第一篇:英詩賞析(appreciation_of_englsih_poems) - 副本
英詩賞析
詩歌是一種精美的藝術(shù),趣味高一點(diǎn)的人一般都喜歡詩歌。受過良好教育的中國人都會背誦若干首古詩。現(xiàn)在人們很重視學(xué)習(xí)英文,學(xué)習(xí)英文,視野也應(yīng)寬闊一些,也應(yīng)當(dāng)對英文詩歌多少有些領(lǐng)略才好。中國文學(xué)中詩歌成就極大,英語文學(xué)中,詩歌也極其豐富多彩。語言藝術(shù)的最高表現(xiàn)形式在詩歌。如果只是知道實(shí)用性的英文,只學(xué)習(xí)商業(yè)英文、法律英文等英文,對英語文學(xué)毫無修養(yǎng),對英文詩歌一無所知,那將是一個(gè)不小的遺憾,將會影響到審美能力的發(fā)展和提高,學(xué)英文而不懂英文詩歌,不僅從審美角度看是一個(gè)遺憾,而且從英語學(xué)習(xí)這一角度看,不學(xué)一些英文詩歌,其英語水平也達(dá)不到很高的層次。詩歌語言最精煉,語匯最豐富,表達(dá)形式最精美,語言的色調(diào)最細(xì)膩。如果對詩歌有一定修養(yǎng),其語言表達(dá)能力會大大提高。試想一個(gè)學(xué)漢語的人,如果對唐詩宋詞一無所知,其漢語水平不會很高。學(xué)英語者也是如此。如果他對莎士比亞、彌爾頓、華茲華斯、拜倫、雪萊、濟(jì)慈等人的著名詩篇一竅不通,其英文水平也不會很高。
總之,有一定英語基礎(chǔ)的人不能不更上一層樓,讀一點(diǎn)英文詩。這不僅有助于提高我們的文學(xué)素養(yǎng),豐富我們的審美能力,也有助于提高我們的英語水平。
英詩基礎(chǔ)知識
讀英文詩歌相當(dāng)不容易。其中的主要原因是詩歌有其獨(dú)特的語言特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式,與散文有明顯區(qū)別。為更好地欣賞英文詩歌,很有必要了解一些相關(guān)的基本知識。這方面的知識極其細(xì)致,以下只介紹一些最基本的。
一 節(jié)奏
詩歌是具有音樂性的語言。音樂作品的最大特點(diǎn)之一是音符的流動是有節(jié)奏的。所謂節(jié)奏就是強(qiáng)拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起來,有規(guī)律地反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。懂點(diǎn)音樂的人都知道,音樂中基本的節(jié)奏有兩種,即強(qiáng)——弱(2/4拍)和強(qiáng)——弱——弱(3/4拍)。舉兩個(gè)簡單的例子: 《東方紅》的節(jié)奏就是強(qiáng)——弱: 56│2 —│1 16│2 —│5 5│6i 65│1 16│2 —│
《新年好》(HAPPY NEW YEAR)這首兒歌的節(jié)奏是強(qiáng)——弱——弱: 1 5 │33 3 1│13 5 5 │43 2 —│23 4 4 │32 3 1│13 2 5│72 1 —│
中國古詩有節(jié)奏。其節(jié)奏主要是通過漢字特有的聲調(diào)表現(xiàn)出來的。傳統(tǒng)漢語中的聲調(diào)有四:平、上、去、入。平聲稱“平聲”,上、去、入三聲統(tǒng)稱仄聲。平聲與仄聲結(jié)合起來反復(fù)出現(xiàn),就是中國詩歌的節(jié)奏。如一首五言絕句,其最常見的節(jié)奏是: 仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。王之渙《等鸛雀樓》:白日依山盡,黃河入海流。欲窮千里目,更上一層樓。此詩即是這樣的節(jié)奏。其中“欲”字是仄聲,與格式不合。但根據(jù)格律要求,詩行中的第一字可平可仄。英文詩歌也有節(jié)奏。英文沒有平聲、仄聲之分,但有重讀輕讀音節(jié)之分,其節(jié)奏是通過重讀音節(jié)與輕讀音節(jié)表現(xiàn)出來的。一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)與一個(gè)或兩個(gè)輕讀音節(jié)按一定的模式搭配起來,有規(guī)律地反復(fù)出現(xiàn)就是英文詩歌的節(jié)奏。
我們知道凡是有兩個(gè)以上音節(jié)的英文單詞,都有重讀音節(jié)與輕讀音節(jié)之分,在一句話中,根據(jù)語法、語調(diào)、語意的要求,有些詞也要重讀,有些要輕讀。如he went to town to buy a book..I?m glad to hear the news.英文中有重讀和輕讀之分,重讀的音節(jié)和輕讀的音節(jié),按一定模式配合起來,反復(fù)再現(xiàn),組成詩句,聽起來起伏跌宕,抑揚(yáng)頓挫,就形成了詩歌的節(jié)奏。多音節(jié)單詞有重音和次重音,次重音根據(jù)節(jié)奏既可視為重讀,也可視為輕讀。讀下面這兩句詩:
Alone │she cuts │and binds│ the grain, And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain.這兩行詩的重讀與輕讀的固定搭配模式是:輕——重。在每行中再現(xiàn)四次,這樣就形成了這兩行詩的節(jié)奏。某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”(foot),相當(dāng)與樂譜中的“小節(jié)”。一輕一重,就是這兩行詩的音步。一行詩中輕重搭配出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)叫音步數(shù),這兩行詩的音步數(shù)都是四,所以就稱其為四音步詩。
二 常見的音步類型
音步是輕讀與重讀構(gòu)成的。根據(jù)重讀與輕讀搭配的方式的不同,可以劃分出不同的音步類型。音步類型不同,節(jié)奏自然也不同。最常見的音步類型有以下四種:
(一)抑揚(yáng)格
如果一個(gè)音步中有兩個(gè)音節(jié),前者為輕,后者為重,則這種音步叫抑揚(yáng)格音步,其專業(yè)術(shù)語是(iamb, iambic.)。輕讀是“抑”,重讀是“揚(yáng)”,一輕一重,故稱抑揚(yáng)格。
英語中有大量的單詞,其發(fā)音都是一輕一重,如adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return等,所以用英語寫詩,用抑揚(yáng)格就很便利。也就是說,抑揚(yáng)格很符合英語的發(fā)音規(guī)律。因此,在英文詩歌中用得最多的便是抑揚(yáng)格,百分之九十的英文詩都是用抑揚(yáng)格寫成的。前面的那兩句詩就是抑揚(yáng)格詩。
(二)揚(yáng)抑格
如果一個(gè)音步中有兩個(gè)音節(jié),前者為重,后者為輕,則這種音步叫揚(yáng)抑格音步,其專業(yè)術(shù)語是(trochee, trochaic.)。重讀是“揚(yáng)”,輕讀是“抑”,一重一輕,故稱揚(yáng)抑格。與抑揚(yáng)格恰好相反。
英語中也有一批其讀音為一重一輕的單詞,如Happy, many, holy, yonder, headlong, flaming, upper, grandeur, failing等。寫揚(yáng)抑格的詩,此類詞正好合適。但這類詞在英語中其數(shù)量不及前面的那些多,與英文的語言規(guī)律不十分吻合,所以揚(yáng)抑格詩不多。舉兩句詩例:
Present │mirth has │present │laughter Shakespeare Shake your │chains to │earth like │dew Shelley
(三)抑抑揚(yáng)格
抑抑揚(yáng)格含三個(gè)音節(jié),即輕——輕——重,專門術(shù)語是:Anapaest, anapaestic 例詞: cavalier, intercede, disbelieve, reappear, disapprove, indistinct, on the hill.例句:
拜倫的以下四行詩是抑抑揚(yáng)格:
The Assyr│ian came down │like the wolf │on the fold, And his coh│orts were glea│ming in purp│le and gold;And the sheen│ of their spears │was like stars │on the sea, When the blue │waves rolls night│ly on deep │Galilee.——Destruction of Sennacherib 這是拜倫寫的描述古代亞述人圍攻耶路撒冷,被瘟疫所襲的詩的一節(jié)。第四行第二音步中的waves 一詞可輕可重。詩題中的Sennacherib 是亞述國王。fold 指羊群,purple and gold 描寫亞述軍隊(duì)的服飾,Galilee,巴勒斯坦北部的加利利湖。cohorts軍團(tuán),sheen,光芒。
(四)揚(yáng)抑抑格
重——輕——輕是揚(yáng)抑抑格,專門術(shù)語是:dactyl, dactylic.例詞:
happily, merciful, eloquent, messenger, merrily, properly, accident, quantity.例句:
Dragging the │corn by her │golden hair.Davies: the villain.英文詩歌中的音步類型有十幾種之多,常見者即此四種,第一種則最常見。此外詩句中也常有抑抑格(pyrrhic[/peirik]和揚(yáng)揚(yáng)格(spondee[/sp :ndi])出現(xiàn)。
需要說明的是,這些音步類型只是理論上的分析,實(shí)際上,一首詩僅用一種音步類型寫,這種情況極少見,大多是以某一種為主,同時(shí)穿插其他類型。如果一首詩只含有一種音步,就會顯得非常單調(diào)機(jī)械。一首詩只要是以某種類型為主的,盡管有其他類型穿插其中,也稱此詩為某某格。如,以抑揚(yáng)格為主要節(jié)奏寫成的,就稱此詩為抑揚(yáng)格詩。現(xiàn)代興起的一些自由詩(FREE VERSE),不受這些格律的限制。
三 詩行
(一)一詩行不一定是一個(gè)完整的句字。英文詩每行的第一個(gè)字母都大寫,但是一詩行不一定是一個(gè)完整的句子,不一定能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。有時(shí)候,一行詩正好是一句,有時(shí)兩行甚至許多行才構(gòu)成一個(gè)意思完整的句子。前者叫end-stopped line(結(jié)句行),后者叫run-on line.(跨行句)。這是英文詩與中國詩的最大區(qū)別之一。中國詩歌都是一行表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。看下面一節(jié)詩:
I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight.前兩行是end-stopped line,后兩行是run-on line。讀跨行句詩,行末停頓較短。跨行句在英文詩歌中極其普遍,有時(shí)十來行才成一完整句子。剛學(xué)英文詩的人,對此往往不習(xí)慣。對此我們需加注意。
(二)詩行的長短以音步數(shù)目計(jì)算:
英文詩行的長度范圍一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的詩行也有,但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的詩。
(各種長短詩行的專門術(shù)語:一音步詩:monometer 二音步詩:dimeter三音步詩:trimeter四音步詩:tetrameter 五音步詩:pentameter 六音步詩:hexameter 七音步詩:heptameter八音步詩:octameter.)
