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1980-2015歷年考研英語一翻譯5篇

時間:2019-05-14 23:35:13下載本文作者:會員上傳
簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關的《1980-2015歷年考研英語一翻譯》,但愿對你工作學習有幫助,當然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《1980-2015歷年考研英語一翻譯》。

第一篇:1980-2015歷年考研英語一翻譯

1980(1)阿伯特·愛因斯坦的一生在許多方面,無論是對自然科學家,還是政治科學家,都是一個范例。

首先,他總是運用從事實中尋求真理的地。正如他所說的,他堅信“關于宇宙沒有東西是不可知的,”并經過艱苦的勞動,了許多在他那個時代被認為是“不可知”的種種現象。而且,當事實證明他的理論是錯誤的時候,愛因斯坦也從不害怕承認錯誤。

其次,愛因斯坦的貢獻說明理論工作對科學成就的巨大的重要性。雖然他自己很少在實驗室工作,他所發展的各種概念使科學取得了許多進展,從而形成了現代技術。

第三,愛因斯坦深信科學家必須具有道德和社會意識。這樣,他鼓舞了整個一代的科學家,使他們積極參加共產主義運動。

愛因斯坦在資產階級的筆下被描繪為一個“天才”,他的理論是如此地難于理解,以致只有少數最杰出的科學家才能懂得。但是,他本人不同意別人把他高置于他人之上的那些做法。他的謙遜態度是眾所周知的,他常常對來訪者強調說,如果沒有他的話,別人也肯定能夠取得他那樣的成就。

事實上,愛因斯坦的相對論以及他的其他科學論著稍加研究是不難懂得的。但是除了學習愛因斯坦的理論外,他對于利用科學作為一種工具來解放人類的總的態度是每個人能夠學習的,而且也是應該學習的。

(2)從現在到本世紀末,將有許多令人興奮的發展,同樣也有許多困難的問題,需要加以處理。也許最為迫切的問題是提供足夠的糧食。到2000年世界人口預期將達到70億,但是科學家們已經培育出各種小麥、稻谷和牲畜的優良品種。他們還在實驗只用化合物和水的混合劑來培植作物的技術,到那里就可不需一般的土壤了。世界將面對著的另一問題是處理廢物。有一個解決辦法就是在焚化爐中用高溫的廢物燒掉。這種方法的一個新發展,可能在將來證明極為有用,即是以這些焚火爐來產生蒸汽動力。事實是,任何新的能源都將是非常受歡迎的,因為石油已感不足。要解決能源問題,科學家們也許會高潮更多地利用太陽能。

諸如激光學和低溫學,某些科學領域的可能作用是難以想象的,它們兩者已經有若干用途。低溫學的過冷作用將液態氦及某些氣體變成“超流體”,將某些金屬變成“超導體”,使它們沒有電阻,從而可以在好些方面改變世界面貌。激光,以它強烈的光束,可在金剛石上鉆孔,也可以很好地加以控制來進行難做的眼科手術。問題是它將被大量用于和平的目的呢,還是用途致使的武器。

但最驚人的發展也許將出現在宇宙飛行方面。過去的困難之一在于代價太高。但現在航天飛機正在發展,這種航天飛機可以使用多次而不是僅僅一次而已。人類已經到過月球。也許到本世紀末人類對金星或火星等將有一個精細的觀察。

1981(1)聯合王國是一個君主政體的國家。它是英聯邦內獨立的國家之一(女王被承認是英聯邦的首腦),也是歐洲共同體的成員國。

聯合王國的起源和傳統可從組成它的四個部分——英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭——的各個部分找到。英格蘭在一千年前統一為一個王國,威爾士則于中世紀時成為這王國的一個組成部分。一六〇三年,英格蘭與蘇格蘭的王位合而為一;一七〇七年兩國通過立法,規定設立一個單一的、在英格蘭和威爾士以及在蘇格蘭均享有最高權力的大不列顛國會。愛爾蘭與英格蘭王國自十三世紀起已有聯系;一八〇〇年由于愛爾蘭國會并入大不列顛國會,聯合王國的創建便告完成。一九二二年,南愛爾蘭(現在的愛爾蘭共和國)成為一個自主的國家。北愛爾蘭的六個郡已于一九二〇年被授權成立自己的、在聯合王國國會之下的議會,并投票表決留在聯合王國內。

在倫敦威斯敏斯特的聯合王國國會——它有一個選舉出來的、由英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭各地選區所產生的議員組成的議院——因此代表具有十分不同的背景和傳統的人民。它具有最高的政府權力和立法權,但在行政管理方面已作出了安排以照顧不同地區的特殊需要。

英格蘭和威爾士以及蘇格蘭兩者各有不同的法律制度,不同的法院系統,不同的教育制度,不同的地方政府制度,并且設有不同的政府部門來處理大部分的內部事務。

(2)隨著更多的人住得更近,隨著他們使用各種機器而獲得閑暇,他們發現他們的空暇,甚至他們的工作時間都受到他們機器的一個副產品——即噪音——的嚴重影響。現在新聞報導中經常談論噪音;它已取得了政治地位,公眾輿論也越來越堅持要求采取一定措施來對付噪音。

要控制噪音就得要求很大程度的自我約束(使人煩惱的事常常是由于缺乏普通的禮貌引起的),一種均衡感(如果要制止噪音,通常會引起利害沖突),化錢(早化錢比晚化錢經濟得多),最后還有技術知識。

技術往往是由于問題的主客觀性質引起的。你可以根據速度計上指針所指的讀數來確定一輛汽車的超速。可是,你能用同樣的方法來確定超量的噪音嗎?你會發現,被認為噪音相同的車輛,在任何現有的簡單“噪音計”上顯示的讀數可能大不相同。

雖然消除噪音的最理想方法是產生的根源處消滅它,但在很多情況下,這也許是不可能的。其次的補救辦法是將混音在它到達耳朵的過程中吸收掉。家里的噪音或許可能通過事先的考慮與謙讓加以控制,工業噪音則可能通過良好的規劃與技術的改進加以控制。但是,如果我們允許高速摩托車與重型內燃機卡車經常不斷地通過住宅區與商業區,那么這些地區的全體居民就必須決定他們需要實行的控制措施,因為從長遠的觀點來看,他們必須為些付出代價。如果一個國家要有現代化的空中運輸,它必須參加國際噪音控制措施協定,這些措施它必須責成它的機場予以執行——而在這個問題上,任何真正控制措施的費用要以百萬美元來計算。

(3)大約在三百五十年前,伽利略制造了臺望遠鏡,并用它來觀察太陽。他所看到的景象使他感到既吃驚又害怕,因為他看到太陽上有一些黑點,這使他立刻聯想到上帝創造的世界并不像他以前所相信的那么完美。他猶豫不決,不敢把他的發現公布于世。與此同時,其他的科學家也注意到太陽的這個缺陷,并宣布了這個事實。

但是,伽利略繼續進行觀測,不久,他的努力獲得了另一發現。他把注意力集中在一群太陽黑子上,他發現,在幾天內,這群黑子的位置起了變化,宛如太陽本身在轉動。后來,他發現有一群黑子在太陽西部的邊緣上停留了一段時間才消失,然后在太陽的東部邊緣上最后回復原位。此種現象導致他得出這樣的結論:太陽本身在旋轉,旋轉一周約需二十五到二十七天。直,我們從伽利略所畫的太陽黑子圖中知道,在一六一一和一六一二年他觀察太陽期間,一定曾出現過大量的太陽黑子。如果在隨后的幾年中,他繼續把這些太陽黑子描畫下來,我們相信,他大概一定會發現太陽黑子正在變得愈來愈少和愈來愈小。可是,那時候,他卻對其他事物發生的興趣,因此,他看不到在太陽黑子的活動中存在著一種長期的周期,隨著歲月的消逝,太陽黑子會時多時少。后來,發現太陽黑子活動周期的是人是科學史上最有耐心的觀察者之一——德國化學家查爾斯·許偉勃。

1982(1)不吸煙者的權利問題,正在一個又一個國家里開始議論。至今多數國家很少或還沒有采取措施,有三十個左右的國家已經采取法律程序控制吸煙。另一些國家則已制訂旨在為不吸煙者凈化空氣或消減紙煙消費量的多種法律。

在某些發達國家中。紙煙的消費量已漸趨穩定。然而在許多發展中國家里,吸煙卻被視為經濟發展的一種標志——甚至受到鼓勵。隨著更多的煙草公司走上國際化的道路,它們在這些國家中尋找新的市場,爭取更多的吸煙者。例如美國煙草工業就力圖在中東和北非推銷香煙——在這些地區,美國煙草出口量在1974年增加了百分之二十七以上。

吸煙對人民健康有害。世界各國政府應該開展認真的反對吸煙運動。限制香煙廣告,每包香煙上加印有害健康的警告,以及禁止在諸如影劇院和餐館等某些公共場所吸煙,這些都是許多國家用以支持不吸煙者和控制吸煙最常用的辦法。同時,人們也正把注意力集中在另一項措施上。這項措施將使吸煙者越來越意識到自己的不良習慣并為此感到不安。應該作出巨大努力告訴青年人抽煙的危害性,特別是養成抽煙習慣的可怕后果。而且香煙價格應予提高。

從長遠觀點看,毫無疑問,如果能完全禁止吸煙,那么每個人的境況將得到很大的改善。但對于采取這種極端措施,人們尚無準備。

(2)核能對健康、安全甚至對生命本身構成的危險可以用一個詞來概括:輻射。

核輻射這種現象多少有點神秘,其部分原因是人類的官能無法覺察到它的存在。盡管我們周圍可能都是輻射線,可是我們看不風它,聽不到它,摸不著它,也辨別不出它的味道。還有一些和它相類似的東西。例如,我們四周到處都是無線電波,但如果沒有無線電接收器,我們就不能探測到或感覺到它的存在。同樣,如果不用輻射探測器,我們也不能感覺到放射現象。但核輻射不同于普通的無線電波,它對人類以及其他生物不是無害的。

能級非常高的輻射線能摧毀重要器官里的大量細胞從而把動物或人立即殺死。即使是最低能級的輻射線也能造成嚴重的損害。不存在任何絕對安全的輻射能級。如果輻射線沒有擊中任何重要的東西,造成的損害可能不太大。當輻射線只擊中少數細胞并且立即摧毀它們的時候,情況就是這樣。你的身體能以健康的細胞代替死亡的細胞。但如果這些少數的細胞只受到損壞,而這些細胞又自行繁殖,那你就會遇到麻煩。它們進行畸形繁殖。它們有可能演變成癌,這種情況有時在許多年之后才能顯示出來。

這是核輻射現象帶有某些神秘色彩的另一個原因。它可能在損害已經發生而受害者意識不到的情況下造成嚴重損害。一個人在受到照射時可能感覺良好,結果在五年、十年或二十年后死于癌癥。或者小孩一生下來就體弱或易于感染嚴重的疾病,原因是他的祖父母曾吸收過輻射線。

輻射線能傷害我們。我們應該知道真相。

1983(1)讓我們假設你處在家長的地位。你會允許你的孩子們隨便讀他們想讀的書而不首先查一下內容嗎?你會隨便帶你的孩子去看電影而不首先搞清楚這部片子對他們是否合適嗎?假如你對這些問題的回答是“是”的話,那你簡直就是不負責任。如果你回答“否”,那你就是在運用你家長的權利來保護你的孩子,使他們免受你認為不良的影響。換句話話,你在作為檢查者時已經認定實行審查很有必要。

當然,你會說審查對兒童而言是一回事,但對成人卻是另一回事。兒童需要保護,提供這種保護是父母的責任。但是成年人又如何呢?難道他們還不夠成熟以判斷哪些東西對他們有益嗎?回答是許多成年人是能做到的。不過千萬別誤認為所有的成年人都象你自己一樣。審查是為了整個社會的利益。它象法律一樣維護公眾利益。

有些人認為審查員干涉文藝作品是不光彩的事。可是我們要牢記送到審查員面前的大量書刊、戲劇和電影遠非“杰作”。

當審查法放寬時,招搖撞騙之徒就會有機可乘在“藝術”的幌子下什么樣的東西都會炮制出來。審查工作的大事之一就是防止某些人靠腐蝕別人的思想以謀取厚利。主張絕對自由就是主張無政府狀態。如果社會得到正確審查制度的保護一定會變得更好。

(2)太陽既然有足夠的能量使整個地球變得溫暖和明亮,它必定也有足夠的能量做出其他的事。我們是否能利用太陽豐富的能源來發電,或至少是用它來做電力或別種動力通常要做的事?回答是肯定的。

例如,多年來人們一直在利用反射太陽光的熱量來燒煮食物。太陽爐是用幾面曲面鏡反射陽光并將其熱量聚焦于炊具上制成的。這種裝置可以象煤氣爐或電爐一樣使用;制造成本雖然較高,但它不需用燃料,因而使用就不必花錢。太陽能的另一個可能性是取暖。

我們用得最多的能的形式是電。而且用量與日俱增。但是電也需要生產,要生產電就需要大量燃料,如石油、煤、可燃氣,現在甚至用鈾作燃料。今天人人都擔心的問題是:這些燃料能維持多久?誰也無法確知,但是大多數專家認為不需太久就難以靠這些來源提供充足的電力了。太陽倒有可能在這方面作出一定的貢獻。

太陽能已被用來提供極高的溫度。在法國南部已經建造了一座太陽爐,供熱可高達攝氏3000度以上。這座太陽爐目前只用于實驗工作,但是有可能給發電站提供蒸汽。

所以在不久的將來,我們有可能依靠太陽爐和太陽能發電站來提供我們對電力的需要。或許家家戶戶都將用太陽能來提供照明和加熱用的電力。

1984(1)81.電在我們的日常生活中所占的地位是這樣的重要,而且現在人們還認為有電是完全理所當然的事,所以我們在開電燈或開收音機時就很少會再去想一想電是怎么來的。

82.即使在我們關掉了床頭燈深深地進入睡鄉時,電也在為我們工作,它幫我們開動冰箱,幫我們燒水或使我們房間里的空調機保持運轉。83.在車輛出毛病之前,我們就不會去費腦筋想一下它們為什么會開動或怎樣開動。

84.電梯停了,因此即使你幸而沒有被困在兩個樓層的中間,你也得去完成一項不愉快的任務:即摸黑往下走幾百級樓梯。

85.盡管警察都已接到命令,要作好準備以應付緊急情況,但人們還是不敢出門,因為警察也同其它任何人一樣感到不知所措和無能為力。86.人們焦急不安、驚惶失措地坐在黑暗中,好象有一名來自火星的看不見的敵人已登上了地球。

87.停電期間所發生的事件中有過這樣一件怪事:大約有五十名盲人給許多有視力的職工帶路,把他們送回家。

88.當電燈再亮時,城里的人在撳電燈開關之前,幾乎沒有一個人不仔細想一想,他隨時都能有一個多么能干的個人來為他服務啊。

(2)89.換言之,礦物就是存在于地球上的而且必須經過挖掘、鉆孔、人工爆炸或類似作業才能獲得的物質。90.煤和油是植物和動物的殘體。原礦石和原油必須加以精煉才能使用。

