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商務合同的語言特點及其漢英翻譯

時間:2019-05-13 04:32:15下載本文作者:會員上傳
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第一篇:商務合同的語言特點及其漢英翻譯

商務合同的語言特點及其漢英翻譯

商務合同是一種特殊的應用文體,重在記實,用詞行文的一大特點就是準確與嚴謹。英譯商務合同貌似簡單,實則不然。商務合同屬于法律性公文,所以英譯時,要符合法律公文的特點,要做到譯文結構嚴謹、邏輯嚴密、言簡意賅。

為了探討商務合同的漢英翻譯,本文擬從英文合同的語言特征中尋找翻譯時應遵循的原則, 從而介紹商務合同漢英翻譯的一些特殊手段。

一、英文合同的語言特征

作為具有法律效應的商務合同或協議,基本具備以下特征:

1.用詞準確明晰。商務合同需要將合同雙方的意愿清晰地表達出來,首先要考慮的就是其語言的明晰性,而這一點又主要依靠準確用詞,同義、近義詞間的細微差異此時都顯得非常重要,含混不得。這一點與公文力求明確的特點相呼應。與此同時,為了盡可能把一切都寫得準確無疑,作者往往會不惜筆墨重復名詞或修飾詞,盡量避免代詞的使用或省略手段。

例1 :Whereas , the Seller is desirous of exporting the undermentioned products to the territory stipulated below.(賣方欲出口下列產品至下面規定的地方。)

例2 : Whereas , the Purchaser is desirous of importing the said goods for sale in the said territory.(而買方欲進口所述貨物在所述地點出售。)

從上述兩例中,我們不難看出:用詞表達清晰自然,不會產生誤解,在大的結構上雖有些重復,但如果運用省略或替代的方式加以簡化,其語言的明晰度則遜色了許多。

2.用詞正式,多古體慣用副詞。為了體現商務合同的法律性和嚴肅感,正統用詞勢在必行,因此英文合同的用詞較正式、多古體詞”。

例3 :Hereafter called “the Purchaser”.(下稱“買方”。)

例4 : Either party reserves the right to terminate this agreement upon negotiation.(任何一方需中止合同都必須經過協商。)

上述兩句中使用了purchase , party , reserve ,terminate 等正式用詞,而未使用常見的buy , side ,keep , end 等詞。此外,還有以下類似常見詞匯(括號內為可替換詞): assist(help);render(make);desire(wish);require(want);residence(home);function(work or act);state(say);inform(tell);commence(begin);terminate

(end);initiate(start);proceed(go)等。

例5 :Now ,therefore ,it is hereby agreed and understood as follows(因此,雙方特此協商如下:)

例1、2、3 和5 使用了whereas(而?), hereafter(本文中以下), therefore(因此), hereby(因此,據此)等詞,體現了英語合同文體的又一特點:古體慣用副詞的使用。常見的類似詞匯還有:

hereof(?中的), herewith(與?一道), thereafter(從那以后?), thereon/ thereupon(在其上),thereunder(在其下), hereto(對于這個), hereinabove / hereinbefore(在上文), hereinafter / hereinbelow(在下文), thereinbefore(在上文中、在上一部分中), thereinafter(在下文中、在下一部分中)等。

3.普通詞有特定意義或特定用法。例2 中的said 意為“所提到的”,修飾goods 和territory ,而該詞在一般文體中不這樣使用。另外shall 一詞常常表示“必須”之意,而不是“將要”。

例6 : The Seller shall sell to the Buyer ,and the Purchaser shall purchase from the Seller 50(Fifty)units of the goods at the price of US $12(US Dollars Twelve)per unit.另外, allowance 一詞的常意是“允許”、“津貼”,而商貿合同中多指“折扣”, article 則指“項目”或“條款”,而deposit 很可能不指“存款”,而指“押金、保證金”。當然,要使詞義明確的最理想情形是一詞一指,一詞一義,然而一詞多義卻又是英語的一大特點。所以,譯者應該學會依據文體和詞義的不同把握翻譯技巧,確保無誤。

4.格式化結構和表達方式。作為應用文體,商務合同少不了一些格式化的套用句式或結構。

例7 :Both parties shall act in accordance with the provisions of the agreement.(雙方都應按照協議條款辦事。)

例8 :Subject to the procurements of necessary permit s in Hong Kong and Nigeria.(本合同能否執行取決于在香港和尼日利亞取得必要的各種許可證)

例7 中的in accordance with(依據?)和the provisions of(?的條款)均為合同的常用表達方式;例8 中subject to(以?為條件,受?制約)表示條件。還有provided that(倘若,假如);in respect of 和with respect to(關于,至于)等都為合同中格式化表達結構。、商務合同的翻譯原則

由于商務合同又是具備法律效應的文件,它要嚴格規定合同雙方的義務、權力、行為準

則等明確條款,其明晰與否將會影響當事人對條款的理解和法庭的判決。受其文體特征的制約,所以絲毫不能允許語義的模棱兩可而使人誤解,被人鉆了法律的空子。因此,它寧可犧牲文字流暢也要保持文意斬釘截鐵的確鑿性。

三、商務合同的漢英翻譯

針對合同的特征,在英譯時常常需要采取一些與目標語文體相吻合的翻譯手段或方法。

1.合理補充公文語慣用副詞。為了使譯文結構嚴謹、邏輯嚴密、言簡意賅,且符合英文商務合同的表達習慣,在英譯時,酌情使用英語慣用的一套公文語副詞,會使譯文更地道、流暢。但是從一些合同的英文譯本中發現,這種公文語副詞常被普通詞語所代替,從而影響到譯文的質量。

實際上,這種公文語慣用副詞為數并不多,而且構詞簡單易記,常用的這類副詞是由here、there、where 等副詞分別加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副詞,構成一體化形式的公文語副詞。

例9 :本合同自買方和建造方簽署之日生效。

譯文: This Contract hereby comes into effect from the date of execution by the Purchaser and the Builder.比較: This Contract comes into effectfrom the date signed by the Buyer and the Builder.例10 :下述簽署人同意在中國制造新產品, 其品牌以此為合適。