在分析一首詩的格律時(shí),既要考律此詩的基本音步類型,也要考律此詩中詩行的音步數(shù)目。看下面的一首短詩:
An EMPTY HOUSE Alexander Pope You beat│your pate, │and fan│cy wit │will come: Knock as│you please, │there?s no│body│at home.(你拍拍腦袋,以為靈感馬上就來。可任你怎么敲打,也無人把門打開。pate,腦袋。fancy,動詞:以為,想象。)
此詩的基本音步類型是抑揚(yáng)格,每行五音步。因此稱此詩的格律是“抑揚(yáng)格五音步”(iambic pentameter)。一首詩的音步類型和詩行所含的音步數(shù)目構(gòu)成此詩的格律(meter)。
四 壓韻(rhyme)
英文詩一般都押運(yùn)韻。
(一)全韻與半韻(full rhyme and half rhyme)。全韻是嚴(yán)格的押韻,其要求是:
(1)韻要押在重讀音節(jié)上,其元音應(yīng)相同;(2)元音前的輔音應(yīng)不同;
(3)如果元音之后有輔音,應(yīng)相同。
(4)重讀音節(jié)之后如有輕讀音節(jié),也應(yīng)相同。下面幾對詞都符合全韻的標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
why---sigh;hate---late;fight---delight;powers---flowers;today---away;ending---bending.如果僅是元音字母相同,讀音不同,不符合全韻:如: blood----hood;there---here;gone---alone;daughter----laughter.這種情形被稱為“眼韻”(eye rhyme),雖然詩人有時(shí)用之,但不是真正的押韻。僅是輔音相同或僅是元音相同的屬半韻: 元音不同,其前后的輔音相同,這叫諧輔韻(consonance)如:black, block;creak, croak;reader, rider;despise, dispose.元音相同,其后的輔音相同者叫諧元韻(assonance),如lake, fate;time, mind.(二)尾韻與行內(nèi)韻(end rhyme and internal rhyme)押在詩行最后一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)上,叫尾韻。這是英文詩歌最常見的押韻部位。詩行中間停頓處的重讀音節(jié)與該行最后一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)押韻者,叫行內(nèi)韻。如: Spring, the sweet spring, is the year?s pleasant king;Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,(三)男韻與女韻((masculine rhyme and feminine rhyme)所押的韻音局限于詩行中重讀的末尾音節(jié)上,稱男韻,也叫單韻,聽起來強(qiáng)勁有力。如:late, fate;hill, fill;enjoy, destroy.押韻押在兩個(gè)音節(jié)上,后一音節(jié)非重讀音節(jié),稱女韻,也叫雙韻,聽起來或輕快,或幽婉。如:lighting, fighting;motion, ocean;wining, beginning.看下面一節(jié)詩:
I am coming, little maiden, With the pleasant sunshine laden;With the honey for the bee, With the blossom for the tree.前兩行押女韻,后兩行押男韻。
也有不少英文詩是不押韻的,不押韻的詩稱無韻詩或白體詩(blank verse)。多用在戲劇和敘事詩中。莎士比亞的戲劇和彌爾頓的Paradise Lost 都是用blank verse寫成的。押韻的詩叫rhymed verse。無韻詩不同與自由詩。無韻詩雖不押韻,但是有固定節(jié)奏,以揚(yáng)抑格五音步最常見。自由詩節(jié)奏不固定,如同白話。
詩選及講解
A SELECTION OF ENGLISH POETRY
FOR AN OPTIONAL COURSE OF THE UNDERGRADUADTES
William Shakespeare(1564—1616)作者簡介:
劇作家、詩人。一生創(chuàng)作三十七部戲劇,154首十四行詩。其十四行詩大部分是獻(xiàn)給一位貴族青年,有二十余篇?jiǎng)t是獻(xiàn)給一位“黑膚女士”(the dark lady).Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer?s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer?s lease hath all too short a date:
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance, or nature?s changing course, untrimm?d;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow?st;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander?st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow?st.So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.注釋: Compare ···to 把什么比做什么。
Thou, thee 第二人稱單數(shù)代詞,前者主格,后者賓格。現(xiàn)已為you 所取代。其所有格是thy,或thine, 即現(xiàn)代英語的your。
Art = are.16、17世紀(jì)時(shí)與thou連用。
Temperate: 來自拉丁文temperātus,讀時(shí)為符合押韻規(guī)則,可將重音放后。Shake:shake off。
Lease 租借期限,此處指夏天的長度。
Hath 與第三人稱單數(shù)連用,相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)代英語的has。
Dimmed: clouded.Fair form fair: beautiful thing from beauty.前后fair意義不同。Declines from beauty。
Chance:極緣,時(shí)運(yùn),命運(yùn)。
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,/By chance, or nature?s changing course, untrimm?d:每一個(gè)美人總要失去美貌,即使沒有突發(fā)的以外事件,也逃不過自然界生老病死的變遷。Sometimes: 有的版本作“sometime”: at some unspecified time.Untrimm?d: untrimmed.本意為剝?nèi)ッ烙^的衣服等,此處隱喻奪去美貌等。
Fair thou ow?st: beauty you own.莎士比亞時(shí)代,owe與own通用。古英語第二人稱單數(shù)后加-st或-est His shade:shadow of death.“Nor shall Death brag thou wander?st in his shade”:“死神無從夸口,說你在他的陰影里徘徊”。
To time thou grow?st: you grow as long as time lasts.與時(shí)間同壽。Grow to = be incorporated with.內(nèi)容解析:
此詩的發(fā)展變化:以人比夏天開始,以人勝自然終結(jié)。前四行說明人比夏天更美更溫和;中四行發(fā)展了這個(gè)意思,引到駐顏無術(shù)的感慨;第三組則新意突起,推翻前言,終于于勝利的末兩行作結(jié)。此詩表達(dá)了這樣一種思想:美麗的事物可以依靠文學(xué)的力量而永遠(yuǎn)不朽;文學(xué)是人所創(chuàng)造的,因此這有宣告了人的不朽。因此此詩不是一般的愛情詩。形式解析:
sonnet:十四行詩,即“商籟體”詩。此詩體起源不明,最早的例子出現(xiàn)于13世紀(jì),16世紀(jì)在英國出現(xiàn)。主要有意大利式和英國式兩種變體。意大利詩人Petrarch [/petra:k]用此詩體最精熟,故意大利式又稱Petrarchan sonnet。英國式由莎士比亞創(chuàng)立,又稱 Shakespearean sonnet.意大利式分前八行、后六行。韻尾是abba, abba;cde, dcd.。莎士比亞式十四行詩,層次上分前四行,中四行,后四行和結(jié)尾兩行。Shall I compare you to a summer’s day? You are more lovely and more moderate: Harsh winds disturb the delicate buds of May, and summer doesn’t last long enough.Sometimes the sun is too hot, and its golden face is often dimmed by clouds.All beautiful things eventually become less beautiful, either by the experiences of life or by the passing of time.But your eternal beauty won’t fade, nor lose any of its quality.And you will never die, as you will live on in my enduring poetry.As long as there are people still alive to read poems this sonnet will live, and you will live in it.參考譯文:
能不能讓我把你比擬作夏日? 你可是更加溫和,更加可愛: 狂風(fēng)會吹落五月的好花兒,夏季的生命又未免結(jié)束得太快: 有時(shí)候蒼天的巨眼照得太灼熱,他那金彩的臉色也會被遮暗; 每一樣美呀,總會離開美而凋落,被時(shí)機(jī)或者自然的代謝所摧殘; 但是你永久的夏天決不會凋枯,你永遠(yuǎn)不會失去你美的儀態(tài); 死神夸不著你在他影子里躑躅,你將在不朽的詩中與時(shí)間同在; 只要人類在呼吸,眼睛看得見,我這詩就活著,使你的生命綿延。(屠岸)Spring
When daisies pied and violets blue And lady-smocks all silver-white And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue Do paint the meadows with delight, The cuckoo then, on every three, Mocks married men;for thus sings he, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, cuckoo!Oh word of fear Unpleasing to a married ear!
When shepherds pipe on oaten straws, And merry larks are ploughmen?s clocks, When turtles tread, and rooks, and daws, And maidens bleach their summer smocks, The cuckoo then, on every three, Mocks married men;for thus sings he, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, cuckoo!Oh word of fear Unpleasing to a married ear!------Comedy: Love?s Labour Lost
劇情:拿伐Navarre [n /va: ]國王與其幾位朝臣立誓三年之內(nèi)摒棄一切世俗的快樂,致力于研究學(xué)問。其中的一條是:三年之中不可與女子交談一次。不久法國公主攜幾名侍女來辦理國務(wù),國王和朝臣門守不住自己的誓言,愛上了這幾個(gè)女子。最后公主的父親去世,公主要持戒三年,國王和朝臣們的求愛也化為泡影。此詩在此劇之結(jié)尾處。注釋:
daisies pied:雜色的雛菊。
lady-smock:也作lady?s-smock 花名:布谷鳥剪秋羅。Smock:〈古〉女襯衣,罩衣。cuckoo-buds of yellow hue:黃色的杜鵑花。hue:顏色。
Cuckoo:[/kuku:] 布谷鳥的叫聲,與/cuckold(奸婦的丈夫)一詞諧音。
shepherds [/ ep d] pipe on oaten straws:拿燕麥桿吹哨子。turtles tread:斑鳩交配。Turtle:〈古〉斑鳩,=turtledove。Tread:(雄鳥)與(雌鳥)交配。
rooks and daws:白嘴鴉和穴鳥。內(nèi)容解析:
春天里百花爭艷,萬象更新,情人們沉醉于甜蜜的愛情之中。但樹梢上布谷鳥的叫聲卻似乎在不斷提醒人們:愛情并不可考。此詩有反諷意味,與劇情一致。英國詩人甘貝爾(Thomas Campbell,1777—1844)在 Freedom and Love一詩中說:“Love has bliss, but love has ruining/ Other smiles may make you fickle/ Tears for other charm may trickle。”
形式解析:抑揚(yáng)格四音步,韻式:abab cc d ee;fgfg hh d ee
When dai│sies pied │and vio│lets blue And la│dy-smocks│ all sil│ver-white And cu│ckoo-buds │of ye│llow hue Do paint │he mea│dows with│ delight, The cu│ckoo then, │on eve│ry three, Mocks mar│ried men;│for thus │sings he, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, │cuckoo!│Oh word│ of fear Unplea│sing to│ a mar│ried ear!
When she│pherds pipe │on oa│ten straws, And mer│ry larks│ are plough │men?s clocks, When turt│les tread, │ and rooks, │and daws, And mai│dens bleach │their sum│mer socks, The cu│ckoo then, │on eve│ry three, Mocks mar│ried men;│for thus │sings he, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, │cuckoo!│Oh word │of fear Unplea│sing to│ a mar│ried ear!
參考譯文: 當(dāng)雜色的雛菊開遍牧場,藍(lán)的紫羅藍(lán),白的美人衫,還有那杜鵑花吐蕾嬌黃,描出了一片廣大的欣歡;
聽杜鵑在每一株樹上叫,把那娶了妻的男人譏笑: 咯咕!
咯咕!咯咕!啊,可怕的聲音!害得做丈夫的肉跳心驚。
當(dāng)無愁的牧童口吹麥笛,清晨的云雀驚醒了農(nóng)人,斑鳩烏鴉都在覓侶求匹,女郎們漂洗夏季的衣群; 聽杜鵑在每一株樹上叫,把那娶了妻的男人譏笑: 咯咕!
咯咕!咯咕!啊,可怕的聲音!害得做丈夫的肉跳心驚。(朱生豪)To Be or Not To Be
To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether ?tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? To die—to sleep— No more;and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to.?tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished.To die—to sleep.To sleep—perchance to dream: ay, there?s the rub!For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause.There?s the respect That makes calamity of so long life.For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor?s wrong, the proud man? contumely, The pangs of despised love, the law?s delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin? Who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death— The undiscovered country, from whose bourn No traveller returns—puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ill we have Than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o?er with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pith and moment With this regard their currents turn awry And lose the name of action.劇情:
《哈娒萊特》是莎士比亞重要?jiǎng)∽髦唬瑢懹?601年。劇中的主人公是丹麥王子Hamlit。哈姆萊特的父親,即丹麥國王,被哈姆萊特的叔父Claudius秘密害死,不到兩個(gè)月,又與哈姆萊特的母親,即王后,結(jié)婚。還竊取了王位。哈姆萊特的叔父Caudius是個(gè)壞透頂了的人。哈姆萊特則是一位有理想、有道德的人,他決心要為父親報(bào)仇。為了不被看出來,他裝成瘋子。哈姆萊特要為父親報(bào)仇,但中間有其母親穿插其間,這使他心情極其復(fù)雜,于是整日心情抑郁,產(chǎn)生了厭世情緒。于是真的有點(diǎn)瘋瘋顛顛了。劇情很曲折,大家可在課外找有關(guān)資料讀。推薦讀讀英漢對照本《莎士比亞戲劇故事》(Tales from Shakespeare, by Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb, 蕭乾、文潔若翻譯。商務(wù)印書館1984年出版。)這段獨(dú)白就是哈姆萊特在極度困惑、不知所措的心情下道出的,談到了生與死、思考與行動、報(bào)復(fù)與寬容等等人生中的永恒矛盾,批判了現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的黑暗,富有深刻的哲理意味。出現(xiàn)在原劇第三幕第一場。注釋:
slings and arrows of outrageous fortune: 狂暴命運(yùn)的矢石交攻。sling: 投石器,彈 弓;投擲,打擊一擊.To die—to sleep—No more:死就是睡眠,如此而已。
by a sleep to say we end/The heartache:to say(that)by a sleep we end the heartache the thousand natural shocks/That flesh is heir to: 無數(shù)要承受的皮肉之苦,與“heartache”相對。Be heir to: 要繼承或承受的。
?tis a consummation/Devoutly to be wished.那正是求之不得的完美結(jié)局。Consummation:final settlement of everything.To sleep—perchance to dream: ay, there?s the rub!睡眠也許要做夢,嗨,那就成問題了。Perchance:perhaps.Rub: 摩擦,障礙。
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come/When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,/Must give us pause.“what dreams may come” 這一名詞從句是主語,give 是謂語。Shuffled off:擺脫,脫去。mortal coil:earthly turmoil.人世的紛擾。
There?s the respect /That makes calamity of so long life.這一顧慮使漫長歲月成了災(zāi)難。Respect: attention, consideration.顧慮,考慮。”without respect to the results”不顧后果。
the whips and scorns of time: 人世的鞭撻和嘲弄。Time: the times, 時(shí)世
The oppressor?s wrong, the proud man? contumely: 壓迫者的凌辱,傲慢者的冷眼。
do sb.Wrong, do wrong to sb.Contumely [/k ] insolent treatment.無禮對待。The pangs of despised love:失戀的痛苦。Pang:痛苦。Despised 之重音在第一音節(jié)。
the spurns/That patient merit of the unworthy takes:忍讓的有德才者從小人那里受到的排擠。Of: from;spurn: contemptuous rejection,一腳踢開;the unworthy: 小人。
Quietus [kai/i:t s]: acquittance, release, 卸去(義務(wù)、責(zé)任)A bare bodkin: a mere poniard.短劍,匕首。
Fardels: bundles, burdens.Grunt: groan, 哼,呻吟.Bourn: 領(lǐng)域
Conscience: 思考,顧慮,良心。sicklied o?er:sickly: 使出現(xiàn)病態(tài)
the pale cast of thought: 慘白的一層思慮的病容。Cast:tinge, shade of color.Thought: 思慮,顧慮,melancholy, despondency.pith and moment:vigour and importance.Pith: 體力、氣力、精力,(文章的)力。1604年版本中pith作pitch: height with this regard: on this account 內(nèi)容分析:這斷獨(dú)白是傾訴人生的根本苦悶和基本矛盾。受到壓迫了,應(yīng)該反抗,但往往結(jié)果是適得其反。事事忍讓,卻又心中不能平衡。干事業(yè)需果斷有魄力,但也得深思熟慮,三思而行。但是顧慮太多,縮手縮腳又會疲軟,行動不起來。人生在世,煩惱苦難不一而足,但死后的世界未比此岸世界好(古代人一般相信有彼岸世界 “a life in the world to come is taken for granted.” New Concept English, vol.4, lesson, 60.)。人生就是這樣充滿了各種矛盾和無奈。形式分析:
這是莎士比亞戲劇最著名獨(dú)白(soliloquy),用的是抑揚(yáng)格五音步“白體詩”(BLANK VERSES)。
To be, │or not │to be: │that is │the ques│tion: Whether│ ?tis nob│ler in │the mind │to suf│fer The slings │and ar│rows of│ outra│geous for│tune(以上三行多一音節(jié),其到遲疑、沉思的效果。)
Or to│ take arms│against │a sea │of troubles, And by op│posing │end them? │To die—│to sleep— No more;│and by│ a sleep │to say │we end The heart│ache, and│the thou│sand na│tural shocks That flesh│ is heir │to.?tis│ a con│summa│tion Devout│ly to│ be wished.│ To die│—to sleep.To sleep│—perchance │to dream: │ay, there?s │the rub!For in │that sleep │of death│what dreams │may come When we│ have shuffled │off this│ mortal │coil, Must give│ us pause.│ There?s the │respect That makes │cala│mity │of so │long life.For who │would bear│ the whips│ and scorns │of time, The oppres│sor?s wrong, │the proud│ man? con│tumely, The pangs │of des│pised love, │the law?s │delay, The in│solence │of of│fice, and │the spurns That pa│tient me│rit of the │unwor│thy takes, When he│ himself │might his │quie│tus make With a│ bare bod│kin? Who │would far│dels bear, To grunt │and sweat │under│ a wea│ry life, But that│ the dread │of some│thing af│ter death— The un│disco│vered coun│try, from │whose bourn No travel│ler re│turns—│puzzles │the will, And makes │us ra│ther bear │those ill │we have Than fly│ to oth│ers that │we know │not of? Thus con│science does│ make co│wards of │us all, And thus │the na│tive hue │of re│solu│tion Is sick│lied o?er │with the │pale cast │of thought, And en│terprises │of great │pith and│ moment With this│ regard │their cur│rents turn│ awry And lose │the name │of ac│tion.參考譯文:
“活下去還是不活:這是個(gè)問題”
活下去還是不活,這是個(gè)問題; 要做到高貴,究竟該忍氣吞聲 來容受狂暴的命運(yùn)矢石交攻擊呢,還是該挺身反抗無邊的苦惱,掃它個(gè)干凈?死,就是睡眠—— 就這樣;而如果睡眠就等于了結(jié)了 心痛以及千百種身體要擔(dān)受的 皮痛肉痛,那該是天大的好事,正求之不得啊!死,就是睡眠; 睡眠也許要做夢,這就麻煩了!我們一旦擺脫了塵世的牽纏 在死的睡眠里還會做些什么夢,一想到就不能不躊躇。這一點(diǎn)顧慮 正好使災(zāi)難變成了長期的折磨。誰甘心忍受人世的鞭撻和嘲弄,忍受壓迫者虐待、傲慢者凌辱,忍受失戀的痛苦、法庭的拖延、衙門的橫暴、做埋頭苦干的大才 受座位的小人一腳踢出去,如果他只消自己來使一下尖刀 就可以得到解脫啊?誰甘心挑擔(dān)子,拖著疲累的生命,呻吟,流汗,要不是怕一死就去了沒有人回來的 那個(gè)從未發(fā)現(xiàn)的國土,怕那邊 還不知會怎樣,因此意志動搖了,因此就寧愿忍受目前的災(zāi)殃,` 而不愿投奔另一些未知的苦難? 這樣子,顧慮使我們都成了懦夫,也就這樣了,決斷決行的本色 蒙上了慘白的一層思慮的病容; 本可以轟轟烈烈的大作大為,由于這一點(diǎn)想不通,就出了別扭,失去了行動的名份。(卞之琳)Spring
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year?s pleasant king;Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing, Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
The palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes our ears do greet, Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
注釋:
the year?s pleasant king:一年四季中以春天為最歡樂的時(shí)期。King 即比喻歡樂之最,也兼指一歲之首。
Cold doth not sting:doth:古英語do 的第三人稱現(xiàn)在事態(tài)形式。the pretty birds do thing:do 是為了韻律的需要而加進(jìn)去的。
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo: Cuckoo, 布谷鳥的叫聲; jug-jug, 夜鶯(nightingale)的叫聲,pu-we, 田鳧(pewit)的叫聲,to-witta-woo,泛指各種鳥鳴。Palm: 棕櫚。其枝葉常作為勝利的象征。May:山楂花。因在五月盛開,故名 may。
And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay:aye:古英語副詞,always,ever。Tune:動詞:唱。Lay 歌曲。
old wives a-sunning sit:sit是謂語動詞。a-sunning:曬太陽,作狀語。a-作為特殊介詞,后跟動名詞,表示在進(jìn)行什么活動。如 He went a-fishing.現(xiàn)代說法是:He went fishing.these tunes our ears do greet:these tunes do greet our ears.內(nèi)容解析:此詩節(jié)奏明快,旋律強(qiáng)烈,生動地描繪出了一幅春回大地,生機(jī)昂然的畫面。形式解析:主要是揚(yáng)抑格五音步,韻式是aaab, cccb, dddb.三節(jié)最后一行是疊句(refrain);每節(jié)除末一行外,其他三行都用行內(nèi)韻(internal rhyme),即第二音步的第二個(gè)詞同第五音步末尾的詞諧韻。疊句(refrain): a phrase, line or lines repeated at the end of a stanza.Spring, the│ sweet spring, │ is the │year?s plea│sant king;Then blooms │each thing, │ then maids│ dance in│ a ring, Cold doth│ not sting, │the pret│ty birds │do thing, Cuckoo, │ jug-jug, │ pu-we, │to-wi│tta-woo!