91.人類文明的各個時期通常是根據從們在各個時期所主要使用的物質名稱而命名的,例如石器時代、鐵器時代,等等。92.使用原料的能力大小取決于各種因素,例如,獲取原料的手段、開采方法和加工技術。93.提煉原礦石的廠房設備通常不是設在開采原礦石的國家而是設在其他國家。

94.直到六十年前人們才發現一種開采鋁礦石的方法,從而有可能從中得出一種成本低廉、大規模提煉的煉鋁法。95.在過去的幾十年間,人們對待礦物的態度是:仿佛他們可以永遠不斷地得到礦物供應。

96.可是現在他們認識到,其中有些礦物的蘊藏是很有限的,他們甚至還是可較合理地估計出這些礦石“可望存在多少年”,也就是說,經過多少時間之后,這些礦物的全部書籍礦源和蘊藏量將被耗盡。

1985(1)

66.譬如,對于一個四口之家,舒舒服服地坐在家里收看電視,就能看到幾乎是數不清的娛樂節目,這比到外面別的地方去消遣便宜得多,方便的多。67.他們不必花錢去戲院、電影院,或歌劇院買價錢很高的戲票,結果他們也許還會發現所演出的節目很令人失望。

68.他們所要做的只是按一下電鈕,就能看到各種戲劇、電影、歌劇和各式各樣的演出,更不用說各種政治辯論和最近舉行的激動人心的足球賽。69.可是,有些人則堅持認為這恰恰是危險的所在。

70.看電視的人是完全被動的,他可以毫不費力就能看到所播放的每一個節目。

71.人們常說,電視能使一個人對時事了如指掌,隨時了解科學和政治方面的最新發展。同時還能源源不斷地為觀眾提供各種既有教育意義又帶有娛樂性的節目。72.可能會有人提出無線電廣播也同樣能做到這一點;但在電視屏幕上,每個節目都顯得更加生動,更加真實。73.電視對社會的價值取決于我們怎樣去利用它。

(2)74.在辦公室里,人們將各種數據、表格和資料(信息)加以匯編以便讓經理們或企業的主管人員了解他們的商店或工廠目前正在發生的情況。75.職員們的一部分任務就是手機這種資料(信息)將它分類并制成這樣一份表格,這份表格要能是這種資料(信息)易于解釋,易于理解。76.分類工作始終需要將同樣的資料加以整理,往往是將它們列成表格或專欄。

77.對于這種工作來說,像所有的辦公室工作一樣,正確性、準確性和速度是必不可少的。

78.對資料(信息)和報表所做的解釋,應能給我們顯示出成敗之所在哪里可以有盈利以及哪里出現了虧損。79.根據這種資料(信息)和那些已知的數據,就能作出一種選擇,而一系列這樣的選擇就能形成一項決策。80.很顯然,形成決策的那個決定的好壞,只能取決于它所依據的資料(信息)的好壞。

81.經理們必定需要在掌握一切必要的情況之后才能作出最佳的決定。對他們來說,要求得到越來越多的資料(信息)是很正常的。

1986 71.如果想一想那些為學生設置的門類繁多的課程,我們就不難發現,對一個學生來說,要選一門符合他的興趣和能力的課程是多么困難。72.如果一個學生進大學是為了想獲得一個對生活前景更廣泛的認識,為了擴大思想境界和學會獨立思考,那么毫無疑問,進大學對他是有好處的。73.學校由于受課程表和紀律的約束,氣氛往往令人感到過于拘束,使學生沒有充分時間對規定要他做的事情有獨立的見解。

74.我認為大多數學生,尤其是那些沒有偏重某一門課程的“全面發展的學生”,經過一年左右的時間對各門不同學科的鉆研,將會從中獲益。75.當然,關于一個人如何最充分地利用上大學的時間,還有另外一個方面。76.某一學科中出類拔萃的學生就屬于這種情況。

77.他一畢業馬上就被一所他自己選中的大學所接受,再花三、四年時間,以優異的成績取得榮譽學位,成為一名專家,但對外界的一切卻幾乎一無所知。78.因此,如果要學生好好利用他們上大學的機會,就應該為他們提供大量關于課程方面更為詳盡的信息和更多的指點。這個問題顯得越來越重要了。

1987 71.對我們來說,生活要是沒有廣大的城市地區似乎是不可想象的,但實際上城市還是比較按期才發展起來的。(2分)72.從歷史上看,城市生活始終是文明的一個組成部分。(2分)73.如果沒有城市的支持,簡直難以想象會有大學,醫院,大企業,甚至連科學技術也不會有。(3分)74.可是,近幾年來人們開始意識到城市也是問題成堆的地方。(2分)75.但是,一個最主要的分歧意見是,像目前這樣的城市是否還要保存下去。(3分)76.同時也有人反對說,文化方面的進步,始終是以城市為中心而向外輻射的。(3分)77.誠然,一個宏偉的重建計劃也許能為許多需要工作的人提供就業機會。(2分)78.遺憾的是,過去我們在總目標方面意見是一致的,但涉及到各個具體目標時,意見就不一致,因而也就根本沒有什么行動。(3分)

1988 61.他顯然,他是個對自己的儀表感到相當自豪的人。

62.正像卡車司機和建筑工人再沒必要都是男的一樣,秘書和接待員再也不一定都是女的。

63.這些變化正影響著長期存在的傳統觀念中關于男女各可以干哪幾類工作的看法,但這對于進入原先以婦女為主的那些的男人來說,無疑也帶來一些問題。64.我還沒聽說過有任何使我感到滿意的確切答案。

65.他回憶說:“我覺得那種工作十分有趣,當我退役時,對我來說,去干某種醫務工作,似乎是極其自然的。”

66.換句話說,男人干起了“女人干的”工作,其動機是同任何找工作干的人一樣,既出于個人的興趣,也出于經濟上需要的考慮。67.選定這一類工作是會惹人笑話的。

68.我們是否能預見到這么一天:那時當秘書的男女各占一半或有人提到某個男人當護士時,人們不會再感到吃驚?

1989 61.她吃力地伏在顯微鏡上干活,手焊體積很小的電子計算機,每小時能焊好18個。

62.一家工廠的跟蹤調查表明,被解雇的工人中一年后只有38%的人找到了與原工資相等或優于原工資的工作。

63.它(新技術的采用導致失業上升)一開始被全球性的經濟衰退所引起的失業所掩蓋,但到20世紀末,新技術所引起的失業問題可能會構成對社會經濟的巨大挑戰。

64.被一臺機器搶走你的工作是很傷自尊心的,可又沒法還擊,但真正傷我心的是要費很大的勁去尋找新的工作。65.老工人由于處于技術掌握得很有限的困境,往往不能重新獲得其原有的地位和就業機會。66.要付出的社會代價遠遠超過政府在福利與失業救濟方面的開支。

67.未來學家海曼·西摩說,新技術所具有的驚人效率意味著所需要的勞力將出現一個絕對的和直接的凈減數。

68.為失業工人提供的由聯邦政府幫助的培訓計劃和免費重返學校學習的計劃目前都在實施中,但專家中幾乎沒有認為這些計劃能跟得上新技術的發展步伐。

1990 61.他們想要說明,為什么我們具有某些性格特征和表現出某些行為。

62.在這場爭論中,贊成“天性”一方的那些人認為,我們的性格特征和行為模式大多是由生物因素所決定的。63.這種理論的核心是,我們的環境同我們的才能、性格特征和行為即使有什么關系的話,也是微不足道的。64.行為主義者堅信,人象機器一樣,對環境的刺激作出反應,這是他們行為的基礎。65.支持“天性”論的人堅持說,我們生來就具有一定的學習才能,這是由生物因素決定的。

66.行為主義者的看法是,如果一個兒童在有許多刺激物的環境里成長,而這些刺激物能夠發展其作出適當反應的能力,那么,這個兒童將會有更高的智力發展。67.在美國,黑人在標準化智力測試中的成績常常低于白人。

68.相反,行為主義者認為,成績的差異是由于黑人往往被剝奪了白人在教育及其它環境方面所享有的許多有利條件。

1991 71.石油供應可能會隨時中斷;不管怎樣,以目前這種消費速度,只需30年左右,所有的油井都會枯竭。72.必須找到新的能源,這需要時間;而過去我們感覺到的那種能源價廉而充足的情況將不可能再出現了。73.食品供應的增加將趕不上人口的增長,這就意味著我們在糧食的生產和購銷方面正陷入危機。

74.這種困境將是確定無疑的,因為能源的匱乏使農業無法以高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式繼續下去了,而這種耕種方式使投入少數農民就可獲得高產成為可能。75.除非人類終于意識到要把人口減少到這樣的程度:使地球能為所有人提供足夠的飲食,否則人們將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。

1992 71.人們對智力這個詞所指的不同表現意見比較一致,而對這些表現如何解釋或分類則有不同的看法。72.批評智力測試不反映上述情況,猶如批評溫度計不能測風速一樣。

73.既然對智力的評估是比較而言的,那么我們必須確保,在對我們的對象進行比較時,我們所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。74.如果要從智力方面進行任何比較的話,那么對所有被比較者來說,前兩個因素必須是一樣的。

75.總的來說,得出這種結論是有一定程度把握的,但是必須具備兩個條件:能夠假定這個孩子對測試的態度和與他比較的另一個孩子的態度相同;他也沒有因為缺乏別的孩子所具有的有關知識而受影響。

1993 71.科學研究的方法不過是人類思維活動的必要表達方式,也就是對一切現象進行思索并給以精確而嚴謹解釋的表達方式。

72.這并不是說面包師或賣肉者所用的磅秤和化學家所用的天平在構造原理或工作方式上存在差別,而是說與前者相比,后者是一種更精密得多的裝置,因而在計量上必然更準確得多。

73.你們都多次聽說過,科學家是用歸納法和演繹法工作的,他們用這些方法,在某種意義上說,力求從自然界找出某些自然規律,然后他們根據這些規律,用自己的某種非同一般的本領,建立起他們的理論。

74.許多人以為,普通人的思維活動根本無法與科學家的思維過程相比,認為這些思維過程必須經過某種專門訓練才能掌握。

75.在座的諸位中,大概不會有人一整天都沒有機會進行一連串復雜的思考活動,這些思考活動與科學家在探索自然現象原因時所經歷的思考活動,盡管復雜程度不同,但在類型上是完全一樣的。

1994 71.他們(新學派科學家們)說,科學的發展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼識,不如說源于改進了的技術和工具等等更為普通的東西。

72.新學派的一位領袖人物堅持說:“簡而言之,我們所稱謂的科學革命,主要是指一系列器具的改進、發明和使用,這些改進、發明和使用使科學發展的范圍無所不及。”

73.工具和技術本身作為根本性創新的源泉多年來在很大程度上被科學史學家和科學思想家們忽視了。

74.伽里略的最光輝的業績在于他在1609年第一個把新發明的望遠鏡對準天空,以證實行星是圍繞太陽旋轉,而不是圍繞地球。75.政府究竟是以減少對技術的經費投入來增加對純理論科學的經費投入,還是相反,這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅動的力量。

1995 71.把標準化測試作為抨擊目標是錯誤的,因為在抨擊這類測試時,批評者不考慮其弊病來自人們對測試不甚了解或使用不當。72.這些預測在多大程度上為后來的表現所證實,這取決于所采用信息的數量、可靠性和適宜性,以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

73.因此,在某一特定情況下,究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息,或是兩者同時使用,須憑有關相對效度的經驗依據而定,也取決于諸如費用和有無來源等因素。

74.一般地說,當所要測定的特征能很精確地界定時,測試最為有效;而當所要測定或預測的東西不能明確地界定時,測試的效果則最差。75.例如,測試并不彌補明顯的社會不公;因此,它們不能說明一個物質條件差的年輕人,如果在較好的環境下成長的話,會有多大才干。

1996 71.在這些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求;另一些則是由于科學在一定程度上自我加速而產生某些特定發展的必然結果。72.這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰期間,當時一些國家的政府得出結論:政府要向科研機構提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預見的。73.給某些與當前目標無關但將來可能產生影響的科研以支持,看來通常能有效地解決這個問題。74.然而,世界就是如此,完美的體系一般而言是無法解決世上某些更加引人入勝的課題的。75.同過去一樣,將來必然會出現新的思維方式和新的思維對象,給完美以新的標準。

1997 71.事實并非如此, 因為這種問法是以人們對人的權利有共同認識為基礎的, 而這種共同認識并不存在。72.有些哲學家論證說, 權利只存在在于社會契約中, 是責任與權益相交換的一部分。

73.這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端, 它使人們認為應這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關切體諒, 要么完全冷漠無情。74.這類人持極端看法, 認為人與動物在各相關方面都不相同, 對待動物無須考慮道德問題。

75.這種反應并不錯, 這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用, 這種本能應得到鼓勵, 而不應遭到嘲弄。

1998 71.更為重要的是,這是科學家們所能觀測到的最遙遠的過去的景象,因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結構。72.巨大的宇宙云的存在,實際上是使二十年代首創的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導地位所不可缺少的。73.天體物理學家使用南極陸基探測器及球載儀器,正越來越近地觀測這些云系,也許不久會報告他們的觀測結果。

74.假如那些小熱點看上去同預計的一致,那就意味著又一科學論說的勝利,這種論說即更完美的大爆炸論,亦稱宇宙膨脹說。

75.宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理學中一些公認的理論在科學上看來可信的推論。許多天體物理學家七、八年來一直認為這一論說是正確的。

1999 71.幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定,但現代史學家的實踐最趨向于認為歷史學是試圖重現過去的重大史實并對其做出解釋。72.人們之所以關注歷史研究的方法論,主要是因為史學界內部意見不一,其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學問。73.在這種轉變中,歷史學家研究歷史時,那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統的歷史研究方法。

74.所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念,還是指歷史探究中各個具體領域適用的研究手段,人們對此意見不一。

75.這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統派和歷史社科派;前者認為歷史就是史學界內部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論,后者認為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。

2000 71.在現代條件下,這需要程度不同的中央控制,從而就需要獲得諸如經濟學和運籌學等領域專家的協助。72.再者,顯而易見的是一個國家的經濟實力與其工農業生產效率密切相關,而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。

73.大眾通訊的顯著發展使各地的人們不斷感到有新的需求,不斷接觸到新的習俗和思想,由于上述原因,政府常常得推出更多的革新。

74.在先期實現工業化的歐洲國家中,其工業化進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結構變革,持續了大約一個世紀之久,而如今一個發展中國家在十年左右就可能完成這個過程。

75.由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動(現代交通工具使這種流動相對容易)造成的種種問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。

2001 71.屆時,將出現由機器人主持的電視談話節目以及裝有污染監控器的汽車,一旦這些汽車排污超標(違規),監控器就會使其停駛。

72.兒童將與裝有個性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有個性內置的計算機將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具,人們將在氣味電視機前休閑,屆時數字體時代就來到了。73.皮爾森匯集世界各地數百位研究人員的成果,編制了一個獨特的新技術千年歷,它列出了人們有望看到數百項重大突破和發現的最遲日期。

