第一篇:土木英語翻譯
土 木 專 業 英 語 翻 譯
0
Abstract: this paper introduce the development history of steel construction,in the early stage,the Bessmer and Siemens-Martin progress,make it possible to produce steel in large for structure ,especial in bridge construction and ship fabricating ,which bring huge advance to the improvement of steel material,the Crystal Palace ,the Eads Bridge ,the EiFfel tower,which indentify the steel use widely.Secongly,with development of steel construction , the skyscrapers come up and
to be more and more higher,because of
steel rapid development ,which bring many problem.to limit the phenomenon.The steel construction toward another advance.At last the two world war interrupt steel construction ,after the war, many countries put more study on steel,and improve the steel function ,paperwork to be more quickly by the application of computer.Key word: steel construction iron beam the Bessmer and Siemens-Martin progress skyscrapers
Steel Construction
Steel construction refers to a broad range of building construction in which steel plays the leading role.Most steel construction consists of large-scale building or engineering works,with the steel generally in the form of beams,girders,bars,plates,and other members shaped through the hot-rolled process.Despite the increased use of other materials, steel construction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the U.S,U.K,U.S.S.R.Japan,West Germany,France,and other steel producers in the 1970s Early history.The history of steel construction begins paradoxically several decades before the introduction of the Bessmer and Siemens-Martin progress made it possible to produce in quantities sufficient for structure use.Many of problems of steel construction were studied earlier in connection with iron construction,which began with the Coalbrookdale Bridge,built in cast iron over The Severn River in Englang in 1777.This and subsequent iron bridge work,in addition to the construction of steam boilers and iron ship hulls,spurred the development of techniques for fabricating ,designing,and joining.The advantages of iron over masonry lay in the much smaller amounts of material required.The truss form ,based on the resistance of the triangle to deformation,long used in timber ,was translated Effectively into iron,with cast iron being used for compression members_i.e, hose bearing the weight of direct loading __ang wrought iron being used for tension members_i.e,those bearing the pull of suspended loading The technique for passion iron ,heated to the plastic state,between rolls to form flat and rounded bars,was developed as early as 1800;by 1819 angle irons were rolled;and in1849 the first I beams,17.7feet(5.4meters)long,were fabricated as roof girders for a Paris railroad station.Two years later Joseph Paxton of England built the Crystal Palace for the London Exposition of 1851.He is said to have conceived the idea of cage construction_using Relatively slender iron beams as a skeleton for the glass walls of a large,open structure,Resistance to wind forces in the Crystal Palace was provided by diagonal iron rods.Two features are particularly important in the history of metal construction:first,the use of latticed girders,which are small trusses,a form first developed in timber bridges and other structures and translated into metal by Paxton;and second ,the joining of wrought_iron