The palm│ and may│ make coun│try hou│ses gay, Lambs frisk │and play, │the she│pherds pipe │all day, And we│ hear aye│ birds tune │this mer│ry lay, Cuckoo, │jug-jug, │pu-we, │to-wi│tta-woo!
The fields │breathe sweet, │the dai│sies kiss │our feet, Young lo│vers meet, │ old wives │a-sun│ning sit, In eve│ry street │these tunes │our ears│ do greet, Cuckoo, │ jug-jug, │pu-we, │ to-wi│tta-woo!Spring!The │sweet spring!
Spring!The sweet spring!參考譯文:(略。郭沫若有譯文,意譯,參考價(jià)值不不大。)
John Milton(1608—1674)作者簡介:英國詩人,思想家、政論家。從小好學(xué),經(jīng)常開夜車,四十余歲失明。晚年在失明的情況下,寫成了偉大史詩《失樂園》(PARADISE LOST)。其內(nèi)容是演述《圣經(jīng)》故事。可與荷馬的《伊利亞特》(Homer's Iliad)、但丁的《神曲》(Dante's Divine Comedy)相媲美。《五月晨歌》是早期作品,成于二十一歲時(shí),格調(diào)十分清新。Song On May Morning
Now the bright morning star, Day?s harbinger, Comes dancing from the east, and leads with her The flowery May, who from her green lap throws The yellow cowslip and the pale primrose.Hail, bounteous May, that dost inspire Mirth, and youth, and warm desire!Woods and groves are of thy dressing;Hill and dale doth boast thy blessing.Thus we salute thee with our early song And welcome thee, and wish thee long.注釋:
morning star: 啟明星、太白星、長庚星等。早晨在東方出現(xiàn)。晚上在西方出現(xiàn),叫長庚,英文作“evening star”.。同是一顆星,即Venus。harbinger [/ha: bind ]先導(dǎo),先兆
primrose [/primroz] 櫻草花,報(bào)春花。Bounteous [/baunti s] 慷慨的
of thy dressing:dressed in thy fashion Dost:第二人稱現(xiàn)在時(shí)單數(shù)。即do Doth: 一般用于第三人稱單數(shù),但彌爾頓也常常用于復(fù)數(shù)。在他的作品中很常見。著名英語專家陸佩弦總結(jié)彌爾頓的語言特點(diǎn),其中一條就是 “singular verb for plural subject”。此種情況在莎士比亞的作品中也不時(shí)能遇見。
Long: long life.形式分析:抑揚(yáng)格穿插揚(yáng)抑格(7、8兩行是揚(yáng)抑格,女韻,顯得十分輕快)。韻式為aa,bb,cc,dd,ee。
Now the │bright mor│ning star, │ Day?s har│binger, Comes dan│cing from │the east, │ and leads │with her The flowe│ry May, │who from │her green │lap throws The ye│llow cow│slip and │the pale│ primrose.Hail, boun│teous May, │that dost │inspire Mirth, │ and youth, │and warm │desire!Woods and │groves are │of thy │dressing;Hill and │dale doth│boast thy │blessing.Thus we│ salute │thee with │our ear│ly song And wel│come thee, │and wish │thee long.參考譯文:
晶瑩的晨星,白日的先驅(qū),她舞蹈著從東方帶來嬌侶,百花的五月,從綠色的懷中撒下 金黃色的九輪花和淡紅的櫻草花。歡迎,富麗的五月啊,你激揚(yáng) 歡樂、青春和熱情的希望; 林木、樹叢是你的裝束,山陵、溪谷夸說你的幸福。我們也用清晨的歌曲向你禮贊,歡迎你,并且祝福你永恒無邊!
Alexander Pope(1688—1744)作者簡介:蒲伯是18世紀(jì)英國最重要的詩人。作品很多。他還用英雄雙行體詩翻譯了荷馬史詩。文學(xué)上崇尚精雕細(xì)琢,是新古典主義的大師。身體不好,終身未婚。他的父母是天主教徒,當(dāng)時(shí)天主教徒是受迫害的。一生基本上過的是隱居日子。《獨(dú)處誦》是其早期作品。自稱寫于12歲時(shí)。6 Solitude Happy the man, whose wish and care A few paternal acres bound,(acres[/eik ])
Content to breathe his native air In his own ground.Whose herds with milk, whose fields with bread, Whose flocks supply him with attire;Whose trees in summer yield him shade, In winter fire.Blest, who can unconcern?dly find
Hours, days, and years slide soft away In health of body, peace of mind, Quiet by day,Sound sleep by night;study and ease Together mix?d;sweet creation;
And innocence, which most does please With meditation.Thus let me live, unseen, unknown;Thus unlamented let me die;Steal from the world, and not a stone Tell where I lie.注釋: the first stanza can be rewritten like this: the man is happy, whose wish and care are bound by a few paternal acres, and who is content to breathe his native air in his own ground.其意思相當(dāng)于《中庸》上所說的“君子素位而行,不愿乎其外。”Jude The Obscure 中有一句話說:a contented mind is a continual feast.(Jude the Obscure.P378)
Whose herds with milk, /whose fields with bread,/Whose flocks supply him with attire;前兩行省略了“supply him with”。Attire:服裝。
unconcern?dly,即unconcernedly:漫不經(jīng)心,無憂無慮,悠然自得。第三節(jié)可以改寫成:Blest is the man who can unconcern?dly find Hours, days, and years slide soft away In health of body and in peace of mind 相當(dāng)于“ I see him leave.”這樣的句子。
study and ease /Together mix?d;sweet creation;/And innocence, which most does please/With meditation.他勞逸結(jié)合,有令人歡喜的娛樂活動,還有天真的性情。這天真的性情與沉思結(jié)合起來,最使他高興。
內(nèi)容解析:避開塵世的煩擾,與世無爭,潛心學(xué)術(shù),并悠然自得地享受田園生活,這是最幸福的。與《莊子》“恬淡寂寞,虛無無為”(《刻意》)之說有相似之處。陶淵明有幾句詩可以與此詩相參:“息交游閑業(yè),臥起弄書琴。園蔬有余滋(生長得很多。滋:生長),舊谷猶儲今。營己良有極,過足非所欽。舂秫作美酒,酒熟吾自斟。弱子戲我側(cè),學(xué)語未成吟。此事真復(fù)樂,聊用忘華簪(比喻高官厚祿)。”(《和郭主薄》其一)
形式解析:此詩五節(jié),每節(jié)四行。韻尾是abab。節(jié)奏主要是四音步抑揚(yáng)格(i/ambic te/trameter),每節(jié)四音步:
Happy │the man, │ whose wish │and care A few │pater│nal a│cres bound, Content│ to breathe │his na│tive air In his │own ground.Whose herds │with milk, │whose fields │with bread, Whose flocks │supply │him with│ attire;Whose trees│ in sum│mer yield│ him shade, In win│ter fire.Blest, who │can un│concern?d│ly find Hours, days, │and years │slide soft│ away In health│ of bo│dy, peace│ of mind, Quiet │by day,Sound sleep│ by night;│ study│ and ease Toge│ther mix?d;│ sweet cre│ation;And in│nocence, │ which most │does please With me│ditation.Thus let │me live, │unseen, │unknown;Thus un│lamen│ted let│ me die;Steal from │the world, │ and not│ a stone Tell where │I lie.參考譯文: 人生如何方為樂,唯有知足不貪心。只守祖上數(shù)畝田,但吸故園氣清新。
綿羊產(chǎn)毛制衫袍,乳牛耕地供食飲。夏來密葉乘濃蔭,冬至疏枝做柴薪。
一任歲月輕輕去,那堪憂思處處尋。白日閑逸夜安眠,一身強(qiáng)健心氣平。
讀書勞逸相結(jié)合,娛樂甜美悅?cè)诵摹W罴褎倬坝汹に迹瑯O樂世界屬天真。
死后不受世哀悼,生時(shí)豈令人見聞。幽幽偷辭濁世去,不銘何處葬我身。(石瓃)Robert Burns(1759—1796)羅伯特·彭斯,蘇格蘭詩人。出身于偏僻鄉(xiāng)村。他的詩歌充分吸收了蘇格蘭民歌成分,熱情奔放,優(yōu)美動聽,被譽(yù)為偉大的蘇格蘭民族詩人。19世紀(jì)英國浪漫主義詩歌運(yùn)動的先驅(qū)。他的一些詩歌被譜寫成歌曲,廣為流傳。如《友誼地久天長》(Auld[o:ld] Lang Syne[sain]: old long then: long ago.)、《我的心在高原》(My heart's in the high lands)等。7 A Red, Red Rose
O, my Luve?s like a red, red rose, That?s newly sprung in June.O, my Luve?s like the melodie, That?s sweetly play?d in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in Luve am I, And I will love thee still, my dear, Till a? the seas gang dry!
Till a? the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi? the sun!And I will love thee still, my dear, While the sands o? life shall run.And fare thee weel, my only Luve!And fare thee weel, a while!And I will come again, my Luve, Tho? it were ten thousand mile!