譯文: The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is appropriate are made in China.比較: The signer below agrees that the new products are made in China and this trade name is appropriate.從以上兩句譯文比較發現:例9 中合理補充了hereby 后更充分地體現了“簽署”和“生效”的因果關系,譯文更有邏輯感;例10 補充了hereby和whereto 兩個副詞后,把兩個并列分句改編成了從屬關系, 更符合原文表達, 加入古體連詞whereto 引導定語從句,與“to which”同義。

2.謹慎選詞,力克模糊。英譯商務合同時,常常由于選詞不當而導致詞不達意或者意思模棱兩可,有時甚至表達的是完全不同的含義。因此,了解與掌握極易混淆的詞語的區別極為重要,是提高英譯質量的關鍵因素之一。下面用幾個典型實例加以說明。

例11 :雙方都應遵守/ 雙方的一切活動都應遵守合同規定。

譯文:Both parties Shall abide by/ All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.句中的兩個“遵守”翻譯應不一樣。當主語是“人”時,英譯“遵守”須用abide by。當主語是非人稱時,則用comply with 英譯“遵守”。

例12:發票貨值須貨到付給。

譯文: The invoice value is to be paid on / upon arrival of the goods.例13 :賣方須在6 月15 日(含當日)前將貨交給買方。

譯文: The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(or : before June 16)

例14 :我公司的條件是:3 個月內,即不得晚于5 月1 日,支付現金。

譯文: Our terms are cash payment within three months , i.e.on or before(or : not later than)May 1.例15 :本合同有效期至2003 年1 月1 日。

譯文: This Contract expires till January 1 ,2003(inclusive).例12 至15 都含有時間的不同表達方式。例12 中“ ??到后,就??”須用介詞on/ upon ,而不用after ,因為after 表示“之后”的時間不明確。例13中“ ?之前”要根據具體情況確定,如果包括所寫日期,就用介詞by ,如果不包括所寫日期,即指到所寫日期的前一天為止,就要用介詞before。英語中,時間的界定只有依靠介詞的微小區別來判別,翻譯時應慎之又慎。

例16:交貨期改為8 月并將美元折合成人民幣。

譯文:Both parties agree that the time of shipment is changed to August and the US dollar is changed into RMB.例16 中,英譯“把A 改為B”用“change A to B”,英譯“把A 折合成/ 兌換成B”用“change A into B”, 兩者不可混淆。另外, shipping advice 和shipping instructions 不一樣,前者是“裝運通知”,是由出口商(賣主)發給進口商(買主)的,而后者則是“裝運須知”,是進口商(買主)發給出口商(賣主)的。

3.慎重處理合同細目。一般來說,英譯合同中容易出現差錯的地方,不是大的陳述性條款,恰恰是一些關鍵的細目,比如金錢、時間、數量等。

為了避免出差錯,英譯合同時,常常使用一些有限定作用的結構來界定細目所指定的確

切范圍。

例17 :如果上述貨物對船舶和(或)船上其他貨物造成任何損害,托運人應負全責。

譯文: The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/ or cargo onboard.例18 :買賣雙方同意按下述條款購買出售下列商品并簽訂本合同。

譯文: This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller , whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.例17 中的“和(或)”用對等的“and/ or”能完整準確地表達雙方應承擔的責任。例18中的“by and between”強調合同是由“雙方”簽訂的,因此雙方必須嚴格履行合同所賦予的責任,比單純的用“by”更準確合理,這種表達往往作為英文合同的開頭。

例19 :聘方須每月付給受聘方500 美元整。

譯文:Party A(The Employer)shall pay Party B(The Employee)a monthly salary of US $500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).例19中金額的表達也是英文合同中的慣用方法,即在括號內用大寫文字重復該金額,在大寫文字前加上“SAY”, 意為“大寫”, 在最后加上“ONLY”,意思為“整”。必須注意小寫與大寫的金額數量要一致。另外,在表達金額時,必須注意區分和正確使用各種不同的貨幣名稱符號。還有金額中是小數點還是分節號,千萬不得疏忽,否則后果不堪設想。

商務合同是一種具有法律效應的應用文體,英文的商務合同具有以下語言特征:

1)用詞準確明晰;

2)文體正式,多古體慣用詞;

3)普通詞有特定意義;

4)多格式化結構和表達方式。

針對其相應的文體特征,商務合同漢英翻譯應該做到:

1)忠實原義應放在首位;

2)譯文應符合目標語體裁和格式;

3)在翻譯方法上,主要采取直譯加調整的方法;

4)大處著眼、小處著手、力求準確;

5)合理地補充公文慣用詞語。只有這樣,譯文才符合英語表達習慣,翻譯質量才能得到提高。

合同翻譯

(二)合同翻譯英譯商務合同貌似簡單,實則不然。商務合同是一種特殊的應用文體,重在記實,用詞行文的一大特點就是準確與嚴謹。

本文擬運用翻譯教學中所積累的英譯商務合同的實例,從三個方面論述如何從大處著眼、小處著手、力求準確嚴謹英譯商務合同。

一、酌情使用公文語慣用副詞

商務合同屬于法律性公文,所以英譯時,有些詞語要用公文語詞語、特別是酌情使用英語慣用的一套公文語副詞,就會起到使譯文結構嚴謹、邏輯嚴密、言簡意賅的作用。但是從一些合同的英文譯本中發現,這種公文語副同常被普通詞語所代替,從而影響到譯文的質量。實際上,這種公文語慣用副同為數并不多,而已構詞簡單易記。常用的這類副詞是由 here、there、where 等副詞分別加上 after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副詞,構成一體化形式的公文語副詞。例如:

從此以后、今后:hereafter;

此后、以后:thereafter;

在其上:thereonthereupon;

在其下:thereunder;

對于這個:hereto;

對于那個:whereto;

在上文:hereinabovehereinbefore;

在下文:hereinafterhereinbelow;

在上文中、在上一部分中:thereinbefore;

在下文中、在下一部分中:thereinafter.

