習內容包括詞匯、句型、語法、交際功能項目等方面。要把所學的零散的、孤立的知識有機地結合起來,使已學知識網絡化,形成一個完整的知識體系,從而摸索出帶有規律性的東西。在復習過程中,同學們還要結合高考考點進行針對性訓練,這樣才能在很短的時間內復習完所有的基礎知識,提高復習效率,以便有充裕的時間進行下一階段的復習。
第二階段復習的重要任務之一,是在一輪復習基礎上建立起完整的知識體系。為完成這一任務,同學們要根據《考綱》要求,準確理解各個知識點的內在含義,熟悉它們的適應范圍及使用條件,并認真分析研究各個知識點之間的內在聯系然后查漏補缺,為綜合運用打下堅實的基礎。
綜合模擬訓練階段。前面兩個階段的知識與考點的縱向和橫向聯系,形成了鮮活的、系統的知識網絡體系,這時同學們已具備了語言運用的初步能力,所以這第三階段應該是一個語言綜合運用能力全面提升的階段。同學們應對自己通過做題表現出來的知識和能力上的弱點進行及時彌補。這一階段各種題型集中在試卷上,同學們應通過模擬訓練提高解題能力。另外,第三階段后期還有項很重要的任務就是:回歸課本,重溫基礎,查看錯題集,查漏補缺。
準備未雨綢繆,歷經風雨方見彩虹
高三復習絕不是一帆風順的,它是波浪式的、曲折前進的過程。經歷考試失誤在所難免,這是高三復習的正常現象,應有足夠的心理準備。
高三復習,在物質上要做充分的準備,同學們要做到“四必”準備,培養科學的備考技巧。
前期準備主要包括心理準備和物質準備。
高三復習絕不是一帆風順的,它是波浪式的、曲折前進的過程。經歷考試失誤在所難免,這是高三復習的正常現象,應有足夠的心理準備。要樹立正確的考試觀,正確對待高考前的各種考試失利,要笑對失敗。高考之前的任何一次考試失利,對于高三同學們來說,都是寶貴的財富,它會給同學們帶來很多好處:其一,及時暴露出自己所存在的問題,以便于進行分析總結,查漏補缺;其二,有助于建立良好的應試心理,所謂“百煉才能成鋼”,只有經歷考試的挫敗,才能愈挫愈勇,百折不撓,以后面對高考才不會壓力重重。隨著復習進程的深入,問題才會愈來愈少,進步才愈來愈大。這對于確保高考正常發揮是極其寶貴的。
高三英語復習,物質準備也非常必要。同學們要做好“四必”準備,培養科學的備考技巧。
1.必須有“單詞隨身記”。隨時記憶、隨時復習、隨時擴充,既能逐步擴大詞匯量又能有效地利用每天的零碎時間,突破詞匯關。
2.必須有“作文佳句集錦”。這有利于大家規范表達的習慣,準備一本作文檔案,把平時的習作,優美的范文,寫作常用的詞匯、句型和過渡語,閱讀當中遇到的優美表達集中起來,加以整合和歸類并把它們當作日常學習中朗讀、背誦、復習、仿寫的素材,這樣就可以逐步提高你的書面表達水平。
3.必須有錯題集。將平時訓練或考試當中的錯誤集中起來,并加以整理和歸納,經常復習和反思,就會逐步突破自己的難點和薄弱點,減少考試中的重復丟分。
4.必須有“英漢詞典”。“英漢詞典”可以規范你的發音,幫助你熟悉詞匯的意義、用法,尤其關注熟詞生義現象,擴充詞匯量,產生從量變到質變的飛躍。
策略分階段,穩扎穩打,步步為營
英語總復習始終應以閱讀為重點,以閱讀貫徹始終。每天要限時閱讀至少2~3篇文章。要不斷總結和歸納各類文章的閱讀技巧和方法,提高閱讀理解的得分率。
每課一記,三課一復習,五課一鞏固。親手將帶規律性的知識用圖表的形式編成“知識樹”,眾多“知識樹”形成一片“知識林”。
這一階段我們應把精力放在對詞匯、語法和句型的牢固掌握上,注意知識點之間的串聯和梳理,適當地進行延伸,同時配以大量的聽力和閱讀訓練,為語言運用能力的形成和提升提供保證。
一、詞匯復習
英語詞匯的復習十分重要。詞匯十分繁雜豐富,復習時要總結歸納詞匯的音、形、義、用四方面,擴大詞匯學習的深度和廣度。所謂深度和廣度是指歸納同義詞、近義詞的異同;盡可能掌握常用詞的各種用法、搭配和意義,特別是那些用法和詞義繁多、搭配能力強的常用基本詞匯,除音、形、義外,還要掌握他們的適用條件、語法特點以及與其他相關知識的聯系,盡可能爭取訓練到位、熟練運用。
1.歸納中學課本常用和常考詞匯的基本用法、語法特點、適用條件以及相關知識點的異同比較,特別是一些使用頻率較高的動詞如:need,consider,suggest,expect,prefer等。
2.對有共同用法特點的詞匯進行歸納,形成知識鏈。如,教材中既可作實義動詞又可作系動詞的詞有:sound,smell,taste,get,become,turn,grow,come,fall,go,remain,look,appear,seem等。
又如,表示“計劃去做而結果不一定能實現”的動詞有intend,mean,hope,plan,expect,think,want,suppose等,這些動詞常用過去完成時加動詞不定式或賓語從句,或用過去式接動詞不定式的完成時態表示原來有計劃或想法但最終未能實現,意為“本來……而未能……”。
3.由點及面,培養發散思維和知識遷移的能力。對搭配能力強的詞匯在復習時可以自己先行歸納復習。如復習call的用法時,馬上想到callsb.,callup,callfor,callout,callin,callon,callat,givesb.acall,callsb.names等。
再如,get既可作連系動詞也可作實義動詞,做實義動詞用時意義較多,教材中含有get的短語有getoff,geton,getin,getto,getup,getholdof,geton/alongwith,getridof,getintotrouble,getusedto(doing),gettogether,getreadyfor等,而get作連系動詞用時有get+v-ing/v-ed/adj等結構。
4.學習和歸納近義詞、同義詞,可以擴大知識面,增強運用語言的能力。如:在復習besides用法時,可以聯系except,but,exceptfor,exceptthat,butfor等詞語的詞義區別和用法。
再如:dress,in,puton,haveon,wear等詞語都可以表示“穿戴”,但它們的意義和用法有所區別。
5.歸納復習之后,再配上高考考點及對應練習,就可提高同學們的實際運用能力。詞匯復習要著重理解記憶,明確用法,切不要孤立地死記硬背單詞。復習時要做到詞不離短語、詞不離句,結合科學的練習方法,不要只停留在概念的記憶上,而要把記憶和使用結合起來。
二、句型復習
對中學課本中慣用句型可按語法結構、用法等進行歸類總結,如:倒裝、省略、插入語、強調句、祈使句、反意疑問句、感嘆句、復合賓語、并列等結構以及各種句型。這些句型結構是高考命題的熱點。
插入語。插入語結構是高考常考的句型結構,復習時可以從以下幾方面歸納中學課本中出現的插入語結構:①單詞型插入語,如however,luckily/happily(forsb.),personally,though等;②短語型插入語,如strangetosay,worsestill,orrather,inotherwords,inone’sopinion,infact,ofcourse,generallyspeaking,tomakethingsworse;③插入句,如Ithink,doyouconsider,thatistosay,what’smore等。
省略句型。在復習省略句型時,可把中學課本中的有關復習要點歸納如下:?譹?訛狀語從句中的省略;?譺?訛日常對話的語境省略,省略次要的和與前面重復的詞語;?譻?訛“替代性”省略,用so,not,neither,nor或其他手段來省略與上文相同的語義成分;?譼?訛不定式結構的省略,省略不定式后和前面相同的動詞部分;
?譽?訛不定式符號“to”的省略,感官動詞和使役動詞(feel,see,hear,notice,let,make,have等)后接不定式作賓語補足語時,省略to;?谫?訛虛擬語氣中should的省略,表示“堅持(insist)、命令(order)、要求(demand)、建議(suggest)”等動詞后接的賓語從句中,謂語用“should+動詞原形”,should可省略。復習時盡可能附課本例句,并精選與省略有關的高考題來練習。
三、語法復習
語法的復習不可輕視,一定的句法能力是提高語言能力的基礎。不重視語法學習,勢必會造成動筆就錯、語言不規范。教材的語法比較分散,高三復習時必須相對集中,系統歸納。在高三后期,要逐步淡化語法,把精力放在閱讀、寫作和聽力訓練上,培養和提升能力。
集中復習中學課本中的各種時態時,要比較它們的用法特點;復習非謂語動詞時可以按它們的功能橫向比較-ing形式、-ed形式和不定式各自的用法特點;復習非謂語動詞做賓語的用法時,可用圖表形式列出,并附例句、考點、高考題。
賓語從句。只能用不定式作賓語的動詞有:wish,offer,hope,expect,decide,manage,agree,pretend,refuse,promise等。
用動詞-ing形式作賓語的動詞有:mind,practice,enjoy,suggest,avoid,finish,consider,can’thelp,giveup等。