注釋:
Luve?s = Love is
melodie = melody,甜蜜的歌曲
play?d in tune = played in tune。唱得合拍。
As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,/ So deep in Luve am I: Bonnie: beautiful.Lass[laes]: girl, maiden.可改寫為:as you are fair, my bonnie lass, so I am deep in love.你那么美,我也那么愛你。我愛你的程度與你美的程度成正比。So 的意思是“in the same proportion“, ”in like manner“, ”in the same way“.Another example: As you treat me, so I will treat you.I will love thee still = I will always love thee.Till a? the seas gang dry: a? = all.gang = go.wi? = with.While the sands? o? life shall run: 只要我生命不息。o?= of。sands o? life:沙漏。古代人們在時(shí)鐘發(fā)明前,用玻璃器皿盛沙,使沙從小孔中漏過,以此計(jì)時(shí)。因此詩人常用沙漏中的沙比喻人生。fare thee weel:goodbye.。Weel[wi:l] = well.Farewell: ”proceed happily“.Goodbye: 本來是”God be wy ye“(God be with you), 后縮寫成”God-bye“, 后來為與”good day“、“good night” 一致, “God bye” 又改成了“goodbye”.Tho? = though 內(nèi)容解析:
這是彭斯最有名的愛情詩,節(jié)奏強(qiáng)烈,激情澎湃,很有感染力。但是此詩所表達(dá)的感情似乎不太深刻,其愛情似乎純粹是建立在容美貌的礎(chǔ)上的。容貌一衰退,很難保證海枯石爛不變心。另一英國詩人賈魯(Thomas Carew, 1594---1640)有一首名The True Beauty的詩,可拿來對彭斯的這首詩作注腳: He that loves a rosy cheek Or a coral lip admires, Or from star-like eyes doth seek Fuel to maintain his fires;As old Time makes these decay, So his flames must waste away.But a smooth and steadfast mind, Gentle thoughts, and calm desires, Hearts with equal love combined, Kindle never-dying fires:----Where these are not, I despise Lovely cheeks or lips or eyes.(smooth and steadfast mind:性情溫和、意志堅(jiān)定。Hearts with equal love combined:正常語序?yàn)椋篽earts combined with equal love.能一視同仁的心靈。)
彭斯說他的愛人如同玫瑰花一樣美,他的愛與其愛人的美麗成正比,賈魯反過來說,誰追求玫瑰花一樣的容貌,誰的愛情的衰退程度與就容貌衰老的程度成正比。賈魯講的雖然有道理,他的態(tài)度也很可取,但是世上的人像賈魯那樣的很少,相彭斯這樣的人則多不勝數(shù)。(彭斯是個(gè)沉溺于美酒、詩歌和愛情的人)。人的感情往往能沖破理智的說教,即使這種愛情不一定能長久,人們往往也要追求它。所以不能以說教的心態(tài)否定詩歌的藝術(shù)價(jià)值。
形式分析:基本上是抑揚(yáng)格,每節(jié)二、四兩行押韻。O, my │Luve?s like │a red, │red rose, That?s new│ly sprung │in June.O, my │Luve?s like│ the me│lodie, That?s sweet│ly play?d │in tune.As fair│ art thou, │my bon│nie lass, So deep│ in Luve│ am I, And I │will love │thee still, │my dear, Till a? │the seas │gang dry!Till a? │ the seas │gang dry, │my dear, And the rocks │melt wi? │the sun!And I│ will love │thee still, │my dear, While the sands│ o? life │shall run.And fare│ thee weel, │my on│ly Luve!And fare│ thee weel, │ a while!And I│ will come │again, │ my Luve, Tho? it were │ten thous│and mile!William Wordsworth(1770—1850)華茲華斯(渥滋渥斯),英國浪漫主義時(shí)期的大詩人,湖泮詩人(LAKE POETS)之首。1843年榮獲桂冠詩人稱號(Poet Laureate)。湖畔詩人是十九世紀(jì)英國的一個(gè)詩歌流派,這些人在英格蘭西北部的湖區(qū)(Lake district)居住、寫作。其主要成員除華茲華斯外,尚有柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)。華茲華斯對大自然情有獨(dú)鐘,經(jīng)常去各地旅行漫游,對自然風(fēng)光和田園生活有獨(dú)特的感受。他的詩的特點(diǎn)是通過描寫日常生活中的平凡場景激發(fā)心靈深處的感受,表現(xiàn)人性中真善美。素材多為自然風(fēng)光、田園生活和素樸的農(nóng)民。語言簡明,情真意切。讀之能使人產(chǎn)生無盡的遐思、精神上能受到有力的陶冶。
英國浪漫主義運(yùn)動時(shí)間介于1790-1830,最重要的代表人物有六:William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats.作品特點(diǎn):形式比較自由,想象豐富,傾向描寫孤獨(dú)的個(gè)人的精神世界和大自然。'Poery is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings'----Wordsworth.I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud(The Daffodils)
I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o?er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.The waves beside them danced, but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay In such a jocund company: I gazed — and gazed — but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasures fills, And dances with the daffodils.注釋:o'er: over.Pronounced as [/o ], counted as one syllable.The waves beside them danced, but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: 雖然浪花也在起舞,但是水仙花的歡樂超過了浪花的歡樂。in glee, 就歡樂而言,在歡樂上。in 有as to, as regards 這樣的用法, 表示'在···方面'。如:weak in judgment;they are equal in length.有人注解此詩,認(rèn)為in glee是介詞短語作定語修飾waves 的,這樣也通,但不如視為狀語修飾全句為好。
Sprightly: 輕快地,活潑地。
Could not but: but: other than, except.But 用在否定詞后,構(gòu)成雙重否定。如:there is no one but hopes rich.(沒有不想發(fā)財(cái)?shù)娜耍㏕here is no one but knows that.(那件事無人不知。)Jocund: lit.& poet: merry, cheerful.Couch:睡椅,床。
And then my heart with pleasures fills:my heart fills with pleasures.Fill 可用為不及物動詞,意思是“滿”。如the house fills(with children).They flash upon that inward eye | Which is the bliss of solitude:湛然的心靈是幽居才能有的福分。因?yàn)樾撵`回歸其自我是一種高級的精神享受,所以如此說。內(nèi)容:此詩是詩人1804年回憶兩年前在英格蘭湖區(qū)漫游時(shí)看到一大片水仙的情景時(shí)寫成的。后經(jīng)多此修該,到1815年才最終定型。當(dāng)時(shí)的情景深深地因在了他心靈深處,幽居獨(dú)處時(shí),就在心中顯現(xiàn)出來,給他帶來慰籍。可見詩人對自然的向往。我們讀之,猶如進(jìn)入了空明潔凈的世界。
形式:全詩四節(jié),每節(jié)的韻式是ababcc。韻律基本上是抑揚(yáng)格四音步。I wan|dered lone|ly as| a cloud That floats |on high |o?er vales |and hills, When all |at once |I saw| a crowd, A host, |of gold|en da|ffodils;Beside |the lake, |beneath| the trees, Fluttering |and dancing |in the breeze.Conti|nuous as |the stars |that shine And twink|le on |the mil|ky way, They stretched |in ne|ver-en|ding line Along |the mar|gin of| a bay: Ten thou|sand saw |I at| a glance, Tossing |their heads |in spright|ly dance.The waves| beside| them danced, |but they Out-did |the spark|ling waves |in glee: A po|et could |not but |be gay In such |a jo|cund com|pany: I gazed —|and gazed |— but litt|le thought What wealth |the show |to me |had brought:
For oft, | when on |my couch |I lie In va|cant or |in pen|sive mood, They flash |upon| that in|ward eye Which is| the bliss |of so|litude;And then| my heart| with plea|sures fills, And dan|ces with |the da|ffodils.The Solitary Reaper
Behold her, single in the field, Yon solitary Highland lass!Reaping and singing by herself;Stop here, or gently pass!Alone she cuts and binds the grain, And sings a melancholy strain;O listen!for the Vale profound Is overflowing with the sound.No Nightingale did ever chaunt More welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady haunt, Among Arabian sands;A voice so thrilling ne?er was heard In spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird, Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides.Will no one tell me what she sings? — Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow For old, unhappy, far-off things, And battles long ago;Or is it some more humble lay, Familiar matter of to-day? Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain, That has been, and may be again?
Whate?er the theme, the Maiden sang As if her song could have no ending;I saw her singing at her work, And o?er the sickle bending;— I listen?d, motionless and still;And, as I mounted up the hill, The music in my heart I bore, Long after it was heard no more.注釋:
Yon:yonder,那邊的,遠(yuǎn)處的。
No Nightingale did ever chauntMore welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady haunt,Among Arabian sands;:即使在人際罕至的阿拉伯沙漠的幽暗之處,夜鶯也不曾為疲憊的行人唱過如此動人的歌曲。Chaunt: chant的變體。A voice so thrilling ne?er was heardIn spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird,Breaking the silence of the seas: In spring-time , a voice so thrilling was never heard from the Cuckoo-bird, whose song breaks the silence of the seas among the farthest Hebrides.Hebrides[/hebridi:z]赫布里底群島[英國蘇格蘭西部] Perhaps the plaintive numbers flowFor old, unhappy, far-off things,And battles long ago;Or is it some more humble lay,Familiar matter of to-day?Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain,That has been, and may be again? 也許這凄婉的歌聲是詠嘆古老的、遙遠(yuǎn)的悲歡離合,和很久以前的征戰(zhàn),要么是一只平凡的曲子,唱的是今天日常小事,或者是那些曾經(jīng)有過而且可能繼續(xù)出現(xiàn)的、常見的憂傷、失意和痛苦? I saw her singing at her work,And o?er the sickle bending;I saw her singing at her work and when she is bending over the sickle.And, as I mounted up the hill, The music in my heart I bore,Long after it was heard no more.到我登上了山崗時(shí),雖然那歌聲早已聽不見了,但還是在我心底回響。Bear: 負(fù)擔(dān),擔(dān)負(fù),帶上。內(nèi)容:此詩寫的是蘇格蘭高原地區(qū)一農(nóng)家少女獨(dú)自在田間勞動歌唱的情景。此一情景深深地觸動了詩人的心弦。為了讓這淳樸勤勞的女孩盡情地歌唱、盡情地抒發(fā)她的內(nèi)心的世界,詩人不忍心驚動她,他想,要么就此止步,要么悄悄走開。夜鶯、布谷鳥的歌聲是天籟之聲,詩人說割麥女的歌聲比夜鶯、布谷鳥的歌聲還要?jiǎng)尤耍砻涓杪暿羌冋娑匀坏摹^r(nóng)家女孩沒有受到城市生活的污染,如“清水出芙蓉,天然去雕飾”,獨(dú)自一人在空曠的田野,向大自然傾訴衷情,當(dāng)然會打動向往大自然的詩人。今天,浮偽之風(fēng)比其一百多年前詩人所處的那個(gè)時(shí)代,更厲害不知多少倍,因而此詩所描寫的情景更能引起人們的遐思神往。此詩的意境空靈飄逸,感情高潔真摯,極富浪漫氣息,沒有絲毫庸俗情調(diào)。
形式:此詩四節(jié),每節(jié)八行,除第四是三音步外,其余七行都是四音步。抑揚(yáng)格。每節(jié)的韻式為 ababccdd Behold| her, sing|le in |the field, Yon so|lita|ry High|land lass!Reaping |and sing|ing by |herself;Stop here, |or gent|ly pass!Alone |she cuts |and binds| the grain, And sings |a me|lancho|ly strain;O li|sten!for| the Vale |profound Is ov|erflow|ing with| the sound.No Nigh|tingale |did ev|er chaunt More wel|come notes |to wea|ry bands Of travel|lers in |some sha|dy haunt, Among| A/ra|bian sands;A voice| so thril|ling ne?er |was heard In spring|-time from| the Cu|ckoo-bird, Breaking |the si|lence of| the seas Among |the far|thest He|brides.Will no |one tell| me what |she sings? — Perhaps |the plain|tive num|bers flow For old, | unhap|py, far-|off things, And ba|ttles long |ago;Or is |it some| more hum|ble lay, Fami|liar mat|ter of |to-day? Some na|tural sor|row, loss, | or pain, That has |been, and| may be| again?
Whate?er |the theme, |the Mai|den sang As if| her song |could have |no ending;I saw| her sing|ing at| her work, And o?er |the sick|le bending;— I li|sten?d, mo|tionless| and still;And, as |I moun|ted up |the hill, The mu|sic in| my heart |I bore, Long af|ter it| was heard |no more.George Gordon Byron [/bai r n](1788—1824)喬治·戈登·拜倫是重要浪漫主義詩人,但是與華茲華斯為首的湖畔詩人有不同。拜倫政治上很激進(jìn),反對傳統(tǒng),主張革命,為人放蕩不羈,是所謂積極浪漫主義者。華茲華斯主張回歸自然,維護(hù)傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值,是所謂消極浪漫主義者。拜倫對湖畔詩人進(jìn)行過攻擊。其實(shí),拜倫只是一個(gè)出色的詩人,在政治思想上是膚淺的。拜倫的成名作是《恰爾德·哈洛爾德游記》(Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,1809-1818),最有影響的著作是《唐·璜》(Don Juan,1819-1824)。此外還有不少抒情詩等。《恰爾德·哈洛爾德游記》(楊熙齡譯,1959年上海文藝出版社。)是一部敘事長詩,是描寫作者游歷歐洲各國的抒情日記,由一個(gè)灰心失望的貴族青年哈羅德將全詩情節(jié)貫穿起來。《唐璜》[don/d u: n]也是一部敘事長詩,寫的是歐洲傳說中的傳奇人物唐璜浪漫冒險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷,未完成。關(guān)于唐璜這個(gè)人物,歐洲各國有很多作品。莫扎特有一部歌劇即名《唐璜》。我們所選的這首《滑鐵盧前夜》是《游記》中的片段(Canto III, stanzas 21, 22, 24, 25.),記述的是滑鐵盧之戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)前夕比利時(shí)首都布魯塞爾(Brussels, Belgium)上層人士盲目歌舞狂歡的場面。滑鐵盧是位于比利時(shí)首都以南約20公里的一個(gè)村莊,1815年英軍在此駐扎。呂希蒙公爵夫人設(shè)宴款待英軍將士,拿破侖乘其不備,于當(dāng)晚突然襲擊。與英軍共同與拿破侖戰(zhàn)斗的還有荷蘭、比利時(shí)、德等國。最后拿破侖寡不敵眾,失敗。10 The Eve Of Waterloo
There was a sound of revelry by night, And Belgium?s capital had gather?d then Her Beauty and her Chivalry, and bright The lamps shone o?er fair women and brave men;A thousand hearts beat happily;and when Music arose with its voluptuous swell, Soft eyes look?d love to eyes which spake again, And all went merry as a marriage bell;But hush!hark!a deep sound strikes like a rising knell!
Did ye not hear it? —No;?twas but the wind, Or the car rattling o?er the stony street;On with the dance!let joy be unconfined;No sleep till morn, when Youth and Pleasure meet To chase the growing hours with flying feet—
But, hark!— that heavy sound breaks in once more, As if the clouds its echo would repeat;And nearer, clearer, deadlier than before!Arm!arm!it is — it is —the cannon?s opening roar!
Ah!Then and there was hurrying to and fro, And gathering tears, and tremblings of distress, And cheeks all pale, which but an hour ago Blush?d at the praise of their own loveliness: And there were sudden partings, such as press The life from out young hearts, and choking sighs Which ne?er might be repeated;who could guess If ever more should meet those mutual eyes, Since upon night so sweet such awful morn could rise!
And there was mounting in hot haste: the steed, The mustering squadron, and the clattering car, Went pouring forward with impetuous speed, And swiftly forming in the ranks of war;And the deep thunder peal on peal afar;And near, the beat of the alarming drum Roused up the soldier ere the morning star;While throng?d the citizens with terror dumb,Or whispering with white lips —?the foe!they come!they come!?