74.但皮爾森指出,這個突破僅僅是人機一體化的開始:“它是人機一體化漫長之路的第一步,最終會使人們在下世紀末之前就研制出完全電子化的仿真人。” 75.家用電器將會變得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它們會引發一種新的心理疾病--廚房狂躁。

2002 61.難題在于所謂的行為科學幾乎全都依然從心態、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。

62.行為科學之所以發展緩慢,部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據似乎往往是直接觀察到的,部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。63.自然選擇在進化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明,而環境在塑造和保持個體行為時的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認識和研究。64.自由和尊嚴(它們)是傳統理論定義的自主人所擁有的,是要求一個人對自己的行為負責并因其業績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。65.(如果)這些問題得不到解決,研究行為的技術手段就會繼續受到排斥,解決問題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續受到排斥。

2003 61.而且,人類還有能力改變自己的生存環境,從而是讓所有其它形態的生命服從人類自己獨特的想法和想象。

62.社會科學是知識探索的一個分支,它力圖像自然科學家研究自然現象那樣,用理性的、有序的、系統的和冷靜的方式研究人類及其行為。63.強調收集第一手資料,加上在分析過去和現在文化形態時采用跨文化視角,使得這一研究成為一門獨特并且非常重要的社會科學。64.泰勒把文化定義為“??一個復合整體,它包括人作為社會成員所獲得的信仰、藝術、道德、法律、風俗以及其它能力和習慣”。65.因此,人類學中“文化”概念就像數學中“集”的概念一樣,是一個抽象概念,它使大量的具體研究和認識成為可能。

2004

61.希臘人認為, 語言結構與思維過程之間存在著某種聯系。這一觀點在人們尚未認識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。

62.我們之所有感激他們(兩位先驅), 是因為在此之后, 這些(土著)語言中有一些已經不復存在了, 這是由于說這些語言的部族或是消亡了, 或是被同化而喪失了自己的本族語言。

63.這些新近被描述的語言與已經得到充分研究的歐洲和東南亞地區的語言往往差別顯著, 以至于有些學者甚至指責Boas和Sapir編造了材料。64.Whorf對語言與思維的關系很感興趣, 逐漸形成了這樣的觀點:在一個社會中, 語言的結構決定習慣思維的結構。

65.Whorf進而相信某種類似語言決定論的觀點, 其極端說法是:語言禁錮思維, 語言的語法結構能對一個社會的文化產生深遠的影響。

2005 46.電視是創造和傳遞感情的手段之一。也許在此之前,就加強不同的民族和國家之間的聯系而言,電視還從來沒有像在最近的歐洲事件中起過如此大的作用。47.多媒體集團在歐洲就像在其他地方一樣越來越成功了。這些集團把相互關系密切的電視臺、電臺、報紙、雜志、出版社整合到了一起。

48.僅這一點就表明在電視行業不是一個容易生存的領域。這個事實通過統計數字一目了然,統計表明在80家歐洲電視網中1989年出現虧損的不少于50%。49.創造一個尊重不同文化和傳統的“歐洲統一體”絕非易事,需要戰略性選擇。正是這些文化和傳統組成了連接歐洲大陸的紐帶。50.在應付一個如此規模的挑戰過程中,我們可以毫不夸張地說,“團結,我們就會站起來;分裂,我們就會倒下去。”

2006 46.我將他定義為一個對道德問題進行蘇格拉底式思考并將此作為自己人生首要責任和快樂的人。47.他的職責與法官相似,必須承擔這樣的責任:用盡可能明了的方式來展示自己做出決定的推理過程。

48.我之所以把他(普通科學家)排除在外,是因為盡管他的成果可能會有助于解決道德問題,但他承擔的任務只不過是研究這些問題的事實方面。49.但是,他的首要任務并不是考慮支配自己行為的道德規范,就如同不能指望商人專注于探索行業規范一樣。

50.他們可以教得很好,而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水,但他們大多數人卻很少或沒有對需要進行道德判斷的、人的問題進行獨立思考。

2007.46.長久以來,法律知識在這類學校里一起被視為律師們專有的,而不是一個受教育者的知識素養的必要組成部分。47.另一方面,這一學科把這些概念結合到日常生活中,這與新聞記者每天報道和評論新聞的做法是相同的。

48.新聞記者應比普通公民更加透徹地了解法律,而這種看法是基于他們對新聞媒體業已確立的規約和特殊責任的理解。49.事實上,很難設想那些對加拿大憲法的基本要點缺乏清晰了解的新聞記者何以能勝任政治新聞的報道工作。50.盡管律師的見解和反應會提高報道的質量,但新聞記者最好憑借他們自己對重要性的理解自行做出判斷。

2008 46.他認為或許正因為(語言表達上的)這種困難,他不得不對自己要說的每句話都經過長時間的認真思考,從而能發現自己在推理和觀察中的錯誤,結果這反而成為他的優點。

47.他還堅持認為自己進行長時間純抽象思維的能力十分有限,由此他也認定自己在數學方面根本不可能有大的作為。48.另一方面,某些人批評他雖然善于觀察,卻不具備推理能力,而他認為這種說法也是缺乏根據的。49.他又自謙的說,或許自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物,并對其加以仔細觀察方面優于常人”。

50.達爾文確信,沒有了這些愛好不只是少了樂趣,而且可能會有損于一個人的思維能力,更有可能導致一個人道德品質的下降。

2009

46.雖然我們可以說衡量任何一個社會機構價值的標準是其在豐富和完善人生方面所起的作用,但這種作用并不是我們最初的動機的組成部分。47.人們只是逐漸地才注意到機構的這—副產品,而人們把這種作用視為機構運作的指導性因素的過程則更為緩慢。

48.雖然在與年輕人的接觸中我們容易忽視自己的行為對他們的性情所產生的影響,然而在與成年人打交道時這種情況就不那么容易發生。49.由于我們對年輕人所做的首要工作在于使他們能夠在生活中彼此相融,因此我們不禁要考慮自己是否在形成讓他們獲得這種能力的力量。50.這就使我們得以在一直討論的廣義的教育過程中進一步區分出一種更為正式的教育形式,即直接講授或學校教育。

2010 46.科學家們提出一些明顯站不住腳的證據迅速來拯救,其意是:如果鳥類無法控制害蟲,那么這些害蟲就會吃光我們人類。47.但我們至少幾乎也承認這樣一點:不管鳥類是否給我們帶來經濟上的好處,但鳥類作為生物其固有的權利應該繼續存在。

48.曾幾何時,生物學們有點過度使用這個證據,即這些物種通過殺死體質弱者來保持獵物的正常繁衍或者這些生物捕殺的僅僅是毫無價值的物種。49.在歐洲,林業在生態方面更加發達,無商業價值的樹種被看作是原生森林群落的一部分,而得到合理的保護。

50.這一系統易于忽視,因而最終會消除掉這個土地共同體里的許多要素(成員),雖然這些要素(成員)缺乏商業價值,但這些要素(成員)對這個共同體的健康運行來說是必要的。

2011.46.艾倫的貢獻在于,他拿出“我們并非機器人,因此能掌控自己的思想”這一公認的假設,并揭示了其謬誤所在。

47.盡管我們或許可以僅憑意識來維系“控制”這種錯覺,現實中我們還是不斷要面對一個問題:“我為什么不能讓自己做這件事情或實現那個目標呢?” 48.這種說法似乎為忽視那些需要幫助的人找到了一個正當的理由,使剝削合理,使上層人優越,使底層人卑微。

49.環境仿佛就是為了激發我們的最大潛能而設,如果我們總感覺自己遭受了“不公”,就不太可能有意識地去努力擺脫自己的處境。

50.好的一面是,既然命運掌握在自己手中,那么就有無限的可能性。以前,我們能夠熟練應對各種限制,現在我們完全把握著可能發生的一切。

2012 46.物理學領域,一種做法把這種尋求大同理論的沖動推向極端,試圖尋找包含一切的理論——一個涵括我們所看到的一切的成性公式。47.這里,達爾文學說似乎做出了證明,因為如果人類有著共同的起源,那么似乎就有理由認為文化的多樣性也可以追溯到更為有限的起源。48.從共有特征中濾出獨有特征,這使我們得以理解復雜的文化行為是如何產生的,并從進化或認知的角度理解什么引導了它的走向。

49.第二次努力——由喬舒亞·格林堡做出——采用更為經驗主義的方法來研究語言的普遍性,確定了多種語言(尤其在語法詞序方面)的共有特征,這些特征被認為是代表了由認知限制產生的傾向性。

50.喬姆斯基的語法應該顯示出語言變化的模式,這些模式并不受語言譜系路徑的影響;而格林堡式的普遍性則預言了特定的語法詞序關系類型之間所存在的緊密互依性。

2013 46.然而,看到那些無家可歸的人所創建的花園的照片時,我們不禁會發現這一系列花園即使風格各異,揭示的卻是幾種其他的根本需求,不限于美飾與表達的范疇。

47.一處安恬的憩園,無論形式繁簡、構造如何,都很明顯是一種人性的需求,與此相反,一個棲身之所則是動物性明顯的需求。48.無家可歸者的花園實際上是無家的花園,將形式引入了一個無形或無法辨認形式的都市環境。

49.我們中的大多數人會感到精神不振,并通常把它歸咎于某種心理或神經上的失調;直到有一天我們置身花園,卻往往會發現郁悶之感奇跡般地消失殆盡。50.正是這或明或暗的對自然界的指示使這些人工合成的建筑物完全夠得上“花園”之稱,盡管得稍稍“解放”這個詞的語義才能這么說。

2014 46.這就是為什么當我們嘗試用語言來描述音樂時,我們能做的只是清楚地表達對音樂的反應,卻不能領會音樂的精髓。47.據大家所說,貝多芬是個思想自由而且有勇氣的人,而且我發現勇氣是理解他作品的必要因素,更不用說演奏他的作品了。48.貝多芬表演時習慣把音量提至頂點,然后驟然轉到柔和的節拍,這是他前輩的音樂家很少有的習慣。

49.尤其重要的是他對自由的看法,在他看來這和個人的權利和責任有關,而且還他倡導思想自由和個人言論自由。50.人們會將貝多芬的很多作品解釋為——痛苦是難免的,但是與痛苦抗爭的勇氣則是生命意義的所在。

第二篇:歷年考研英語一閱讀真題翻譯(2004-2014)

2014年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1

In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme.Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be more reasonable? 為了“讓生活變得更美好”以及減少“依賴”,英國財政大臣喬治?奧斯本引入了“求職預付金”計劃。只有當失業者帶著簡歷到就業中心,注冊在線求職并開始找工作,才有資格獲得補助金——然后他們應該每周而非每兩周報告一次。有什么比這更合理呢?

More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance.“Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed.“We’re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness.What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.更加明顯的合理性如下。現在領取求職者補貼要等待七天。“這前幾天應該用來找工作,而不是辦理失業登記(以獲得救濟金)。”他說,“我們這樣做是因為我們知道,這樣會幫助人們擺脫補助并讓依賴補助的人盡快就業。”幫助?真的嗎?乍一聽,這是位關心社會的大臣,他努力改善人們的生活,包括對一個明顯放縱的體系的“改革”,這個體系不要求新失業者付出多少努力去找工作,為其懶惰埋單。我們將會知道,激勵他的是他對“基本的公正”的熱誠——保護納稅人,控制花費以及確保只有最值得幫助的申請者才能得到補助金。

Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.失業是痛苦的:你不會內心歌唱并跳躍著到就業中心去,為從這個慷慨國度得到加倍收入的前景而欣喜。在經濟上它令人生畏,在心理感到難堪,并且你還知道那種扶持的微薄和非常難以得到。現在沒人需要你;你現在被排除在工作環境之外,那里會給予你人生的目標和體制。更糟糕的是,失去了用以養家糊口和支付賬單的至關重要的收入。問任何新失業者他們想要什么,答案永遠是:一份工作。

But in Osborne land, your first instinct is to fall into dependency-permanent dependency if you can get it-supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase ‘jobseeker’s allowance’invented in 1996-is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job;no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.但是在奧斯本之國,你的第一反應就是墜入依賴——永遠的依賴,如果你能得到的話——它由一個非常樂意放任你弄虛作假的國家所支持。好像這二十年一直嚴厲的求職和補助金管理系統的改革從未發生過。英國福利的原則不再是如果發生災難,你能為自己投保失業險和得到無條件賠付。甚至正是“求職者補貼”這個詞語,在將失業者重新定義為“求職者”,他人通過繳納國民保險金可享有補助,而求職者則沒有這個基本權利。作為替代,申請者得到的是一周71.70 英鎊的限時“補貼”,條件是積極地找工作:沒有津貼也沒有保險,在歐盟這也是最小氣之一了。

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.Dur-ing the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts.Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reform-ing the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to imple-ment them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawy-er, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but oppo-nents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.在全世界,律師比任何其他職業的人都更招憎恨——新聞業可能是個例外。但是沒有多少地方能比美國更讓客戶有更多的理由抱怨。

在經濟危機之前的十年間,美國法律服務費用的增長速度是通貨膨脹的兩倍。最好的律師賺得盆滿缽滿,吸引著更多的學生爭相進入法學院。但是大部分法學畢業生從未獲得一份大律所的工作。他們中的許多人轉而成為那種妨害行為訴訟的提交者,這使得侵權制度成了一場昂貴的噩夢。

這里面有很多原因。其一是法律教育的費用過高。在美國大部分州只有一條成為律師的途徑;在某個無關的專業讀四年取得本科學位,然后在美國律師協會授權的200 所法學院之一讀三年取得法律學位,并為準備律師資格考試花費不菲。這給現在這些普通的法學院畢業生留下在本科債務之外10 萬美元的債務。法學院債務意味著他們不得不拼命地努力工作。

改革這一體系會對律師和他們的客戶都有所幫助。明智的想法已經存在了好長時間,但是管理該職業的州級機構對實施它們太保守了。一個想法是準許人們讀本科學位時學習法律。另外一個是,讓學生在法學院只讀兩年之后就參加律師資格考試。如果這一考試對于一名準律師來說確實是足夠嚴格的測試,那么就應該準許那些有能力提早參加的學生們參加。不需要額外培訓的學生就可以削減他們債務大山的三分之一。

費用如此之高的另外一個原因是該行業限制性的同業公會式的所有權結構。除哥倫比亞特區外,非律師人員不得持有律所的任何股份。這使得費用居高不下而創新腳步緩慢。在行業內部存在要求變革的壓力,但是監管部門中的反對變革者堅稱,將局外人排除在律所之外,可以讓律師與賺錢的壓力隔離而合乎職業道德標準地為客戶服務。

實際上,準許非律師人員參股,通過鼓勵律所采用新技術和聘請職業經理人來致力于提高律所效率,可以降低成本并改善對顧客的服務。畢竟,其它國家如澳大利亞和英國都已開始使其法律行業自由化。美國應該效仿。