tension members and cast_iron compression members by means of rivets inserted while rails In 1853 the first metal floor beams were rolled for Cooper Union Building in New York.In the light of the principal market demand for iron beam at the time,it is not surprising that the Cooper Union beams closely resembled railroad rail The development of the Bessemer and Siemens_Martin processes in the 1850s and 1860s suddenly open the way to the use of steel for structural purpose.Stronger than iron in both tension and compression,the newly available metal was seized on by imaginative engineers ,notably by those involved in building the great number of heavy railroad bridges then in demand in Britain,Europe,and the U.S.A notable example was the Eads Bridge,also known as the St.Louis Bridge,in which tubular steel ribs were used to form arches with a span of more than 500ft(152.5m),In Britain,the,Firth of forth cantilever bridge(1883_90)employed tubular struts,some 12 ft(3.66m)in diameter and 350 ft(107m)long.Such bridge and other structures were important in leading to the the development and enforcement of standards and codification of permissible design stresses,The lack of adequate theoretical knowledge,and even me an adequate basis for theoretical studies,limited the value of stress analysis during the early years of the 20th century ,as occasional failures,such as that of a cantilever bridge in Quebec in 1907, revealed.But failures were rare in the metal _skeleton office buildings;the simplicity of their design proved highly practical even in the absence of sophisticated analysis techniques.Throughout the first third of the century,ordinary carbon steel,without any special alloy strengthening or hardening,was universally used.The possibilities inherent in metal construction for high_rise buildings was demonstrated to the world by the Paris Exposition of 1889,for which Alexandre_Gustave EiFfel, a leading French bridge engineer,erected an openwork metal tower 300m high.Not only was the height_more than double that of the Great Pyramid _remarkable,but the speed of erection and low cost were even more so,a small crew completed the work in a few months.At the same exhibition the huge,single_story Galerie des Machines,housing some of the exhibits,also contributed significantly to the advance of metal construction.Its roof was supported by latticed steel arch ribs spanning 114.3m
The first skyscrapers.Meantime,in the United States another important development was taking place.In 1884_85 Maj.William Le Baron Jenny,a Chicago engineer,had designed the Home Insurance Building,ten stories high,with a metal skeleton.Jenny's beams were of Bessemer steel,though his columns were cast iron.Cast iron lintels supporting masonry over window openings were,in turn,supported on the cast columns.Solid masonry court and party walls provided lateral support against wind loading.Within a decade the same type of construction had been used in more than 30 office buildings in Chicago and new York.Steel played a larger role in these , with riveted connections for beams and columns,sometimes strengthened for wind bracing by overlaying gusset plates at the junction of vertical and horizontal members.Light masonry curtain walls,supported at each floor level,replaced the old heavy masonry.Though the new construction form was to remain centred almost entirely in America for several decades,its impact on the steel industry was worldwide.By the last years thof the 19 century,the basic structural shapes_I beams up to 20 in.