注釋:
Her Beauty and her Chivalry, and bright:布魯塞爾的英雄美人。Her 指Brussels Voluptuous[v /l ptu s ]swell 華麗的音樂旋律。Swell 本指大浪,此指樂聲蕩漾。
Soft eyes look?d love to eyes which spake again look:溫柔的眼睛與眼睛互相傳情。Look love:Look with love。
And all went merry as a marriage bell;大家歡欣鼓舞,就像結(jié)婚打鐘。
a deep sound strikes like a rising knell:一個(gè)沉悶的聲音就像正在敲響的喪鐘一樣傳來。
Youth and Pleasure meetTo chase the growing hours with flying feet: 青春與歡樂結(jié)伴,用飛快的腳步追逐這煥發(fā)的時(shí)光。growing hours:令人起勁的時(shí)光。
As if the clouds its echo would repeat;天上的云好像又把它的回聲有重復(fù)了一次:意即聲音很大,會響很久。
Arm!arm!it is — it is —the cannon?s opening roar!拿起武器,拿起武器!這是大炮在展開咆哮。
gathering tears:不斷聚集的淚,越來越多的淚水。
cheeks all pale, which but an hour ago Blush?d at the praise of their own loveliness: 一小時(shí)以前因受到夸獎(jiǎng)而羞紅的臉蛋兒,現(xiàn)在都發(fā)白了。
there were sudden partings, such as pressThe life from out young hearts, 使年輕的心靈痛不欲生的突然訣別。
choking sighs Which ne?er might be repeated;很可能永遠(yuǎn)不會再有的抽搐嘆息。因?yàn)榭赡苁窃E別,所很可能不會再有。mustering squadron:集合的中隊(duì)
swiftly forming in the ranks of war;快速排成作戰(zhàn)隊(duì)形。Rank:隊(duì)列。
And the deep thunder peal on peal afar;And near, the beat of the alarming drumRoused up the soldier ere [e ]the morning star;遠(yuǎn)處是一陣一陣的沉悶的雷鳴,近處是報(bào)警的鼓聲,不等啟名星出現(xiàn),就把士兵喚醒。
While throng?d the citizens with terror dumb,市民們則擠在一起,被嚇成了啞巴。此句可改成:the citizens thronged, dumb with terror.或者:The citizens dumb with terror thronged.內(nèi)容:此詩極其生動地描繪了舞會上的歡樂場面和大戰(zhàn)來臨之際的驚慌景象。舞會上英雄們風(fēng)度翩翩,美人們含情脈脈,婆娑起舞,盡情狂歡。沒有想到,也不相信戰(zhàn)爭會在此時(shí)爆發(fā)。正在狂歡之際,大炮轟鳴起來。于是在驚恐和絕望之中告別。士兵門急速集合,市民們驚慌失措。整個(gè)城市亂作一團(tuán)。此詩的成功之處在于生動的場景描寫,極富戲劇性,讀之如身臨其境。英國小說家薩克雷(William Makepeace Thackeray)在起長篇小說《名利場》(Vanity Fair, 1847-48)第29章中對這場舞會也有非常出色的描寫。形式:
此詩屬斯賓塞體(Spenserian stanza),Edmund Spenser(1552?—99繼喬叟之后的最大詩人。)在The Faerie Queene 中創(chuàng)造了這種形式的詩節(jié),故名。其形式是每節(jié)九行,前八行為抑揚(yáng)格五音步,第九行為抑揚(yáng)格六音步,韻式是:ababbcbcc.There was |a sound |of re|velry |by night, And Bel|gium?s ca|pital |had ga|ther?d then Her Beau|ty and |her Chi|valry, |and bright The lamps |shone o?er |fair wo|men and |brave men;A thou|sand hearts |beat hap|pily;|and when Music| arose| with its| volup|tuous swell, Soft eyes| look?d love| to eyes |which spake |again, And all |went mer|ry as |a mar|riage bell;But hush!| hark!a| deep sound |strikes like |a ris|ing knell!
Did ye |not hear| it? —No;|?twas but| the wind, Or the |car rat|tling o?er| the sto|ny street;On with |the dance!|let joy |be un|confined;No sleep| till morn, | when Youth |and Plea|sure meet To chase |the grow|ing hours |with fly|ing feet—
But, hark!| — that hea|vy sound |breaks in |once more, As if |the clouds |its e|cho would |repeat;And near|er, clear|er, dead|lier than |before!Arm!arm!| it is —|it is —|the can|non?s open|ing roar!
Ah!Then| and there| was hur|rying to| and fro, And gath|ering tears, | and trem|blings of| distress, And cheeks| all pale, |which but |an hour |ago Blush?d at |the praise |of their |own love|liness: And there| were sud|den par|tings, such| as press The life |from out |young hearts, |and chok|ing sighs Which ne?er |might be |repea|ted;who |could guess If ev |er more | should meet |those mut |ual eyes, Since up |on night | so sweet |such aw |ful morn |could rise!
And there | was moun |ting in |hot haste: |the steed, The must |ering squa |dron, and |the clatt |ering car, Went pou |ring for |ward with | impe |tuous speed, And swift |ly form |ing in |the ranks | of war;And the |deep thun |der peal | on peal |afar;And near, | the beat |of the |alar |ming drum Roused up |the sol |dier ere | the mor |ning star;While throng?d |the ci|tizens| with ter|ror dumb,Or whisp|ering with |white lips —| ?the foe!|they come!|they come!?
Percy Bysshe Shelly[/p :si bi / eli ](1792—1822)珀西·比希·雪萊是拜倫的好友,與拜倫一樣,也是浪漫主義時(shí)期的大詩人。極力主張自由,不僅主張政治上的自由,也主張男女之愛的自由。二十來歲時(shí)與一個(gè)名叫Harriet Westbrook 的女孩私奔并結(jié)婚。后來加入激進(jìn)的哲學(xué)家 William Godwin 的學(xué)術(shù)圈子,成為其信徒。(William Godwin,1756—1836,主張人性本善,在理性直到下,可以不要法律。財(cái)產(chǎn)制度、婚姻制度都該廢除。)后來雪萊又在Godwin 的后妻的女兒Claire Clairmont的陪伴下與Godwin 前妻的女兒Mary Wollstonecraft私奔到瑞士,并結(jié)婚,前妻自殺。Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin 寫過一本名為《為女權(quán)申辯》(A Vindication of the Rights of Woman)可謂現(xiàn)在女全運(yùn)動的先驅(qū)人物。Godwin 也是主張愛情自由的,可是當(dāng)雪萊與其女兒私本后,就不再如此主張了。三十歲時(shí),雪萊溺水而死。其作品很多,代表作有長詩Prometheus[pru /mi: s] Unbound, Ode To The West Wind 等。我們要讀的是他的一首著名的愛情詩。One Word Is Too Often Profaned(TO——)
(1)One word is too often profaned For me to profane it, One feeling too falsely disdained For thee to disdain it;One hope is too like despair For prudence to smother, And pity from thee more dear Than that from another,(2)I can give not what men call love, But wilt thou accept not The worship the heart lifts above And the Heavens reject not, —
The desire of the moth for the star, Of the night for the morrow, The devotion to something afar Form the sphere of our sorrow? 注釋: 第一節(jié)
(1)One word is too often profanedFor me to profane it, 有一個(gè)詞匯被人濫用得不像樣子,我再也不忍心濫用它了。One word指love。Profane:褻瀆。
(2)One feeling too falsely disdainedFor thee to disdain it;有一種情感總是錯(cuò)誤地遭到蔑視,你不該狠下心,再去蔑視它。One feeling:指對所愛的人的崇敬之情。(3)One hope is too like despairFor prudence to smother, 有一個(gè)希望,它太難實(shí)現(xiàn),和絕望差不多,請你不要顧慮重重、縮手縮腳,把它熄滅。
(4)And pity from thee more dear Than that form another,:對我來說,你的愛憐比別人的都珍貴。詩人對其情人無比崇敬,如果其情人對詩人的這種心情不視而不見,以愛憐之心作出反應(yīng),對詩人來說當(dāng)然無比珍貴。第二節(jié)
(1)I can give not what men call love,But wilt thou accept not: 我不能向你奉獻(xiàn)世俗之人所謂的“愛”,但是難道你會忍心拒絕(以下幾種情感嗎)?wilt thou:you will.Wilt:第二人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)的古式。此句與第一節(jié)的“One word is too often profanedFor me to profane it”對應(yīng)。
(2)The worship the heart lifts aboveAnd the Heavens reject not, 如果心靈將它奉獻(xiàn)給蒼天,蒼天也不回絕的崇拜。意即這種崇拜之情是崇高而神圣的。
(3)The desire of the moth for the star,Of the night for the morrow, 飛蛾對星星的期盼,以及黑夜對白晝的向往。Morrow :〈文〉:tomorrow, morning.詩人把自己的處境比做黑夜,把所愛的人比做光明。
(4)The devotion to something afar Form the sphere of our sorrow? 在痛苦的塵世中對遙遠(yuǎn)夢景的追求。這與第一節(jié)“One hope is too like despair”相呼應(yīng)。Sphere 本義為球體,此處指世俗世界。
內(nèi)容:此詩與彭斯的那首風(fēng)格不同。前者外漏而淺顯,此詩深摯并有一定的哲理。雪萊認(rèn)為愛情是從人的天性中自然流露出來的某種純潔的、柔嫩的情感,崇高而神圣。就像飛蛾對星星的期盼、黑暗對光明的向往、痛苦中對美好未來的追求一樣,是天地間自然而然產(chǎn)生的。這種情感一旦夾雜世俗生活中的庸俗觀念,就會被扭曲、被褻瀆。此與Plato哲學(xué)思想有關(guān)。實(shí)際情況也的確如此,人們基于世俗的考慮,這種高潔的東西經(jīng)常被輕蔑、被褻瀆,以至于追求純潔愛情的希望幾乎與絕望相等。看來,不僅從我們現(xiàn)在從周圍的現(xiàn)實(shí)看是如此,在雪萊時(shí)代的英國,也是如此。可以說“愛情之難,難于上青天”。
形式:抑揚(yáng)格與抑抑揚(yáng)格相間。第二節(jié)最后四行顯然是抑抑揚(yáng)格,有向前沖的勢頭,與內(nèi)容中的“向往”之意吻合。韻式是ababcdcd.(1)One word| is too |often |profaned For me| to pro|fane it, One feel|ing too| falsely| disdained For thee| to dis|dain it;One hope |is too |like-|despair For prud|ence to |smother, And pi|ty from |thee-|more dear Than that |form a|nother,(2)I can |give not |what men |call love, But wilt| thou ac|cept not The wor|ship the |heart lifts |above And the| Heavens re|ject not, —
The desire |of the moth |for the star, Of the night| for the morrow, The devo|tion to some|thing afar From the sphere |of our sorrow?
John Keats(1795—1821)約翰·濟(jì)慈是浪漫主義時(shí)期的又一大詩人,與拜倫、雪萊并駕齊驅(qū)。拜倫和雪萊都是貴族出身,濟(jì)慈則出身寒微,父母早逝,一生貧困。他曾熱戀過一個(gè)少女Fanny Browne,但由于經(jīng)濟(jì)條件不行,又患著肺病,這個(gè)希望也等于絕望。濟(jì)慈詩才極大,可惜25歲就死于肺結(jié)核(tuberculosis)。他的過人之處是在于善于發(fā)掘現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的感性美。最為傳頌的作品是頌體詩,如Ode to a Nightingale, Ode to a Grecian Urn, Ode to the Autumn 等。我們要讀的這首《蟈蟈與蟋蟀》寫于1816年,也很出名。12 The Grass-hopper And The Cricket
The poetry of earth is never dead: When all the birds are faint with the hot sun, And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead;That is the Grasshopper?s —he takes the lead In summer luxury, —he has never done With his delights;for when tired out with fun He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed.The poetry of earth is ceasing never: On a lone winter evening, when the frost Has wrought a silence, from the stove there shrills The Cricket?s song, in warmth increasing ever, And seems to one in drowsiness half lost, The Grasshopper?s among some grassy hills.注釋:
a voice will runFrom hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead;就會有一種聲音在剛割過的草地上響起,飄過一個(gè)個(gè)籬笆。Mead [mi:d]: poet meadow [/med-].he takes the leadIn summer luxury, 在繁花似錦的夏日,他帶頭[歌唱]。/Luxury:奢侈,華麗,豐盛。
he has never doneWith his delights;for when tired out with funHe rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed.他的興致從不消失,因?yàn)椋美Ь牒螅麜娣卦谀承┛蓯鄣牟輩仓猩允孪ⅲㄈ缓罄^續(xù)唱起來)。Do with 有 finish with的用法。如 have you done with the newspaper? when the frost Has wrought a silence, 當(dāng)霜凍帶來了一片寂靜的時(shí)候。Wrought [r :t] work 的過去式和過去分詞。制造,帶來。
in warmth increasing ever,And seems to one in drowsiness half lost, The Grasshopper?s among some grassy hills.可以改寫成: and in ever increasing warmth,(the cricket's song)seems to some one who is half lost in drowsiness the grasshopper's among some grassy hills.在溫度不斷上升的室內(nèi),蟋蟀的歌聲在睡意朦朧的人聽來,仿佛是蟈蟈青草叢生的山上鳴叫。half lost in drowsiness: 昏昏欲睡,快要失去知覺。Drowsy: 昏昏欲睡的。
內(nèi)容:在舒適的環(huán)境中,在寂靜的夜晚,靜聽蛙吟蟲鳴,能把人帶入一種超凡脫俗、回歸自我的精神境界,這是一種極大的享受。這些天籟之音,進(jìn)入我們心中,還能使我們體會到自然界的豐富多彩,和它永無止息的生機(jī)。此詩所表現(xiàn)的就是這種感受。夏日有蟈蟈,冬夜有蟋蟀,它們的鳴叫是大地的詩歌的代表,永不停止地歌唱著偉大而神秘的大自然。
形式:此詩為意大利式十四行詩,抑揚(yáng)格五音步,結(jié)構(gòu)上分兩節(jié):前八行(兩個(gè)四行節(jié)),后六行(兩個(gè)三行節(jié)),展開兩種意境。此詩前八行寫夏日的蟈蟈,后六行寫冬夜的蟋蟀,形成對比。韻式:abba abba, cde, cde.第一行的dead 是眼韻 eye rhyme.The |poetry |of earth |is ne|ver dead : When all |the birds| are faint| with the |hot sun, And hide |in coo|ling trees, |a voice| will run From hedge| to hedge |about |the new-|mown mead;That is |the Grass|hopper?s |—he takes |the lead In sum|mer luxu|ry, —he |has ne|ver done With his |delights;| for when| tired out |with fun He rests |at ease |beneath |some plea|sant weed.The poe|try of |earth is |ceasing |never: On a |lone win|ter eve|ning, when |the frost Has wrought |a si|lence, from| the stove| there shrills The Cri|cket?s song, |in warmth |increa|sing ever, And seems| to one| in drow|siness| half lost, The Grass|hopper?s |among |some gras|sy hills.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(1807—1882)亨利·沃滋沃斯·朗費(fèi)羅是十九世紀(jì)美國大詩人,作品極多,抒情詩,充滿著人間的真情,優(yōu)美流暢,廣為人傳誦。以下《箭與歌》和《村中鐵匠》兩首即是這樣的作品。The Arrow And The Song
I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight.I breathed a song into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where;For who has sight so keen and strong, That it can follow the flight of song?