現用兩個實例,說明在英譯合同中如何酌情使用上述副詞。

例 1:本合同自買方和建造方簽署之日生效。

This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.例 2:下述簽署人同意在中國制造新產品,其品牌以此為合適。

The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.二、慎重處理合同的關鍵細目

實踐證明,英譯合同中容易出現差錯的地方,一般來說,不是大的陳述性條款。而恰恰是一些關鍵的細目.比如:金錢、時間、數量等。為了避免出差錯,在英譯合同時,常常使用一些有限定作用的結構來界定細目所指定的確切范圍。

3.1限定責任

眾所周知,合同中要明確規定雙方的責任。為英譯出雙方責任的權限與范圍,常常使用連詞和介詞的固定結構。現把最常用的此類結構舉例說明如下。

3.1.1 and/or

常用 and/or 英譯合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的內容,這樣就可避免漏譯其中的一部分。例 9:如果上述貨物對船舶和(或)船上其它貨物造成任何損害,托運人應負全責。The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on buard.3.1.2 by and between

常用 by and between 強調合同是由“雙方”簽訂的,因此雙方必須嚴格履行合同所賦于的責任。

例 10:買賣雙方同意按下述條款購買出售下列商品并簽訂本合同。

This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.3.2限定時間

英譯與時間有關的文字,都應非常嚴格慎重地處理,因為合同對時間的要求是準確無誤。所以英譯起止時間時,常用以下結構來限定準確的時間。

3.2.1 雙介詞

用雙介詞英譯含當天日期在內的起止時間。

例 11;自9月2O日起,甲方已無權接受任何定單或收據。

Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.例 12:我公司的條件是,3 個月內,即不得晚于5月1日,支付現金。

Our terms are cash within three months, i.e.on or before May 1.3.2.2 not(no)later than

用“not(no)later than +日期”英譯“不遲于某月某日”。

例 13:本合同簽字之日一個月內,即不遲于12月15日,你方須將貨物裝船。Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e.not later than December 15.3.2.3 include 的相應形式

常用 include 的相應形式:inclusive、including 和 included,來限定含當日在內的時間。例 14:本證在北京議付,有效期至1月1日。

This credit expires till January 1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.)如果不包括1月1日在內,英譯為 till and not including January 1。

3.3 限定金額

為避免金額數量的差漏、偽造或涂改,英譯時常用以下措施嚴格把關。

3.3.1.大寫文字重復金額

英譯金額須在小寫之后,在括號內用大寫文字重復該金額,即使原文合同中沒有大寫,英譯時也有必要加上大寫。在大寫文字前加上“SAY”,意為“大寫”;在最后加上“ONLY”。意思為“整”。必須注意:小寫與大寫的金額數量要一致。

例 16:聘方須每月付給受聘方美元 500 元整。

Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).3.3.2.正確使用貨幣符號

英譯金額必須注意區分和正確使用各種不同的貨幣名稱符號。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的貨幣;而“£”不僅代表“英鎊”,又可代表其他某些地方的貨幣。必須注意:當金額用數字書寫時,金額數字必須緊靠貨幣符號,例如:Can $891,568,不能寫成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻譯的還要特別注意金額中是小數點(.)還是分節號(,),因為這兩個符號極易引起筆誤,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪設想的。

第二篇:商務合同的語言特點

商務合同的語言特點

【摘要】:繼中國加入世貿組織,二十一世紀,各行各業的對外貿易業務發展尤其迅速,簽訂的各種類型的合同也越來越多。根據簽訂合同的雙方商定的協議,約定雙方必須擔負的責任以及必須履行的義務,所以,商務合同是一種具有法律效應的應用文書,有其特殊的語言風格和語言現象,合同語言準確,嚴謹,正式且規范,用詞非常講究。本文通過大量例句來充分解釋英文商務合同的語言特點,即:用詞準確,用詞正式以及普通詞匯的特殊意義。

關鍵字:商務合同、語言、特點、解釋。

【Abstract】: Along with china joint the WTO, in the 21st century, development of all foreign trade business is quite rapidly, so that, there are various types of contract has been signed.According to the contract agreed between the parties of the agreement, which agreed the responsibility and obligation that each party shall to be responsible for and executive.So, business contract is a legal effect of the application of the instruments, it has its special language style and language phenomenon.Language in contract is accurate, compact, formal and canonical, it is extremely particular about choosing words.There are large quantity of illustrative sentences to explain the language characters of English business contract in this thesis, which is exact words, official words and special meaning of ordinary words.Key words: business contract, language, character, explain

一、用詞準確

合同具有法律約束力,商務合同更是如此,要將合同雙方的意愿清楚明了的表達出來。最先要做到的就是要求語言明確清晰,正如公文所要求的力求明確的語言特征。然而,這一特點有需要做到用詞準確,明確區分同義詞與近義詞之間的微妙區別,不可混淆。因此,要盡最大可能把商務合同中的一切條件寫的準確無誤。筆者大都會盡量多用修飾詞,至于代詞的使用或省略手法也都不多見。

多使用修飾詞。合同語中,使用修飾詞可以避免歧義。

例1: Any amendment to the contract will come into force with the written agreement conducted and signed by the two parties.合同的任何修改需甲乙雙方簽訂書面協議方可生效。

例2:Whereby, the buyers agree to buy and the seller agree to sell the under –mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.茲經買賣雙方同意按照以下條款購進買方售出的以下產品。

1、例2中分別使用了修飾詞”written”(書面的),”under-mentioned”(下述的,以下的)和”stipulated”(規定的)起到了強調的作用,使語以更清楚。

例3: Whereas, the purchaser is desirous of importing the said goods for sale in the said territory.而買方欲進口所述貨物在所述地點出售。

形容詞”said”重復使用看似有重復啰嗦之意,但在英文商務合同用語中確實很有必要。

上述三個例句很明顯的向讀者傳達了一些信息:商務英文合同中的修飾詞的使用,即使是重復同一修飾詞,這在語句的表達上會顯得很自然,而且不會讓人產生誤解。在合同中,應該表達清楚的就應該不惜筆墨來表達清楚,不能少有含糊,否則會影響合同的語言精確度。

二、用詞正式

a、古體慣用副詞的使用

商務合同屬于法律性公文,所以在行文時力必要使用正式的法律用語,體現其嚴

肅感。因此,英文商務合同用詞都比較正式多用古體詞

例4:whereas the football Association of china hereinafter called party A ,is willing to employ Zenger ,from England, hereinafter called party B.(鑒于中國足球協會,下稱之為甲方愿意聘用來自英格蘭的Zenger,以下稱之為已方)