(0.508m)in depth and Z and T shapes of lesser proportions__were readily available, to combine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength.In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hot_rolling weighed less than 100 pounds(45 kilograms)per foot;decade by decade this figure rose until in the 1960s it exceeded 700 pounds(320kilograms)per foot Coincident with the introduction of structural steel came the introduction of the otis electric elevator in 1889.The demonstration of a safe passenger elevator,together with that of a safe economical steelconstruction method ,sent building heights soaring.In New York the 286-ft(87.2-m)Flatiron Building of 1902 was surpassed in 1904 by the 375-ft(115-m)Times Building(renamed the Allied Chemical Building)the 468-ft(143-m)City Inveting Company Building in Wall Street,the 612-ft(187-m)Singer Building(1908),the700-ft(214-m)Metropolitan Tower(1909)and ,in 1913 ,the 780-ft(232-m)Woolworth Building The rapid icrease in height ang the height-to _width ratio brought problems.To limit street congestion ,building setback design was prescribed.On the technicalside,the problem of lateral support was studied.A diagonal bracing system,such as that used in the Eiffel Tower,was not architecturally desirable in offices relying on sunlight for illumination.The answer was found in greater reliance on the bending resistance of certain individual beams and columns strategically designed into skeleton frame,together with a high degree of rigidity sought at the junction of the beams and columns.With today `s modern interior lighting systems,however ,diagonal bracing against wind loads has returned;one notable example is the John Hancock Center in Chicago,where the external X-brace form a dramatic part of the structural`s fa?ade World War I brought an interruption to the boom in what had come to be called skyscrapers(the origin of the word is uncertain),but in the 1920s New York saw a resumption of the height race,culminating in the Empire State Building in the 1931.The Empire State Building`s 102 stories(1250ft.[381m])were to keep it established as the highest building in the world for the next 40 years.Its speed of the erection demonstrated how thoroughly the new construction technique had been mastered.A depot across the bay at Bayonne,N.J.,supplied the girders by lighter and truck on a schedule operated with military precision;nine derricks powered by electric hoists lifted the girders to position;an industrial_railway setup moved steel and other material on each floo.As the building rose,the hoist engines were lifted outside the building to successively higher stages.Intial connections were made by bolting,closely followed by riveting, followed by masonary and finishing.The entire job was completed in one year and 45 days Joining of steel parts by metal are welding had been successfully achieved by the end of the 19th century and was used in emergency ship repairs during World War I,but its application to construction was limited until World War II.Since then it has gained steadily,especially in shop fabrication.Another advance in the same area had been the introduction of high_strength bolts to replace rivets in field connections Since the close of World War II,research in Europe,the U.S,and Japan has greatly extended knowledge of the behavior of different type of structural steel undervarying stresses,including those exceeding the yield point,making possible more refined and systematic analysis.This in turn has led to the adoption of more liberal design codes in most countries,permitting freer,more imaginative design made possible by so_called plastic design and by the use of higher strength materials,with significant savings in cost。