Text 3

The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polya-kov said when he accepted this year’s award in March.And it is far from the only one of its type.As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists.They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research.They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research.They do not fund peer-reviewed research.They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed.The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collabora-tive nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and ques-tion the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please.It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.300 萬美元的基礎物理學獎的確是一個有趣的嘗試,正如亞歷山大?帕里雅科夫三月份領取今年獎項時所言。而且該類獎項遠非僅此一例。按照《自然》雜志新聞特寫欄目一篇文章所討論的,近年來一系列獎金豐厚的研究獎項已經加入諾貝爾獎的行列。許多獎項(如基礎物理學獎)來自于互聯網企業家的資助,其銀行賬戶是電話號碼數量級的。據稱,這些慈善家在各自從事的領域已經獲得成功,想用自己的財富去讓那些有科學成就的人士受到關注。

這有什么讓人不喜歡的呢?據新聞特寫欄目中援引一小部分科學家所言,非常之多。古語云,有錢買不到社會地位,這些暴富的企業家并不能為他們的獎金買來諾貝爾獎的聲望。科學家稱,新設獎項是那些幕后人自抬身價的一種舉動。它們會扭曲基于成就并由同行評議引導的研究體系。它們會鞏固同行評議研究的現狀。它們并不資助同行評議研究。它們延續了孤獨天才的神話。

正如《自然》雜志以前已經指出的那樣,對于科學獎項——新設的和原有的——如何分配,存在某些憂慮是合理的。今年推出的“生命科學突破獎”,對生命科學的范疇所持觀點并不具代表性。但是諾貝爾基金會對每一獎項只能由三名仍在世者獲得的限制,由于現代科學研究的協作特性而早已不再適宜——這將由當論及確認希格斯波色子的發現時,對于誰可忽略而引起不可避免的爭論這一情況來證實。當然,諾貝爾獎本身就是由一位富豪個人設立的,他決定了用自己的金錢去做他想要做的事。賦予諾貝爾獎合理性的是時間,而非設立的初衷。

有些科學家常常會抱怨新的獎項,有兩件事卻是顯而易見。第一,如果被授予這樣的獎項,大部分研究人員會接受它。第二,金錢和

關注度投向科學而不是其它地方,這無疑是好事。批評和質疑這種機制是公平合理的——畢竟這是做研究的文化——但它是獎金提供者按

照自己的意愿處置的金錢。以感謝的心情和優雅的風度接受這樣的禮物是明智的。

Text 4

“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identi-fy actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educa-tors, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientif-ic scholarship and education.”In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presi-dents, scholars,lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.Because representative government presuppos-es an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy;stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government;and encourages the use of new digit-al technologies.To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.The report also advo-cates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunate-ly, despite 2? years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ig-nores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets or self-reliance —as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthu-siasm for liberal education.Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.美國藝術與科學院剛發布的報告《問題的核心》,因肯定了人文和社會科學對美國自由民主的繁榮和安全的重要性而值得贊揚。然而,遺憾的是該報告沒有論及通才教育所面臨危機的真正本質,這可能造成弊大于利的結果。

2010 年,首要的國會民主黨人和共和黨人致函美國藝術與科學院,要求其確定可由“聯邦、州和地方政府、大學、基金會、教育工作者、個人捐助者和其他人”采取的措施,以“保持國家在人文和社會科學學術和教育方面的優勢”。作為回應,美國藝術與科學院成立了人文和社會科學委員會。該委員會51 名成員中有頂級大學的校長、學者、律師、法官和公司執行總裁,也有來自外交、電影、音樂和新聞界的杰出人物。

這份報告中確立的目標大體上是值得稱贊的。因為代議制政府的前提是公民知情,該報告支持全面的文化素養;強調學習歷史和政治,特別是美國歷史和美國政治;以及鼓勵使用新的數字技術。為了鼓勵創新和競爭,報告呼吁增加研究投資,對緊密結合的課程要精益求精

(它們會提高學生在21 世紀有效地解決問題和交流溝通的能力),增加對教師的資助和鼓勵學者轉化所學知識以面對當今的巨大挑戰。報告還主張加強對外語、國際事務的學習和擴展留學計劃。

不幸的是,盡管撰寫報告用了兩年半的時間,《問題的核心》卻從未觸及到問題的核心:我們一流院校的通才教育本質上是狹隘的。委員會忽視了幾十年來美國各院校輸送的畢業生不明白通才教育的內容和特點,因而喪失了它的益處。令人痛心的是,國內校園內曾有的探索精神,已經被利用人文和社會科學作為宣揚“進步的”或左翼民主的宣傳工具所代替。

如今,教授們通常將進步的歷史觀和公共政策視為正統的學習科目,而將保守的或古典自由主義的觀點——例如:自由市場和自力更生——描述為逾越了常規、合理事物和理性調研的界限。

2013年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year

indictment of “fast fashion”.In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Unable to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit.Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable——meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers.For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollen’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.“Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues.Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.To-wards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beau-mont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes——and beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environ-ment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainabili-ty, be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.Text 1 在2006年電影版的《時尚女魔頭》中,梅麗爾?斯特里普扮演的米蘭達?普雷斯麗責備她其貌不揚的女助手,因為她認為高端時尚并不能影響到自己。普雷斯麗說明了她助手的深藍色毛衣如何在數年間從時尚秀場降到百貨商店,又淪為便宜貨。毫無疑問,這個貧窮的女孩肯定就是從便宜貨里淘的衣服。

這種自上而下的時尚商業觀早已過時了,也和伊麗莎白?克萊因在《過度穿著》中描寫的狂熱世界不一致。《過度穿著》是伊麗莎白?克萊因花了三年時間寫成的對 “快時尚”的控訴作品。在過去十年左右的時間,技術的進步已經使得諸如Zara、H&M、優衣庫之類的大眾市場品牌能夠對流行趨勢反應得更快,并能更準確的預料到消費者的需求。更快的轉變意味著更少的存貨浪費、更頻繁的發布新品、更高的利潤。這些品牌鼓勵對時尚敏感的消費者把衣服當成是一次性用品——洗過一兩次后就不再穿了,盡管他們沒在廣告上明說——然后每幾周就更新衣櫥。克萊因說,這些品牌通過以極其低廉的價格銷售時髦的商品,已經把持了時尚的周期,動搖了一個習慣以季節為周期的產業。

當然,這場變革的受害者,不僅僅是設計師們。為了能在其全世界2300多家商店里以5.95美元的價格出售超短裙,H&M必須依賴低工資的海外勞動力、大批量采購原材料導致嚴重危害自然資源、并大量使用有害的化學物質。

《過度穿著》就仿佛是時尚界交給像邁克爾?波倫的《雜食者的困境》一樣的消費者維權暢銷書的答案。“大批量生產的服裝,就好像快餐一樣,充滿著渴望和需求,卻既不耐用也不經濟”,克萊因說到。她發現,美國人每年要買大約200億件服裝——平均每人64件——無論他們捐贈多少,這種無節制的購買行為都導致浪費。

在《過度穿著》的結尾,克萊因介紹了她的理想典范,一個叫薩拉?凱特?博蒙特的布魯克林女人,她從2008年起就自己做所有的衣服,而且做得相當漂亮。不過正如克萊因是第一個注意到的那樣,博蒙特花了幾十年完善自己的手藝,她的事例不能輕易復制。

盡管包括H&M在內的幾家快時尚公司已經努力控制其對勞動力和環境的影響,引入了綠色環保自覺生產線,克萊因相信只有消費者才能促成持久的變革。她展示了對于無論在食物還是在能源方面都提倡可持續性的人而言共同的理想主義。虛榮是常態,人們只有在付不起錢的時候才會開始以更加可持續的方式購物。

Text 2

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half.In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained informa-tion: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposed adding a “do not track”(DNT)option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be fol-lowed.Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT;Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year.In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA)agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row.It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertis-ers are horrified.Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings.Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off.Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Associa-tion of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect informa-tion about their preferences.People will not get fewer ads, he says.“They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.Unable to tell whether someone real-ly objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Al-so unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comp-ly with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.If it is trying to upset Google, which relies al-most wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by de-fault will become the norm.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count be-fore.Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple? 有句老話說的好,一半的廣告預算都浪費了——麻煩的是,沒人知道哪一半浪費了。在互聯網時代,至少在理論上,可以大大減少這種浪費。通過觀察人們搜索什么、點擊什么、在網上說些什么,公司可以鎖定目標,將“行為”廣告(即,“有作為的”或“有用的”廣告)投放給最有可能的購買產品的人。

在過去幾周,三次交易和一次爭論已經向廣告商(以及他們的軟件提供商)展示了這種經過精細處理的信息的價值:廣告商應該假設人們喜歡被跟蹤,并發送行為廣告嗎?還是他們應該先得到明確的許可才行?

在2010年12月,美國聯邦貿易委員會提出,應該在網絡瀏覽器上添加“拒絕跟蹤”(DNT)選項,這樣一來,用戶就可以告訴廣告商他們不想被追蹤。微軟公司的IE瀏覽器和蘋果公司的Safari瀏覽器都提供拒絕跟蹤;谷歌公司的Chrome瀏覽器今年也即將要提供類似功能。在二月份,聯邦貿易委員會和數字廣告聯盟達成一致,瀏覽器開發業要繼續努力,以應對拒絕跟蹤的要求。

5月31日,微軟公司率先采取行動:該公司發布公告稱,在該公司的新操作系統windows8中的IE10瀏覽器上,將會默認附帶拒絕跟蹤選項。

廣告商們誠惶誠恐。人性使然,人們總是習慣保持默認的設置。現在幾乎沒人打開“拒絕跟蹤”按鈕,可如果跟蹤處于關閉狀態,就會一直是關閉狀態。鮑勃?利奧狄斯是數字廣告聯盟的成員組織之一——全國廣告協會——的首席執行官。他說如果軟件業無法收集到關于消費者喜好的信息,那消費者只能境況更糟。人們不會少收到廣告,他說,“他們會收到更沒意義更沒針對性的廣告。”

現在還不清楚廣告商們會怎樣采取行動。拒絕跟蹤信號并不會強制任何人停止跟蹤,盡管有些公司(包括推特公司在內)已經承諾收到拒絕跟蹤信號就會停止跟蹤。由于無法辨認人們是真正反對行為廣告,還是他們只是沒有改動微軟的默認設置,有些公司可能會忽視拒絕跟蹤信號,依然強行跟蹤。

同樣不清楚的是,微軟為什么要孤軍奮戰。畢竟,微軟自己也有廣告業務,卻聲稱自己的廣告業務也要遵守拒絕跟蹤要求,不過它也還在尋求解決辦法。如果微軟試圖激怒幾乎完全依賴廣告業務的谷歌,那么它就已經選擇了一個間接的方法:并不能保證默認拒絕跟蹤模式會成為標準范例。雖然公司以前還拿自己的其他幾個產品同谷歌的產品在這方面做過比較,但拒絕跟蹤也不像是windows8的巨大賣點。微軟首席隱私官布蘭登?林奇在博客中寫到:“我們相信用戶應該有更多的操控權限。”真是那么簡單嗎?

Text 3

Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely — though by no means uniformly — glowingly positive.Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years.Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature(IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Con-cern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now think-ing seriously about that question.For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Per-haps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure, the future is not all rosy.But we are now knowledgeable enough to re-duce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.Text 3

直到幾十年前,我們對未來的想象雖千奇百怪,卻大都很積極樂觀。科學和技術可以治愈人類所有的疾病,讓人們過上滿足的生活,讓人人都有機會。

現如今這種空想的美好社會已經過時了,我們對面臨的威脅范圍有了更深刻的認識,從行星撞擊到流行感冒到氣候變化。你可能忍不住會想,人類都沒有什么未來值得盼望了。

但是這種沮喪的情緒也不應該。化石資料表明很多物種存活了幾百萬年——那么我們怎么就不能活那么久呢?眼光放寬一點,想想我們這個物種在宇宙中的位置,就很容易發現,哪怕不能活上幾十萬年,我們也很可能活上幾萬年。查閱一下國際自然保護聯盟發布的瀕危物種紅名單上對我們人類(智人)的描述,你會讀到:非危物種,因為該物種分布很廣,適應性強,目前數量呈上升趨勢,且沒有造成其總體數量下降的主要威脅。

那么,我們的未來究竟承載著什么呢?越來越多的研究者和機構現在正在仔細思考這個問題。比如,今日永存基金會的首要項目就是設計一個今后幾千年仍然可以度量時間的醫療時鐘。

思考這么大跨度的時間概念可能本來就比琢磨眼下的將來更容易許多。今日的技術如何演變,以及由此帶來的社會影響,實在紛繁復雜,讓人炫目。最好還是讓科幻作家和未來學家去設想那些諸多可能發生的事情吧。這也是我們為什么發行Arc的原因之一。Arc是致力于研究近期未來的全新出版物。

但是眼光放長遠些,我們能確信的事情就數量驚人了。過去是未來的關鍵:我們現在已經知道星球以及我們人類的歷史怎樣經歷長時間的變化,那么我們就能以此為依據,預知后世子孫未來身處的境地。

這種長遠角度使得悲觀的前景預期看似更為過時。的確,未來不都那么美好。但是我們現在有足夠的知識可以減少曾威脅人類早期生存的同類威脅,并改善未

Text 4

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v.United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitution-al principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Jus-tice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.Howev-er, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitution-al logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the WhiteHouse claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the bor-ders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.Text 4

周一,最高法院以5比3的投票結果否決了亞利桑那州移民法的大部分內容——這是奧巴馬政府所采取政策的一次不大不小的勝利。但是在更重要的(事關國之根本這個)國家憲法的大問題上,投票結果卻是8比0。這個決定意味著聯邦政府打破聯邦政府和各州政府權力平衡的努力徹底失敗了。

在這場亞利桑那州政府和美國政府的對峙中,最高法院以多數票通過推翻了亞利桑那州飽受爭議的計劃中四項有爭議條款中的三項。亞利桑那州本計劃讓州警察和地方警察實施聯邦移民法。憲法規定華盛頓自身有權力“制定統一的移民規則”,這和聯邦法律優先于州法律的規定并不矛盾。亞利桑那州企圖改變該州現行的與聯邦法律一致的政策。

安東尼?肯尼迪大法官同約翰?羅伯特首席大法官和法庭的自由派們一起裁定州政府的做法不對。關于被推翻的條款,大多數人的觀點是,州議會已經故意“占領地盤”了,也就是說亞利桑那州侵犯了聯邦的特權。

然而,大法官們說,亞利桑那州警察有權力在執法過程中核實人們的法律身份。因為國會一直期待能聯合聯邦和各州的力量處理移民問題,并公開鼓勵州警官和聯邦警官共享信息,相互合作。

三名持反對意見的大法官中,有兩人——塞繆爾?阿利托和克拉倫斯?托馬斯贊同憲法的邏輯思路,卻不同意亞利桑那州的規定違反聯邦法規的說法。唯一主要的反對意見來自安東寧?斯卡利亞大法官,他強烈維護州的權益不受聯邦干預,甚至提到了客籍法和鎮壓叛亂法。