例5:The seller shall not be responsible for the delay lf shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force majeure 因不可抗力而導致賣方裝運延期或不能交貸的,賣方不用負責任。

例6:The L/C shall expire 15 days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated 信用證在按照合同裝船完畢后15日內到期。

例7:This contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.本合同自買方和建造方簽署之日生效。

上述例4、5、6、7四句中使用了Whereas(而、、、),here in after(本文中以下)here of(、、、中的)等詞,體現了英文商務合同語言特點的 的“應當”或“必須”。

例8 The Seller shall , 30 days before the shipment date specified in the Contract Number, commodity, quantity, amount, packages, gross weight, measurement, and the date of shipment in order that the Buyer can charter a vessel/book shipping space.賣方應在合同規定的裝運日期前30天,通知買方合同號、商品、數量、金額、包裝、毛重、尺碼及裝運日期,以便買方安排租船或訂艙。

Shall 的否定形式shall not在英文合同中常表示不得發生的行為。

例9 : Party A shall not supply the contracted commodity to other buyers in the above-mentioned territory.甲方不得向上述地區其他買主供應本合同項下商品。

但必須注意的是,在英文合同中,shall在表示“應該”時不可隨便用should代替,should雖然也表示“應該”,但它沒有shall那樣重的含義,因為should并不表示法律義務,只表示一般的義務或道義上的義務,有時甚至表示“原該”或“最好如此”的含義。當should出現在合同中時,它常放在句子的開頭,表示一個隱含的條件狀語,相當于由if、in case 或in the event that 引導的狀語從句,其含義相當于中文的“如果”、“萬一”而不是“應該”。

例10 :Should either party to this Contract is pretend or delayed from or in performing any of his obligations under this contract by force majeure, then he may not notify the other party of the circumstances constituting the force majeure and of the obligation performance of which is thereby delayed or prevented.如果合同任何一方因不可抗力不能或延遲履行合同規定的任何義務,該方可將造成不可抗力的原因以及因不可抗力而導致被延遲或妨礙的本應履行的合同義務通知另一方。

此外,英文合同中有時也出現情態動詞may和must。may 用于約定當事人的權利(可以做什么),沒有任何義務的含義,不帶有強制性,有時表示允許或許可,相當于中文的“可以”、“得”等含義。其否定形式may not用于禁止性義務(不得做什么),語氣不如shall not強烈。must用于強制性義務(必須做什么),但這一義務不一定具有法律的約束力,其否定形式一般不會出現在英文合同中。

在美國一些法律文件種可以用shall not, 但絕不能用can not do 或must not。例如

在表現法律的約束力,強調某種義務和責任時可以說:Party A shall, at most favorable prices, supply Party B with spare parts of the leased equipment.甲方應以最優惠的價格向乙方提供所租設備的備件。

了解和掌握情態動詞的確切含義有助于正確理解英文合同條款的內容。由于合同中權利和義務的約定構成了合同的主體,情態動詞如選用不當,有可能會引起法律糾紛。

c、近義詞和成對詞

英文商務合同的正式規范還體現在近義詞、成對詞的使用,這也許會給人一種重復啰嗦的感覺,但從嚴謹和杜絕漏洞方面考慮,有些套用了合同語言的固定模式和表達方式。

例11 : This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller ,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.買賣雙方同意按下述條款購買出售下列商品并簽訂本合同。

在這個例句中出現了”by and between”強調合同是由“雙方”簽訂的,故雙方務必要嚴格按照規定履行合同所賦予的責任,這樣表達比單純用”by”或”between”要好得多。還有”subject to”(以、、、為條件,受、、、的約制)在合同中也很常見。”terms and conditions”(條款)這是表示合同條款的一個固定模式,體現了近義詞和成對詞的使用的重要性。同一類型還有,ships and vessels(船只), support and maintains(維護), purchase and sell(銷售), able and willing to(愿意), any and all(任何), for and in consideration of(考慮到,鑒于), for and on behalf of(為了,代表), made and entered into(達成),in full force and effect(生效),save and except(除了),furnish and provide(提供),release and discharge(棄權,讓渡),fulfill or perform(履行),transferable of assignable(可轉讓的),right and interest(權益)等,這些詞表示固定的意義,使用和翻譯時不能隨意拆開。這種詞匯并列使用主要有兩個目的:一是通過兩個或多個詞匯的共同含義來限定其為一詞義,從而排除了由于一詞多義可能產生的歧義,體現合同的嚴謹;二是通過兩個或多個詞語的并列來體現合同的正式。

d、專業術語

合同用語的正式還表現在一些專業術語的使用上。例如,“不可抗力”(Force majeure/Act of God);“救濟”(remedy);“管轄”(jurisdictions),“損毀”(damage and /of loss),“indemnities”表示“賠償”,房貸或專利申請的“寬限期”用“grace period

”;“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract” 在合同里不是說“依照合同相關規定”,只能用“pursuant to provisions contained herein ”或“as provided herein”.其實不管是中文合同還是英文合同,其語言都有鮮明的用詞特點,具有法律文件的嚴謹性,準確性,權威性,例如中文合同中的“當事人”、“生效”、“解除”、“屆滿“,“事宜”等正式詞匯的使用。

此外。例

5、例6中使用了“due to ”和“ completion”兩個正式詞語,代替了常用的“because of” 和“finish”,這就是英文合同的

limitation(時效),satisfaction(清償,補償);dishonor(拒付),whereas(鑒于)等,這些詞在英文合同中詞義相對固定,體現了合同用詞規范的特點。因此,要準確地理解英文合同,有必要了解這些普通詞匯在英文合同中的特殊含義,否則就會造成理解上的錯誤。

結束語:

商務合同是為了準確嚴密地規約當事人的權利、義務和責任而采用的一種具有法律效應文體形式,它自身并不具有獨立的詞匯體系,而且與其他形式的文體并沒有任何本質上的差異。但是英文商務合同的用詞精確簡練,表意準確,規范嚴謹,充分體現了合同的嚴肅性以及它的法律效應。所以,要制定一份準確無誤的合同就必須對其語言特點進行深入了解和研究,以免歧義,從而使合同雙方能更好的合作。