The introduction of the computer by short_cutting tedious paperwork,made further advances and savings possible
中 文 翻 譯
摘要:本文介紹了鋼結構的早期階段發展歷史,貝塞麥煉鋼法和馬丁平爐煉鋼法,讓大量生產為建筑使用的鋼材成為可能,特別是在橋梁建造和船舶制造業上,為此給鋼材料性能帶來了巨大的提高。水晶宮﹑伊茲大橋﹑埃菲爾鐵塔的建成,有效地證實了鋼的廣泛運用。其次介紹了隨著鋼結構的進一步發展,摩天大樓紛紛出現,并且的越來越高了。由于鋼的飛速發展,帶來了許多問題。為了限制這種現象,鋼結構朝新的方向發展。最后介紹了兩次世界大戰中斷了鋼結構的進展,戰后許多國家紛紛投更多的研究到 鋼之上,提高了鋼的性能,通過電腦的運用令手工計算變得便捷。
關鍵詞:鋼結構 鐵 梁 貝塞麥煉鋼法和馬丁平爐煉鋼法 摩天大樓
鋼筋結構是以鋼筋為主要作用組件,其涉及到房屋建筑比較大的范圍。幾乎所有的鋼結構是由大規模的建筑或者工程建筑物組成的,通常通過熱扎工序形成主梁,橫梁,桿,板,和其他構件的形狀,在上世紀70年代,盡管其他材料使用增加,但是美國,英國,蘇聯,日本,西德,法國的鋼鐵工業和其他鋼鐵生產國家依然以鋼筋作為主要的出口產品。
早期的歷史。鋼結構起始于,采用貝塞麥法和西蒙斯-馬?。ㄆ綘t煉鋼法)大量生產鋼筋為建筑物的使用成為可能之前的數十年。許多鋼結構的問題 與1777年在英國開始使用生鐵在塞文河之上建造科爾布魯克代爾大橋的鐵結構聯系起來研究。從那以后的鐵橋梁工程,除了蒸汽鍋爐和鐵船體的建造之外,刺激了鐵制造技術,設計技術,和連接技術的發展。鐵的的優勢是比石造工程所需的材料更少。桁架的外形長期使用原木,根據三角形的抵抗力來變形,有效地被鐵表達出來,把鐵作為承壓構件,即承受重量的直接荷載,同時鐵可以用來作為抗拉構件,即承受懸載重的拉力。
通過把鐵加熱到塑性狀態,壓制形成平狀和圓狀的技術,早在1800 年 發展了。在1819年之前角鐵被制造出來。1849年第一個工字梁,5.4米 長,被制造出來作為巴黎火車鐵路的屋頂梁。兩年之后,1851年英國的約瑟夫-派克斯頓為倫敦世博會建造了水晶宮。據說他構想出一個籠子建筑的概念—使用相對細長的鐵制梁作為玻璃墻的構架,打開建筑物。水晶宮的風壓抵抗力由鐵斜桿提供的,兩個特點在金屬建筑物歷史中是相當重要的:第一個是格子狀的梁的使用,他們是很小的桁架,在木橋和其他建筑物中發展,同時也被派克斯頓用金屬來表達;第二個是熟鐵和鑄鐵的連接通過加熱用鉚釘嵌入。
1853年在紐約第一個金屬地板梁在柯柏聯盟大樓中使用。考慮到當時主要市場對鐵梁的需求,所以對于柯柏聯盟大樓的梁跟鐵路的鐵軌相似這并不驚訝。
貝塞麥法和西蒙斯-馬丁制作法在19世紀50年代發展,,19世紀60開辟一條根據建筑用途使用鋼鐵。富有想象力的工程師們找到了最新可以利用的金屬,無論壓實性和拉伸性都比鐵強大,尤其在英國,歐洲,美國涉及大量的鐵路橋的需求
一個有名的例子就是伊茲橋,圣路易斯橋也遠近有名,它是用管狀鋼鐵形成一段跨度超過152.5米的拱。在英國,福斯灣懸臂橋(1883-1890)使用了管狀支柱,有些分別長3.66米和107米。這樣的橋和其他建筑物重要影響標準的發展和實施,形成允許設計壓力的法則。缺少足夠的理論知識,甚至理論研究的一個正確的基礎,限制了在20世紀初壓力分析的重要性,隨著偶爾失敗出現,正如1907年魁北的懸臂橋被揭露那樣。但是失敗很少在金屬骨架辦公大樓出現。他們簡單明了的設計證實非常實用的,在缺少有經驗分析技術的時期內。在整個世紀3分之一時期內,普通碳鋼,沒有加入任何特殊的合金,被普遍使用了。
金屬超高的建筑的內在潛在價值在1889年的巴黎世博會上得到證實,法國首席橋梁工程師亞歷山大·居斯塔夫·埃菲爾建造了有穿孔洞的高300米金屬鐵塔。它的杰出不僅在于高度金字塔的兩倍多,而且在于建造完成時間短短幾個月和成本不高,同時在展覽上的巨大單層高大機器,房子,都是歸功于金屬建造的發展,它的頂部由橫跨114.3米網格狀的拱排架支撐。
第一棟摩天大樓。與此同時,在美國另外一個重要的發展出現了。在1884-1885年 威廉·勒巴隆·詹尼,一名芝加哥工程師,設計了10層高用金屬作為骨架的家庭保險大樓。他用的是貝塞麥法制造的鋼鐵,盡管它的圓柱是生鐵,生鐵過梁支撐窗戶洞口上面的石造工程,反過來,支撐生鐵圓柱。實心的砌體庭院和共用墻體提供側向支撐抵抗風荷載。在十年內這樣類型的建造多于30棟辦公大樓中使用在芝加哥和紐約。鋼鐵在其中扮演越來越重要角色,再用鉚釘連接梁與圓柱時,有時通過在垂直方向的和水平方向的構件覆蓋節點板可以加強抗風支撐。薄砌體幕墻,支撐每層樓面水平,代替過時的笨重砌體。
盡管在過去數十年里,幾乎整個美國的新建筑的外形依然能保持穩定。它對鋼鐵工業的影響是世界性的。在19世紀最后幾年,基本的建筑外形—I梁提高了0.508米深度,Z,T外形的則比例相對小點,可以準備和板的的寬度和厚度結合,讓構件符合所需的尺寸和強度。1885年最重的建筑外形通過用每立方英尺不少45千克重量去熱扎生產出來;十年又十年,這樣情況一直發展上升,直到20世紀60年代,已經遠遠超過每立方英尺320千克了
與建筑的鋼鐵同時采用的奧的斯電梯在1889年,這證實了一個安全的乘客電梯,要配合一個安全的經濟的建造方法來到達高聳的建筑。在1902年的紐約87.2米的熨斗大廈,被后來的1904年的115米高的泰晤士大廈(更名為聯合化學大廈),在華爾街的143米高的城市投資公司大廈,187米高的辛格大廈(1908),214米高的城市塔(1909)和伍爾沃思大廈等超過
大樓的高度和寬度的快速增加帶來了問題。為了限制街道的擁擠,大廈的逆流設計被規定了。在技術的方面,側向支持的問題進行了研究,一種斜的支撐體系,正如運用到埃菲爾鐵塔,這并不是設計辦公室的陽光的照明。原因更多取決于各自獨立可靠的梁和圓柱的彎曲抵抗力,有條理設計入骨架,連同更高的堅硬度梁和圓柱的連接點。在現代戶內照明系統的發展,然而,; 對角支撐對抗風荷載重新使用。一個有名的例子就是在芝加哥的約翰漢庫克中心,外部的X支撐形成建筑物的正面的一部分
第一次世界大戰中斷了摩天大樓(這個詞來源不確定)的繁榮,在上個世紀20年代,紐約恢復了建造高樓高度競賽,在1931帝國大廈的建成達到頂峰。帝國大廈102層(381米)高,它接下來40年里保持世界最高的大廈的記錄。它的安裝速度證明了新的建造技術徹底地給掌握。巴約訥海岸對面的軍隊以駁船搬運和卡車運輸提供給梁,九臺電力轉臂起重機把梁吊到適合的位置,一條工業軌道負責為每一層運輸鋼鐵和其他材料。隨著建筑高度的增加,在建筑外面起吊的發動機提升到更高的位置,起初的連接是先螺栓連接,然后是鉚釘連接,最后是砌墻體和裝修,整個工程完成花費了1年45天