用大法官塞繆爾?阿利托在他的反對意見中的話說,以8比0否決奧巴馬的判決源自“一項驚人的維護聯邦行政權的主張”。白宮聲稱,亞利桑那州的法律與其執法優先權相沖突,即使州法律嚴格遵守了聯邦法律。實際上,白宮就是在聲明,它將作廢任何聯邦不贊成的合法的州級法律。

有些權力確實歸聯邦政府獨有,控制國籍和國界就是如此。但是如果國會想阻止各州使用自己的資源查看移民身份的話,國會是可以這么做的。可國會從沒有這么做過。美國政府事實上就是在宣稱,因為它不想實現國會的移民主張,哪一個州也不可以這么做。每一位大法官都端正的反對了這樣的主張。

2012年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1

Come on –Everybody’s doing it.That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and offi-cials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of

exam-ple of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a serious-ly flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the soci-al cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imi-tate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.趕快,每個人都在做!當我們聽到“來自同輩的壓力”這個短語時,大部分人都會想到這個廣為流傳的,半是邀請、半是強迫的信息。一般來講指的都不是好事—酗酒,吸毒,隨意的性行為。但是Tina Rosenberg在新書JointheClub中辯護到,通過社會治療這一方式,來自同輩的壓力也可以成為正面積極的力量。在這個社會治療中,各個機構和行政人員利用團隊力量幫助個人改善他們的生活,這樣還有可能改善整個世界。普利策獎獲得者Rosenberg提供了大量正在進行中的社會治療的例子:在南卡羅來納,州資助的反對吸煙活動名叫RageAgainsttheHaze,它打算讓吸煙不再流行。在南非,名為Love Life的預防HIV感染的活動招募年輕人在他們的同齡人中提倡安全性行為。這一想法似乎充滿希望,Rosenberg是個有洞察力的觀察著。她準確地批評了很多公共衛生活動的不完善:這些活動沒有動員同齡人形成健康的習慣,對青少年心理的理解有嚴重誤區。其中一個廣告牌活動致力于在青少年中減少抽煙量,上面寫著:“勇于特立獨行,請不要抽煙!”—而青少年,渴望的就是和他人保持一致。Rosenberg爭論到,公共衛生提倡者應該向廣告商學習,他們能如此熟練地運用來自同輩的壓力。這一論點很具說服力。但是在社會治療的整體效力上,Rosenberg并不太具說服力。JointheClub里面有太多毫不相關的細節,促使來自同輩的壓力如此強大的社會、生物因素卻剖析地不夠。正如現在所呈現的,社會治療最引人注目的缺陷是:如果持續時間很久,它的效果并不好。一旦州砍掉資金,RageAgainsttheHaze就失敗了。證據顯示,Love Life項目所產生的長遠變化是有限的,而且混雜其他因素。同齡人給我們的行為帶來了巨大的影響,這是毫無疑問的。大量剛剛出爐的研究表明,正面積極的健康習慣——還有負面消極的——通過社會交流在朋友網中流傳。這是來自同輩的壓力更為微妙的形式:我們無意識地模仿每天看到的行為。專家和政府人員該如何成功地選擇同齡人團隊并引導他們的行為朝著有德行的方向發展,這遠遠不能確定。這就像老師把后排制造麻煩的學生和表現良好的學生放在一起,以此來解散麻煩制造者團隊,這樣的技巧從不真正起作用。從外部因素出發策劃的社會治療也有這一問題:在真實世界中,就像在學校,我們堅持選擇自己的朋友。Text2

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A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved.The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.In-stead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionali-ty of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuc-lear power plant running.It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those

commit-ments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especial-ly after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legisla-tion, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulato-ry authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regula-tions that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust.Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, includ-ing Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.承諾就是承諾—很明顯,當Entergy公司牽涉在內的話就除外。這個公司是新英格蘭主要的能源供應商,它曾承諾要一直遵守嚴格的核能源規范條例,但上周它宣布要違背這個承諾,理所當然地,它激起了佛蒙特州的義憤。這個公司確實已做了它曾承諾的永遠不會做的事情:在聯邦法庭上挑戰佛蒙特州條例的合憲性,拼命努力來保證佛蒙特州美國核能源工廠的正常運行。這一舉動令人震驚。2002年公司購買了佛蒙特州唯一的核能源工廠,即位于弗農古老的核反應堆。自此,沖突開始浮出水面。公司同意2012年之后都會尋求本州調整者的許可,作為接受本州同意銷售的條件。2006年,佛蒙特更進一步,要求延長這一核工廠的許可證必須得到佛蒙特州立法機關的許可。公司也同意了。Entergy可能不想真正地遵守這些承諾,或者簡單來說它并沒有預見將要發生的事情。一系列事故,如207冷卻塔部分坍塌,發現地下管道系統漏泄,這些都引發了關于佛蒙特州美國人的安全及Entergy公司經營等方面的嚴重問題—尤其在公司關于管道問題做了令人誤解的聲明之后。因Entergy的所作所為而震怒,去年佛蒙特州參議院以26:4的選票結果,反對允許延長它的許可證。現在公司突然宣布,因2006法規2002協議無效,只有聯邦政府才有權調控核事件。這一案例中的法律問題模糊不清:最高法院曾宣布各州確實對核能源有調控權力,但法律學者認為佛蒙特案件將驗證這些權力到底有多大。當然,如果每一個州都設定自己的法律條例,由此而導致的混亂確實能引起合理的關注。但是如果Entergy信守諾言,那這場爭論就偏離主題了。公司似乎下了這樣的論斷:它在佛蒙特的聲望已被損害,即使與佛蒙特州作戰也沒什么好失去的。但是這有一定的后果。允許經營核工廠體現了公眾的信任。在美國Entergy還經營了其他11個反應堆,包括普利茅斯的Pilgrim核電站。公司承諾安全經營Pilgrim,已向聯邦提出申請,要求再經營20年。但是當核管理委員會審查了公司的申請時,應該記住Entergy的承諾能有什么樣的價值。

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In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as

protos-cience.Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.But it takes collective scruti-ny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility pro-cess, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social struc-ture of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekee-pers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purpos-es;and finally, the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompany-ing technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confronta-tion between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompa-nies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search, not re-search.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.” 在科學研究的理想狀態下,關于世界的事實正在等待著那些客觀的研究者來觀察和搜集,研究者們會用科學的方法來進行他們的工作。但是在每天的科學實踐中,發現通常遵循一條模糊和復雜的路徑。我們的目標是做到客觀,但是我們卻不能逃離我們所處的獨特的生活經驗的環境。之前的知識和興趣會影響我們所經歷的,會影響我們對于經驗意義的思考,以及我們會采取的隨后的行動。這里充滿著誤讀,錯誤和自我欺騙的機會。所以,對于發現的申明應該被當做是科學的原型。這與新近開發的采礦資源比較類似,他們都充滿著可能性。但是將發現的申明變為一個成熟的發現是需要集體的審查和集體的接受。這個過程就配稱之為“信用的過程”,通過這個過程一個單個研究者的“我”在這里就變成了這個社區中的任何人,任何地方和任何時間。客觀的知識不應該是起點而是目標。一旦一個科學發現變成公開的,那么發現者就獲得了知識的認可。但是和采礦權不一樣的是,科學協會將控制接下來會發生的事情。在復雜的科研機構的社會結構中,研究者去做出發現;編輯和審稿者通過控制出版過程扮演著看門人的角色;其他的科學家使用新的發現來滿足他們自己的目標;最后,公眾(也包括其他科學家)接受到新的發現和可能相伴隨的技術。當一個發現的聲明最終通過了機構的審查,在有關所涉及到的共享的和抵觸的信念之間的互動和沖突將把一個人的發現變為一個機構的可信的發現在整個信任的過程中存在著兩個悖論,第一:科學工作傾向于關注一些流行科學的某些方面,而這些方面又是被認為是不完全和不正確的。去復制和確認已經被人所知和所信的東西不會有多少回報。科學要做的是去探究新的東西而不是再次探究。不足為奇的是,新發表的重要的,有說服力發現和可信的發現將會被后來的研究者質疑,并帶來潛在的修改甚至駁斥。第二個悖論是:新穎的東西本身就經常會招致懷疑。諾貝爾獎獲得者,生理學家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾經將發現描述為:“觀察每個人觀察的,思考沒有人想到的。”但是思考其他人沒有想到的并且告訴其他人他們所遺漏的可能并不會改變這些人的觀點。有時候,真正新穎的科學發現被人們所接受和認可將會花好多年的時間。最后,一個科學的發現獲得了信任,這個過程是與哲學家AnnetteBaier所描述的心靈的共性的觀點是一致的。“我們共同去推理,去質疑,其修改并且完善各自的推理以及各自的推理概念。Text4

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If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union;now 36% do.In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving.First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader, Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Insti-tute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sec-tor pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civ-il services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.如果工會會員Jimmy Hoffa今天還活著,他也許會是公務員的代表。1960年Hoffa的組織Teamsters處于全盛時期,美國政府工作人員中只有十分之一的人屬于某一個公會;現在這個比率是36%。2009年任職于美國公共部門的工會會員人數超過了任職于私營部門的工會會員人數。在英國,在公共部門的工作人員中半數以上參加了工會;而私營部門的工作人員只有大約15%的人參加了工會組織。公共部門工會如此盛行的原因有三個。第一,他們能夠脫身,而不用承擔太多后果。第二,他們中間大部分人聰明,受過良好教育。美國公共部門的工作人員中四分之一的人有大學學位。第三,他們現在在政治中的左翼力量中占主導地位。其中有些關系有很長的歷史。正如其名,英國工黨和工會組織的關系由來已久。其現任領導Miliband把自己得到的位置歸功于來自公共部門工會組織的投票。從州范圍來看,他們的影響更為嚇人。加利福尼亞州公共政策研究院的MarkBaldassare指出,本州大部分預算都由工會來檢查。教師工會關注學校,加利福尼亞感化治安官協會關心監獄,各型各色的勞工團體關注衛生保健。在很多富裕國家,公共部門的平均工資要高于私營部門的平均工資。但是真正的收入來源于利潤和工作表現。政客已不停地加強公共部門的工資待遇,工資漲幅不大,但卻加長本來就不少的假期,特別是增加本來就很多的養老保險金。對于變革的反對一直都很強烈,在教育方面最為驚人。在教育方面,契約學校、專科學校、績效獎都面臨著持久戰。盡管有大量證據表明教師的質量是最重要的變量,但教師工會反對解雇不好的教師,提升好教師。

對其他每個人的支出變得更為清晰,政客開始強制執行。在威斯康辛州,工會集結了成千上萬的支持者,反對走強硬路線的州長,即共和黨人ScottWalker。但很多任職于公共部門的工作人員也在目前的體制下受罪。

哈佛肯尼迪學院的John Donahue指出,西方公務員系統的文化準則適合這些想留在原地過安逸生活的人們,但并不適合那些表現好的人們。任職于美國公共部門的工作人員中,只有大學體育教練和美國總統每年的收入遠遠高于250,000美元。銀行的高收入招致了很多批評,但對于美國來講,在公共部門體制中,沒有給表現好的工作人員足夠的回報可能會成為更為嚴重的問題。

2011 年考研英語閱讀真題

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The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.―Hooray!At last!wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparative-ly little known.Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert‘s appointment in the Times, calls him ―an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.De-voted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There record-ings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘s live performances;moreover, they can be ―consumed at a time and place of the listener‘s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert‘s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into ―a markedly different, more vibrant organization.But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra‘s repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.譯文:

紐約愛樂樂團決定聘請Alan Gilbert作為下一任的音樂總監,這從2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音樂界引起了熱議.別的不說,大部分人的反應是積極的.―好啊,終于好了!Anthony Thomasine寫道,他可是一個以嚴肅著稱的古典音樂評論家.但是,這個任命之所以一起人們驚訝的原因卻是Gilbert相對而言并不是很有名.甚至在時代雜志上發文支持Gilbert任命的Thomasine都稱其為:低調的音樂家,在他身上找不到那種飛揚跋扈的指揮家的氣質.紐約愛樂樂團迄今為止都是由像Gustav Mahler(古斯塔夫?馬勒)和Pierre Boulez布列茲那樣的音樂家領導的.這樣去描述這個樂團的下一位指揮,至少對于時代的讀者而言,這是一種蒼白的表揚.就我看來,我不知道Gilbert是否是一個偉大的指揮家或者是一個好的指揮.但是我能確定的是,他能表現出很多有趣的樂章,但是我卻應該不會去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他地方去聽一場有趣的交響樂演出.我要做的事情就是去我的CD架上,或者打開的我的電腦從ITUNES上下載更多的唱片.Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving ―to pursue my goal of running a company.Broadcasting his ambition was ―very much my decision, McGee says.Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn‘t alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don‘t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn Ferry,senior partner Dennis Carey :―I can‘t think of a single search I‘ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.Those who jumped without a job haven‘t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of Pep-siCo(PEP)a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambi-tions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.―The traditional rule was it‘s safer to stay where you are, but that‘s been fundamentally inverted, says one headhunter.―The people who‘ve been hurt the worst are those who‘ve stayed too long.譯文:

當八月份,Liam McGee以總裁的身份從美國銀行離職的時候,他的解釋出人意料的直白.他沒有忸怩的用平常的模糊的理由來遮掩他的離開,他很坦誠的講他離開就是為了去追求他經營一家公司的目標.McGee說宣揚自己的目標就是自己的決定.兩周后,他第一次和Hartford Financial Services Group的董事會第一次會談,這家公司在9月29日提名他為董事會主席和CEO.他說在離開的時候并沒有找好后面的職位(下家),使他有時間去反思他到底想去經營一家什么樣的公司.這同時也就他的激情和決心,給了外界一個清晰的信號.這樣做的并不只是McGee一個人.最近幾周,Avon and American Express的一些高級經理離職并解釋說想需找一個CEO的職位.當董事會迫于股東的壓力對一系列的計劃進行審查的時候,那些計劃被否定掉的經理們也會想離開.激烈的商業環境同樣使得高級經理很小心,模糊的表態可能會破壞他們的聲譽.當經濟復蘇的標志開始確定的時候,二把手們可能更愿意在沒有網(新的工作)情況下換工作.第三季度,根據Liberum的調查,CEO的更迭和一年前相比減少了23%,這是由于緊張的董事會緊盯著他們的CEO們.隨著經濟的復蘇和好轉,對有理想的頭兒們,機會是很多的.離開高管的職位去尋找一個更好的職位,并不是傳統的做法.多年以來,經理們和獵頭們都認同這樣一個原則:最有吸引力的CEO的競爭是那些需要去挖來的人.Korn Ferry,senior partner Dennis Carey說道:我所做的每一次的招聘中,董事會都要求我從那些在任的CEO中尋找人選.那些沒有找到工作就離開的人并不是很快就能找到頂級的職位.10年前,Tropicana被PepsiCo(PEP)收購了,她以經理的身份離職了,她說他想當CEO.但是花了一年的時間她才成為一家小型互聯網交換公司的頭.2005年Robert Willumstad帶著想成為CEO的夢想離開了Citigroup.可是三年后他才成為了一家主要的金融機構的CEO.很多招聘的人都說對于高管而言,過去認為的丟臉的感覺(沒有工作)已經慢慢消失了.金融危機已經使得跳槽,離開一個不好的工作變得更加可以接受了.一個獵頭就說到: ―傳統的規則是待在你原來的地方會更加安全,但是現在已經徹底改變了.那些受傷最厲害的就是那里在一個地方待太久的人.‖