參考文獻

【1】 克里斯.索普,約翰.貝利 ;國際商務合同[M],華夏出版社;2004年4月 【2】 梅德明;新編商務英語翻譯[M],高等教育出版社;2005年8月

【3】 簡怡;商務合同的語言特點與翻譯的目的論[J],大眾文藝?浪漫;2010年02期

【4】 操時堯,曹火群;商務合同的語言特點及其漢英翻譯[J],孝感學院學報;2004年01期

【5】 淺析國際商務合同的用詞特征[J/OL],大學生論文網;2009年8月

【6】 楊芳.,商務合同英語用詞特點及翻譯的特色標記[J],洛陽師范學院學報, 2004年23期

【7】 商務英語的情態功能特點及其翻譯[J/OL],能飛英語網;2010年8月

致謝:

感謝我的導師胡肖老師以及李碧芬主任,他們嚴謹細致、一絲不茍的作風一直是我工作、學習中的榜樣;他們循循善誘的教導和不拘一格的思路給予我無盡的啟迪,這篇論文的每個細節,都離不開你們的細心指導。

感謝我的室友們,從遙遠的家來到這個陌生的城市里,是你們和我共同維系著彼此之間姐妹般的感情,維系著寢室那份家的融洽。兩年半了,仿佛就在昨天,在這期間,我們從沒鬧過矛盾,沒有發生上大學前所擔心的任何不開心的事情。只是今后或許大家就難得再聚在一起了,沒關系,各奔前程,大家珍重。但愿遠赴他鄉的姐妹們保重,不管怎樣都要開開心心,祝你們事業順利事業順利。我們在一起的日子,我會記住一輩子的。

感謝我的爸爸媽媽,焉得諼草,言樹之背,養育之恩,無以回報,你們永遠健康快樂是我最大的心愿。

在論文即將完成之際,我的心情無法平靜,從開始進入課題到論文的順利完成,有多少可敬的師長、同學、朋友給了我無言的幫助,在這里請接受我誠摯的謝意!

第三篇:國際商務合同中漢英詞語翻譯策略研究

國際商務合同中漢英詞語翻譯策略研究

[摘要] 本文認為國際商務合同是一種具有法律效力的文件,屬于特殊文本,準確性和嚴謹性是其行文基本風格,本文從詞語使用的角度諸如專業詞、古體詞、shall 的使用等探討了國際商務合同中漢英翻譯策略。

[關鍵詞] 國際商務合同詞語特點翻譯策略

第四篇:漢英翻譯

白菜

Chinese cabbage

密碼

password 手機

mobile phone

救火

to fight a fire 早戀

puppy love

買一贈一

Buy one,get one free.青春痘

acne

長鏡頭

zoom lens 方便面

instant noodles

隱形眼鏡

contact lens 綠豆

mung bean

臥室

bedroom 試穿

to try sth.on

食言

break a promise 番茄醬

ketchup

酸奶

yoghurt 戴綠帽子

to cuckold sb.黃色書籍

pornography book 高等學校

higher school

農民

farmer 宣傳

popularize

物美價廉

economical and good 你紅光滿面

You look healthy and energetic.他是個氣管炎

He is a hen-pecked man.假花

artificial flower

假唱

lip-synch 假鈔

counterfeit money

假酒

adulterated wine 假新聞

pseudo-news

惡性循環

vicious circle 惡性腫瘤

malignant tumor

惡性通貨膨脹

inflationary spiral

詞組翻譯

一窩蜜蜂

a swarm of bees

一窩小雞

a brood of chickens 一窩幼犬

a litter of pups

一群美女

a bevy of beautiful ladies 一群獵狗 a pack of hounds 一群鴨

a team of ducks 一群羚羊

a herd of antelopes 積極支持

unfailing support 積極的財政政策

proactive fiscal policy 積極利用國外資源 make effective use of overseas resource 1.富華家具帶給您典雅的歐陸風情。

You will be enchanted by the unique European style of Fuhua furniture.2.他們講索求,我們講貢獻。

They preach taking from others,whereas we advocate giving to others.3.她追求的是真理,而他追求的是榮華富貴。

What she seeks is truth,and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.4.在整個改革開放過程中都要反對腐敗。

Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.5.阿Q將衣服摔在地上,吐一口唾沫,說:“這毛蟲”!Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground,spat,and swore,“Hairy worm!”

6.他抓住了小偷的衣服。

He seized the pickpocket by the collar.7.他走進屋里,大衣上盡是雪,鼻子凍得通紅。

He entered the room,his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.8.金杯牌充氣床墊工藝先進,結構新穎,造型美觀,款式繁多,舒適大方,攜帶方便。

The “Golden Cup”Brand air-filled bed cushions are made in advanced technology.With novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns,they are comfortable and convenient to carry.9.匪軍所至,殺戮人民,奸淫婦女,焚毀村莊,掠奪財物,無所不用其極。Wherever they went,they massacred and raped,burned and looted,and stopped at nothing.10.他們意氣風發。They are in high spirits.11.他們喜形于色。They beamed with joy.12.他們眼明手快。

He is of quick of eye and deft of hand.13.這篇文章淺顯易懂。

This article is easy to read and understand.14.我對他敬而遠之。I stood aloof from him.15.人群漸漸地安靜了下來。The crowd came to silence.16.一座古塔陰森森地矗立在山腰上。

An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside.17.但一部小說開掘得深不深,藝術和思想是否有過人之處,的確不在題材大小。But the depth of a novel,or the excellence of its artistry and idea,does not depend on whether it has a grand theme.18.他的粗魯行為使我很震驚。His rudeness shocked me.19.遠近/長短/大小/高矮 distance/length/size/height

20.本公司生產的地毯美麗大方,光彩奪目,富麗堂皇。

The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.21.目標的輕重緩急,孰輕孰重應該仔細研究,認真考慮和反復推敲。Target priorities should be very carefully studied.22.那件令人不快的事件,已經搞得滿城風雨,人人皆知了。There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case.23.他想遠走高飛,免得心煩。He sought the distraction of distance.24.這只船容易顛覆,因為它造型不合理。