上個世紀30年代全世界的經濟大蕭條和第二次世界大戰,阻礙了鋼結構的發展。但與此同時,焊接技術的采用,代替了鉚釘連接是一個重要發展。
在十九世紀末,鋼筋的構件通過焊接成功地連接一起。這種技術在第一次世界大戰期間被運用到緊急救護船的維修,但直到第二次世界大戰之后才運用到建筑中。自從在車間發展獲得穩定發展,另外一個重要發展出現相同的領域,就是高強度的螺栓取替了鉚釘連接。
至第二次世界大戰之后,歐洲,美國,日本等國家擴大了對不同類型的建筑鋼筋在不同的壓力下的變化的研究,包括臨界屈服點,做更加精確的系統的數據分析。這導致很多國家采用更加開明的法規,允許更自由,更富有想象力地在節約成本下條件下使用更加高強度的材料去所謂靈活設計,電腦的取代冗長乏味的手寫計算,能去的更大的發展和減低成本。
第二篇:土木英語翻譯實習報告
實習報告
歷時一個多月的翻譯實習總的來說令我受易非淺,實習目的,內容,過程及我自身的感悟概括來說,有以下幾個方面。
作為學習語言的學生來說,學以致用是非常重要且決不能被忽視的一點。因此,也就是本著這樣的出發點,學院領導在我們大學課程結束后專門為我們因參加研究生考試或是其他原因而沒找到工作單位從而沒有真正實習機會的同學安排了具有針對性的翻譯實習訓練,旨在檢驗我們對外語的掌握程度,考核我們的雙語轉換能力和提高我們對語言的實際運用能力。此次翻譯實習的內容具有鮮明的特征。不同專業方向的學生所分配的翻譯材料是各不相同的,例如,土木方向的我們所要翻譯的材料均是跟土木工程相關,如國際工程合同和建筑施工過程等。這樣具有針對性的練習進一步鞏固了我們個專業方向在整個大學期間的理論課程學習,加深了我們對理論的理解,同時也夯實了我們進行實際操作的能力。
在本次翻譯實習中,我所要進行英漢翻譯的材料是關于招投標的相關材料,而要進行漢譯英的則是與施工過程相關的材料。總的來說,翻譯這樣專業性很強的材料在我自己看來無異于一個巨大的挑戰,但是,轉念一想,自己大學整整四年不正是為了學到知識從而提高自己的能力嗎?而能力的提高肯定少不了必要的鍛煉啊。所以,也就鼓起勇氣,嘗試著迎著困難前行。通過一個月左右的翻譯實習,我自己也從中獲得了不少的感悟及體會。整理起來有一下幾點:
首先,要想提高自己的翻譯能力,一定要動手實踐。不過實踐也要分為兩類,即直接實踐和間接實踐。直接實踐就是我們自己要動手翻譯,一回生,二回熟,日積月累,第一手經驗多了,做起來得心應手,翻譯能力有所提高。所謂“熟能生巧”,就是這個道理。而間接實踐就是我們從研究別人翻譯的東西。雖說這兩種實踐都能在一定程度上對我們的翻譯能力的提升有所幫助,但是個人認為,直接實踐更具重要性。就如同本次翻譯實習,在實習的最初,我對文章里的各種專業術語感到無比的頭疼,甚至有抓狂的沖動。原因很簡單,它們對我來說完全陌生,這就讓我基本讀不懂原文,這樣怎能做翻譯呢?所以,在我一再堅持查閱詞典及其他相關資料后,我漸漸地記住了許多術語的意思,也慢慢了解了它們的用法,于是我的翻譯速度也就從最開始蝸牛爬的速度變得更加嫻熟,譯文也不再那么干澀生硬了。這不得不讓人感慨,熟能生巧啊。學翻譯猶如學游泳。只在岸邊看別人游,或只聽教練講解,是學不會的。所以,自己親身的鍛煉是絕對必不可少的。
其次,在翻譯的過程中,我們必須根據翻譯材料內容的不同而采取不同的翻譯方法和技巧。在這次翻譯實習中,我所翻譯的材料是具有很強專業性的材料,而它的翻譯有自身的特點,所以在翻譯的時候,我也采用了相應的方法。對此類專業資料的翻譯,很重要的一點就是保證原文意思的準確性及精確性。因此,在翻譯時,選詞是很重要的一步。正確選擇詞義是保證譯文質量的中心問題。英漢兩種語言在詞義方面存在很大的差異,一般來說,英語詞義比較靈活多變,詞的含義范圍比較寬,詞義對上下文的依賴性比較大。而漢語詞語的意思則更為嚴謹,詞義的伸縮性和對上下文的依賴性比較小。在翻譯的過程中,我們首先要正確理解原文的含義,然后在譯文語中選擇正確的詞語進行翻譯。只有這樣才能準確無誤地傳達出原文的意思,從而做到翻譯的第一條標準“信”。
再次,掌握一定的翻譯技巧和方法非常重要。在翻譯過程中,由于兩種語言存在著的差異,一種語言中有的表達方式在另一種語言中很難準確地表達出來。這時,必要的翻譯技巧和方法能起到一定的幫助作用。如刪去不符合目標語思維習慣、語言習慣和表達方式的詞,以避免譯文累贅的省譯法,根據英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習慣和表達方式,在翻譯時增添一些詞、短句或句子,以便更準確地表達出原文所包含的意義的增譯法,翻譯過程中為了使譯文符合目標語的表述方式、方法和習慣而對原句中的詞類、句型和語態等進行轉換的轉譯法等等。這些翻譯方法及技巧的運用,將對我們在翻譯中遇到的難點的翻譯有相應的幫助,同時也能使譯文更通順易于理解,更符合閱讀習慣。
最后,翻譯是一項非常辛苦的工作,需要極大的勇氣和毅力方能堅持下去。在這些天做翻譯的過程中,我天天都坐在電腦面前,敲著鍵盤,移動著鼠標。一天下來,總是腰酸背痛,眼睛也脹痛,脖子僵硬。這份辛苦也算的上對翻譯工作深切的體會。雖說也明白,各項工作必有它的難處,但親身體驗一下還是十分必要的。至少明白了有些東西,我們僅僅懂得是遠遠不夠的,重要的是我們要身體力行并能堅持到底。說到勇氣和堅持,這不僅僅是做翻譯才需要的品質,今后的工作中,人生道路上都是需要它們的。人生就像馬拉松,獲勝的關鍵不在于瞬間的爆發,而在于途中的堅持。你縱有千百個理由放棄,也要給自己找一個堅持下去的理由。很多時候,成功就是多堅持一分鐘,這一分鐘不放棄,下一分鐘就會有希望。只是我們不知道,這一分鐘會在什么時候出現。再苦再累,只要堅持走下去,屬于你的風景終會出現。這次英漢加起來一共翻譯了四萬字,對我這個翻譯菜鳥級別的人來說,也算的上浩大的工程了。但是,一步一步走下來,也就做完了。堅持是很重要的,我們要時時刻刻記著它,我們當我們受到挫折遇到困難的時候,它就會鼓勵我們不斷向前,最終讓我們獲得成功。人做一件事是很容易的,但如果要堅持下去,很多人就會半途而廢,這樣做到一半了就放棄,最后會一事無成。很多人都渴望成功,但不知道怎樣才能成功,我認為如果要成功,最重要的一點就是堅持,有些人能夠成功,是他們堅持、努力,最后干出了大事情。所以,這樣的翻譯實習也就鍛煉了以后極需的品質,這對我來說也算是額外的一大收獲。
第三篇:土木英語翻譯實習報告
實習報告
歷時一個多月的翻譯實習總的來說令我受易非淺,實習目的,內容,過程及我自身的感悟概括來說,有以下幾個方面。
作為學習語言的學生來說,學以致用是非常重要且決不能被忽視的一點。因此,也就是本著這樣的出發點,學院領導在我們大學課程結束后專門為我們因參加研究生考試或是其他原因而沒找到工作單位從而沒有真正實習機會的同學安排了具有針對性的翻譯實習訓練,旨在檢驗我們對外語的掌握程度,考核我們的雙語轉換能力和提高我們對語言的實際運用能力。此次翻譯實習的內容具有鮮明的特征。不同專業方向的學生所分配的翻譯材料是各不相同的,例如,土木方向的我們所要翻譯的材料均是跟土木工程相關,如國際工程合同和建筑施工過程等。這樣具有針對性的練習進一步鞏固了我們個專業方向在整個大學期間的理論課程學習,加深了我們對理論的理解,同時也夯實了我們進行實際操作的能力。
在本次翻譯實習中,我所要進行英漢翻譯的材料是關于招投標的相關材料,而要進行漢譯英的則是與施工過程相關的材料。總的來說,翻譯這樣專業性很強的材料在我自己看來無異于一個巨大的挑戰,但是,轉念一想,自己大學整整四年不正是為了學到知識從而提高自己的能力嗎?而能力的提高肯定少不了必要的鍛煉啊。所以,也就鼓起勇氣,嘗試著迎著困難前行。通過一個月左右的翻譯實習,我自己也從中獲得了不少的感悟及體會。整理起來有一下幾點:
首先,要想提高自己的翻譯能力,一定要動手實踐。不過實踐也要分為兩類,即直接實踐和間接實踐。直接實踐就是我們自己要動手翻譯,一回生,二回熟,日積月累,第一手經驗多了,做起來得心應手,翻譯能力有所提高。所謂“熟能生巧”,就是這個道理。而間接實踐就是我們從研究別人翻譯的東西。雖說這兩種實踐都能在一定程度上對我們的翻譯能力的提升有所幫助,但是個人認為,直接實踐更具重要性。就如同本次翻譯實習,在實習的最初,我對文章里的各種專業術語感到無比的頭疼,甚至有抓狂的沖動。原因很簡單,它們對我來說完全陌生,這就讓我基本讀不懂原文,這樣怎能做翻譯呢?所以,在我一再堅持查閱詞典及其他相關資料后,我漸漸地記住了許多術語的意思,也慢慢了解了它們的用法,于是我的翻譯速度也就從最開始蝸牛爬的速度變得更加嫻熟,譯文也不再那么干澀生硬了。這不得不讓人感慨,熟能生巧啊。學翻譯猶如學游泳。只在岸邊看別人游,或只聽教練講解,是學不會的。所以,自己親身的鍛煉是絕對必不可少的。
其次,在翻譯的過程中,我們必須根據翻譯材料內容的不同而采取不同的翻譯方法和技巧。在這次翻譯實習中,我所翻譯的材料是具有很強專業性的材料,而它的翻譯有自身的特點,所以在翻譯的時候,我也采用了相應的方法。對此類專業資料的翻譯,很重要的一點就是保證原文意思的準確性及精確性。因此,在翻譯時,選詞是很重要的一步。正確選擇詞義是保證譯文質量的中心問題。英漢兩種語言在詞義方面存在很大的差異,一般來說,英語詞義比較靈活多變,詞的含義范圍比較寬,詞義對上下文的依賴性比較大。而漢語詞語的意思則更為嚴謹,詞義的伸縮性和對上下文的依賴性比較小。在翻譯的過程中,我們首先要正確理解原文的含義,然后在譯文語中選擇正確的詞語進行翻譯。只有這樣才能準確無誤地傳達出原文的意思,從而做到翻譯的第一條標準“信”。
再次,掌握一定的翻譯技巧和方法非常重要。在翻譯過程中,由于兩種語言存在著的差異,一種語言中有的表達方式在另一種語言中很難準確地表達出來。這時,必要的翻譯技巧和方
法能起到一定的幫助作用。如刪去不符合目標語思維習慣、語言習慣和表達方式的詞,以避免譯文累贅的省譯法,根據英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習慣和表達方式,在翻譯時增添一些詞、短句或句子,以便更準確地表達出原文所包含的意義的增譯法,翻譯過程中為了使譯文符合目標語的表述方式、方法和習慣而對原句中的詞類、句型和語態等進行轉換的轉譯法等等。這些翻譯方法及技巧的運用,將對我們在翻譯中遇到的難點的翻譯有相應的幫助,同時也能使譯文更通順易于理解,更符合閱讀習慣。
最后,翻譯是一項非常辛苦的工作,需要極大的勇氣和毅力方能堅持下去。在這些天做翻譯的過程中,我天天都坐在電腦面前,敲著鍵盤,移動著鼠標。一天下來,總是腰酸背痛,眼睛也脹痛,脖子僵硬。這份辛苦也算的上對翻譯工作深切的體會。雖說也明白,各項工作必有它的難處,但親身體驗一下還是十分必要的。至少明白了有些東西,我們僅僅懂得是遠遠不夠的,重要的是我們要身體力行并能堅持到底。說到勇氣和堅持,這不僅僅是做翻譯才需要的品質,今后的工作中,人生道路上都是需要它們的。人生就像馬拉松,獲勝的關鍵不在于瞬間的爆發,而在于途中的堅持。你縱有千百個理由放棄,也要給自己找一個堅持下去的理由。很多時候,成功就是多堅持一分鐘,這一分鐘不放棄,下一分鐘就會有希望。只是我們不知道,這一分鐘會在什么時候出現。再苦再累,只要堅持走下去,屬于你的風景終會出現。這次英漢加起來一共翻譯了四萬字,對我這個翻譯菜鳥級別的人來說,也算的上浩大的工程了。但是,一步一步走下來,也就做完了。堅持是很重要的,我們要時時刻刻記著它,我們當我們受到挫折遇到困難的時候,它就會鼓勵我們不斷向前,最終讓我們獲得成功。人做一件事是很容易的,但如果要堅持下去,很多人就會半途而廢,這樣做到一半了就放棄,最后會一事無成。很多人都渴望成功,但不知道怎樣才能成功,我認為如果要成功,最重要的一點就是堅持,有些人能夠成功,是他們堅持、努力,最后干出了大事情。所以,這樣的翻譯實習也就鍛煉了以后極需的品質,這對我來說也算是額外的一大收獲。
第四篇:英語翻譯[模版]
Unit 1
1.被警察詢問時,杰夫極力保持冷靜,沉著地回答每個問題。
Jeff tried to keep his composure and answer every question calmly when inquired by the policeman.2.油價不斷上漲,世界各國都不同程度地受到了影響。
With oil prices keeping on increasing, all the countries in the world have been affected(in)one way or another.3.他在會上提出了一系列可能避免環境污染的措施。
At the meeting he proposed a series of measures that might ward off the environmental pollution.4.邁克向他父親保證他一定會全身心投入到即將到來的比賽上。
Mike assured his father that he would put his whole heart into the coming competition.5.一旦瑪麗下定決心,就絕不會動搖。
Mary will never waver once she makes up her mind.Unit 3
1.天氣驟然變壞,尋找傷員的工作要加緊進行。
Efforts to reach the injured men should be intensified because of the sudden deterioration in weather conditions.2.有些人可能沉溺于網上沖浪,這會危害他們的身心健康。
Some people may be addicted to net surfing, which impairs their physical and mental health.3.地球和它表面的一切,不管是有生命的還是沒有生命的,相互作用來影響我們的生活。
The Earth and everything on it, living and nonliving, interact to exert influence on the life we have.4.窮人和殘疾人依靠政府的救濟維持生計。
Needy and handicapped people depend on government relief for their support.5.到目前為止,還沒有跡象表明人們對此品牌感到疲倦。So far there is no sign of fatigue with the brand.Unit 4
1.在一個沒有為高溫炎熱做好準備的國家,這是緊急事件。
In a country that is not equipped for severe heat, this is an emergency.2.房間里鬧哄哄的,他不得不豎起耳朵來聽電話。
It was so noisy in the room that he had to pull his ears to hear the phone.3.這是一項令人興奮的工作,但有幾分危險。This is an exciting job, but kind of dangerous.4.很難預測這些事情的結果是什么。
It is hard to predict how these things will turn out.5.誰也不知道怎么辦。即使知道也將會是摸著石頭過河。
Nobody knows how to figure them out.Even if somebody seems to know, it is still “crossing a river by feeling for the stones”.Unit 6
1.他用冷漠的態度面對別人的侮辱。
He reacted to the insult by acting as cold as ice.2.在生活中,有原則的人寧愿死得有尊嚴也不愿茍且偷生。