Text 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional ―paid‖ media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Con-sumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage ―owned‖ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.In fact,the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users‘ responses.But in some cases, one marketer‘s owned media become another marketer‘s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies‘ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case, the company‘s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.滬江考研

http://kaoyan.hjenglish.com/

譯文:

過去,市場營銷的成功訣竅簡而言之就是一分錢一分貨.然而時過境遷.雖然傳統的―付費‖(paid)媒介,比如電視和廣播廣告、平面廣告和路邊廣告牌等,仍然扮演著重要角色,但企業如今還可以利用許多其他形式的媒介.比如,癡迷于某種產品的消費者,可能會樂意將之推薦給朋友,從而為企業創造因產品的優良品質帶來的―無償‖(earned)媒介.企業還可以利用―自有‖(owned)媒介,通過郵件向其網站的注冊用戶發送產品和銷售提示.事實上,如今消費者作出購買決定的方式,意味著市場營銷的影響力來自于傳統付費媒介之外的廣泛因素.營銷人員通過付費和自有媒介推銷其產品,而在―無償‖媒介方面,營銷人員就像是觸發用戶響應的初始催化劑.在某些情況下,某營銷者的自有媒介會成為另一個營銷者的付費媒介.比如,當某電子商務零售商出售其網站的廣告空間時,我們就將這種―售出‖媒介定義為擁有巨大流量、以致其他機構紛紛前來投放內容或電子商務引擎的自有媒介.我們認為,這種趨勢已蓬勃發端于零售商和航空、酒店等旅游供應商,雖然還處于初始階段,但無疑可以走得更遠.比如,強生公司創建了著名網站BabyCenter,借以推廣互補性乃至競爭性產品,而其他營銷者的出現不僅帶來了收入,還令該網站看起來公正客觀,并且使企業有機會從其他公司的營銷活動中獲得可貴的信息,最后還有助于擴大所有相關企業的用戶流量.劇烈的技術變革使營銷人員獲得了數量更多、種類更廣的溝通選擇,但同時也帶來了更高的風險,因為激動的消費者能夠以更迅速、更明顯、更有害的方式來表達他們的意見.這就是與―無償‖媒介相對的―劫持‖媒介:某項資產或活動變成了對某個品牌或產品不滿的消費者、其他股東或積極分子的劫持物.比如,社交網絡用戶正領悟到,他們可以通過―劫持‖媒介來對最初創建該媒介的企業施加壓力.如果那種事情發生,激動的消費者試圖勸服其他人共同抵制兩家公司的產品,從而危及企業聲譽.當這種事情發生的時候,如果企業的回應不夠快或不夠好,那么就可能釀成悲劇.比如,在今年較早前發生的召回危機中,豐田汽車公司采取了較快且較有序的社交媒體回應行動,包括在Twitter和社會新聞網站Digg等網站上與客戶進行直接交流,從而挽回了部分損失.Text 4

It‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior‘s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, ―I love My Children, I Hate My Life,‖ is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that ―the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.‖

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive – and new-ly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual ―Jennifer Aniston is pregnant‖ news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn‘t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn‘t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that 譯文:

毫無疑問,Jennifer Senior在有煸動意味的的雜志封面故事中表達了她的獨到見解,―我愛我的孩子們,我討厭我的生活‖——這喚起了人們的談興.人們一談到養孩子就會覺得這是一件完全令人愉悅、生活充實的事情.Jennifer Senior沒有指出養孩子到底是使得父母快樂呢還是痛苦呢,她倒是認為,我們需要重新定義幸福:幸福不應該是一個個瞬間的快樂組合的可以被衡量的東西;我們應該把幸福視為一種過去式的狀態.盡管撫養孩子的日子漫長難熬,令人筋疲力盡,但是Jennifer Senior認為,正是那些心緒沉重的時刻,日后卻成為我們歡樂的源泉.雜志封面上一位給力的母親抱著一個可愛的嬰兒,這種圣母與圣子(麥當娜和孩子)的圖畫這周在雜志上多次出現.例如雜志上講到最近剛收養孩子的母親——有時是剛變成單身母親——桑德拉布魯克,以及那種很常見的―詹尼弗阿尼斯頓懷孕了‖的新聞.實際上,每周都有至少一位名人母親、或者準母親在雜志上笑迎讀者.在一個不斷地慶祝生育的社會中,承認自己后悔生育孩子就相當于承認自己支持殺小貓,這難道不值得反思嗎?把父母的后悔與孩子的后悔相比較,這顯然并不合理.沒有人會去讓不情愿養孩子的父母去反思自己是否不該養孩子,但是那不幸福的沒有孩子的人卻為類似這樣的信息所困擾:―孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的東西‖,顯然,你們的不幸必須通過生兒育女才能得以消除.當然,像美國周刊與人物這樣的雜志提供的名人父母的形象是非常不切實際的.特別是像Bullock這樣的單身母親時更是如此.多項研究表明,有孩子的父母很少比沒有孩子的夫婦更快樂,而單親家庭是最不快樂的.這并不奇怪,因為一個人養一個孩子實在太麻煩了,沒有人可以依靠.然而,你聽聽Sandra和Britney說的話:自己―一個人‖養孩子,其實非常簡單.(她們當然覺得簡單了,因為她們是在周圍有一幫人全天侯的侯著啊.)

很難想象有的人生孩子就只是很傻很天真因為Reese和Angelina這種名流使這種行為變的很光鮮,——多數成年人其實理解:養孩子可不是剪頭發那樣簡單.但這確實有趣:反思一下我們每周看到的無憂無慮,幸福誘人的為人父母的生活會不會從一種微小的,無意識的方面加劇我們對于現實生活的不滿.這種方式就好像:我們有那種想成為― the Rachel‖(老友記中的單身媽媽)的心理,這種心理,使得我們看上去有點像詹尼弗安尼斯頓(Rachel 的扮演者).2010年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1 閱讀1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quar-ter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and se-riousness of their arts coverage.在過去的25年英語報紙所發生的變化中,影響最深遠的可能就是它們對藝術方面的報道在范圍上毫無疑問的縮小了,而且這些報道的嚴肅程度也絕對降低了。

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.對于年齡低于 40歲的普通讀者來講,讓他們想象一下當年可以在許多大城市報紙上讀到精品的文藝評論簡直幾乎是天方夜譚。

Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.然而,在20世紀出版的最重要的文藝評論集中,人們讀到的大部分評論文章都是從報紙上收集而來。

To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.現在,如果讀到這些集子,人們肯定會驚詫,當年這般淵博深奧的內容竟然被認為適合發表在大眾日報中。

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England be-tween the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.從 20世紀早期到二戰以前,當時的英國報紙上的評論主題廣泛,包羅萬象,我們現在離此類報紙評論越來越遠。當時的報紙極其便宜,人們把高雅時尚的文藝批評當作是所刊登報紙的一個亮點。

In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in de-tail and at length about the events they covered.在那些遙遠的年代,各大報刊的評論家們都會不遺余力地詳盡報道他們所報道的事情,這在當時被視為是理所當然的事情。

Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.他們的寫作是件嚴肅的事情,人們相信:甚至那些博學低調不喜歡炫耀的評論家,比如 George Bernard Shaw 和 Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么。

These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.這些批評家們相信報刊評論是一項職業,并且對于他們的文章能夠在報紙 上發表感到很自豪。

“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in jour-nalism, ” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define 'journalism' as 'a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.'” Newman 曾寫道,“鑒于幾乎沒有作家能擁有足夠的智慧或文學天賦以保證他們在新聞報紙寫作中站穩腳跟,我傾向于把'新聞寫作'定義為不受讀者歡迎的作家用來嘲諷受讀者歡迎的作家的一個 '輕蔑之詞' ” Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten.不幸的是,這些批評家們現在實際上已被人們遺忘。

Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.從 1917 年開始一直到 1975 年去世不久前還在為曼徹斯特《衛報》寫文章的 Neville Cardus,如今僅僅作為一個撰寫關于板球比賽文章的作家被人們所知。

During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947)became a best-seller.但是,在他的一生當中,他也是英國首屈一指的古典音樂評論家之一。他也是一位深受讀者青睞的文體家,所以 1947 年他的《自傳》一書就成為熱銷讀物。

He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.1967年他被授予爵士稱號,也是第一位獲此殊榮的音樂評論家。

Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.然而,他的書現在只有一本可以在市面上買到。他大量的音樂批評,除了專門研究音樂評論的人以外,已鮮為人知。

Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? Cardus 的評論有沒有機會重新流行?

The prospect seems remote.前景似乎渺茫。

Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.在他去世之前,新聞業的品味早已改變很長時間了,而且他所擅長的措詞華麗的維多利亞愛德華時期的散文風格對后現代的讀者沒有什么用處。

Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.何況,由業余愛好者作音樂批評的傳統早已經成為昨日黃花了。Text 2 閱讀2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.在過去的十年中,成千上萬的商業方法被授予了專利權。Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system.亞馬遜網站獲得的專利是在線“單擊”付費系統。

Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.美林公司的資產分配方案得到了法律保護。

One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.某位發明者的提箱技巧也獲得了專利。

Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.現在,該國最高專利法院似乎完全準備好要縮減商業方法專利,因為商業方法專利自從十年前第一次批準授予以來一直有爭議。

In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S.court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.在一項使得知識產權律師們議論紛紛的提議中,美國聯邦巡回上訴法院聲稱它將利用某個具體案件來對商業方法專利進行廣泛的復審。

In re Bilski, as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D.Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.密蘇里大學法學院 Dennis D.Crouch 說,“正如人們所知道的那樣,Bilski案例是一 件非常大的事情” It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” 它“可能將消除整個專利類別”。

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.對于商業方法訴求的限制是個戲劇性的徹底變化,因為正是聯邦巡回法院自己引進了這種專利。那是在 1998 年,對于所謂的美國道富銀行的案件中,聯邦巡回法院做出了判決,批準了籌集共同基金資產的方法具有專利權。

That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging in-ternet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.這一裁決使得商業方法專利文件以幾何數級增加,起初只是一些新興的網絡公司對于某些特定類型的在線交易系統試圖爭取獨家專有權。

Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.后來,更多的知名公司競相添加這樣的專利權,希望這樣的防御性的行為可以先下手為強。

In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method pa-tents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.2005 年,IBM公司在一份法院報告中聲稱:盡管懷疑這種專利授權的法律基礎,但它已經申請了300 多份商業方法專利。

Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial prod-ucts, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.同樣,當一些華爾街投資公司出席某些反對其金融產品的法庭案件時,他們會給其各類金融產品申請專利來作為自己的維權武器。

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.前面提到的 Bilski 案例牽扯到一份已申請的方法專利,即關于能源市場的風險規避方法(注:也可譯為“套期保值或對沖風險”)。

The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, 美國聯邦巡回上訴法院罕見地裁定,該案件將不由三位法官聽審,而是由全部十二名法官共同進行。and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.另外,上訴法院還宣布,它想探討的另一件事情是是否應該“重審”道富銀行的裁決。

The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.聯邦巡回法院的這一裁決效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判決,縮小了專利持有者的受保范圍。

Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “in-ventions” that are obvious.例如,去年四月,法官們認定太多的專利授予了一些顯而易見的“發明”。

The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court”, says Harold C.Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.喬治華盛頓大學法律學院的專利法律師 Harold C.Wegner 教授表示,“聯邦巡回法院的法官們正在對最高法院的反專利動態做出反應”。Text 3 閱讀3 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the action of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are un-usually informed, persuasive, or well-connected.在《引爆流行》這本書中,作者 Malcolm Gladwell 認為社會流行潮流在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊個體的行為引起的。這些人就是人們常說的影響者。他們異乎尋常的博聞多識,能言善辯,人脈廣泛。

The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.從直覺上講Malcolm Gladwell的理論似乎很有說服力,但是它沒有解釋流行觀念的實際傳播過程。

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.人們之所以認為影響者很重要,是源于“兩級傳播”理論。即信息先從媒體流向影響者,然后再從影響者流向其他人。這一理論看似合理,但未經驗證。

Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.營銷人員接受兩級傳播理論是因為該理論認為如果能夠找到影響者,并對他們施加影響。這些精英們就會替他們完成大部分的營銷傳播工作。

The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods.這一理論似乎還可以解釋某些裝扮、品牌或社區為何會突然受到出乎意料的追捧。

In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.對于許多諸如此類的情況,如果只是走馬觀花地尋找原因,你會發現總是有一小群人開風氣之先,率先穿上、宣傳和開發人們此前從未留意的東西。

Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends 這種事實證據與該觀點正好一拍即合--只有一些特別的人才能引領潮流。

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.但是在最近的研究中,一些研究人員發現,影響者對社會流行潮流的影響力遠比人們認為的要小。

In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.事實上,他們似乎根本就是無關緊要。

The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the ex-ception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others.研究者的觀點源于對社會影響力的簡單觀察:除了少數像 Oprah Winfrey這樣的名人之外(她強大的人氣影響力主要來自媒體影響力,而非她與觀眾互動的人際影響力),即使人群中最有影響力的人也無法與那么多的“其他人”互動,從而引領潮流。

Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.然而根據兩級傳播理論,正是這些非名人影響者直接影響了他們的朋友和同事,從而推動了社會流行潮流。

For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on;但是,要讓一種社會流行潮流真正發生,每個受影響的人還必須影響他的熟人,而他的熟人又必須影響其他熟人,and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.依此類推;但是會有多少人去關注這些熟人中的每個人,與最初的影響者幾乎沒有關系。

If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.舉個例子來說,在這個人際影響的網絡中,如果第一個影響者受到兩次抵制,那么他的連鎖影響范圍就不會繼續擴大,或者說影響的人不會很多。

Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.基于這一人際影響力的基本事實,研究者們研究了社會影響的動力機制。我們對不同人群進行了成千上萬次計算機模擬,不斷調整人們影響他人和受他人影響的各種變量。

They found that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”-the widespread propagation of influence through networksthe more in-herently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.事實上,我們對新事物嘗試得越多,就會走出自己的舒適地帶越遠。在職場和個人生活中變得越有創造性。

But don't bother trying to kill off old habits;但是,不要麻煩地去試圖戒掉舊習慣;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they're there to stay.一旦這些慣有程序融進腦部,它們就會留在那里。

Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.相反,我們有意使之根深蒂固的新習慣會創建平行路徑,它們可以繞過原來那些路徑。