既可以用不定式也可以用動詞-ing形式作賓語的動詞且兩者意義基本相同的有:begin,start,love,hate,prefer等;意義明顯不同的有:forget,remember,regret,try,mean等。如remember/forget后接不定式表示“記得/忘記了要做某事(動作尚未發生)”,后接動詞-ing形式表示“記得/忘記已做某事(動作已經發生)”。
有些動詞用動詞-ing形式作賓語表示被動意義,相當于不定式的被動浯態作賓語如need,want,require,demand等。
定語從句。定語從句是高中英語教材中的重要語法內容,它貫穿了整個高中英語的每一冊教材,也是每年必考的考點。歸納定語從句知識時要掌握以下要點:①that,which,who等關系代詞與when,where等關系副詞的基本用法以及如何選擇定語從句引導詞;②引導詞that和which的用法區別以及各自的特殊用法;③非限制性定語從句意義、用法以及which在非限制性定語從句中的應用;④as在定語從句中的用法;⑤“介詞+關系代詞”引導定語從句;⑥帶有“插入語”的定語從句;⑦定語從句與并列句、狀語從句、名詞性從句、強調句型的用法區別。
不定代詞。不定代詞也是語法重難點之一,可以按照指代范圍去歸納復習,如:both,either,neither表示兩者之間;any,all,none,every,some表示三者或三者以上之間;each既可以用于兩者,也可以用于兩者或三者以上。也可以按照不定代詞表示特指與泛指的范疇去復習,如:theother,theothers表示特指,other,either,another表示泛指。還要歸納不定代詞表示完全否定與不完全否定的用法,如:not和all,both,every,everything連用表示不完全否定含義,其完全否定含義應由none,neither,no,nobody,nothing加表示肯定意義的謂語構成;little和few表示否定概念,alittle,afew表示肯定概念。不定代詞表示替代用法的常用詞有one,ones,it,that,those。復習時要把不定代詞的基本用法和語境結合起來,培養在語境中靈活運用不定代詞的能力。
四、日常交際用語歸納
中學英語教材每一單元的對話課以交際功能為主線貫穿始終。由此,同學們可根據《大綱》所列的“日常交際用語”對各單元的對話重新排列分類,整理歸納,使之條理化、系統化,總結出相關話題的典型句型,并設置語境實踐,學會運用。如:“askingtheway”在中學課本中學過八次,復習時可歸納有關問路的典型句型,以便幫助自己理解和運用。
2010年2月—2010年4月中旬
第二階段:厚積薄發、延伸課本
在第二輪復習過程中,不能簡單地、重溫性地復習各個知識點,而是要做一定數量的綜合訓練題,熟悉掌握各種題型的解題方法及技巧,提高自己分析問題、解決問題的能力,最終達到提高解題速度與準確性的目的。為達到此目的,應注意:①訓練的重點應是中檔難度的題目;②要特別重視實用性、靈活性比較強以及能力型的題目;③要規范解題,像對待考試一樣對待平常的練習題,也就是說要計時做題,練做題的速度及準確率;④做題的數量要適度適量,貴在做后的糾錯、反思和總結,要弄明白自己的答案錯在哪里,不斷總結做題的經驗教訓,學會分析試題所考的語言點及能力,把握命題人的命題意圖。這一點至關重要。這一階段的重要任務是按照高考題型結構,有計劃地對聽力、單選、完形填空、閱讀、短文改錯、寫作以及其他一些題型進行專門訓練,實現由語言知識到語言應用能力的轉化,全面提高英語語言素質,掌握解題方法及技巧,最終提高做題的準確率和熟練程度。
1.熟悉口語中的常用句型以及出現頻率較高的詞匯和短語,通過訓練提高聽力得分,聽的方法可多樣化,如隨時隨地法、集中分段法、先慢后快法、先中后外法、詞匯過關法、自錄自聽法等。
2.提高聽力預測能力,通過主題句、題干等對內容進行預測。
3.盡量做到帶著問題聽。
4.熟悉各種語境的內容和提問方式。
1.通過訓練明確高考的命題思想,把握方向,有的放矢,精選訓練,提高復習的有效性和針對性。
2.注重如下方面內容的運用和積累:基礎語法知識;語言運用能力;詞組的搭配和習慣用法;對詞義的正確理解;日常交際。這五個方面是互相滲透、互相制約的。
3.在復習中應有所側重,把以下項目作為突破口:動詞時態,非謂語形式,動詞短語的搭配,名詞形容詞代詞,各類簡單句,并列句和復合句。
三、完形填空
1.注重英語基礎知識和綜合運用語言的能力,其中包括識詞能力、閱讀及理解能力、邏輯推理和判斷能力等。多訓練和提高獨立分析、對比取舍及靈活處理問題的能力。要堅持定時訓練和提高從全文角度甚至逾越句子通篇理解文章選擇正確答案的能力。
2.應當注意詞組、習語和句型的積累、同義詞的辨析。特別是《大綱》和《考試說明》中要求掌握的部分。
1.快速閱讀,整體理解,積累詞匯。
2.熟悉各類體裁和題材的文章結構及其解題技巧,如記敘文、夾敘夾議文、議論文,說明文等。提高對篇章整體結構的理解和推斷,學會站在作者角度把握文章的脈絡等;多做定時練習。
3.提高閱讀技巧和解題技巧,如閱讀理解的四種基本題型、常見的設題手法。閱讀題主要包括四個方面,即事實細節、概括中心、推理判斷和猜測詞義。不但要讀懂文章,還要學會答題,即掌握概括中心、推理判斷和猜測詞義的規律。
4.閱讀速度要盡量快,先看題目,再看文章。要了解作者的寫作思路,養成看一段就懂一段的習慣。最終要做到看了第一段,就能猜出第二段應該寫什么。做題目時應該“對題尋源”,減少盲目性。考試時的閱讀成績是建立在平時大量閱讀基礎之上的。平時讀得多了,考試時就會得心應手。
5.掌握一定的英語文化背景知識。背景知識在閱讀過程中起著很重要的作用。閱讀時若缺乏相關的背景知識,閱讀就會出現困難;相反,要是具有相關的背景知識,閱讀就相應的簡單。特定的文化產生了各具特色的語言背景。把英語作為外語來學習的同學們除具備一定的英美歷史和語言文學知識外,還要了解和熟悉一些講英語的國家的生活習慣、文化背景、風土人情與生活方式等,尤其是中西方的文化差異,為提高閱讀質量打下基礎。
五、短文改錯
尋找短文改錯題的規律,短文改錯題的主要規律有三:第一,多詞;第二,缺詞;第三,錯詞。多詞常為重復或表達不當;缺詞多為句子成分殘缺,或固定搭配不完整。此外,虛詞的遺漏(如冠詞、連詞、不定式符號或助動詞等)也是常考點;錯詞主要出現在詞法、詞義、句式結構、固定搭配或行文邏輯方面,其中又以詞法錯誤最為普遍。這些錯誤常涉及以下幾個方面:名詞、代詞的數和格;主謂一致;形容詞或副詞的用法;冠詞、介詞或連詞的應用;動詞的時態和語態及動詞與介詞的搭配;非謂語動詞的用法;關系代(副)詞的比較;上下文邏輯錯誤。
六、書面表達
書面表達是考查同學們靈活運用所學基礎知識,清楚連貫表達自己的能力。要求同學們能正確使用句型、適當的詞匯。
1.要背、要寫、要改、要問。背課文,背范文。寫各種各樣的文體,寫了以后要按照教師的意見認真去改,把文章改得文理通暢,基本無誤。再加以修飾潤色:用上強調句,倒裝句,平行結構,復合句,名言警句,用上呼應,用上中心句,用上過渡,如動詞的非謂語形式,with/without的復合結構等;以及比較地道的一些過渡詞,如however,though,therefore,so,this,wherever等,從而提升文章的檔次和品位。
2.寫好英語簡單句。要熟悉英語的五個基本句型,it句型和therebe結構。每周應堅持寫幾篇書面表達小作文,完成后把英語寫作當作改錯題來做,自己先逐行改錯,然后進行較高層次的整合訓練,也可與同學交換進行批改。
3.背范文在最后沖刺階段對作文很有效,基礎差的同學可以利用范文中的句子寫作,基礎好的同學可以利用范文中的關聯詞和一些復合句提高自己作文的得分檔。
2010年4月中旬—高考
第三階段:綜合訓練,提升能力
第三階段復習目標:提高綜合解題能力,提高應試技巧,樹立信心。同學們應該減少心理壓力,放松心情。
1.要回歸基礎。把詞匯、詞組進行歸類,對基礎知識進行鞏固。到了最后階段,不易再學新知識,不要讓會的東西再丟分。把手頭上的書和練習進行總結和歸類,對自己常出的錯誤,一定要進行細致分析,加強訓練,不要再出現類似錯誤。千萬不要以為復習就是做練習。必須針對自己的具體問題去查漏補缺。練習時要注意準確性和速度,更要在練習后去感悟與反思,體察做對和做錯的原因,切不可認為題做得越多越好。
2.一定要發現問題并及時解決。同學們千萬不要把問題帶到考試中,如果有問題找不到答案,一定要注意問老師,不僅要從老師那里得到答案,還應該注意老師的思考與講解過程,有針對性地復習能對最后階段提高成績很有幫助。
3.做一些應試技巧方面的訓練。比如有一些技巧要試一試:做閱讀的時候應該怎么做題?做題的方法應該是什么?時間的把握是什么?寫作的時候要留出打草稿的時間,留出修改的時間。在每個專項題型上,再理一理做題的思路,試一下自己做題的思路,看能否做起來順手,或者比以前有所提高。
4.培養良好心理素質。注意自己考試心理素質的培養,練好基本功,加強自身內功的訓練。對考場中可能會出現的各種突發因素應有所準備,考前鎮定自若,處亂不驚是明智之舉。
5.克服心浮氣躁的心態。多做定時訓練:一般來講,聽力部分20分鐘左右完成;選擇題10分鐘完成;完形填空20分鐘完成;閱讀理解35分鐘完成;短文改錯最多8分鐘完成;書面表達15~20分鐘完成,第二卷不能超過半個小時。