In life, a man of principle prefers to die with dignity instead of living in disgrace.3.幾個警察不得不護送這位裁判離開足球場。
Several policemen had to escort the referee from the football field.4.她總覺得自己受制于人。
She always has the feeling that she is being manipulated.5.萬一有特殊情況,學生們應該向警察求助。
In case of exceptional circumstances, students should turn to the police for help.
第五篇:英語翻譯
精讀Unit1 1)Mrs.Smith complained to me that she often found it simply impossible to communicate with her 16-year-old daughter.史密斯太太對我抱怨說,她經常發現與自己十六歲的女兒簡直無法溝通。2)I firmly believe that reading simplified English novels is an easy and enjoyable way of enlarging our vocabulary.我堅信,閱讀簡寫的英文小說是擴大我們詞匯量的一種輕松愉快的方法。
3)I don’t think we’re doing enough to protect our environment from pollution.我認為我們在保護環境不受污染方面還做得不夠。4)Apart from writing compositions on a weekly basis, our English teacher assigned us eight books to read during the summer vacation.除了每周寫作文外,我們的英語老師還給我們布置了八本書在暑假里閱讀。
5)We’ve learned from reliable sources that a native English speaker is going to teach us spoken English next term/semester.我們從可靠的消息來源獲悉下學期一位以英語為母語的人將要教我們英語口語。
6)Seeing English movies on a regular basis will not only improve your ear, but will also help you build your speaking skills.經常看英語電影不僅會提高你的聽力,而且還會幫助你培養說的技能。
7)If you have any questions about these learning strategies, please feel free to ask me.And I’ll explain them in greater detail.如果你們對這些學習策略有什么問題,請隨便問我。我將更詳細地進行講解。8)The Canadian girl is good at seizing every opportunity to speak Chinese.That’s why she has gained a good command of spoken Chinese in less than three years.那個加拿大女孩善于抓住每個機會講漢語。這就是她為什么三年不到就熟練地掌握了漢語口語的原因。
1高棟
精讀Unit4 1)To take this job would involve working on weekends frequently, but John didn't mind。
接受這份工作就得經常在周末上班,但約翰并不在意。2)It is well known that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much.眾所周知,肺癌至少部分地是由于吸煙過多而引起的。3)My grandparents said that the man who invented television had once lived in their neighborhood.我祖父母說,發明電視的那個人曾住在他們那個地段。
4)I propose that we go to find Prof.Smith in his office right after the meeting and invite him to our English evening。
我提議咱們會后馬上去辦公室找史密斯教授,邀請他參加我們的英語晚會。
5)Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up.她因那病開過兩次刀,身體十分虛弱,幾乎站不起來。
6)Educators think that the generation growing up with television spends so much of their time in front of the TV that they do not have enough time to study.教育家們認為,伴隨著電視機長大的一代人,在電視機前花的時間太多,以致沒有足夠的時間學習了。
7)I do hope that you can come up with a better solution than this one.我真希望你能拿出一個比這更好的解決辦法來。
8)At first glance the picture didn't look very good, but after examining it carefully, we found that it was indeed a masterpiece.乍一看,這幅畫并不好,但經過仔細觀察,我們才發現它的確是一幅杰作。
精讀Unit6 1)It was reported that the building of the railway had been held up by a
2高棟
flood.據報道,那條鐵路曾因洪水而停止修建。2)The strike resulted in the management's accepting the workers' demands.罷工結果,資方接受了工人的要求。3)The coalminers decided to go on strike for better working conditions.煤礦工人們決定為爭取更好的工作條件舉行罷工。
4)I'd like very much to buy the English dictionary.Unfortunately, I haven't got enough money on me.我很想買這本英文詞典,遺憾的是我身上帶的錢不夠。
5)I'd like to talk over with you about the English translation of the article before sending it to Mr.Hobbs.我想先和你討論一下這篇文章的英譯稿,然后再把它寄給霍布斯先生。
6)The foreign expert hopes to achieve all his aims in three years.那位外國專家希望在三年內達到所有的目標。
7)What do you think a scientist must do in order to keep up with the latest developments in his field? 一個科學家要跟上本領域的新發展,你認為必須做些什么?