This boat is apt to overturnbecause it is unreasonably shaped.25.廚房又臟又亂。

The kitchen was in a mess.26.他不參加比賽,我感到很失望。

To my disappointment,he did not attend the competition.27.父親不贊成地看著他。

Father looked at him in disapproval.28.他驚訝地望著我。

He looked at me in amazement.29.他起得很早,且一向如此。

He rose early,as he had always done.30.他與侵略者合作,出賣了自己的國家。

He collaborated with the invaders and betrayed his motherland.31.那個人醉心名利。

That chap is infatuated with fame and fortune.32.在加州發現黃金的消息轟動全國。

News of the discovery of gold in California excited the nation.33.政府支持這個項目。

The government is behind this project.34.1949年中國發生了翻天覆地的變化。1949 witnessed great changes in China.35.5月1日會議開幕了。

May day saw the opening of the meeting.36.我一時記不起他的名字。

His name escaped my memory for the moment.37.選擇朋友,越謹慎越好。

One can never be too careful in the choice of one’s friends.38.今年的十月一號是個星期五。

The National Day of this year falls on a Friday.39.那里的工藝品品種齊全,價格公道,質量可靠。

The arts and crafts there are complete in range ,reasonable in price and reliable in quality.40.聽到敲門聲,我頓時睡意全消。

The knock on the door made me wide awake.41.生活的浮沉使他變得頹廢。

The ups and downs of his life made him prop out.42.他又厚著臉皮要錢了嗎?

Did he have the cheek to ask for more money?

43.聽那個鬼故事時,我簡直要嚇死了。

I was scared to death when listening to that ghost story.44.他家里有好多張嘴要喂。

He has many mouths to feed in his family.45.這對年輕的夫婦并不相配,一個是西施,一個是張飛。

This young couple is not well matched,one is a Xi Shi--a famous Chinese beauty,while the other is a Zhang Fei--a well-known ill-tempered brute.46.我很瞧不起他,他是個馬屁精。

I look down upon him,for he is such an apple polisher.47.由于距離遠,又缺乏交通工具,使農村社會與外界隔絕,而這種隔絕,又由于通訊工具不足而變得更加嚴重。

The isolation of the rural world,because of distance and lack of tansport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.48.當時,車輛橫沖直撞,嚴重地威脅著城市生活,路上行人無不提心吊膽。The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.49.他有一種令人難堪的習慣:一會兒一個看法,自相矛盾,變化無常。He has a disgusting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.50.請允許我代表中國體操協會向參加這次邀請賽的朋友們表示熱烈的歡迎。Please allow me,on behalf of the Chinese Gymnastics Association,to extend a warm welcome to all our friends who have come for the Tournament.51.全城披上節日盛裝。

The whole city is in holiday array.52.小汽車盤旋著,穿過村莊,翻越峽谷,沿著一條因解凍而漲水的小溪行駛。The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley,following a thaw-swollen stream。

53.有些時裝設計師為了趕時髦,舍棄了優雅別致的式樣,而一味追求袒胸露體的奇裝異服。

In line with the latest trends in fashion, a few designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.54.不過我們說到故事后頭去了。But we are getting ahead of the story.55.請先走。/請走在前面。After you.56.我走在厚厚的地毯上,一點聲音也沒有。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.57.我們可借助專門的儀器觀察到電波在傳播。

With the help of a special instrument we can observe the electric waves travelling along.58.國家不論大小貧富,都應一律平等。

All nations,large or small,rich or poor,should be equal.59.如蒙早日寄來樣品或產品冊,不勝感激。

It would be appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon sent to us.60.他過馬路時,左顧右盼,害怕撞到過路的車。

While crossing the street,he looked right and left ,for fear that he might run into some passing car.61.我訪問了一些地方,遇到了不少人,要談起來,奇妙的事可多著呢。

There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.62.來賓請出示入場券。

Visitors are requested to show their tickets.63.約翰真的愛瑪麗,而瑪麗也愛約翰。

John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.64.人的思想形成語言,而語言有影響了人的思想。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.65.干得很順手,上汽車沒到三分鐘,一個錢包就到手了,鼓鼓囊囊的,看來錢不少。

An easy work.Hardly three minutes on the bus ,and he had laid hands on a purse, bulgy, apparently full of money.66.父親畢竟比她多吃了幾年鹽,她的男朋友是什么樣的人,父親一看就知道。After all,father has much more worldly experience than her.So he will be able to tell, at a glance,what kind of man her boyfriend is.67.但他性情與人不同,不求名利,不交朋友,終日只是忙于自己的本職工作。He is , however, eccentric.He does not seek fame and gain,and does not like to make friends.Every day he is only engaged in his own job.68.一定要言行一致,理論與實踐密切結合,反對華而不實和任何虛夸,少說空話,多做工作,扎扎實實,埋頭苦干。

Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely intergrated.We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.We must be steadfast and dedicated.69.當真理被埋在地下的時候,它在生長,它感到壓抑,它蓄存著這么一種爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就會炸破一切!

When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out,it blows up everything with it.70.世界上一些國家發生問題,從根本上說,都是因為經濟上不去,沒有飯吃,沒有衣穿,沒有房住,工資增長被通貨膨脹抵消,生活水平下降,大批人下崗和失業,長期過緊日子。

Basically, the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy.Consequently,the lack food, clothing and shelter, and their wage increases are offset by inflation.With a decline in living standards, widespread layoffs and unemployment, people have to suffer chronic hardships.71.40年來,武漢雜技在繼承了傳統雜技的基礎上,大膽吸收其他姊妹藝術之長,運用多種藝術手段,將布景,燈光,道具,美術融為一體,使雜技表演成為綜合性的表演藝術。

For 40 years,based on traditional acrobatic techniques,Wuhan acrobatics has absorbed bravely the strong points of other sister arts and mixed together scenery,lighting,costume and fine art by all kinds of artistic methods so that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art of performance.72.他倆能在地里找口粗茶淡飯,完全是靠丈夫起早貪黑的耕作。