高考復習是一個復雜、艱巨而任重道遠的工程,但只要做好復習過程各環節的工作,相信高考之后,笑得最燦爛的人,就是你。高考決戰就在考場之外!
在高考英語試題中,有些單選題的測試點本來十分簡單,但為了增加試題的難度,命題者有意把題干改寫為同學們少見或陌生的結構。對于這類選擇題,同學們可以反其道而行之,把題干改為自己熟悉的結構。這樣,題目就會變得簡單,答案就會一目了然。
第三篇:高考英語連詞復習練習
語法復習十八:連
詞
連詞分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩大類。并列連詞是連接主語與主語,謂語與謂語,句子與句子,分詞與分詞的詞,它要求前后兩部分有相同的形式和語法作用;而從屬連詞一般連接主句與從句,從句形式有名詞性從句,定語從句和狀語從句等。
(一)并列連詞: 并列連詞可用來連接詞與詞,詞組與詞組,分句與分句。常用的并列連詞有:and(和),as well as(既…又),both … and(不但…而且),not only … but also(不但…而且),not … but(不是…而是),neither … nor(既不…也不),either … or(不是…就是),or(或者),but(但是),yet(然而),for(因為),so(所以),while(而),when(這時)等。如:Both my brother and my sister are teachers./ His room is bright but mine is gloomy(暗沉沉的)./ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious(光榮的)yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot.(二)從屬連詞
從屬連詞是指在復合句中引導從句的連結詞。常見的從屬連詞有:
引導時間狀語從句的:after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as 引導原因狀語從句的:because, since, as 引導讓步狀語從句的:although, though, no matter(無論), even if(though)引導條件狀語從句的:if, unless, once, so(as)long as 引導結果狀語從句的:so … that …, such … that … 引導目的狀語從句的:so that …, in order that …
引導比較狀語從句的:as … as …, not so(as)… as …, … than … 引導方式狀語從句的:as if …
引導主語,賓語或表語從句的連詞主要有:that, whether, if三個。其中that 和whether間或
(三)某些用法比較特殊的從屬連詞用法區別
1、當while, when, as引導時間狀語從句時的區別:①while引導的狀語從句中動詞必須是持續性。謂語動詞多為進行時,或狀態動詞的一般時。while 的這些用法可用when代替,等于 “at the time that”, “during the time that”。例如:Please keep quiet while(when)others are studying;② when除可指一段時間外,還可用來指一點時間,等于 “at the time”,也就是說when引出的時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞可以是終止性的,也可以延續性的。因此主句和從句的謂語可以是一般時,進行時,或完成時。例如:When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.(when不能換成while)He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.(when可換成while)③as常可與when,while通用,但強調“一邊、一邊”。例如:As(when, while)I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37.④when引導的狀語從句中的主語與主句主語一致,主、謂是“主語+系動詞”結構時,這時主語和系動詞可以省略。例如:When(he was)young, he worked 還可以引起同位從句和狀語從句。for a rich man./ She’ll be here to give you help when(if it is)necessary.⑤when有時代替if,引導條件句,意為“如果”、“假如”,例如:I’ll come when(if)I’m free.2、before作連詞一般表示時間,意為“在…之前”,但有些句子中這樣譯就顯得別扭。試看以下句子的翻譯:He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他幾乎把我撞倒才看見我;Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我還沒來得及插話,他已經給我量好了尺寸。
3、till, until作為介詞式從屬連詞引導時間狀語短語或狀語從句,用于否定句時,結構為not …until(till),主句謂語動詞延續與非延續皆可,意為“直到…才…”。用于肯定句時,只與延續性動詞連用,表示“到…為止”。例如:They played volleyball until(till)it got dark./ They didn’t talk(延續性動詞)until(till)the interpreter(譯員)came./ He didn’t go to bed(非延續性動詞)until(till)the his father came back.;until可以放在句首,till則不行,例如:Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing./ Not until he finished his work did he go home.(倒裝);till, until只用于時間,以下句子是錯誤的:We walked till the edge of the forest.(要用as far as或to)。
4、because, since, as引導原因狀語時注意使用上的區別:①如果原因構成句子的最主要部分,一般用because ,因此because引導的從句往往放在句末。用why提問的句子,一定用because回答。例如:He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.;②如原因已為人們所知,或不如句子的其他部分重要,就用as,或 since。since比as更正式些。as和since引導的從句一般放在句子的開頭。例如:As you are tired, you had better rest./ Since everyone is here, now let’s begin.5、although和though引導讓步狀語從句往往用法一樣,但注意以下區別:①although用于各種文體,而though則多用于非正式的口語或書面語中。注意由although, though引導的從句后,主句不能用but,但可用副詞yet, still。例如:Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working.(或yet they went on working)②though常與even連用,even though表示強調,意為“即使”,但不能說even although,例如:Even though I didn’t understand a word, I dept smiling.③though可用作副詞,意為“然而”,常用逗號與句子分開。although則不能這樣使用,它只作連詞。例如:It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.6、once作副詞譯“曾經”,作為連詞譯“一旦”,引導條件狀語從句。相當于if的加強形式。例如:I don’t believe he was once a thief.(once這里是副詞)/ Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students.(once連詞)
7、unless引導條件狀語從句等于if … not …。例如:He’ll accept the job unless the salary is too
8、在用as if引導的方式狀語從句及表語從句中,根據情況要使用虛擬語氣。例如:He talks
9、whether, if引導從句的用法區別:①引導主語從句、表語從句或同位語從句時,用whether,low.(= He’ll accept the job if the salary is not too low.)