8)The author thinks that if excellent workers get frequent pay increases and promotions, they will have greater incentive to produce.作者認為,如果優秀工人經常得到加薪和提拔,他們就會有更大的生產積極性。
精讀unit9 1)Gases such as carbon monoxide, emitted by factories and automobiles, have seriously polluted the atmosphere.工廠和汽車排出的一氧化碳一類氣體嚴重污染了大氣。
2)The industrial engineer's letter indicates that he doubts the feasibility of the plan.那位工業管理工程師的來信表明,他對該項計劃是否可行有懷疑。3)Many parents in the United States set aside a fund for their children's
3高棟
education before they are born.在美國,許多父母在孩子出生之前就為他們的教育留出一筆??睢?/p>
4)I have made sure that her conclusion is based on facts.我已了解清楚,她的結論是以事實為根據的。
5)The medical team, composed of three doctors and two nurses, set off for the mountain area a few days ago.幾天前,由三位醫生和兩名護士組成的醫療隊出發到山區去了。
6)The village is named after the high mountain that stands in front of it.這個村莊是以矗立在它前面的那座高山命名的。
7)He was ill for about a month, which has really set him back in his studies.他病了一個月左右,這使他在學習上耽誤了很多。8)The war that broke out between the North and the South in 1861 is known in history as the American Civil War.南方和北方之間于一八六一年爆發的那場戰爭在歷史上稱為“美國內戰”。
泛讀text1 1)Faced with a lot of evidence, the man had to admit that he was the head of the drug ring.這些人面對許多證據,不得不承認他是販毒團伙的頭目。2)Tommy offered to drive us to the seaside in his car, but insisted we should share the petrol costs.湯米主動提出開他的車送我們去海濱,但堅持要我們分擔汽油費。
3)On-the-job smoking is not allowed in our company.So many employees have to give up smoking or reduce the amount they smoke.我們公司不允許上班時吸煙。于是許多雇員不得不戒煙或者減少吸煙量。
4)When you apply for a job, the first thing the employer sees is your resume.當你申請職位時,雇主首先看到你的履歷。
5)When you find yourself often upset about small matters, you’d better
4高棟
cultivate a hobby.你如果發現自己常為一些小事煩惱,你最好培養一種興趣愛好。
泛讀text8 1)Those who expect to have a good command of English within a few months should bear in mind that there is no short cut in language learning.那些指望在幾個月內就掌握英語的人應該記住,語言學習沒有捷徑可走。
2)It’s a great idea to stay overnight at your house, but I had better talk it over with my parents in case they don’t agree.在你家過夜是個好主意,但是我最好還是跟我父母商量一下,以防他們不同意。
3)He advised me to make sure that the second-hand car was in good condition before I made a decision to buy it.他忠告我在決定買那輛二手車前先弄清楚車況是否良好。
4)If you don’t cut in half the numbers of the courses you’re going to take next semester, I’m sure you will be weighed down.如果你不把下學期要選的課程門數減半,我肯定到時你會累垮。
5.As for my house in the countryside, I only live there every summer;I don’t intend to move in for good.至于我在鄉下的那套房子,我只是每年夏天去住一下,并不打算永久遷人。
泛讀text19
1)Employees hate seeing their boss walking in and out of their office without even giving them a glance
雇員們最討厭看見老板進進出出辦公室二不屑看他們一眼。
2)If we stay up till three in the morning, we’ll be able to hear the American election results.如果我們熬到凌晨3點,就能聽到美國大選的結果。3)A policeman has to know as much law as a professional lawyer.He should know what actions are crimes and what evidence he should gather to prove the crimes in courts.一名警察必須像一位職業律師一樣通曉法律。
5高棟
他應當知道什么行為是犯罪,他應當收集什么樣的證據在法庭上證實這些罪行。
4)Your father is talking business with his colleagues in the study.So don’t bother him.你父親在書房里和他的同事談正事,請不要打撈他。5)Mary and I are good friends.We can read each other’s minds and know each other’s deepest secrets.瑪麗和我是好朋友。我們能看出彼此的心事,并知道對方心中深藏的秘密。
6)We have to increase our sales one way or another.We can sell our sportswear through big department stores and supermarkets instead of the small, specialist shops.無論如何我們得擴大營銷量。我們可以通過大百貨商場和超市而不是小的專賣店來出售我們的運動服。
泛讀text24 1)Each day there are a good number of people on their way to somewhere around the world.Some are travelling for pleasure, while others on business.每天都有很多人到世界各地旅行。有的外出游玩,有的因公出差。
2)When we were travelling in Europe, we usually rode in the train from one country to another.我們在歐洲旅行的時候,通常都是乘火車從一個國家到另一個國家。
3)He drew me a map to make sure I could easily find his apartment.為了確保我能輕松的找到他住的公寓,他給我畫了張地圖。
4)It’s good manners to tip a waiter or waitress for the service you have received when you dine out.在外用餐的時候,為你所得到的服務而付給服務生一些小費是一種禮貌。
5)The worst thing about working in the shop is that you’re on your feet all day.商店里工作最讓人受不了的是你得整天站著。
6高棟