It was only by the busband’s incessant labor that they could draw a meager living from their land.73.聽了這話,他笑了,雙唇合成一條曲線,露出一副悔恨的樣子。但兩眼仍熠熠發光,脈脈含情。這種感情她不敢認同。

He smileed at that, with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with emotion she was afraid to identify.74.她身材矮小,容貌端莊,鼻子俏麗,頭發光亮鑒人。

Although she was both short and slender,she had a dignified and elegant countenance,a fine nose and shinny hair.75.憑窗站了一會兒,微微地覺得涼意侵人。轉過身來,忽然眼花繚亂,屋子里的別的東西,都隱在光云里。

Standing at the window for a while, I felt a big chill.As I turned round,my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly.Everything in the room was blurred by a haze of light.76.蝸陽苔干,名優特產,馳名中外,聲震古今,翠綠,鮮嫩,清脆,可口,有“天然海蜇”之稱;清乾隆年間奉獻皇宮,故又名“貢菜”。

Taigan(a kind of dry stemmed vegetable)is a famous special local product of Woyang,Anhui Province.It is well-known all over the world.It can be regarded as “jellyfish on land”.It’s green, tender,crisp and pleasant to taste.It was once an article of tribute in the Qing Dynasty.

第五篇:商務合同翻譯

1)為了便于甲方及時開展工作,乙方應于2009年12月31日前將第一批寄售貨物運到甲方處。在2010年3月十五日左右,甲、乙雙方應就剩下的寄售期限可能銷量達成共識。

In order to facilitate Party A’s work of starting the consignment sales on time, Party B should ship the first lot of consignment goods to Party A before Dec.31, 2009.On or about March 15, 2010, Party A and Party B shall meet to mutually determine on acceptable sales level for the remainder of the consignment period.2)在寄售合同到期后的一個月內,甲方將按合同單價把已售出的貨物以美元形式全額匯給乙方。如果有銷售額總額超過15萬美元的情況,甲方應在一月內將銷售款以美元形式匯給乙方。

Within one month after expiration of the consignment period, Party A shall remit Party B the total sum in U.S Dollars based on the contracted unit price for those items which have been sold.If at any time the total value of goods sold exceeds the amount of U.S.Dollars 150000, Party A shall remit the total sum in U.S.Dollars to Party B within one month’s period of time.3)裝配所需的主要零件、消耗品及部件由甲方運至廣州。如有零部件短少或破損,甲方應負責補充替換。

甲方應于成品交運1個月前開出不可撤銷的信用證以支付全部裝配費和乙方在廣州購買零件、消耗品和部件的費用。

The main parts, consumption articles and components required for assembling will be sent in time to Guangzhou by Party A and if there is any shortage of , or damage to these parts and components , Party A shall be responsible for supplying replacements.Party A shall pay Party B by opening an irrevocable L/C covering the full amount of assembling charges and costs of parts , consumption articles and components purchased in Guangzhou by Party B , one month before the shipment of the finished products concerned.4)一切與本合同有關的進出口手續,均由乙方辦理。

乙方將所裝配的晶體管收音機運交甲方指定的外國買主。有關運費和保險費由甲方負擔。All import and export procedures in connection with this contract shall be taken care of by Party

B.All transistor radios assembled by Party B will be shipped to foreign buyers designated by Party A.The relevant freight and insurance premium shall be borne by Party A.5)晶體管收音機的商標由甲方供給,如有法律糾紛,甲方應負完全責任。

如因裝配需要,由乙方在廣州購買的零部件必須達到品質標準,并應事先經過甲方核準。The trade marks of transistor radios will be supplied by Party A and should there be any illegal involvement, Party A is to be held fully responsible.All parts and components purchased by Party B in Guangzhou, if necessary for assembling transistor radios, must measure up to the quality standards of, and be approved by Party A beforehand.6)本合同自受聘方到校之日起生效,到聘期屆滿時失效。如一方要求延長聘期,必須在合同期滿前一個月用書面向對方提出,經雙方協商同意后另簽延聘合同。

This Contract comes into effect on the first day of the engaged party’s arrival at the AA University and ceases to be effective at its expiration.If either party wishes to renew the Contract, the other

party shall be notified in writing one month before it expires.Upon agreement by both parties through consultation, a new contract may be signed between two parties.7)公司為一有限責任公司及在中華人民共和國法律下的法人,公司的所有活動應遵守中華人民共和國頒布的法律、法令及條例,公司的所有合法權益及利益受中華人民共和國的法律管轄及保護。

The Company is a limited liability company and a legal person under the laws of the People’s Republic of China.All the activities of the Company shall comply with the laws, decrees and regulations promulgated by the People’s Republic of China.All the lawful rights and interests of the Company are subject to the jurisdiction and protection of the laws of the People’s Republic of China.8)合營的一方如不履行本合同或公司章程的義務,違約一方得賠償另一方因此而遭受的經濟損失。

在合營期限內,雙方都無權單方面宣布撤銷或終止本合同。

If either of the Parties fails to fulfil its obligations under this Contract , it shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses resulting therefrom.During the term of operation of the Company, neither Party has the right to announce unilaterally the cancellation or termination of this Contract.9)公司注冊資本為9000萬美元。由中方在簽約后30天內提供土地使用權。外方在2001年3月1日以前提供辦公樓、廠房、必須的設備、設備、機器、工具、儀器、工業產權、非專利技術、生產資金、流動資金等。

The registered capital of the Company is USD 90 million.The Chinese Corp provides the right to use land within 30 days after signing the Agreement.The Foreign Co.provides the office building, factory premises, necessary facilities, equipment, machines, tools, instruments, industrial property rights, non-patent technology, production funds, operating funds, etc.before March 1, 2001.10)如因不可抗力事件使公司無法繼續營業時,本協議可通過雙方協商予以提前終止。如果中方或外方想要把本協議規定的權利和義務進行全部或部分轉讓,另一方有優先購買權。轉讓必須得到審批機關的批準。

In case of Force majeure, which makes it impossible for the Company to continue its business, this Agreement may be terminated ahead of schedule through consultation between the two parties.If the Chinese or foreign party wishes to make an assignment of all or part of its rights and obligations prescribed in this Agreement, the other party shall have the preemptive right to purchase the same.The assignment must obtain the approval of the examination and approval authority.11)如果在保證期內發現運交的設備有缺陷,投資人必須按中方的要求,及時適當解決