Long, long afterwards, in an oak, I found the arrow, still unbroke;And the song, from beginning to end, I found again in the heart of a friend.注釋:It fell to earth, I knew not where;:I did not know where it fell to earth.Unbroke: unbroken 內(nèi)容:我向空中射出一只箭,它落在地上。落在何處,我不知道。這不必斤斤計(jì)較。我向空中唱一支歌,它在地上消失,消失在何處,我不知道,這不必斤斤計(jì)較。雖然我并沒有斤斤計(jì)較,但是后來我發(fā)出的箭和歌都完好地保存在人間,我的勞動、我的好意,并沒有白白浪費(fèi)。它表現(xiàn)的是一種深刻的人生道理。人生于世,要心胸寬廣,眼光高遠(yuǎn),不要鼠目寸光,不要眼孔太尖(a keen sight)總是盯著眼前的小利,患得患失。要只管勞動,不要計(jì)較收獲,只管與人為善,不要計(jì)較回報(bào)。雖然你不計(jì)較,你的努力最終不會白費(fèi)。《金剛經(jīng)》上有一句話:“應(yīng)無所住而生其心”。《中庸》上講“積善之家必有余慶”,俗顏說“好人一生平安”。此詩有這些意思。《呂氏春秋·孟春紀(jì)·貴公》有一則故事,也可發(fā)明此詩意蘊(yùn):“荊人有遺弓者,而不肯索,曰:?荊人遺之,荊人得之,又何索焉。”孔子聞之曰:“去其?荊?而可矣。”老聃聞之曰:“去其?人?而可矣。” 形式:抑揚(yáng)格四音步,韻式:aabb I shot |an ar|row in|to the air, It fell |to earth, | I knew |not where;For, so| swiftly| it flew, |the sight Could not| follow |it in |its flight.I breathed |a song| into| the air, It fell| to earth, |I knew| not where;For who| has sight |so keen |and strong, That it |can fol|low the |flight of song?
Long, long| after|wards, in| an oak, I found| the ar|row, still| unbroke;And the |song, from| begin|ning to end, I found| again| in the |heart of |a friend.The Village Blacksmith
(1)Under a spreading chestnut tree The village smithy stands;The smith, a mighty man is he, With larger and sinewy hands;And the muscles of his brawny arms Are strong as iron bands.(2)His hair is crisp, and black, and long, His face is like the tan;His brow is wet with honest sweat, He earns whate?er he can,And looks the whole world in the face, For he owes not any man.(3)Week in, week out, from morn till night, You can hear his bellows blow;You can hear him swing his heavy sledge, With measured beat and slow, Like a sexton ringing the village bell, When the evening sun is low.(4)And children coming home from school Look in at the open door;They love to see the flaming forge, And hear the bellows roar, And catch the burning sparks that fly Like chaff from a threshing floor.(5)He goes on Sunday to the church, And sits among his boys;He hears the parson pray and preach, He hears his daughter?s voice, Singing in the village choir, And it makes his heart rejoice.(6)It sounds to him like her mother's voice, Singing in Paradise!He needs must think of her once more, How in the grave she lies;And with his hard, rough hand he wipes A tear out of his eyes.(7)Toiling,— rejoicing, — sorrowing, Onward through life he goes;Each morning sees some task begin, Each evening sees it close;Something attempted, something done, Has earned a night?s repose.(8)Thanks, thanks to thee, my worthy friend, For the lesson thou hast taught!Thus at the flaming forge of life Our fortunes must be wrought;Thus on its sounding anvil shaped Each burning deed and thought!
第二篇:英詩賞析How Do I Love Thee
英詩賞析--期末小論文
Title:
How Do I Love Thee?
How Do I Love Thee
Elizabeth Barrett Browning How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.I love thee to the level of everyday’s Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.I love thee with the passion put to use In my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith.I love thee with a love I seemed to lose With my lost saints, —I love thee with the breath, Smiles, tears, of all my life!—and, if God choose,I shall but love thee better after death.我是如此地愛你
伊麗莎白·勃朗寧
我是如此地愛你?讓我一一道來: 我愛你,到我靈魂所能及到的
深邃、寬廣、和高遠(yuǎn);愛,隨未現(xiàn)于視野 她卻于存在的邊際和永恒的恩典。我愛你,到每一天所需的
最基本,在日光下,在燭焰下。
我自由地愛你,像男子們?yōu)檎x而奮爭; 我純粹地愛你,像他們在贊美前低頭。我愛你,以我滿腔熱情,就像往日的辛酸; 我愛你,以我童年的信仰。我愛你,如同那隨著逝去的圣者
而消逝的那種愛,——我愛你以我一生的 呼吸,微笑和淚水!--如果上帝愿意 即使死去,我還要更加愛你!
How Do I Love Thee is one of the 44 poems of Sonnets from the Portuguese that Elizabeth Browning wrote to express her love for her husband and was regarded as the best one.Before I get to the content of the poem, I want to say something about the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning and the poem’s background.Elizabeth Browning grew up in the west of England and was largely educated at home by a tutor.While saddling a pony when she was 15, she injured her spine and cannot stand.Despite her ailments, her education continued to flourish.In 1844 Elizabeth produced a collection entitled simply Poems.It was Poems that won her some critical recognition and inspired Robert Browning to write to her, telling her how much he loved her poems.Next year, Elizabeth had been 39 years old, six years older than Robert Browning and after they met, they fell in love with each other, which opened a new chapter of her misery life.Love conquered death and saved a life who had given up herself from the shadow of the death and it was Robert Browning’s love for Elizabeth Barrett that made her stand again miraculously.Later, because Elizabeth’s father disapproved their engagement, they still married and fled to Florence, Italy.Sonnets from the Portuguese was a valuable gift Elizabeth sent to Robert where she wrote her primary doubts because of her age and her invalid, the fear of struggling against family, the sweet with lover and the joy of ultimate victory.It was said that the 44 poems was written before their marriage and until they married and lasted for a long time, and then Mrs.Browning put it into Robert’s pocket quietly and told her husband that if he did not like it, he can burn it.After Robert Browning read it, he said he dare not personally hide the most beautiful sonnets since Shakespeare and then it can be published.It was their happiness and love that propelled these poems’ birth.The poem strictly abides by the characteristics of sonnets, and is in iambic pentameter(with 10 syllables, five pairs of unstressed and stressed syllables in every line)and the rhyme is abbaabbacdcd.The poems starts with the question, “How do I love thee?” and proceeds to count the ways.Altogether she professed 8 ways that she loves her beloved.The first way that she loves her lover “to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach.” The seventh way is that “I love thee with the breath, /Smiles, tears, of all my life!” This describes the fact that she believes there are no limits to what the human soul and heart can feel.In the poem she uses such words as depth and breath and height, life and death, and night and day(sun and candlelight)to show the enormity and vastness of love.Through the use of metaphors, she compares her depth of love for her lover to such things as a soldier fighting for freedom: “I love thee freely, as men strive for Right/I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.” Her “passion put to use/In my old griefs” refers to the depths of her former despair.The love that “I seemed to lose With my lost saints” refers to the lost loves of her mother and her brother.The poem ends with the declaration that time and death will not diminish her love for Robert because “if God choose,I shall but love thee better after death.” Except metaphors, anaphora can be the dominate figure of speech: the use of I love thee in eight lines and I shall but love thee in the final line.This repetition builds rhythm and reinforces the theme.Mrs.Browning also uses the alliteration as follows: thee, the in line one, two, five, nine, twelve;soul, sight in line three;love, level in line five;purely, Praise in line eight, etc.In How Do I Love Thee, climax also is an very important rhetorical device.The poem uses I Love Thee eight times and we can see: the first “I Love Thee” to “my soul can reach” is about the breadth and depth love the poet’s love and the second “I love thee to the level of everyday’s” is about the necessity of love, which is tantamount to the fundamental needs of basic life, such as water, air, sleep and so on.And such necessity is like the man’s instinct for living.In the third “I love thee” “as man strive for Right”, the poet compares love with the free right and points that love cannot be deprived.The fourth told us the sincerity and purity of her love and the fifth claimed the passion and loyalty of her love;the seventh presented that the poet loved her lover with her life and from the last, we can find the poet’s love had been raised to a higher level: death cannot stop love and on the contrary, death deepened love and was vanquished by love ultimately.From the poem, what we can see is Elizabeth’s pursuit of love directly and bravely.And her love for her lover is so intensive and eternal, which implies us that though the end of life is death, human’s affection will not end when the life ends.
第三篇:杜甫詩賞析
杜甫詩賞析
一、讀書與漫游時(shí)期代表作
《望 岳》(唐)杜甫
岱宗夫如何?齊魯青未了。
造化鐘神秀,陰陽割昏曉。
蕩胸生曾云,決眥入歸鳥。
會當(dāng)凌絕頂,一覽眾山小。
1、詩文解釋
首聯(lián):五岳之首泰山的景象怎么樣?從齊到魯都可看到泰山蒼翠的峰巒綿延不斷。頷聯(lián):大自然把神奇秀美都聚集到泰山;山南山北,明暗不同。
頸聯(lián):(山中)升起層層云氣,(看后使人)心胸開闊激蕩。睜大眼睛遠(yuǎn)望,歸巢飛鳥都盡收眼底。
尾聯(lián):一定要登上泰山的頂峰,看眾多的山,都顯得低矮渺小。
2、藝術(shù)手法:
(1)語言凝練,對仗工整。
這首詩是一首五言律詩,五字一句,語言十分精練,講究句尾押韻,并且頷聯(lián)和頸聯(lián)必須對仗。如:句尾押韻 了,曉,鳥,小
對偶句:造化鐘神秀,陰陽割昏曉。
蕩胸生曾云,決眥入歸鳥。(2)用詞精當(dāng),修辭得體。
“鐘”是聚集的意思,“鐘”字用擬人的手法,寫出了大自然的多情,也體現(xiàn)出作者對泰山雄奇秀麗美景的喜愛。
“割”,是劃分的意思,平凡之中見出奇險(xiǎn),一個(gè)“割”字寫出了高大的泰山將山南山北的陽光切斷,形成兩種不同的自然景觀,那照臨下土的陽光,好像被一把碩大無比的刀切斷了一樣,突出了泰山遮天蔽日的形象。由此也可見山色的變幻無窮。
(3)虛實(shí)結(jié)合,出神入化。
“造化鐘神秀,陰陽割昏曉。”一句中,上句寫泰山的秀美,是虛寫;下句寫泰山的高大,是實(shí)寫。
“蕩胸生層云,決眥入歸鳥”寫的是實(shí)景,用細(xì)節(jié)描寫,表達(dá)了心情的激蕩和眼界的空闊。
(4)寫景、抒情、哲理融為一體。
本詩通過描寫了五岳之首, 東岳泰山的雄渾景象,贊美了泰山高大巍峨的氣勢和神奇秀麗的景色,流露出了對祖國河山的熱愛之情,表達(dá)了詩人不怕困難,敢攀頂峰,俯視一切,對前途充滿信心的雄心和氣概。蘊(yùn)含了只有不怕困難,敢于攀登絕頂,才能俯視一切、傲視群雄的人生哲理。
二、困守長安十年時(shí)期代表作
《兵車行》
(唐)杜甫
車轔轔,馬蕭蕭,行人弓箭各在腰。爺娘妻子走相送,塵埃不見咸陽橋。牽衣頓足攔道哭,哭聲直上干云霄。道旁過者問行人,行人但云點(diǎn)行頻。或從十五北防河,便至四十西營田。去時(shí)里正與裹頭,歸來頭白還戍邊。邊亭流血成海水,武皇開邊意未已。君不聞,漢家山東二百州,千村萬落生荊杞。縱有健婦把鋤犁,禾生隴畝無東西。況復(fù)秦兵耐苦戰(zhàn),被驅(qū)不異犬與雞。
長者雖有問,役夫敢申恨? 且如今年冬,未休關(guān)西卒。縣官急索租,租稅從何出。信知生男惡,反是生女好。生女猶得嫁比鄰,生男埋沒隨百草。君不見,青海頭,古來白骨無人收。新鬼煩冤舊鬼哭,天陰雨濕聲啾啾。
這首詩是諷世傷時(shí)之作,也是杜詩中的名篇,為歷代所推崇。這首詩用當(dāng)兵的人對老人的回應(yīng),極大程度上反映了人民對戰(zhàn)爭的深惡痛絕和戰(zhàn)爭帶來的痛苦無奈之情。詩旨在諷刺唐玄宗 窮兵黷武給人民帶來莫大的災(zāi)難,充滿非戰(zhàn)色彩。
這首詩寓情于敘事之中,在敘述中變化有序,前后呼應(yīng),嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)縝密。詩的字?jǐn)?shù)雜 言互見,韻腳平仄互換,聲調(diào)抑揚(yáng)頓挫,情意低昂起伏。既井井有條,又曲折多變,真可謂“新樂府”詩的典范。
詩的開頭七句為第一段,寫軍人家屬送別兒子、丈夫出征的悲慘情景,描繪了一 幅震人心弦的送別圖。詩歌從對景物的描述開始,以重墨重彩的寫作手法,展現(xiàn)出一幅震撼又催人淚下的場景:一群被攆來的窮苦百姓,換上軍裝,佩好弓箭,被官吏押送著,送往前線。父母妻子呼喊著他,扯著他的衣服,呼號著,簡直使聽者觀者駐足唏噓。一個(gè)“走”字,寄寓了詩人濃厚的感情色彩。親人被捉去當(dāng)兵,押送又就在眼前,生死離別就在那一瞬間,倉促得令人絕望!“牽衣頓足攔道哭”,這四個(gè)動作,又把送行者的悲愴、絕望的神態(tài),表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。這樣的描寫,給讀者以聽覺視覺上強(qiáng)烈的沖擊,描繪了成千上萬妻離子散的悲劇,觸目驚心!
