第一篇：考研英語(一)沖刺復(fù)習(xí)資料：歷年漫畫作文真題素材匯總

凱程考研 http://www.tmdps.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

考研英語(一)沖刺復(fù)習(xí)資料：歷年漫畫

作文真題素材匯總

凱程考研，考研機構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://www.tmdps.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://www.tmdps.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研，考研機構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://www.tmdps.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研，考研機構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://www.tmdps.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研，考研機構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://www.tmdps.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研，考研機構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://www.tmdps.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研，考研機構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://www.tmdps.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研：

凱程考研成立于2005年，具有悠久的考研輔導(dǎo)歷史，國內(nèi)首家全日制集訓(xùn)機構(gòu)考研，一直從事高端全日制輔導(dǎo)，由李海洋教授、張鑫教授、盧營教授、王洋教授、楊武金教授、張釋然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高級考研教研隊伍組成，為學(xué)員全程高質(zhì)量授課、答疑、測試、督導(dǎo)、報考指導(dǎo)、方法指導(dǎo)、聯(lián)系導(dǎo)師、復(fù)試等全方位的考研服務(wù)。凱程考研的宗旨：讓學(xué)習(xí)成為一種習(xí)慣； 凱程考研的價值觀：凱旋歸來，前程萬里； 信念：讓每個學(xué)員都有好最好的歸宿；

使命：完善全新的教育模式，做中國最專業(yè)的考研輔導(dǎo)機構(gòu)； 激情：永不言棄，樂觀向上；

敬業(yè)：以專業(yè)的態(tài)度做非凡的事業(yè)；

服務(wù)：以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作，為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

特別說明：凱程學(xué)員經(jīng)驗談視頻在凱程官方網(wǎng)站有公布，同學(xué)們和家長可以查看。扎扎實實的輔導(dǎo)，真真實實的案例，凱程考研的價值觀：凱旋歸來，前程萬里。

如何選擇考研輔導(dǎo)班：

在考研準(zhǔn)備的過程中，會遇到不少困難，尤其對于跨專業(yè)考生的專業(yè)課來說，通過報輔導(dǎo)班來彌補自己復(fù)習(xí)的不足，可以大大提高復(fù)習(xí)效率，節(jié)省復(fù)習(xí)時間，大家可以通過以下幾個方面來考察輔導(dǎo)班，或許能幫你找到適合你的輔導(dǎo)班。

師資力量：師資力量是考察輔導(dǎo)班的首要因素，考生可以針對輔導(dǎo)名師的輔導(dǎo)年限、輔導(dǎo)經(jīng)驗、歷年輔導(dǎo)效果、學(xué)員評價等因素進(jìn)行綜合評價，詢問往屆學(xué)長然后選擇。判斷師資力量關(guān)鍵在于綜合實力，因為任何一門課程，都不是由

一、兩個教師包到底的，是一批教師配合的結(jié)果。還要深入了解教師的學(xué)術(shù)背景、資料著述成就、輔導(dǎo)成就等。凱程考研名師云集，李海洋、張鑫教授、方浩教授、盧營教授、孫浩教授等一大批名師在凱程授課。而有的機構(gòu)只是很普通的老師授課，對知識點把握和命題方向，欠缺火候。

對該專業(yè)有輔導(dǎo)歷史：必須對該專業(yè)深刻理解，才能深入輔導(dǎo)學(xué)員考取該校。在考研輔導(dǎo)班中，從來見過如此輝煌的成績：凱程教育拿下2015五道口金融學(xué)院狀元，考取五道口15人，清華經(jīng)管金融碩士10人，人大金融碩士15個，中財和貿(mào)大金融碩士合計20人，北師大教育學(xué)7人，會計碩士保錄班考取30人，翻譯碩士接近20人，中傳狀元王園璐、鄭家威都是來自凱程，法學(xué)方面，凱程在人大、北大、貿(mào)大、政法、武漢大學(xué)、公安大學(xué)等院校斬獲多個法學(xué)和法碩狀元，更多專業(yè)成績請查看凱程網(wǎng)站。在凱程官方網(wǎng)站的光榮榜，成功學(xué)員經(jīng)驗談視頻特別多，都是凱程戰(zhàn)績的最好證明。對于如此高的成績，凱程集訓(xùn)營班主任邢凱程考研，考研機構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://www.tmdps.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