In case defect of the delivered equipment is found within the warranty period.INVESTOR shall take appropriate action for settlement without delay ,upon SINO`s request

12)在上述情況下,該缺點經鑒定是由于中方操作經驗不足,搬運不當或某一物品的消耗所致,則投資人應要求中方支付實際運輸費用

In the above instance investor shall request SINO for payment of the actual costs of transportation ,when such defect is judged to be due to inexperienced operation by sino or due to inappropriate handling ,or due to an article of consumption

13)在投資人派遣工程師的任務完成以后,中方如有必要仍可要求投資人繼續給以技術支持,但投資人應要求中方為這種增加的合作支付費用,合作的條款由雙方將來討論約定。

Sino shall be able to request for continued technical support from investor , if necessary, even after completion of the above despatchofinvestor`sengineers.however ,in this instance.investor shall be able to request sino for the cost of such additional technological cooperation.terms and conditions shall be subject to mutual discussion and agreement between sino and investor ,in future

14)乙方確認由其所生產的許可證產品必須嚴格按照甲方所提供的設計,圖紙及規格生產,除依第C條第一款規定的修改內容以外,在任何情況下許可證產品均具備與 所生產的產品相同的質量與運動性能。如果乙方未嚴格依照甲方的設計,圖紙及規格生產,則甲方對于乙方的許可證產品不承擔任何擔保責任。

15)GTT是中方和投資人之間的橋梁GTT應協助中方用展銷會,研討會,技術培訓等辦法在中國銷售產品GTT應在產品品質合格時考慮把這些產品銷往歐洲和非洲

1)GTT shall act as a bridge between SINO and INVESTOR

2)GTT shall assist SINO in marketing in china of products finished by SINO by means fo trade show ,seminar ,technical traning program ,ect

3)GTT shall consider marketing finished products to Europe and Africa when the quality turns out to be satisfactory

16)如果初次檢驗不合格應進行第二次檢驗,如果第二次檢驗仍不合格,則投資人贏在2個月內自費調換有關設備如果檢驗合格,雙方應簽署檢驗證明書一式二份,雙方各執一份

1)In case initial test is unsatisfactory ,a second test shall be carried out.if the second test is again unsatisfactory ,INVESTOR shall replace the equipment involved atits own cost ,within two months after the second text

2)in case text results are satisfactory ,SINO and INVESTOR shall sign a text certificate in duplicate and each party shall keep one copy

17)本合同的訂立,效力,解釋,執行及由其引起爭議的解決均適用中華人民共和國頒布的法律,法令,和條例規定

The making ,validity ,interpretation and implementation of this contract and the settlement of disputes arising thereform shall shall be governed by laws ,decrees and regulations promulgated by the people`s republic of china

18)受聘方的工作時間每周5天,每天7小時,受聘方按照中國,澳大利亞兩國政府規定的節假日放假,寒假按本校校歷規定。

The engaged party works five days a week and seven hours a day ,the engaged party have legal holidays as prescribed by both Chinese and Australian governmentthe winter vacation is fixed by the school calenderf

19)聘方每月支付給受聘方工資2000澳元,并按照澳大利亞政府對在澳工作的外籍教師的規定提供各種福利待遇

The engaginfg party pays the engaged party a monthly salary of 2000 australian dollars and provides him with various benefits as prescribed by Australian government for foreign teachers working in Australia

20)受聘方在入境,離境,或過境時,必須遵守澳大利亞政府有關外國人居住,工資福利以及旅行等的法律,規章,并遵守聘方的工作制度。

The engaged party shall abide by the laws and regulations of the Australian government concerning residence ,wages and benefits ,and travel for foreigners when entering ,leaving and passing through the territory of the country ,and shall follow the working system of the engaging party

21)雙方均不得無故撤銷合同如果聘方要求中途終止合同,除按上述條款承擔工資福利待遇外,需給受聘方增發3個月的工資作為補償金,并于1個月內安排受聘方及其家屬回國并承擔有關費用

若受聘方中途提出辭職,聘方自同意之日起即停發工資,受聘方不再享受各項福利待遇,受聘方及其家屬回國的一切費用均由本人自理

Neither party shall cancel the contract without reasonable causes ,if the engaging party finds it

22)乙方在簽約后15天內,為加工設備開出以甲方為受益人的銀行承兌信用證,其金額不得少于2220萬日元,見票180天付款。這份信用證,只有在乙方收到甲方為蘆筍罐頭對開的信用證后才能生效,甲方在收到這份信用證后,應及時裝運加工設備,提供本協議第七條所需的單證和180天到期的匯票,以便取得他的銀行承兌。

Party b shall within 15 days after signing this agreement establish in favour of party a an banker`s acceptance l/c in payment for the equipment ,for an account not less than J 22200000,available by draft at 180 days sight ,the l/c will be effective only after receipt by party b of a satisfactory reciprocal l/c opened by party a for payment of canned asparagns ,after receipt of the l/c ,party a shall effect shipment of the equipment of the equipment in time ,provide the required documents according to article 7 of this agreement together with the draft at 180 days sight ,and obtain its bank`s acceptance

23)乙方將向甲方提供上述貨物在香港和日本市場的市級零售價以供甲方參考,乙方無權干涉甲方的銷售價,銷售場所,和銷售辦法,但有權提出積極地建議,甲方有責任向乙方提交銷售報告(包括零售價)銷售過程中出現的問題和為提高銷售額而提出的建議,乙方應向甲方提供各種有利于銷售(包括免費樣品,試銷貨物,化妝品促銷資料,技術交流和有貯存條件等)便利。

Party b will submit to party a the actual retail prices of aforesaid articles in hongkong and Japanese markets for party a`s reference.Party b has no right to interfere with a`s selling

price ,spot and method ,but it has the right to make positive proposals , partya is responsibleto submit party b regular reports on selling situation(covering retail price), problems arising in the course of selling and making proposals to improve sales ,party b should provide party a with various arrangements which are conductive to sales(including samples free of charge ,articles for trial sales ,data for promoting cosmetic sales ,technical exchange and conditions for storage etc.

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