“道旁過者”十四句為第二段,“道旁過者”即杜甫自己。上面的凄慘場面,詩人親眼所見;下面的悲切陳詞,又詩人親耳所聞。這就體現(xiàn)了詩的真實(shí)感。“點(diǎn)行頻”,即多次征兵。它點(diǎn)出了造成平民妻離子散,無辜犧牲,田畝荒蕪的根源。一個(gè)人十五歲出征,四十歲還在戍邊,“邊庭流血成海水,武皇開邊意未已。”“武皇”,指武則天。作者大膽地把矛頭指向了封建統(tǒng)治者,這是從心底的激烈抗議,表達(dá)了詩人悲憤交加之情。接下來,“君不聞”三字領(lǐng)起,把視線轉(zhuǎn)移至廣闊的尋常村落。原本富庶自足的村落變得人煙稀少,田園荒廢,滿目瘡痍。
“長者”十四句為第三段,寫征夫久不得息,連年征兵,百姓唯恐生男和青海戰(zhàn)場尸骨遍野,令人不寒而栗的情況。“長者”,是遠(yuǎn)征者對杜甫的尊稱。“縣官”指唐朝官吏。遠(yuǎn)征者敢怒而不敢言,但終于還是說出來了,接下來就是遠(yuǎn)征者對現(xiàn)實(shí)的無奈和不滿之情,尤其是“生女猶得嫁比鄰,生男埋沒隨百草”一句,反應(yīng)了無數(shù)遠(yuǎn)征者的背后痛苦不堪,期盼能夠跳出這個(gè)可怕的牢籠,不愿孩子也和自己一樣。最后一段的“君不見,青海頭,古來白骨無人收。新鬼煩冤舊鬼哭,天陰雨濕聲啾啾!”一句,聲聲凄厲,仿佛能令我們窺見枉死者的不甘和不幸至深。當(dāng)世人生的疾苦和悲愴都是因戰(zhàn)亂而起,而這種痛楚可能是戰(zhàn)死者到死也無法紓解的。整首詩的氣氛是陰郁、悲憤,甚至是壓抑的,把唐王朝窮兵黷武的罪惡,揭露得盡致淋漓。
鑒賞要點(diǎn)
1.章法嚴(yán)密,巧用修辭。
這首詩的結(jié)構(gòu)方式古稱“一頭兩腳體”。第一段(“頭”)共6句(按樂句計(jì)算),一韻到底;第二、三段(“兩腳”)各14句,并四次換韻。從整體看,節(jié)奏整齊而又略有變化;且各段皆自有起結(jié),析之則三,合則為一。
通過設(shè)問,引滿腔悲切和哀怨的傾訴,全詩內(nèi)容多處相互照應(yīng),如:“租稅從何出?”又與前面的“千村萬落生荊杞”相呼應(yīng)。前后照應(yīng),層層推進(jìn),對社會現(xiàn)實(shí)的揭示越來越深刻。揭露了統(tǒng)治者的窮兵黷武加給人民的深重災(zāi)難。還用了夸張和頂針等修辭。
2、重墨鋪染,由點(diǎn)及面
文章前半部分為讀者描繪了兩副圖畫:悲愴震撼的出征圖、震人心弦的送別圖。給讀者視覺聽覺以強(qiáng)烈感受,淋漓盡致地表現(xiàn)出千萬家庭 因征戰(zhàn)而妻離子散的悲劇。
由點(diǎn)到面、由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)地勾畫出安史之亂前的一個(gè)歷史時(shí)期里社會的真實(shí)狀況。讀完這首詩,我們不僅可以看到整整一代人的深重苦難,而且能觸摸到詩人那顆同情人民的火熱的心。
3、前后呼應(yīng),層層遞進(jìn)。
前后呼應(yīng),例如第一段以“牽衣頓足攔道哭”寫戰(zhàn)士家屬,頗有生離死別之意,下面就用“邊庭流血成海水”“生男埋沒隨百草”來證明“行人”此去決難生還;又如第二段以“千村萬落生荊杞”“禾生隴畝無東西”寫農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)凋敝,第三段再說“縣官急索租,租稅從何出”也就顯得順理成章了。
層層遞進(jìn),這篇答話由“點(diǎn)行頻”三字領(lǐng)出,接著用“十五北防河”“四十西營田”為例加以證明,又以“武皇開邊意未已”說明頻繁征兵的原因,揭示了事情的本質(zhì),使意境加深一層。循此繼進(jìn),先以“君不聞”翻出一層新意,揭露“開邊”戰(zhàn)爭給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)造成極大危害,土地?zé)o人耕種,荊杞遍野;后說本地區(qū)人民無以為生而朝廷依舊催索租稅,意境又深。再順勢說到戰(zhàn)爭怎樣改變了傳統(tǒng)的社會心理,以半寬慰半哀嘆的方式將怨憤之情暫時(shí)隱藏起來。經(jīng)過如此層層蓄勢,最后更以“君不見”翻出又一層新意,描繪了古戰(zhàn)場的陰森景象,將滿腔的怨憤一齊宣泄出來,也表達(dá)了人民強(qiáng)烈的反戰(zhàn)愿望。
4、內(nèi)容深遠(yuǎn),發(fā)人深省。
三、陷賊和為官時(shí)期代表作
《春 望》
(唐)杜甫 國破山河在,城春草木深。感時(shí)花濺淚,恨別鳥驚心。烽火連三月,家書抵萬金。白頭搔更短,渾欲不勝簪。
公元755年爆發(fā)了安史之亂,第二年,詩人杜甫知道唐肅宗在靈武即位的消息后,不顧安危投奔唐肅宗而來,想要再有一番作為,結(jié)果被安祿山叛軍拘留在長安,但因官職卑微而未被囚禁。春天又來了,詩人登高遠(yuǎn)望,山河依舊然而國家卻四分五裂,人民流離失所,詩人目睹淪陷后的長安之簫條零落,身歷逆境思家情切,不免感慨萬端,寫下了這首感時(shí)恨別、憂國憂民的五言律詩《春望》。詩的一、二兩聯(lián),寫春城敗象,飽含感嘆;
三、四兩聯(lián)寫心念親人境況,充溢離情。
首聯(lián)“國破山河在,城春草木深”。意思是說,故國淪亡,空對著山河依舊,春光寂寞,荒城中草木叢深。“國破”二字既指國家政局的殘破、時(shí)代的苦難,又指國都長安景象的殘破不堪。“城春草木深”點(diǎn)題(破題),其中“春”字,是用春意盎然自然物景反襯當(dāng)時(shí)的長安殘敗景象,更其讓人悲涼。“深”不但指深春時(shí)節(jié)的草木很長,而且指使人看著這樣的景象,內(nèi)心深處的悲痛。這一聯(lián)表達(dá)了詩人對國破家亡的無限悲痛。
“感時(shí)花濺淚,恨別鳥驚心。”頷聯(lián)是說,感傷時(shí)局,見花開常常灑淚,悵恨別離,聞鳥鳴每每驚心。“感時(shí)”就是感嘆時(shí)事,即“國破”。“恨別”就是很家人的離散,自己被困住在長安。“花濺淚”、“鳥驚心”是詩人運(yùn)用了擬人的修辭方法,“花濺淚”意為花草有情,也因感時(shí)而流淚;“鳥驚心”意為春鳥有意,也因恨別而驚啼。兩句運(yùn)用移情的手法,說花草鳥兒也為國破、恨別而流淚驚心當(dāng)然,杜甫在這里,運(yùn)用擬人的修辭方法,形象表現(xiàn)了自己憂國傷亂、憂時(shí)思家的悲苦情感。頸聯(lián)“烽火連三月,家書抵萬金”。意思是看著這漫天烽火(代指戰(zhàn)爭),時(shí)間已經(jīng)三個(gè)月了(有的認(rèn)為這句是說戰(zhàn)火已經(jīng)打到了陽春三月),一封家書已經(jīng)勝過萬金的價(jià)值。這一聯(lián)中,“烽火”緊扣“感時(shí)”,“家書”緊扣“恨別”。“烽火連三月”表面戰(zhàn)事已經(jīng)三個(gè)月了,時(shí)間之長。“家書抵萬金”表明戰(zhàn)事把親人隔離開來,遠(yuǎn)在他鄉(xiāng)的親人沒有音訊,在他鄉(xiāng)的人擔(dān)心家中的親人,而在家里的親人也在擔(dān)心遠(yuǎn)在他鄉(xiāng)的親人。“家書”意味著思念與擔(dān)憂,這種真摯的情感是多么的珍貴,從而表明了詩人對親人安危的擔(dān)心,也表現(xiàn)出詩人憂國憂民的情懷。
尾聯(lián)“白頭搔更短,渾欲不勝簪”。意思是說,因憂國憂民而頭發(fā)都已經(jīng)白了,稍微搔弄一下,頭發(fā)就落了,現(xiàn)在頭發(fā)落得無法插上頭簪了。“白頭”指白發(fā)。杜甫寫作此詩時(shí),才四十多歲,正當(dāng)壯年,但因現(xiàn)實(shí)的**而愁得頭發(fā)白了,甚至于“渾欲不勝簪”了。“渾欲”是“簡直”的意思,從語氣的角度來說,具有強(qiáng)調(diào)的意味。用現(xiàn)在的話說,杜甫是未老先衰。從結(jié)尾兩句來說,形象地表現(xiàn)出了詩人杜甫面對著“國破”而極度憂傷,面對“恨別”而極度焦慮,內(nèi)心的愛國之情溢于言表。
這首詩在自然之美景與國家殘敗的對比中,表現(xiàn)出詩人面對國家的殘破和親人間的分離,內(nèi)心極度悲憤和凄涼。可以說,這是對亂世時(shí)代而產(chǎn)生的悲憤之感,是對親情骨肉的思念而產(chǎn)生的凄涼之情。全篇詩情景交融,感情深沉,而又含蓄凝練,言簡意多,充分體現(xiàn)了詩人“沉郁頓挫”的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。
藝術(shù)手法
(1)格律嚴(yán)整,對仗精巧。
“感時(shí)花濺淚,恨別鳥驚心。烽火連三月,家書抵萬金。”(2)沉著蘊(yùn)藉,自然深摯。(3)觸景傷懷,情景交融。
(4)沉郁頓挫(“沉郁”有深摯、沉雄、郁結(jié)、抑塞之意,主要指感情的力度和深度。頓挫有抑揚(yáng)曲折、句斷意連、波瀾起伏之意,主要指感情表達(dá)的層次、節(jié)奏。)沉郁:感情的深厚,沉郁,憂憤;所謂沉,就情感的深沉而言,所謂郁,就情感的濃郁而言。思想內(nèi)容的深廣博大,情感的深沉厚重。
頓挫:指寓意的停頓,轉(zhuǎn)折。結(jié)構(gòu)的曲折開闔和音律的抑揚(yáng)變化。
四、西南飄泊時(shí)期代表作
《登 高》
(唐)杜甫
風(fēng)急天高猿嘯哀,渚清沙白鳥飛回。無邊落木蕭蕭下,不盡長江滾滾來。萬里悲秋常作客,百年多病獨(dú)登臺。艱難苦恨繁霜鬢,潦倒新停濁酒杯。
這首詩作于唐代宗大歷二年(767)秋。當(dāng)時(shí)安史之亂已經(jīng)結(jié)束四年了,但地方軍閥又乘時(shí)而起,相互爭奪地盤。杜甫本入嚴(yán)武幕府,依托嚴(yán)武,可惜嚴(yán)武不久病逝,使他失去了依靠,只好離開經(jīng)營了五六年的成都草堂,買舟南下,本想直達(dá)夔門,卻因病魔纏身,在云安呆了幾個(gè)月后才到夔州。如不是當(dāng)?shù)囟级降恼疹櫍膊豢赡茉诖艘蛔【褪侨齻€(gè)年頭。而就在這三年里,他的生活依然很困苦,身體也非常不好。
前四句寫登高見聞。首聯(lián),詩人圍繞夔州的特定環(huán)境,用“風(fēng)急”二字帶動全聯(lián),一開頭就寫成了千古流傳的佳句。夔州向以猿多著稱,峽口更以風(fēng)大聞名。秋日天高氣爽,這里卻獵獵多風(fēng)。詩人登上高處,峽中不斷傳來“高猿長嘯”之聲,大有“空谷傳響,哀轉(zhuǎn)久絕”(《水經(jīng)注·江水》)的意味。詩人移動視線,由高處轉(zhuǎn)向江水洲渚,在水清沙白的背景上,點(diǎn)綴著迎風(fēng)飛翔、不住回旋的鳥群,真是一幅精美的畫圖。其中天、風(fēng),沙、渚,猿嘯。鳥飛,天造地設(shè),自然成對。不僅上下兩句對,而且還有句中自對,如上句“天”對“風(fēng)”;“高”對“急”;下句“沙”對“渚”,“白”對“清”,讀來富有節(jié)奏感。經(jīng)過詩人的藝術(shù)提煉,十四個(gè)字,字字精當(dāng),無一虛設(shè),用字遣辭,“盡謝斧鑿”,達(dá)到了奇妙難名的境界。
頷聯(lián)集中表現(xiàn)了夔州秋天的典型特征。詩人仰望茫無邊際、蕭蕭而下的木葉,俯視奔流不息、滾滾而來的江水,在寫景的同時(shí),便深沉地抒發(fā)了自己的情懷。“無邊”“不盡”,使“蕭蕭”‘滾滾”更加形象化,不僅使人聯(lián)想到落木窸索之聲,長江洶涌之狀,也無形中傳達(dá)出韶光易逝:壯志難酬的感愴。透過沉郁悲涼的對句,顯示出神入化之筆力,確有“建瓴走坂”、“百川東注”的磅礴氣勢。前人把它譽(yù)為“古今獨(dú)步”的“句中化境”,是有道理的。