老師說，凱程如此優(yōu)異的成績，是與我們凱程嚴(yán)格的管理，全方位的輔導(dǎo)是分不開的，很多學(xué)生本科都不是名校，某些學(xué)生來自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，還有很多是工作了多年才回來考的，大多數(shù)是跨專業(yè)考研，他們的難度大，競爭激烈，沒有嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練和同學(xué)們的刻苦學(xué)習(xí)，是很難達(dá)到優(yōu)異的成績。最好的辦法是直接和凱程老師詳細(xì)溝通一下就清楚了。

凱程考研歷年戰(zhàn)績輝煌，成就顯著！

在考研輔導(dǎo)班中，從來見過如此輝煌的成績：凱程教育拿下國內(nèi)最高學(xué)府清華大學(xué)五道口金融學(xué)院金融碩士29人，占五道口金融學(xué)院錄取總?cè)藬?shù)的約50%，五道口金融學(xué)院歷年狀元均出自凱程.例如，2014年狀元武玄宇,2013年狀元李少華，2012年狀元馬佳偉，2011年狀元陳玉倩;考入北大經(jīng)院、人大、中財、外經(jīng)貿(mào)、復(fù)旦、上財、上交、社科院、中科院金融碩士的同學(xué)更是喜報連連，總計達(dá)到150人以上，此外，還有考入北大清華人大法碩的張博等10人，北大法學(xué)考研王少棠，北大法學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)法狀元王yuheng等5人成功考入北大法學(xué)院，另外有數(shù)10人考入人大貿(mào)大政法公安大學(xué)等名校法學(xué)院。北師大教育學(xué)和全日制教育碩士輔導(dǎo)班學(xué)員考入15人，創(chuàng)造了歷年最高成績。會計碩士保錄班考取30多人，中傳鄭家威勇奪中傳新聞傳播碩士狀元，王園璐勇奪中傳全日制藝術(shù)碩士狀元，（他們的經(jīng)驗談視頻在凱程官方網(wǎng)站有公布，隨時可以查看播放。）對于如此優(yōu)異的成績，凱程輔導(dǎo)班班主任邢老師說，凱程如此優(yōu)異的成績，是與我們凱程嚴(yán)格的管理，全方位的輔導(dǎo)是分不開的，很多學(xué)生本科都不是名校，某些學(xué)生來自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，還有很多是工作了多年才回來考的，大多數(shù)是跨專業(yè)考研，他們的難度大，競爭激烈，沒有嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練和同學(xué)們的刻苦學(xué)習(xí)，是很難達(dá)到優(yōu)異的成績。

考研路上，拼搏和堅持，是我們成功的必備要素。

王少棠

本科學(xué)校：南開大學(xué)法學(xué)

錄取學(xué)校：北大法學(xué)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法方向第一名 總分：380+ 在來到凱程輔導(dǎo)之前，王少棠已經(jīng)決定了要拼搏北大法學(xué)院，他有自己的理想，對法學(xué)的癡迷的追求，決定到最高學(xué)府北大進(jìn)行深造，他的北大的夢想一直激勵著他前進(jìn)，在凱程輔導(dǎo)班的每一刻，他都認(rèn)真聽課、與老師溝通，每一個重點知識點都不放過，對于少棠來說，無疑是無比高興的是，圓夢北大法學(xué)院。在復(fù)試之后，王少棠與凱程老師進(jìn)行了深入溝通，講解了自己的考研經(jīng)驗，與廣大考北大法學(xué)，人大法學(xué)、貿(mào)大法學(xué)等同學(xué)們進(jìn)行了交流，錄制為經(jīng)驗談，在凱程官方網(wǎng)站能夠看到。

王少棠參加的是凱程考研輔導(dǎo)班，回憶自己的輔導(dǎo)班的經(jīng)歷，他說：“這是我一輩子也許學(xué)習(xí)最投入、最踏實的地方，我有明確的復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)，有老師制定的學(xué)習(xí)計劃、有生活老師、班主任、授課老師的管理，每天6點半就起床了，然后是吃早餐，進(jìn)教室里早讀，8點開始凱程考研，考研機構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://www.tmdps.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