as if he knew all about it.但有時也可用直陳語氣。例如:It looks as if it is going to rain.不用if。例如:Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known./ The question is whether we can finish the task on time./ The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.②whether可接不定式,而if則不可。例如:I haven’t decided whether to leave or not.③whether可作介詞的賓語或置于句首表示強調,而if則不可。例如:Everything depends on whether we have enough money./ Whether he will come, I am not sure.④whether和if均可引導賓語從句,whether引導的賓語從句一般都是肯定句,if引導的賓語從句可以是肯定的,也可以是否定的(此時不能用whether),例如:Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia?/ I wonder if it doesn’t rain.⑤引導賓語從句的whether和if常可與or not連用。連用時要注意or not的位置,它一般與 whether、if分開使用,有時它可與whether合起來使用,但不能與if合起來使用。例如:I don’t know whether/ if they will come or not./ I don’t know whether or not they will come.⑥if可用來引導條件狀語從句,譯“如果”,whether則不行。例如:If you work hard, you are sure to succeed.10、as作從屬連詞可引導多種狀語從句。①as引導時間狀語從句,意為“當…時”。例如:As(he was)a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./ He sang as he worked.②as引導方式狀語從句,意為“象…一樣”。例如:We must do as the Party teaches us.③as引導原因狀語從句。意為“由于”,例如:As you are tired, you had better rest.④as引導讓步狀語從句。意為“雖然”、“盡管”Child as he is, he can do it well.(= Although he is a child, he can do it well.)另外,as做為關系代詞還可以引導定語從句,如:I have the same book as you.練習、連詞.He is very old,____ he still works very hard.A.but
B.if
C.when
D.as 2.____ you are dismissed.A.Neither you go nor B.Either you go or C.Whether you go or
D.Both you go and 3.They had camped once before, ____ they knew what to take.A.because
B.now
C.so
D.since 4.Why these things happened was ____ the driver had been careless.A.because of
B.owing to
C.due to
D.that
D.so they 5.Although, it's raining, ____are still working in the fields.A.they
B.but they
C.and they 6.___we have satisfied you, you have no grounds of complaint.A.So
B.Since that
C.Now that
D.By now.7.Write clearly ____ your teacher can understand.you correctly.A.since
B.for
C.because 8.You'll miss the train ____ you hurry up.D.so that
A.unless
B.as
C.if
D.until 9.Francis did the task____ his brother.A.as good as
B.as better as
C.as well as D.as best as 10.The size of the audience,____ we had expected, was well over twenty thousand.A.as
B.what
C.that
D.whom 11.I thought he hated the TV.You are right,____ he still watches the program.A.yet
B.besides
C.also
D.then 12.It looks ____ it's going to rain.A.Because she went
A.that
B.as
C.as if
D.like that
C.When she went
D.Since she went 13.____ to New York, her father has not heard from her.B.After she went
14.___he daydreamed, Peter saw figures in the sky.15.We arrived at the station ____ the train had left.A.Until B.Since C.While D.During
A.after
B.before
C.since
D.when 16.____ he was in poor health, he worked just as hard as everyone else.A.But
B.Although
C.Even if
D.If 17.Give me one more minute ____ I'll have finished.A.so
B.until
C.and
D.when 18.The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months,____ he could not find any work.A.and
B.yet
C.or
D.and but 19.Hurry up, ____ you'll be late.A.or
B.and
C.so
D.yet
A.so
B.as
C.like
D.that 20.Do not make the same mistake ____ I did.21.My sister is expecting me,____ I must be off now.A.however B.or
C.so
D.otherwise 22.We should pay attention ____ to industry ____ to agriculture.A.either, or
B.neither, nor
C.not, but
D.both, and 23.He ran off____ I could stop him.A.before
B.after
C.since
D.when
A.before
B.as
C.since
D.when C.After
D.Unless 24.____ you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.A.Till B.Until C.After
D.Since 25.Where have you been ____ you left home? A.Until B.Since
26.____ the problem of method is solved, talking about the task is useless.27.We have produced 15% more cotton this year____ we did last year.A.as
B.than
C.like
D.white
A.besides
B.except
C.except for
D.except that
C.neither...nor...D.whether...or...28.It is late;____, I'm too tired to go out.A.not...but...29.Everything around us is ____ solid..liquid ____ gas.B.either...or...30.He will come ____ you ask him.A.whether
B.unless
C.if
D.while
A.If
B.Where
C.That
D.Whether 31.____ he will come or not is still unknown.32.I don' t know ____ to stay at home or go out.A.whether
B.if
C.how
D.where 33.He spoke loudly ____ the audience could hear him clearly.A.so
B.that
C.so that
D.in order to B.On the contrary 34.The book is not easy.____ it's rather difficult.A.On the one hand
C.On the other hand
A.if
A.so that
A.whatever
D.On the other contrary 35.You must work hard,____ you will not learn English well.B.whether
C.otherwise
D.unless B.when
C.otherwise
D.therefore 36.It rained heavily,____ the basketball match had to be put off.37.We must do ____ the people want us to do..B.however
C.wherever
D.whenever
A.what B.whatever
C.that
D.as A.Who B.What
C.Whoever D.Whatever
C.whoever
D.whenever 38.You are certainly right,____ others may say.39.____ makes mistakes must correct them.A.when
B.where
40.I’ll discuss it with you ____ you like to come.41.____ you work, you must always serve the people heart and soul.A.Wherever
A.Once
B.Whenever
C.Where
D.When B.At once
C.Only
D.Only then 42.___you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.43.___ difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.A.No matter how B.No matter what
C.No matter when
D.No matter where 44.We can surely overcome these difficulties _,___ we are closely united.A.so far as
A.as soon as
A.as well as
B.so long as
C.as soon as
D.as well as 45.___ I know he will stay here for half a year.B.as long as
C.so far as
D.as well as B.so long as
C.as far as
D.as soon as
A.that
B.why
C.what
D.whose
A.What
B.Whom
C.Which
D.How
A.what
B.that
C.why
D.how A.what
B.that
C.which
D.who
C.where
D./ 46.Please write me ____ you arrive in New York.47.That is not ____ I want.48.___ he did it remains a secret.49.It is quite clear ____ he won't see us.51.I am sure ____ you said is true.50.Would you tell me ____ way I should take?