前兩聯(lián)極力描寫秋景,直到頸聯(lián),才點(diǎn)出一個(gè)“秋”字。“獨(dú)登臺”,則表明詩人是在高處遠(yuǎn)眺,這就把眼前景和心中情緊密地聯(lián)系在一起了。“常作客”,指出了詩人飄泊無定的生涯。“百年”,本喻有限的人生,此處專指暮年。“悲秋”兩字寫得沉痛。秋天不一定可悲,只是詩人目睹蒼涼恢廓的秋景,不由想到自己淪落他鄉(xiāng)、年老多病的處境,故生出無限悲愁之緒。詩人把久客最易悲秋,多病獨(dú)愛登臺的感情,概括進(jìn)一聯(lián)“雄闊高渾,實(shí)大聲弘”的對句之中,使人深深地感到了他那沉重地跳動著的感情脈搏。此聯(lián)的“萬里”“百年”和上一聯(lián)的。“無邊”“不盡”,還有相互呼應(yīng)的作用:詩人的羈旅愁與孤獨(dú)感,就象落葉和江水一樣,推徘不盡,驅(qū)趕不絕,情與景交融相洽。詩到此已給作客思鄉(xiāng)的一般含意,添上久客孤獨(dú)的內(nèi)容,增人悲秋苦病的情思,加進(jìn)離鄉(xiāng)萬里、人在暮年的感嘆,詩意就更見深沉了。
藝術(shù)手法
(1)語言凝煉,聲調(diào)鏗鏘。
(2)氣韻流轉(zhuǎn),對仗工整。
(3)慷慨激越,高渾一氣。
(4)寓情于景,沉郁悲壯。
第四篇:七步詩賞析[推薦]
七步詩
賞析
鍋里煮著豆子,是想把豆子的殘?jiān)^濾出去,留下豆子汁來做成糊狀食物。豆莖在鍋下燃燒,豆子在鍋里哭泣。你我本來是同條根上生出來的,你又怎能這樣急迫地煎熬我呢?這首詩用同根而生的萁和豆來比喻同父共母的兄弟,用萁煎其豆來比喻同胞骨肉的哥哥殘害弟弟,表現(xiàn)了作者對兄弟相逼,骨肉相殘不滿與厭惡。
此詩純以比興的手法出之,語言淺顯,是寓意明暢,無庸多加闡釋,只須于個(gè)別詞句略加疏通,其意自明。詩人取譬之妙,用語之巧,而且在剎那間脫口而出,實(shí)在令人嘆為觀止。“本自同根生,相煎何太急”二語,千百年來已成為人們勸戒避免兄弟鬩墻、自相殘殺的普遍用語,說明此詩在人民中流傳極廣。
通過燃萁煮豆這一日常現(xiàn)象,抒發(fā)了曹植內(nèi)心的悲憤。表現(xiàn)了 封建統(tǒng)治集團(tuán)內(nèi)部的殘酷斗爭和詩人自身處境艱難,沉郁憤激的感情,也說明了曹丕的狠毒和狡猾,也說明了曹植的聰明和沉著。
第五篇:除夕詩賞析
除 夕 詩 話
(256600)山東濱州學(xué)院中文系 耿寶強(qiáng)
春節(jié)是我國最悠久、最隆重、最喜慶的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日,過春節(jié)俗稱過年。大年三十,人們習(xí)慣稱為除夕,即取舊歲至此而除,新年即將來臨之意。除夕之夜,送舊迎新,可謂“一夜連雙歲,五更分二年”。明代懶云上人《都門除夕》中的“半夜兩年夢”句,生動地道出了這一晚與往日夜間的不同之處。惜別過去的一年,期望美好的來年,如此復(fù)雜的情緒融匯在當(dāng)晚的活動之中。何況同處除夕,有人在家團(tuán)聚,有人在外漂泊,境遇不一,各有感受。這樣的時(shí)刻,自然容易觸及詩人的敏感心靈。因此,除夕之夜,正是詩人們最為酣暢淋漓的抒發(fā)情感的時(shí)刻。
一千四百多年前,梁朝徐君倩的《共內(nèi)人夜坐守歲》從多個(gè)側(cè)面反映了人們在除夕之夜歡樂待曉的情景,是我國流傳至今的最古老的守歲詩之一。他是這樣寫的:
歡多情未極,賞至莫停杯。酒中喜桃子,粽里覓楊梅。簾開風(fēng)入帳,燭盡炭成灰。勿疑鬢釵重,為待曉光摧。
農(nóng)歷過年,最高興的是孩子,而老年人的歡樂又往往通過兒孫輩的歡樂襯托出來。這種特殊環(huán)境中的特殊情調(diào),其中所反映的習(xí)俗、社會心理以及生活側(cè)面,不是一般日常生活或端午、中秋等節(jié)日里能夠接觸到的。看南宋范成大的《賣癡呆詞》:
除夕更闌人不睡,厭穰鈍滯迎新歲; 小兒呼叫走長街,云有癡呆召人買。二物于人誰獨(dú)無?就中吳儂仍有余; 巷南巷北賣不得,相逢大笑相揶榆。櫟翁塊坐垂簾下,獨(dú)要買添令問價(jià)。
兒云:“翁買不須錢,奉賒癡呆千百年!
“賣癡呆”本是江南地區(qū)逗引孩子的趣事,孩子卻認(rèn)真叫賣,稚情畢現(xiàn);而老人執(zhí)意獨(dú)買,買了還添,慈意動人。這欣歡之態(tài)反映出的天倫之樂,將節(jié)日夜間的別一種歡愉,躍于紙面,讀來引人入勝,使讀者也樂在其中。
在民間,除夕之夜,不講排場,毋需闊綽,家家都是喜氣融融,寓喧鬧戲謔于質(zhì)樸之中。明人沈宣,用較為俚俗的語言寫實(shí),填《蝶戀花》詞,相當(dāng)風(fēng)趣地寫出了一般人家除夕之夜所呈現(xiàn)的歡忙景象:
鑼鼓兒童聲聒耳,傍早關(guān)門,掛起新簾子。炮仗滿街驚耗 鬼,松柴燒在烏盆里。寫就神荼并郁壘,細(xì)馬送神,多著同興 紙。分歲酒闌扶醉起,闔門一夜齊歡喜。舊時(shí),大年三十,一般人家通常是敲年鑼鼓,放些爆竹,換上新的門簾窗簾,新貼春聯(lián)和門神等等。但這一晚的活動中心,卻是早早準(zhǔn)備了的一頓“年夜飯”。“分歲酒闌扶醉起,闔門一夜齊歡喜”,一年之末,酒闌人醉,全家大小高高興興度此佳節(jié)。
至于說皇宮之內(nèi)或一些富貴人家,除夕守歲也自然要比普通人家豪華得多。李世民曾以《守歲》為題寫有一詩:
暮景斜芳殿,年華麗綺宮。寒辭去冬雪,暖帶入春風(fēng)。階馥舒梅素,盤花卷燭紅。共歡新故歲,迎送一宵中。
杜甫的祖父杜審言也同樣寫有一首《守歲》詩,把那些達(dá)官貴人守歲時(shí)談笑風(fēng)生、酒綠燭紅的景象淋漓盡致地表現(xiàn)了出來:
季冬除夜接新年,帝子王孫捧御筵。宮闕星河低拂樹,殿廷燈燭上薰天。彈弦奏節(jié)梅風(fēng)入,對局探鉤柏酒傳。欲向正元歌萬壽,暫留歡賞寄春前。
除夕之吟,環(huán)境、遭遇不同,就會發(fā)出不同的詠吟。有一年,蘇東坡在岐下任職。除夕之夜,思念遠(yuǎn)方的兄弟,寫就《饋歲》、《別歲》和《守歲》三詩寄子由(蘇轍)。其中的《別歲》這樣說:
……
勿嗟舊歲別,行與新歲辭。去去勿回顧,還君老與衰。東鄰酒初熟,西舍彘已肥。且為一日歡,慰此窮年悲。
故人遠(yuǎn)行,還要依依惜別、遲遲難行,何況人生別離一歲呢?可怕的是,人之遠(yuǎn)行尚可歸來,而歲行的流逝卻不能追回了。它已經(jīng)追逐著東流之水,流到大海之中,永無歸時(shí)。??哎!不要嗟嘆舊歲之別吧!因?yàn)槲覀兒芸炀陀忠c新歲辭別。不悲哀嗟嘆舊歲的流逝,又應(yīng)該怎樣對待這流光電閃一般飛逝的生命呢?蘇軾的回答是在歡樂中享受生命,享受時(shí)光。你看,東鄰酒熟,西舍肉肥,何不舉杯暢飲,來慰藉那對于時(shí)光流逝的悲嘆呢?這是一首生命之歌,顯示了東坡初入仕途的困惑和對于人生終極意義的拷問,流溢著對于流光易逝的傷感和對于生命短暫的困惑。
杜甫命途多舛,一生坷坎。有一年的除夕,他在別人家里守歲,很不遂 心,寫了一首《在杜位宅守歲》:
守歲阿戎家,椒盤已頌花。盍簪喧櫪馬,烈炬散林鴉。四十明朝過,飛騰暮景斜。誰能更構(gòu)束,爛醉是生涯。
阿戎家的除夕,相當(dāng)熱鬧,排場確也不小。列炬光亮如隔白晝,竟然連棲宿在樹林中的烏鴉都被燈光趕跑了。但杜甫卻沒有感到什么樂趣。他見到上門道賀的賓客,對著主人點(diǎn)頭哈腰,實(shí)在看不慣;自己卻偏偏又在阿戎家里湊這份熱鬧。跟看“四十明朝過,飛騰暮景斜”,可是,目前這般處境,到那兒去找較好的出路?
與蘇杜的傷感不同,唐太宗李世民的別一首《守歲》,雍容自若,別具一格:
歲陰窮幕紀(jì),獻(xiàn)節(jié)啟新芳。各盡今宵促,年開明日長。冰消出鏡永,梅散入風(fēng)香。對此歡終宴,傾壺待曙光。
太平年間,君王無所杞憂,除夕之夜,萬民同慶,自然暢樂齊歡。因此,李世民非常客觀地指出年復(fù)年年是自然規(guī)律,毋需說短論長,倒是應(yīng)該趁歲末之夕,“傾壺待曙光”,將它作為一種特殊的享受。全詩平和自若,意境自然,成了除夕之夜人們喜詠詩篇。
除夕之夜,身在異鄉(xiāng),思念尤為深切。邊塞詩人高適的《除夜作》將深深的思念之情抒發(fā)得婉曲含蓄:
旅館寒燈獨(dú)不眠,客心何事轉(zhuǎn)凄然? 故鄉(xiāng)今夜思千里,霜鬢明朝又一年。
孤燈獨(dú)守,自問自答,恐怕只有身在其境才會如此體驗(yàn)。“故鄉(xiāng)今夜思千里”,這是一語雙關(guān),故鄉(xiāng)的親人今晚一定在思念千里之外的“我”,“我”在千里之外今夜格外思念故鄉(xiāng)的親人。
耽于旅舍,心緒更為復(fù)雜。看唐朝戴幼公的《除夕宿石頭驛》吧:
旅館誰相問?寒燈猶可親。一年將盡夜,萬里未歸人。寥落悲前事,支離笑此身。愁顏與衰鬢,明朝又逢春。
詩人自問自答,自憐自嘲,將萬里未歸人的寥落、凄清抒發(fā)得淋漓盡致。戴幼公曾被誣陷,受過冤屈,卻依舊要在宦海中沉浮,年年都要以衰鬢愁顏迎來又一個(gè)春天。一個(gè)“笑”字,展現(xiàn)了說不盡的凄苦與無奈。清朝的黃景仁,家境貧困,一生潦倒,35歲英年早逝。他的《癸巳除夕偶成》(二首)很有名。癸巳,即乾隆三十八年(1773),詩人二十五歲。這一年歲末,他從安徽歸家。除夕之夜,瞻前顧后,不覺憂從中來:
千家笑語漏遲遲,憂患潛從物外知。悄立市橋人不識,一星如月看多時(shí)。
千家笑語,歡敘團(tuán)圓,自己卻“悄立市橋”看星星,仕途困難、生活窘迫的情狀,孤寂憂愁、茫然無從的心境蘊(yùn)涵其中。
除夕詩中,還有一些是軫念邦國之作。1279年,南宋小朝廷滅亡。前一年,文天祥兵敗被俘,被送到元大都。1281年(至元十八年),時(shí)值辛巳,文天祥在獄中過除夕并作除夕詩。他的辛巳《除夜》詩,正氣凜然:
乾坤空落落,歲月去堂堂。末路驚風(fēng)雨,窮邊飽雪霜。命隨年欲盡,身與世俱忘。無復(fù)屠蘇夢,挑燈夜未央。
國破家亡,身陷囹固,生殺大權(quán)操在人家手中,卻置之度外,絲毫沒有畏懼。“命隨年欲盡,身與世俱忘”,這是他對元人威迫利誘的回答。透過悲愴低沉的詩句,我們可以感覺出一種因復(fù)國殺敵愿望不能實(shí)現(xiàn)而產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)烈遺憾,表現(xiàn)了詩人憂國憂民的高尚品質(zhì)。
1234年,金朝滅亡。當(dāng)年除夕,兩朝詩冠元好問寓居山東聊城至覺寺,痛感國破無望,報(bào)國無期,作《甲午除夕》曰:
暗中人事勿推遷,坐守寒灰望復(fù)燃。已恨大官余曲餅,爭教漢水入膠船。神功圣德三千牘,大定明昌五十年。甲子兩周今日盡,空將衰淚灑吳天。
金朝在北方的統(tǒng)治,前后約120年,恰好“甲子兩周”。元好問一邊感嘆太祖太宗的神功圣德歷數(shù)不盡和世宗章宗的50年盛世,一邊又恨近世朝廷的昏庸腐敗,斷送了國家,如今痛哭流涕也沒有一點(diǎn)用處了。
流光代謝歲應(yīng)除,天亦無心判莞枯。裂碎肝腸憐爆竹,借棲門戶笑桃符。新幡彩勝如爭奮,晚節(jié)冰柯也不孤。正是中原薪膽日,誰能高枕醉屠蘇。
這是林則徐被道光皇帝下令流放到新疆伊犁后,于1842年除夕晚上寫的四首詩中的一首。詩作沒有過多抒發(fā)個(gè)人愁怨,而是思考如何發(fā)憤以雪國恥,充分反映了一個(gè)愛國者對祖國命運(yùn)的深切憂慮。