單詞與長難句測試，9點開始上課，中午半小時吃飯，然后又回到教室里學(xué)習(xí)了，夏天比較困了就在桌子上睡一會，下午接著上課，晚上自習(xí)、測試、答疑之類，晚上11點30熄燈睡覺。”

這樣的生活，貫穿了我在輔導(dǎo)班的整個過程，王少棠對他的北大夢想是如此的堅持，無疑，讓他忘記了在考研路上的辛苦，只有堅持的信念，只有對夢想的勇敢追求。

龔輝堂

本科西北工業(yè)大學(xué)物理

考入:五道口金融學(xué)院金融碩士(原中國人民銀行研究生部)作為跨地區(qū)跨校跨專業(yè)的三跨考生,在凱程輔導(dǎo)班里經(jīng)常遇到的,五道口金融學(xué)院本身公平的的傳統(tǒng),讓他對五道口充滿了向往,所以他來到了凱程輔導(dǎo)班,在這里嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練,近乎嚴(yán)苛的要求,使他一個跨專業(yè)的學(xué)生,成功考入金融界的黃埔軍校,成為五道口金融學(xué)院一名優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生,實現(xiàn)了人生的重大轉(zhuǎn)折。

在凱程考研輔導(dǎo)班，雖然學(xué)習(xí)很辛苦，但是每天他都能感覺到自己在進(jìn)步，改變了自己以往在大學(xué)期間散漫的學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)，進(jìn)入了高強度學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)。在這里很多課程讓他收獲巨大，例如公司理財老師，推理演算，非常純熟到位，也是每個學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣，公司理財老師帶過很多學(xué)生，考的非常好。在學(xué)習(xí)過程中，拿下了這塊知識，去食堂午餐時候加一塊雞翅，經(jīng)常用小小的獎勵激勵自己，尋找學(xué)習(xí)的樂趣。在輔導(dǎo)班里，學(xué)習(xí)成績顯著上升。

在暑期，輔導(dǎo)班的課程排得非常滿，公共課、專業(yè)課、晚自習(xí)、答疑、測試，一天至少12個小時及以上。但是他們?nèi)匀惶貏e認(rèn)真，在這個沒有任何干擾的考研氛圍里，充實地學(xué)習(xí)。

在經(jīng)過暑期嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練之后，龔對自己考入五道口更有信心了。在與老師溝通之后，最終確定了五道口金融學(xué)院作為自己最后的抉擇，決定之后，讓他更加發(fā)奮努力。

五道口成績公布，龔輝堂成功了。這個封閉的考研集訓(xùn)，優(yōu)秀的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍，讓他感覺有質(zhì)的飛躍，成功的喜悅四處飛揚。

另外，在去年，石繼華，本科安徽大學(xué)，成功考入五道口金融學(xué)院，也就是說，我們只要努力，方向正確，就能取得優(yōu)異的成績。師弟師妹們加油，五道口、人大、中財、貿(mào)大這些名校等著你來。

黃同學(xué)(女生)本科院校：中國青年政治學(xué)院 報考院校：中國人民大學(xué)金融碩士 總分：跨專業(yè)380+ 初試成績非常理想，離不開老師的辛勤輔導(dǎo)，離不開班主任的鼓勵，離不開她的努力，離不開所有關(guān)心她的人，圓夢人大金融碩士，實現(xiàn)了跨專業(yè)跨校的金融夢。

黃同學(xué)是一個非常靦腆的女孩子，英語基礎(chǔ)算是中等，專業(yè)課是0基礎(chǔ)開始復(fù)習(xí)，剛剛開始有點吃力，但是隨著課程的展開，完全能夠跟上了節(jié)奏。

初試成績公布下來，雖然考的不錯，班主任老師沒有放松對復(fù)試的輔導(dǎo)，確保萬無一失，拿到錄取通知書才是最終的塵埃落地，開始了緊張的復(fù)試指導(dǎo)，反復(fù)的模擬訓(xùn)練，常見問題、凱程考研，考研機構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://www.tmdps.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