A.what
B.that
C.which
D.whose 52.The trouble is ____ we can not find such an expert.A.why
B.that
53.It has not been decided ____ they will leave.A.why
B.when
C.which
D.what 54.We shall go ____ you are ready.A.while
B.as soon as
C.as
D.since 55.He will tell you about it ____ you get there.A.while
B.as
C.when
D./ 56.Don't try to get off the bus ____ it has stopped.A.while
B.as
C.since
D.before 57.I'll come and see you _____ I go to the countryside.A.while
B.when
.C.as soon as
D.before 58.___ he came to study in the university, he has made much progress in the study of English.A.While
B.When
C.Since
D.After 59.Things have changed a lot ____ I wrote to you last time.A.when
B.since
C.as
D.before 60.I can't use your pen, ___ there is no ink in it.A.for
B.when
C.if
D.whether
61.I'd like to go swimming ____ the water is not too cold.A.for
B.unless
C.if
D.whether 62.Difficulties are nothing ___ we are not afraid of them.A.for
B.as
C.if
D.whether 63.The doctor will not perform the operation ___ it is absolutely necessary.A.when
B.if
C.for
D.unless 64.Go back ___ you came from.A.until
B.where
C.which
D.when 65.He lay ___ the grass was the thickest.A.where
B.when
C.that
D.after 66.You will find friendly people ___ you go in China.A.where
B.and
C.wherever
D.so 67.___ it was already dark, they went on working in the fields.A.If
B.Whether
C.But
D.Though 68.___ he has finished writing the novel is unknown.A.If
B.Whether
B.for
C.When
C.if
D.While D.while 69.We'll go and see the patient ___we are busy.A.even if
70.The museum is ___ far ____ it will take us half an hour to get there by bus.A.such...that
B.as...as
連 詞
1~5 ABCDA 6~10 CDACA 11~15 ACDBA 16~20 BCBAB 21~25 CDABC 26~30 BBABC 31~35 DACBC 36~40 AABCD 41~45 AAABC 46~50 DCDBC 51~55 ABBBC 56~60 DDCBA 61~65 CCDBA 66~70 CDBAC
C.so...that
D.so … as
第四篇:高考英語完形填空復習教案
高考英語完形填空復習教學設計
教學設計
學習內容:高三完形填空復習學習目標:
一、語言技能目標: 能進一步強化基于信息詞完形填空的能力 二、語言知識目標:能進一步強化信息詞的了解。
三、學習策略、文化意識、情感態度價值觀目標:能進一步強化基于信息詞進行完形填空的策略。教學過程: step1:revison revise the skills when doing cloze: 解題思路:
一.跳讀全文,辨體裁,抓大意。
1.把握開頭,注意主題句,把握5w和1h,抓故事情節。力求首段把握文章主題。
2.根據每段信息詞,概括每段大意。
3.注意尾段信息詞所強調的中心,往往形成前后呼應。二.試填,找暗示,先易后難。
三.復核,通讀全文,檢查思路是否順暢,有無邏輯錯誤,同時填補遺漏的難題。高考常考命題點: 1.復現:同詞、同義、結構復現
2.關聯關系:因果、并列(同類)、類屬、相對(轉折)關系 3.常識運用(背景知識、生活常識)4.固定搭配
step2:finding the informative words and understanding the main idea.1.style:narrative(記敘文)
2.ask a student to report the main idea of the passage.3.class work: discuss the main factors of this passage.who: an old man and i what: he was doing a language research by asking a saleswoman for a way many times.when: before my first year of university where: in a department store the result: the man became my university professor.group work: discuss the mistakes the students made.and:(1)which answer is correct?
(2)why?
(3)which point does it match with? 1.復現:同詞、同義、結構復現 2.詞義辨析
3.關聯關系:因果、并列(同類)、類屬、相對(轉折)關系 4.常識運用(背景知識、生活常識)5.固定搭配
4.check the answers one by one.ask some groups to report,discussing with other groups or individual students or the whole class if necessary.5.in the meantime,show the passage on the screen and point out where we can get the information.step 3: conclusion t: what mistakes do you mainly make?
1、關聯關系;
2、詞義辨析;,step4: homework let’s do more exercise to consolidate.reflection and summary:
1、高考完型填空題型專題復習備考時,學生要隨時跳出應試者的角色,改變角色,變應試者為故事劇中人的角色,聯系語境,設身處地換位思考理解劇中人的思想情感去選出答案,或進一步變為出題人的角色,站在更高的角度,熟悉高考常考命題點,去把握本題型答題技巧,備考策略,可能會有意想不到的收獲。
2、完形填空的短文通常沒有標題且文章的首句和尾句,一般不設空,要特別注重對首、尾句的理解,因為它們往往提示或點明文章的主題,對理解全文有較大幫助。
3、第一遍通讀帶有空缺單詞的短文時可能一時把握不住短文內容,弄 不清頭緒,這是很正常的。此時要注意克服畏難情緒和急躁心理,應穩定情緒,再將短文讀一、二遍,直到明確大意為止。
4、做題時切勿一看到一個空格就急著選出一個答案,這樣往往只見樹木不見樹林。由于缺乏全局觀念,極易導致連續選錯。因為完形填空不同于單個句子的選詞填空,其空白處是位于一篇文章之中,因此必須縱觀全文、通篇考慮。
總之,做完形填空題,了其大意,先易后難,瞻前顧后,通過直接暗示、間接暗示,前、后暗示,層次、段落暗示,邏輯、推斷暗示做題是非常關鍵的。當然,更重要的是擴大閱讀面,增加閱讀量,積累語言經驗,培養語感能力。望大家反復認真閱讀,對提高解答完形填空的能力大有裨益。
第五篇:高考英語從句總復習
從句
一. 定義
1.句子分為簡單句和復合句。簡單句是只有一個主謂賓結構。復合句是由兩個或兩個以上的主謂賓結構構成的句子。
2.復合句是由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的句子。主句是全句的主體,從句是主句的一個成分,它不能單獨做句子,它在句子中作什么成分,就叫什么成分的從句,如作主語的就叫主語從句,作賓語的就叫賓語從句,作表語的就叫表語從句,作定語的叫定語從句,作狀語的就叫狀語從句。3.復合句主要有三大從句,即名詞性從句(包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,同位語從句)、形容詞性從句(即定語從句)、副詞性從句(即狀語從句,包括時間、條件、結果、目的、原因、讓步、地點、方式等)。
二. 名詞性從句
(一)主語從句
1.主語從句是指從句充當主語的句子。2.引導詞;關系代詞:(1)從句成分什么都不缺:thatwhetherif(whether一般跟or not 搭配使用,if不能)That the earth is round is true Whether she comes or not makes no difference(2)從句成分缺人:whowhomwhosewhoeverwhomever(3)從句成分缺物:whatwhatererwhichwhichever Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.Whose watch was lost is unknown.What caused the accident remains unknown.Whatever you did is right.關系副詞:where:(什么地方),從句中缺地點狀語 when:(什么時候),從句中缺時間狀語 why:(什么原因),從句中缺原因狀語 how:(如何,怎樣),從句中缺方式狀語
Where he is from is the question nobody can answer She don’t know how she can get to the hospital Why he is late is he was ill yesterday 3.主語從句的特殊形式:it做形式主語的主語從句結構(1)It is +名詞+從句
It is a fact an honor that(2)it is +形容詞+從句
It is natural obviouspossible that…(3)it is +不及物動詞+從句
It seems happened that…(4)it +過去分詞+從句
It is reported that… 據報道… It is said that…據說…
It has been proved that… 已證實…
4.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況
(1)if 引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。
(2)It is said ,(reported)…結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如:
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)(3)It happens…, It occurs… 結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如:
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)
(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如:
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.(wrong)
(5)含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時,主語從句不可提前。例如:
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong)5.注意:
(1)主語從句的時態:不受主句的時態影響和限制。
Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.(2)主語從句中的引導詞放在句首不能省略
(二).賓語從句
1.從句在主句中充當賓語的句子是賓語從句 2.引導詞
3.賓語從句的幾種形式(1)做及物動詞的賓語 I heard that he joined the army.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.She told me that she would accept my invitation.(2)作介詞的賓語
Our success depends upon how hard we work(3).作形容詞的賓語
I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.I am glad that you have made such progress(4)動詞+it+that結構
It做形式賓語,代替that引導的賓語從句
He has made it clear that he won’t give up the opportunity We consider it necessary that we should open out(5)賓語從句否定的轉移
若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等,其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義,一般要把否定詞轉移到主句謂語上,從句謂語用肯定式。例如:
I don’t think this dress fits you well.4.注意:(1)賓語從句的語序是陳述句語序
(2)如果主句謂語是現在時或將來時,賓語從句的謂語時態不受限制,如果主句時態是過去時,賓語從句一般要隨著改為相應的過去時(即一般過去時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去將來時等)。He thought he was working for the people.