“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder, ” says Dawna Markova, au-thor of “The Open Mind” 《開放思想》一書的作者達瓦納?馬克瓦說:“革新所需要的第一樣東西就是對好奇的著迷。

”But we are taught instead to 'decide, ' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' “ 然而我們被教導去做'決定',就像我們的總裁稱呼自己為'決策者'那樣。

She adds, however, that ”to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.她接著說,“但是,決定意味著除了一種可能性外,其他的都被扼殺了。

A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 優秀的具有革新精神的思想家總是在探尋著許多其他的可能性。“ All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says.她說,我們都是通過一些自己沒有意識到的方法解決問題的。

Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach chal-lenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally(or collaboratively)and innova-tively.研究人員在 20 世紀 60 年代末發現人類天生主要用四種方法應對挑戰:分析法,程序法,相關法(或合作法)和創新法。

At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.但是在青春期結束,大腦關閉一半的能力,僅僅保留了那些大約在生命最開始的十幾年時間里似乎是最為寶貴的思維方式。

The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.標準化測試目前主要強調分析法和程序法這兩種方式。也就是說,我們中很少有人會本能地使用創新和合作的思維方式。

”This breaks the major rule in the American belief systemor at least confirm that he's the kid's dad.俗話說,賢父知己子,但是如今男人可以提升自己做父親的智慧,或者至少可以確認自己是孩子的父親了。

All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstoreand pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why com-mercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to itespecially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generationsnotably, protein5'9″ for men, 5'4″ for womenhaving extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.所以要請牙醫給他移植九顆牙齒—而這些牙齒是從他的奴隸口中拔來的。

That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.這跟很多人在歷史書上讀到過的那個砍櫻桃樹的華盛頓有點大相徑庭。

But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.但是最近開始,歷史學家開始越來越關注奴隸制在美國開國一代人的生活中所扮演的角色。

They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.他們多半是受了 1998 年 DNA 事件的影響。那個事件證明托馬斯?杰弗遜至少和他的奴隸薩利?赫明思生過一個孩子。

And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.學者們從頭至尾地研究歷史還是近三十年的事情。

Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy.一些歷史學家揭示了早期開國者們的道德妥協和早期國家的不穩定性。

More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrongthough not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves.然而,杰弗遜還是解放了赫明思的孩子們,雖然沒有同樣解放赫明思和其他150名奴隸。

Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.華盛頓在目睹了美國獨立戰爭中黑人士兵的英勇之后開始相信人人生就平等。于是,不顧親屬的反對,他解放了自己所有的努力。

Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.而僅僅在十年前,解放奴隸的法案才在弗吉尼亞得以批準。Part C : C部分:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.閱讀下面的文章,并將畫線部分翻譯成中文。將你的翻譯答案寫在答題紙第2頁上。

In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary mod-esty.在自傳中,達爾文極其謙遜地評價了自己的智力。

He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and con-cisely, but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forc-ing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.他在想要簡明地表達自己觀點時,總會遇到很大的困難,但是他認為,正是這種困難起了彌補作用,使他長時間專注地思考每個句子,從而能在推理和親自觀察中發現自己的錯誤。

He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distin-guished Huxley.他承認自己不具備像著名的赫胥黎那樣的快速理解能力。

He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.他還認為,在深入理解冗長且完全抽象的一系列觀點方面,自己的能力非常有限;因此,他曾深信自己在數學方面本來就不該獲得成功。

His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy.他還說他的記憶雜亂而模糊,So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.在某個方面甚至很糟糕,即使記下了某個日子或者一行詩歌,幾天后就能忘記。

On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.另一方面,一些批評家指責說,盡管他善于觀察,但卻不能推理,他對此既不接,認為毫無根據。

This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men.他認為這種批評是不正確的,因為《物種起源》這本書從頭到尾都是長篇大論,而且還說服了很多有才華的人。

No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning.他說,如果不具備推理能力,沒有人能夠寫出這樣的書。

He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judg-ment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” 他愿意這樣評價自己:“正如每一位成功的律師和醫生一樣,我具有一定的發現能力和常識判斷力;但是,我認為自己的水平不高。” He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.” 他謙虛地補充說,或許他“和普通人相比,更能注意到他們容易忽略的細節,更能對這些細節進行仔細觀察”。

Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.在去世的最后一年,他寫道在過去的二三十年中,他的思想發生了變化。

Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.到三十多歲的時候,詩歌給他帶來極大的快樂。

Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight.以前,繪畫給他帶來了極高的興致,音樂給他帶來了無窮的樂趣。

In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.然而在1881年,他說:“這幾年來,讀一行詩,我就受不了。

I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” 我對音樂和繪畫的品味也幾乎快要喪失了。” Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not a loss of happiness, but might possi-bly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.達爾文認為,失去對音樂和繪畫方面的興趣,不是失去了幸福,但可能損傷智力,甚至更可能敗壞道德。2007年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1 閱讀1 If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tourna-ment, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: 如果你打算在 2006 年世界杯錦標賽上調查所有足球運動員的出生證明,那么你很有可能發現一個引人注目的巧合:

elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.優秀足球運動員更可能出生于每年的前幾個月而不是后幾個月。

If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and profes-sional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.如果你接著調查世界杯和職業比賽的歐洲國家青年隊的話,那么你會發現這一奇怪的現象甚至更明顯。

What might account for this strange phenomenon? 什么可以解釋這一奇怪的現象呢?

Here are a few guesses: a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;下面是一些猜測:a)某種占星術征兆使人具備更高的足球技能;

b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;b)冬季出生的嬰兒往往具有更高的供氧能力,這增加了踢足球的持久力;

c)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;c)熱愛足球的父母更可能在春季(每年足球狂熱的鼎盛時期)懷孕;

d)none of the above.d)以上各項都不是。

Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” 58歲的安德斯?埃里克森是佛羅里達州立大學的一名心理學教授,他堅信“以上各項都不是”這一猜測。

Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.在瑞典長大的埃里克森,一直研究核工程,直到他認識到,如果他轉向心理學領域,他將會有更多機會從事自己的研究。

His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: 他的首次試驗是在大約30年以前進行的,與記憶相關: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.訓練一個人先聽一組任意挑選的數字,然后復述這些數字。

“With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls.“在經過大約 20小時的訓練之后,第一個試驗對象(復述)的數字跨度從 7個上升到 20個,” 埃里克森回憶說。

“He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.” “該試驗對象不斷進步,在接受大約 200個小時的訓練后,他復述的數字已經達到 80多個。” This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically deter-mined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.這一成功,連同后來證明的記憶本身不是遺傳決定的研究,使得埃里克森得出結論,即記憶過程是一種認知練習,而不是一種本能練習。

In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memor-ize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.換句話說,無論兩個人在記憶力能力上可能存在怎樣的天生差異,這些差異都會被每個人如何恰當地“解讀”所記的信息所掩蓋。

And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice.埃里克森確信,了解如何有目的地解讀信息的最佳方法就是一個為人所知的有意練習過程。

Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.有意練習需要的不僅僅是簡單地重復一個任務。

Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.相反,它包括確定明確的目標、獲得即時的反饋以及技術與結果的濃縮。

Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer.因此,埃里克森和他的同事開始研究包括足球領域在內的廣泛領域中專業執行者。

They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.他們收集了能夠收集的所有資料,不只是表現方面的統計數據和傳記詳細資料,還包括他們自己對取得很高成就的人員進行的實驗室實驗結果。

Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly over-rated.他們的研究得出了一個非常令人驚奇的結論--我們通常稱為天分的特征被高估了。

Or, put another way, expert performersare nearly always made, not born.或者,換句話說,專業執行者――無論是在記憶還是手術方面,在芭蕾還是計算機編程領域――幾乎總是培養的,而不是天生的。Text 2 閱讀2 For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” 在過去的幾年,《星期日報》的增刊《漫步》開設了一個名為《詢問瑪麗琳》的專欄。

People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old;人們被邀請去詢問瑪麗琳?沃斯?薩文特。瑪麗琳?沃斯?薩文特在10歲時測試的智力水平達到別人 23 歲時的水平,that gave her an IQ of 228that is, it pre-dicted the opposite.但是,在壓力大狀況下,智商測試所得的結果與領導才能的關系是否定的,也就是說,它預測的結果是相反的。

Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.任何經歷過學術能力檢測的人都會認為,應試能力也很重要,無論是知道何時應該進行推測,還是知道應該忽略什么問題。Text 3 閱讀3 During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities.在過去的十幾年里,美國那些曾經可以依靠辛勤勞動和公平條件維持穩定收入的中產階層家庭的生活被經濟風險和新現實改變了。

Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.如今,一份解雇通知書、一個不利的診斷結果或者配偶的去世都可能在幾個月之內將一個家庭從穩定的中產階層家庭降格成為一個新貧困家庭。

In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family eco-nomics.在僅僅一代人的時間里,數百萬母親出去工作,改善家庭的基本經濟狀況。

Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.學者、決策者以及各類批評人士對這些變化的社會意義爭論不休,但是,很少有人關注這些變化的副作用:家庭的風險增加了。

Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.如今的家庭根據其新的雙收入限度安排開支。

As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setbackand newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare.衛生保健和家庭承擔份額的絕對成本都上漲了——而且,最近實施的健康儲蓄計劃正在從立法機關擴展到沃爾瑪員工,包含大量更高的減免,并且給家庭未來的衛生保健帶來許多新投資風險。

Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parenthave jumped eightfold in just one generation.甚至人口統計狀況也對中產階層家庭不利,因為有一個體弱、年邁的父母——以及由此而產 生的所有物資和經濟援助——就在僅僅一代人的時間里增長了8倍。

From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening ac-celeration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.從中產階層家庭的角度來看,大多數情況是可以理解的,這根本不像一種發揮更多支付能力的機會,而是像一種將經濟風險大規模轉向那些已經負擔過重的家庭的令人恐懼的加速行為。

The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.經濟副作用已經開始,政治副作用可能也將開始。Text 4 閱讀4 It never rains but it pours.不鳴則易,一鳴驚人

Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn themthe sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.正當老板和董事長終于解決了最糟糕的財務和規章問題并加強其公司的薄弱管理之后,數據安全這個新問題又威脅到他們。該問題以讓人厭惡的方式出現在頭版頭條新聞中(尤其在美國),進而不可避免地導致管理層的走馬換任。

Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.在這之前,信息保護通常還只是臨時的、低層次的值息技術員的工作,并且只被諸如銀行、電信、航空公司等數據量大的行業重視,可現在這個問題被放在了各行各業老板的議亊日程的重要位置。

Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this yearhave left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.今年發生了多起消費者和員工信息的重大泄密事件。這些泄密事件發生在時代華納、美國國防部承包的科學應用國際公司以及加州大學伯克利分校這樣的不同機構。這使得管理人員匆忙檢查那些復雜的信息系統和商業程序,以便尋找潛在隱患。

“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University's business school.斯坦福大學商學院的海姆?門德爾森認為“信息正在成為一種需要像保護其他財產一樣而保護的財產”。

“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” “保護消費者信息的能力是市場價值的關鍵因素,這是董事會應該為了股東的利益而承擔的責任”。

Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School.紐約哥倫比亞商學院的埃尼?諾姆暗示,事實上正如存在公認會計原則的觀念一樣,或許可能應該是采取公認安全措施的時候了。

“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one, ” he says.他表示“為安全、備份以及恢復確定適當的投資標準是一個管理問題,不是技術問題。”。

The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.其神秘在于,對任何老板來說,這可能是一個意外。

Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restorethough not justified-by the lack of legal penalty(in America, but not Europe)for data leakage.這類事情的現狀可能受到缺乏有關信息泄露的法律處罰(在美國,不是在歐洲)的激勵,盡管還沒有的到證實。

Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray.直到加利福尼亞最近通過了一項法律,美國的公司不必告知任何人信息何時泄露,甚至包括受害人。

That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C.這種情況可能迅速改變:如今,許多被提議的信息保護立法正在華盛頓特區討論。

Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission(FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.同時,6 月 17 日有關偷竊約 4000 萬信用卡賬戶信息事件的披露給此前一天美國商務委員會的一個重要決定蒙上陰影,該決定的內容是:如果公司沒有提供適當的信息安全保護措施,那么監管人員就會采取行動。

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.幾個世紀以來,有關法律的研究一直被看成是歐洲各國大學的一門基本的知識學科。

However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.不過,只是在最近幾年有關法律的研究才成為加拿大大學教育的一門學科。

Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of law-yers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.傳統上在加拿大的高等學府里,學習法律一直被看作是律師的專門工作,而不是一個受過良好教育的人所必須具備的知識素養。

Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.幸運的是,加拿大的許多大學正在樹立法律教育更傳統、更具有大陸特性的觀念,有些甚至已經開始授予法律學士學位.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.如果有關法律的研究正在開始成為普通教育一個不可缺少的學科的話,那么它的目的和方法應該會即刻吸引新聞學教育家。

Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.法律是一門學科,這門學科鼓勵進行有責任的判斷。

On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom.一方面,它分析提供了分析如公正、民主以及自由概念的機會。

On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.另一方面,法律又將正義、民主和自由這些觀念與日常生活中的實際聯系在一起,其方式就如同新聞工作者在報道和評論新聞事件時,以日常生活為基礎,使這些觀念與實際情況相結合一樣。

For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.比如,有關證據和事實、基本權利和公眾利益這樣的概念在新聞判斷和新聞制作過程中起作用,就像在法庭上一樣。

Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journal-ist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.通過學習并且反省法律來強化判斷是一名新聞記者為其事業進行知識準備時渴望實現的。

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citi-zen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.但是,新聞工作者對于法律的理解應該比普通公民更加深刻,這個觀點是建立在對新聞媒體的既定規范和特殊的社會責任有深刻認識之上的。

Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists.政治,或者更廣泛一點,國家的職能,是新聞記者報道的一個主要方面。

The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be.他們對國家運作的方式了解越多,他們的報道就越優秀。

In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.實際上,很難想象那些對加拿大憲法的基本特點缺乏清晰了解的新聞工作者能夠勝任政治新聞報道的工作。

Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.此外,法律體系以及其中發生的事件是新聞記者報道的主題。

While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.雖然與法律有關的新聞報道的性質差別很大,但是,許多新聞記者過分依賴律師提供給他們的詮釋。

While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.律師的評論和反應當然能夠提升新聞報道的價值,但是記者們最好還是依靠自己對于事件重要性的認識來做出判斷。

These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.只能通過對法律體系的深刻了解才能得出。2006年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1 閱讀1 In spite of “endless talk of difference, ” American society is an amazing machine for homo-genizing people.不管我們如何喋喋不休地談論差別,美國社會實際上是一臺同化人們的神奇的機器。

There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture.這就是民主化的著裝和言談,并且還有種隨意和缺乏尊重感,這些構成了通俗文化的特性。

People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite, ” 人們被一種消費文化所吸引了,這種文化是由十九世紀在高雅的氛圍中陳列著琳瑯滿目的商品的百貨商店所開始的,不是為了迎合有知識的精英們而開設的專門商店,these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background.而是創建了“不分階層和背景人人都可以進入”的大眾商店。