I heard she had been to the Great W all.
John hoped that he would find a job soon.
但賓語從句如果表示定理法則、永恒真理等,則不變化:
The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun
(三)表語從句
從句在主句中充當表語成分的句子是表語從句。一般結構是“主語+連系動詞+表語從句” The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.This is why we can’t get the support of the people
But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.(四)同位語從句
1.同位語從句是修飾前面名詞的從句。
The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general 2.同位語在句子中的位置
同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面,而是被別的詞隔開。例如:
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區別
(1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞,同時以在從句中作某個成分(主語或賓語),而同位語從句中的that是連詞,只起連接主句與從句的作用,不充當句中任何成分。
(2)定語從句是形容詞性的,其功能是修飾先行詞,對先行詞加以限定,描述定的性質或特征;同位語從句是名詞性的,其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如:
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。)(第一個that引導的從句是定語從句,that在從句中作賓語)
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。)(同位語從句,that在句中不作任何成分)
三.形容性從句(定語從句)
(一)含義:從句充當定語成分的句子叫做定語從句。定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。先行詞:被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個詞,短語,或整個主句。引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞,分為關系代詞和關系副詞。
(二)限制性定語從句
1.限制性定語是指定語從句緊跟它所修飾的中心名詞或代詞之后,沒有逗號分開。2.引導詞:分為關系代詞和關系副詞。(1)關系代詞引導的定語從句:
that:指代人、事物,作主語、賓語,做賓語時可以省略 who:指代人,做主語
whom:指代人,做賓語,可以省略。它在口語和非正式用語中常用who代替,可以省略 The man whowhom you met just now is my brother.which:指代事物,做主語、賓語。做賓語可以省略 whose:指代人、物,做定語,其后直接加名詞 He has a friend whose father is a doctor.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.指物時常用以下結構代替:
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.——The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired(2)關系副詞引導的定語從句:
where:指地點,在定語從句中做地點狀語 Shai hai is the city where I was born
The house where I live ten years ago has been pulled down when: 指時間,在定語從句中做時間狀語
I still remember the day when I first came to the school why: 指原因,在定語從句中做原因狀語
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 注意: 關系副詞引導的定語從句都可以用“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句來代替 Shai hai is the city wherein which I was born I still remember the day whenon which I first came to the school Please tell me the reason why for which you missed the plane 練習:
A letter------is written in pencil is difficult to read.(主語)Do you know the gentleman-----spoke just now? You can take anything----you like.(賓語)What is the question-----they are talking about? Here is the man-----you want to see.3.注意
(1)限制性定語從句中只能用that的幾種情況:
A 當先行詞是anything, everything, nothing(something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時,要用that Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li has said? There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.All that can be done has been done.B 當先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞修飾,如:firstlastnext等
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.C 當先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時
This is the best film that I have seen.D 當形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.當先行詞指人時,偶爾也可以用who
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/ E 當先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時
Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? F 當先行詞既有人,也有動物或者物體時
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? G 如有兩個從句,其中一個關系代詞已用which,另一個關系代詞宜用that。He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.(2)限制性定語從句中只能用who的情況:
A 當定語從句對指人的先行詞進行隔位修飾時,只能用who(whom)。如:
Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你認識黑板前面正在給學生們講話的那位女孩子嗎?
B 當先行詞為people和those時,只能用who(whom)。如:
Those who want to go there come here please.那些想去那兒的人請來這邊。
C 當先行詞為one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人)時,只能用who(whom)。如: Anyone who is against us is our enemy.任何反對我們的人就是我們的敵人。D 在there be句型中名詞的定語從句多用who(whom)。如:
There are students in our class who / whom you have met.我們班有些學生你見過。
E 當句子中有兩個指人的現行詞分別帶有兩個定語從句時,若一個定語從句的引導詞為that, 那么,另一個定語從句的引導詞必定為who。如:
The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university.剛才你會到的那個男孩是李明的剛從大學畢業的弟弟。
(3)以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which, that引導,而且通常可以省略。
The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising
(三).非限制性定語從句
1.含義:先行詞和從句用逗號隔開,對所修飾你名詞或代詞等起補充說明的作用。如果去掉從句,并不影響它所修飾的先行詞的意義。
2.引導詞(1)關系代詞:
指人:who :做主語,不可省略 ;whom:做賓語,不可省略 指物:which:做主語或賓語,不可省略(2)關系副詞:
when where why as等
Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A.it
B.that
C.which
D.he 答案C.此為非限定性從句,不能用 that修飾,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成為句子,兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。
The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it 答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定語從句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句,it不為連詞,使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。
3.as和which 引導的非限制性定語從句
(1)as和which都可在句子中做主語或賓語,它們指代的是整個句子 He married her,aswhich is natural He is honest,aswhich we can see(2)as引導的定語從句可以放在主句之前,也可放在主句之尾,還可分割整個主句,which引導的定語從句只能放在主句之后;as有“正如,正想”之意 As is known to us,china is a developing country He is from south,which we can see from his accent
John ,as you know,is famous writer(3)作主語時,which既可以作系動詞be的主語,也可以作實義動詞的主語;而這時as 只可以做系動詞be的主語。例如:
A)He married her, which was natural.(可用as代替which)他和她結婚,這是很自然的事。
B)He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry, which made him illustrious.(不可用as 代替which)他獲得了諾貝爾化學獎,這使他名揚天下。
It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..A.that B.which C.as D.it(4).在which引導的定語從句中,謂語動詞若是am, is, are則這些系動詞不能省略;而as后面若是這種情況,則可以省略。例如:
A)He is a teacher, as(is)clear from his manner.(is可以省略)B)He said he had never seen her before, which was not true.(was不可省略)(5)當先行詞有such,the same修飾時,常用as I have never heard such a story as he tells This is the same book as I lost last week 注意:當先行次由the same修飾時,偶爾也用that引導定語從句,但是和由as所引導的定語從句意思不同
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。
She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。
(四)引導詞+介詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞在從句中做介詞的賓語時,從句常用介詞+關系代詞引: The school whichthat he once studied is vert famous ——the school in which he once studied is very famous Tomorrow I will bring a book whichthat you ask for Tomorrow I will bring a book for which you ask 注意:
A:含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用。如:look at, look for, look after, take care of等 This is watch whichthat I looking for B:當介詞放在關系代詞之前時,關系代詞指人是只能用whom,,關系代詞指代物時,只能用which,關系代詞是所有格時,用whose The man with whom you talked is my friend C:介詞+定語從句,前面可有some any both each none neither 等代詞或數詞修飾 He love his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him There are forty students in our class,,most of whom are from cities 四.狀語從句
一:時間狀語從句
(一)when, while和as。
1.when引導從句的動作可以與主句的動作同時發生,也可以先于主句的動作。引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續性的動詞(一段時間),又可以是瞬時動詞(一點時間)。when還含有“at that moment”的意思,引起的句子不能放在句首
When he heard the news,they were much surprised(從句的動作先于主句的動作)When she came in, I stopped eating.她進來時,我在吃飯。(瞬時動詞)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當的住在農村時,我常常為他擔水。(延續性的動詞)
We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went out.我們正在看電視,這時燈突然滅了。They had just arrived home when it began to rain.他們剛到家,這時天就開始下雨了。
2.while 從句的動作和主句同時發生,從句的謂語動作必須是延續性的。并且while有時還可以表示對比 While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV I like playing football while you like playing basketball 3.as 從句的動作和主句同時發生。從句的謂語動詞可是瞬時性的,也可是延續性的。從句和主句要表示一個人的兩個動作交替進行或同時完成時,則多用as,可譯為“一邊......,一邊......” She came up as I was cooking.(延續性)The runners started as the gun went off.(瞬時性)He looked behind from to time as he went.他一邊走,一邊不時地往后看。
As time goes on, it’s getting warmer and warmer..隨著時間的推移,天氣變得越來越暖了。練習:
1.He was about halfway through his meal ____ a familiar voice came to his ears.(2006遼寧)
A.why B.where C.when D.while 2.— I’m going to the post office.— ____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?(1999)
A.As B.While C.Because D.If 3.____ the days went on, the weather got worse.(1990)
A.With B.Since C.While D.As 4.Tom ____ into the house when no one ____.(1992)
A.slipped;was looking B.had slipped;looked
C.slipped;had looked D.was slipping;looked 如果主句的動作發生于表示“當……時”的時間狀語從句中的動作的進行過程中,從句常用進行時。如: The landlady suspected that someone must have broken into the house when/while/as she was watching TV show.女房東懷疑在她看電視時曾有人闖入屋
5.I ____ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ____.(2006安徽)
A.went;was occurring B.went;occurred C.was going;occurred D.was going;had occurred 6.It was some time ____ we realized the truth.(2005山東)
A.when B.until C.since D.before 7.— Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?
— He rushed out of the room ____ I could say a word.(2006四川)
A.before B.until C.when D.after
(二)before 和after
before引導時間狀語從句時表示從句的動作發生在主句動作之后,如主句是將來時,從句中現在時,從句是過去時,主句用過去完成時。after引導時間狀語從句時表示從句的動作發生在主句動作之前。
It will be some time before we know the results After we had finished dinner,we went home.重點:before 的用法
1.用于It + be + 時間段 + before...句型中,意思是“在……之后才……”,如果主句中用否定式,則表示“不多久……就”。
It will be five years before I come back.我五年后才能回來。
It was not long before the enemy was driven out of their country.不久之后,敵人就被趕走了。
It won’t be long before they understand each other.他們不久就會互相了解的。
2.還有“趁……(還沒有)”之意。例如:
They are thinking of buying the house before the prices go up.他們正在考慮趁房價未漲時把房子買下來。
Do it before you forget it.趁早動手,以免忘了 3.短語before long與long before的區別
before long是“很快,不久”的意思, 可以用于各種時態。如:
Before long, he went to America.不久,他就去了美國。
I hope to see you before long.我希望不久后再見到你。
而 long before是“很久以前”的意思,一般用在過去時或過去完成時的句子里。如: She said she had read the novel long before.她說她很久以前就讀過這部小說。
(三)till和until
①until和till都可表示“直到...為止”,與主句中持續性動詞的肯定式連用。He waited until / till we finished our meal.他一直等到我們吃完飯。
②當until和till表示“直到...才....”時,通常與主句中短暫動詞的否定式連用,這時,until和till也可用before代替。
I didn’t leave until / till / before she came back.直到她回來,我才離開的。③be動詞的肯定式和否定式都可以和until或till連用。
④until引導的從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后,但till從句一般不放在句首。Until he told me, I knew nothing about it.他告訴我了我才知道。當not until位于句首時,主句中的主語、謂語要使用倒裝語序: Not until she came back did I leave.= I didn’t leave until she came back.在強調句型中一般用until,不用till。如:
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a
1.It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ____ we’ve actually had that lesson.(2007天津)A.until B.after C.since D.when 2.They ____ the train until it disappeared in the distance.(1998)A.saw B.watched C.noticed D.observed 題干中的主句為肯定句,until需要跟主句里肯定形式的表延續性動作的謂語動詞連用,因此本題應選表示延續性動作的watched(其他選項中的saw,noticed,observed所表示的動作都不能延續,意味著結果)。3.“You can’t have this football back ____ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly.(2006 A because B.since C.when D.until
(四)since的用法 1.連詞
(1)表示“自從……以來”:
A:主句+since+非延續性動詞
一般主句用現在完成時,從句用過去時,翻譯:“某某自從…以來已經…了 He has studied very hard since he came to our school Since he graduated from the college, he has worked in this city B:主句+since+延續性動詞或表示狀態的動詞
主句用現在完成時,從句用過去時,翻譯:“某某自從沒有…以來已經…了”
He has had several jobs since he was a student at Yale.他自從從耶魯大學畢業以來已經做了好幾份工作。We all have been missing her since she lived here 自從她從這里搬走,我們就再也沒見過她 He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自從我病愈以來,他屢次給我寫信。He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來,他就屢次給我寫信。C:主句+since +延續性動詞
主句是現在完成時,從句是現在完成時,翻譯:“某某自從…以來…了’
Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自從我們自己有了汽車,我們每年都去野營。
He has never been to see me since I have been ill.自從我生病以來,他從未來看過我。
He has never been to see me since I was ill.自從我病愈以來,他從未來看過我。
D:It be(一般式或完成式)+表示一段時間的詞匯+since引導的時間狀語從句。It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我成為研究生已經有2年了。It was three years since we had been there.我們在那兒已呆了三年。
應注意的是,在這種結構中,since引導的從句絕對不能用否定式的謂語動詞來表示否定意義,下面兩句都錯了:
It is a long time since he didn’t study English.It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me.正確的說法為:
It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒學英語了。
You haven’t come to see me for two months.你有兩個月沒來看我了。(2)既然;因為
He must have taken the book since it isn't here.他一定是把書拿走了,因為書已不在這里了。
Since it is so hot, let's go swimming.既然天氣這么熱,我們去游泳吧。
2.介詞:表示“自從……以來”,其具體用法有兩種情況:
(1)since+表示過去某個時間點的詞匯(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點)。
They have been friends since childhood.他們從幼時起一直是好朋友。I have been there many times since the war.自那次戰爭以來,我曾去該地多次。(2)since+表示一段時間的詞匯+ago。