This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” 這使得購物成為一種大眾的、民主的行為。

The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.大眾傳媒、廣告和體育也是協助人們均質化的推動力。

Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.盡管這種文化并不算高雅,但也算不上有害,移民們很快就融入了這種共同文化。

Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation.Gregory Rodriguez 為美國移民研討會撰文指出,今天的移民既不是處于空前的水平,也不抵制同化。

In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population;in 1900, 13.6 percent.在 1998 年,移民占全國人口的 9.8%;在 1900 年為 13.6%。

In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1, 000 residents;在 1990年以前的十年之中,在每千位居民當中,有千分之 3.1的新來的移民;

in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1, 000.而在 1890 年以前的十年之中,每千位居民當中就有千分之 9.2 的移民。

Now, consider three indices of assimilation--language, home ownership and intermarriage.現在,讓我們來看一下三個同化指標——語言、擁有產權住房和異族結婚情況。

The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most com-mon countries of origin spoke English 'well' or 'very well' after ten years of residence.” 1990年的人口普查透露:“來自十五個移民數量最多的國家的移民在到美國十年后英語說得‘好’或‘很好’。” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.移民的子女幾乎都說兩種語言,且精通英語。

“By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” “到了第三代,在大多數移民家庭,他們的母語就消失了。”

Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages.因此,有人就把美國描 述成了“語言的墳場”。

By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.到了 1996 年,出生于國外的、在 1970 年以前到達美國的移民有 75.6%購置了自己的住房,這個數字高出土生土長的美國人的擁有自己所有權住房的百分比——69.8%。

Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” 在國外出生的亞裔和西班牙裔移民“與美國本土白人和黑人相比,與異族通婚的比率要高。”

By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, 到了第三代,有三分之一的西班牙裔女性與非西班牙裔男性結婚,and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.而有41%亞裔美國婦女與非亞裔男性結婚。

Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, 羅得里格斯寫道,即使那些住 在世界各地偏僻村莊的的孩子們都是諸如阿諾?施瓦辛格和加思?布魯克斯等明星的星迷,yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power.” 然而“一些美國人卻害怕住在美國的移民不知怎樣才能免受美國的同化力量影響”。

Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed.在美國是否存在不和以及潛在的不安?答案是肯定的,It is big enough to have a bit of everything.因為這個國家足夠大以至于什么現象都存在。

But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.但是與美國動蕩狂暴的過去相比,如今的社會基本不能說明美國的社會環境正在惡化,變得黑暗。Text 2 閱讀2 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry--William Shakespeare--but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.眾所周知 Stratford-on-Avon 只有一個特色,那就是威廉?莎士比亞,但這兒卻有兩個相互獨立的部門,他們隨著時間的變化而日益變得敵對。

There is the Royal Shakespeare Company(RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.這兒有皇家莎士比亞公司(RSC),它在 Avon 的莎士比亞紀念劇院里將很多優秀的戲劇作品呈現給大家。

And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights.這兒的居民大部分是靠掙來游玩的游客的錢來維持生計,這些游客并不是來看戲劇的,而是來看 Anne Hathaway的莊園。這是莎士比亞的出生地和其他的景色。

The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue.Strat-ford 的當地鄉紳們都質疑劇院有沒有為當地的稅收收入做一點貢獻。

They frankly dislike the RSC's actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noi-siness.他們直言討厭 RSC的演員,這些演員留著長頭發,長胡須,拖著涼鞋,吵吵嚷嚷。

It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor(with a beard)and did his share of noise-making.這真是一種絕妙的諷刺,當你想到作為他們搖錢樹的莎士比亞,自己也是個演員,留著胡子,一起大吵大鬧。

The tourist streams are not entirely separate.游客群并不是完全分開的。

The sightseers who come by bus--and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side--游覽者乘公車來,經常會去游覽 Warwick城堡和Blenheim 宮殿,don't usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford.通常不會去看戲,并且他們中的一些人甚至會對在 Stratford 能找到劇院感到驚訝。

However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing.然而,看戲者只花少量的時間在觀光上,也就是在戲劇演出時順便看看。

It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town's revenue because they spend the night(some of them four or five nights)pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.RSC主張,是看戲者給城鎮帶來大量的稅收,因為他們通常花整晚上時間(有些是四到五個晚上)在旅館或飯店里大量消費。

The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.然而游覽者在當天的黃昏前就能把所有事情做完了,然后離開小鎮。

The townsfolk don't see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company.當地居民并不這么認為,地方政府也直接沒有給予RSC補貼。

Stratford cries poor traditionally.Stratford 一向都會哭窮。

Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge.然而城鎮上每一家旅館似乎都增加了新的部門或是雞尾酒酒吧。

Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.希爾頓也在這兒建了一座自己的酒店,這里肯定可以能看到被裝飾一新的哈姆雷特漢堡酒吧,Lear 休息室,宴會廳等等。進一步說,這里消費將很貴。

Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy.總之,居民不明白為什么 RSC 需要補貼。

(The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row.(劇院已經打破了連續三年以來的就座率紀錄。

Last year its 1, 431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they'll do better.)去年整年的 1431 個座位的就坐率達到了94%,今年將會更高。)

The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.當然,原因是,演戲的花費高了,然而票價仍然很低。

It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele.大幅增加票價是一件很為難的事情,因為這樣會把 Stratford 的最有魅力的顧客-年輕人趕走。

They come entirely for the plays, not the sights.他們完全是為了戲而來,不是為風景。

They all seem to look alike(though they come from all over)--lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, 他們看起來都一個樣(雖然他們從各個地方而來)——消瘦、率直、專注的臉龐,穿著牛仔褲和便鞋,eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box

第三篇:2013考研英語(一)翻譯真題。

2013考研英語

(一)翻譯真題--中域教育網

46.yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47.A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need.48.The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such

49.Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic

50.It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.

第四篇:考研英語一翻譯復習方法大總結

考研英語一翻譯復習方法大總結

一、復習篇

必須要重申一次,要想做好翻譯題,詞匯和語法很重要!用真題記單詞效率會比較高,尤其是單詞注釋詳細的那種真題,比如說我之前用的《考研真相》,“逐句精解”文章,可以學到詞性詞義,同時還能學到相關搭配和用法,這是詞匯書不具備的。

語法常考考點:定語和定語從句,定語從句中限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的位置處理、分詞和介詞短語作后置定語的翻譯、狀語的翻譯定位和順序、名詞性從句的翻譯。被動語態、虛擬語氣和倒裝結構的翻譯為關鍵得分點。

用真題復習翻譯部分時要通觀全文,嘗試自己翻譯,然后對照全文翻譯答案來查找自己的技巧盲點,并有針對地進行鞏固練習。此外,平時的練習也是不可或缺的。

在譯文組合的過程中,注意結構。例如強調結構在漢語中,翻譯時的獨特變化。注意漢語翻譯要根據原文語境去翻譯,且避免拖沓,做到通達、準確。平時應該加大閱讀量,尤其是一些專業名詞的積累,難保翻譯題中會碰到一些特殊的專業名詞,多多積累總是有好處的。

二、技巧篇

翻譯劃線句子一定要結合文章來翻譯,不能直譯,正確的翻譯方式應該是把詞、句子放到篇章里去理解。這樣翻譯出來的句子才能表意準確。

要注意英語漢語的差異,一定要靈活的轉換,保證句子通順,不拖沓不語病。

翻譯的時候可以打草稿,先把英語轉換成漢語,然后將漢語再加工,再本來意思不變的情況下,讓語言更加凝練,語句更加通順有美感,也就是“信達雅”。

解題技巧還是需要自己多做題多總結,也可以看一些講解題技巧的視頻課,比如說“零元課”,里面各種類型的視頻課都有,不會因為免費所以視頻質量不好。有一些老師講的真的很好。

歷屆學長學姐大力推薦的考研英語一輔導書 1.《非常詞匯》

適合人群:英語一和英語二通用

推薦理由:800個句子濃縮所有大綱單詞,通過句子記單詞,讓你不再由A背到Z,背單詞不再那么枯燥,記憶量大大變小了。贈送的4大贈本中,不僅包括考研英語必考詞和基礎詞,還有四大贈本《高考詞+四級詞+六級詞+考研詞》、《基礎詞+必考詞+偶考詞+超綱詞》,《750個考研高頻短語》另外還有《300組詞匯辨析》。重點分明,可以根據的自己的情況和時間進行選擇去用

2.閃過英語考研《必考詞匯應用全書》 適合人群:備考時間不足的人

推薦理由:閃過作為英語教輔第二品牌,為什么說閃過英語適合備考時間不足的人,因為閃過英語輔導 書都有“薄、準、精、快”的特點,讓你在短期內閃過英語考試。

大家都知道必考詞=考研英語70分,可見必考詞是多的么重要,但是必考詞的應用比記憶重要的多。這 本書不僅濃縮了1800個必考詞,還給出了必考詞常考的幾大短語!這些短語幫你在 短期內搞定必考詞在考試中的應用。

二、閱讀:

1.《閱讀基礎90篇》 適合人群:英語基礎薄弱的人

推薦理由 :通過90篇真題閱讀的逐詞逐句精解,夯實詞匯和語法,在短期內惡補基礎!

贈送書中還有8大考點的滿分技巧幫助考生系統復習,再用贈送的36篇標準難度真題實戰演練,檢測成 果,適合復習前期惡補基礎。

2.閃過英語考研《長難句閃過》 適合人群:備考時間不充足的人 推薦理由 :《長難句閃過》被稱作“長難句破解神器”,這本書不僅僅是向我們展示語法分析的結果,而 教你通過“找主干,理清修飾詞,看標點”三個步驟教你輕松簡單的破解長難句,讓你一看就懂,一做 就會,快速搞定長難句!如果長難句是你的障礙,那么這本書無疑是你最好的選擇。

1.《考研真相》

適合人群:英語基礎薄弱的人

推薦理由:逐詞逐句逐題精解真題,把真題文章每句的難點詞匯和語法掰開了揉碎了一句一句去講,不用查字典,更不用查語法書,學長學姐們都大力推薦!這本書有兩個版本,一個是基礎加強版(98-07年真題)——適合第一階段打基礎、一個是高分突破版(08-17年真題)——適合第二階段復習,適合基礎薄弱的考研 黨,適合自己的就是最好的!

2.《考研英語一歷年真題匯編王》 適合人群:考前想要刷題的人

推薦理由:這本書匯編了歷年的38套真題,適合在考前或者復習前期刷題用,這本書最大的特點就在于 題量大,還便宜。

四、寫作

《寫作160篇》——英語一寫作專用書 適合人群:英語基礎薄弱專用

推薦理由:這本書全面涵蓋可考的話題,連續11次命中作文原題!話題重點突出(真題作文40篇+預測作文30篇+熟悉瀏覽90篇);教你搞定基礎,通過詞-句-段-篇層層推進,一步步教會你寫作文!利用真題作文“三步作文法”(模板范文+思路創新+語言創新)教你寫出好作文!這本書是大部分往屆生都推薦的!

第五篇:2013考研英語(一)翻譯真題及解析

2013考研英語

(一)翻譯真題及解析--中域教育網

46.yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.解析

考察重點:非謂語動詞做后置定語,狀語從句,插入語

這個句子結構非常清晰:it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles,these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.是主句,其中for all their diversity of styles是插入語。時間壯語從句yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless,提前至主句之前,其中created by the homeless 是過去分詞短語充當后置定語,用來修飾 the gardens。詞匯的識別:句子中的動詞looks at,對應的賓語是 the photographs of the gardens,因此翻譯成“觀看”。句子中created by the homeless對應的賓語是 the gardens,因此翻譯成“創建、建立”。句子中的動詞speak of對應的賓語是 various other fundamental urges,因此翻譯成“透露、顯示、表明”。

參考翻譯:然而當我們觀看那些由無家可歸的人創建的家園的照片時,它們的那些各種各樣的風格,會給人以深深的震撼。這些家園在它的裝飾和創造性表示之上,透露出了其他基本的需求。

評分標準:三個動詞 “look at, created by the homeless和speak of”的翻譯各占0.5分,目標漢語的通順流暢占0.5分。

47.A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need.解析

考察重點:讓步壯語從句,插入語,比較狀語從句

這個句子結構簡潔:A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need,是主句,其中, however crude it may be,是讓步壯語從句充當插入語; as opposed to shelter which is a distinctly animal need.是比較狀語從句。

詞匯的識別:句子中的三個系詞在表與信息的提示之下分別翻譯成為“是人類的基本需求”;“無論多么粗糙(貧瘠)”;“是動物的基本需求”。

參考翻譯:一塊神圣的和平之地,不管它有多么粗糙,它都是一種人類基本的需求,和庇護所相反,那只是動物的基本需求。

評分標準:三個系詞的翻譯各占0.5分,目標漢語的通順流暢占0.5分。

48.The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such

解析:

考察重點:定語從句

這個句子結構簡潔: The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from it to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such是主句,其中 which are in effect homeless garden 是定語從句修飾 The gardens of the homeless;定語從句where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such修飾先行詞 an urban environment。

參考翻譯: 無家可歸的人的家園,事實上是無所謂家的家園,給要么是不存在的,要么是無法分辨得清的城市環境引入了一種形式。評分標準:動詞短語“introduce from it to”、系詞“are”、“didn’t exist, was not discernible”的翻譯各占0.5分,目標漢語的通順流暢占0.5分。

49.Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic

解析

考察重點:時間壯語從句,定語從句

這個句子結構稍顯復雜:Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions 是主句,其中, which we usually blame on some psychological conditions 是定語從句 until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.是時間狀語從句。

詞匯的識別:動詞短語“give in”在賓語 demoralization of spirit的指導下,翻譯為“屈服于”;“blame which on some psychological conditions”中的blame翻譯成為“推卸到”;find發現,feel感受到。參考翻譯: 我們當中大多數人都屈服于精神的道德敗壞,我們經常把這種精神上的敗壞推卸到心理環境上,直到有一天我們發現自己處于一個家園當中,并感受到這種壓迫好像魔法一樣消失.評分標準:三組動詞的翻譯各占0.5分,目標漢語的通順流暢占0.5分。

50.It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.解析:

考察重點:強調句型,插入語

這個句子結構稍顯復雜: It is this ??that ??是強調句型,還原成正常語序后句子表達為“this implicit or explicit reference to nature fully justifies the use of the word garden”;though in a“liberated”sense是插入語。

詞匯的識別:動詞“justify”在賓語 the use of word garden的指導下,翻譯為“證實?是合理的”;動詞“describe”在賓語“these synthetic constructions”的指導之下翻譯成“描述”。

參考翻譯: 正是這種隱晦或明顯的涉及自然,盡管是從一種解放的意義上來說, 充分地證實了用來描述這些人造建筑的花園這個單詞很貼切。

評分標準:兩個動詞的翻譯各占0.5分,強調句型的翻譯占0.5分,目標漢語的通順流暢占0.5分。

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