I have been here since five months ago.五個月以來我一直在這里。
They ____ friends since they met in Shanghai.(1989)A.have made B.have become C.have been D.have turned
(五)表示“一…就…”:as soon as, immediately, instantly, directly, hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…;表示“當…時候”: the time, the moment;by the time(到…時候為止), next time(下次), the first time(第一次…的時候), the last time(上次…的時候),once(一旦…)
She rushed into the room immediately / the moment she heard the noise.她一聽到聲音就沖進房間 He had no sooner arrived there than he fell ill.他剛到達那里就生起病來。
He had hardly finished when someone rose to refute his points.他還沒說完就有人起來反駁他的論點 He left me a good impression the first time I met him.我第一次見他時,他給我留下了好印象。注意:hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…
前面常用過去完成時,后面用一般過去時。同時它們還可以倒裝: No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.他剛到達那里就生起病來。Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points.(六)表示習慣性、經常性:every time(每次), each time(每次), whenever(每當)等。Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.每當我們遇上困難的時候他們就來幫我們 Each time he came to town he would visit our school.他每次進城,總要來看看我們的學校。Every time I went to his house, he was out.我每次去他家,他都出去了。
二.地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句一般由由where(在……的地方), wherever(無論哪里),everywhere(每一個地方)引導的 He is ready to help wherever he is Put you son where you can see him Everywhere they want, they were warmly received 三.原因狀語從句
(一)because since as for 1.because 表示的原因語氣最強;通常放在主句之后,有時也放在主句之前;直接回答why 提出的問題;在強調句中只能用because;被not所否定時只能用because It because he was too careless that he failed 2.since和as表示的原因是人們事先已經知道的,是對已知事實提供理由,而不表示直接原因;since比as語氣稍強,且比as略為正式,兩者通常都放在主句之前 3.for是并列連詞(其作三者為從屬連詞),它有時可表示因果關系(只能放在主句之后,且可與because換用),有時不表示因果關系,而是對前面分句的內容加以解釋或推斷(也只能放在主句之后,但不能與because換用)。
The ground is wet, for(或because)it rained last night.地面是濕的,因為昨晚下過雨。
It rained last night, for(不能用because)the ground is wet this morning.昨晚下過雨,今天早上地面都是濕的(二)由now that,seeing that,considering that(由于…,既然…)
Seeing that it’s raining,we’d better stay indoors.既然外邊在下雨,我們最好待在室內。Now that you are here, you’d better stay.你既然來了,最好還是留下吧
Considering that she has no experience, she has done well enough.考慮到她沒有經驗,她已經做得不錯了
四.條件狀語從句
(一)if,unless
1.if引導的條件狀語從句時,主句是將來時的時候,從句要用一般現在時;if引導條件狀語從句的虛擬;if引導條件狀語從句的省略
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.2.unless = if……not
You will never make rapid progress if you don’t work hard
You will never make rapid progress unless you work hard
(二)1.as(so)long as “只要……”As [So] long as you need me, I’ll stay 只要你需要我,我就留下。as(so)long as 還可表示一段時間
Stay as long as you like。你愿留多久都可以。
So long as he lived, I didn’t feel that I have the right to see you between you.在他死之前,我覺得我沒有權利介入你們之間
2.only if 與 if only。only if 意為“只要”,只用于真實條件句中,是if 的強調式;if only 有兩個意思,一是表示“只要”,此時通常與陳述語氣連用,與 only if 用法相似;二是表示“但愿”“要是……就好了”,此時多用于虛擬語氣和感嘆句中。
I will come only if you don’t promise to invite Mary.只要你答應不請瑪麗,我就來。
If only it clears up, we’ll go.只要天晴,我們就去。
If only I hadn’t told him about it.要是我沒有告訴他這事就好了 If only he will listen to you!他要是聽你的話多好!3.as long as 與 only if 的區別
(1)從語氣上看,only if 的語氣要比as long as 強
(2)當主句和從句的謂語動詞均為短暫性動詞時,通常只用 only if,而不用 as long as。如:He will come only if you ask him.(3)兩者均可引導從句置于主句之后,也可置于主句之前。但是,當only if 引導的狀語從句置于主句之前時,其后的主句要用倒裝語序,而且 as long as 引導的從句置于主句之前不用倒裝。如:
As long as it doesn’t rain we can play.只要不下雨,我們就能玩。
Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter this room.只有得到教師的允許,學生才可以進這間屋。
(三)provided(providing)(that),on condition that,given that,in case,suppose(supposing)等都有“如果”“假如”之意。
He will do the work providing you pay him 如果你給他錢,他就干活
I send you this book on condition that you pay in cash 假如你付現金,這架相機就賣給你
Given that he wins the support of the people, he will win the election.如果贏得人民的支持,他將取得競選的勝利
Suppose you fail a second time, do not get disappointed, but try again 假如第二次失敗,別灰心,再試試。
五. 讓步狀語從句
(一)although, though“雖然,盡管” 引導讓步狀語從句時,句中不能用but表示轉折語氣,但可跟yet,still表示轉折
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.雖然在下雨,但他們仍在地里干活。
(二)ever if, even though.“雖然,盡管,即使”We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.(三)“no matter +疑問詞” 或“疑問詞+后綴ever” :意為“無論…”。No matter what happened, he would not mind.(1)“no matter +疑問詞”不能引導名詞性從句 Whatever you say is of no use now.Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯們只能給什么吃什么(2)注意however以下兩類句型結構 ① however+主語+謂語:
However you travel, it’ll take you at least three days.不管你怎么走,至少要三天。② however+形容詞或副詞+主語+謂語:
However much he eats, he never gets fat.無論他吃多少, 他都不發胖。③ 有時該結構中的主語和謂語可以有所省略:
He was of some help, however small.他總能幫些忙,不管多小的忙。I refuse, however favorable the condition.不管條件多好,我都不接受。
(四)讓步狀語從句與倒裝
引導倒裝的讓步狀語從句通常用as和though,但不是能用although;as 可以在以上這樣的倒裝結構中引出讓步狀語,但若不倒裝,則不能用as,而與之相反,although在不倒裝的結構中可引導讓步狀語,但在倒裝的結構中卻不可以用。
(五)讓步狀語從句的虛擬語氣
六.目的狀語從句
(一)so that,in order that, so, that表示“以便;為了”,so that:如果主句是一般現在時,從句常與may,can,will連用;如果主句是一般過去時,從句常與could,should,would,might連用。
We learn English so that we can read English newspapers She came in quietly in order that she couldn’t wake up the baby
(二)least,in case,for fear that 表示“以防,以免”,從句的謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣
七.結果狀語從句
(一)so that,so...that,such...that 1.so…that與such…that的區別在于:
(1)A such+a(an)+adj.+單數可數名詞+that…
He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him.他非常聰明,大家都非常喜歡他。
B such+adj.+復數可數名詞+that…
They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.這些小說非常有趣,我想再讀一遍。
C such+adj.+不可數名詞+that…
He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.注意:如果such后邊的名詞前由many、much、few、little等詞所修飾的話,則不用such而用so。如:
He had so little education that he was unfit for this job.他所受教育很少,不適合做這個工作。(2)so…that也作“如此…以致”
so+adj./adv.+that…clause(so的后面跟形容詞或副詞)
He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him.他跑得非常快,沒人能追上他。
2.so that引導結果狀語從句時,意思是“因此;所以”;在從句前常有逗號與主句分開;結果狀語從句中沒有情態動詞;目的狀語從句可移到句首,而結果狀語從句不能。
Iohn went early, so that he got a good seat.約翰去的很早,得到了一個好位置。
Iohn went early so that he could get a good seat.約翰去的很早,為的是得到一個好位置。
The little boy saved every coin_________ __________he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day 八.方式狀語從句
方式狀態語從句常由as, as if/as though等。例如:
She acted as if/though nothing had happened.It looks as if it'll rain.as if/as though引導方式狀語從句要用虛擬語氣