禮儀訓(xùn)練，專業(yè)知識訓(xùn)練，每一個細(xì)節(jié)都訓(xùn)練好之后，班主任終于放心地讓她去復(fù)試，果然，她以高分順利通過復(fù)試，拿到了錄取通知書。這是所有凱程輔導(dǎo)班班主任、授課老師、生活老師的成功。

張博，從山東理工大學(xué)考入北京大學(xué)法律碩士，我復(fù)習(xí)的比較晚，很慶幸選擇了凱程，法碩老師講的很到位，我復(fù)習(xí)起來減輕了不少負(fù)擔(dān)。愿大家在考研中馬到成功，也祝愿凱程越辦越好。

張亞婷，海南師范大學(xué)小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)，考入了北京師范大學(xué)教育學(xué)部課程與教學(xué)論方向，成功實現(xiàn)了自己的北師大夢想。特別感謝凱程的徐影老師全方面的指導(dǎo)。

孫川川，西南大學(xué)考入中國傳媒大學(xué)藝術(shù)碩士，播音主持專業(yè)。在考研輔導(dǎo)班，進(jìn)步飛快，不受其他打擾，能夠全心全意投入到學(xué)習(xí)中。凱程老師也很負(fù)責(zé)，真的很感謝他們。

在凱程考研輔導(dǎo)班，他們在一起創(chuàng)造了一個又一個奇跡。從河南理工大學(xué)考入人大會計碩士的李夢說：考取人大，是我的夢想，我一直努力，肯定能夠成功的，只要我們不放棄，不拋棄，并且一直在努力前進(jìn)創(chuàng)造成功的條件，每個人都能夠成功。正確的方法+不懈的努力+良好的環(huán)境+嚴(yán)格的管理=成功。我相信，每個人都能夠成功。

凱程考研，考研機構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

第二篇：考研英語歷年真題1989

1989年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

Section I Close Test

For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］.Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Read the whole passage before making your choice.(10 points)

①One day drought may be a thing of the past at least in coastal cities.②Vast areas of desert throughout the world may for the first timeand provide millions of hectares of land where now nothing grows.③By the end of this century this may not be mere2.④Scientists are already looking into the possibility of using some of the available ice in the Arctic and Antarctic.⑤In these regions there are vast ice-caps formed by snow that has fallen over the past 50,000 years.⑥Layerlayer of deep snow means that, when melted, the snow water would be pure, not salty as sea-ice would be.⑦There is so muchpure water here that it would need only a fraction of it to turn much of the desert or poorly irrigated parts of the world into rich farmland.⑧And what useful packages it would come in!⑨It should be possible to cut off a bit of ice and

11They are always transport it!⑩Alternatively perhaps a passing iceberg could be.○

breaking away from the main caps and floating around, pushed by currents, until they eventually melt and are wasted.12Many icebergs are, of course, far too small to be toweddistance, and would melt ○

13It would be necessary to locate one before they reached a country that needed them anywhere.○

14that wasand that was big enough to provide a good supply of ice when it reached us.○

Engineers think that an iceberg up to seven miles long and one and a half miles wide could be

15Even then they would cover only transported if the tug pulling it was as big as a supertanker!○the iceberg was at its destination, more that 7,000 twenty miles every day.○

17That would probably be more than million cubic metres of water could be taken from it!○

18But no doubt a use could be enough for any medium-sized city even in the hottest summer!○

19○20found for it.○

21This is The larger the iceberg, the slower it melts, even if it is towed through the tropics.○

because when the sun has a bigger area to warm , less heat actually gets into the iceberg.22The vast frozen centre would be unaffected.[394 words] ○

1.［A］ come to life［B］ come into existence

［C］ come into activity［D］ come round

2.［A］ speculation ［B］ imagination［C］ computation［D］ expectation

3.［A］ above［B］ of［C］ upon［D］ over

4.［A］ essential［B］ potential［C］ claimable［D］ obtainable

5.［A］ seized［B］ snatched［C］ grabbed［D］ captured

6.［A］ much［B］ any［C］ some［D］ certain

7.［A］ manageable ［B］ manipulative ［C］ operable［D］ controllable

8.［A］ after［B］ while［C］ since［D］ once

9.［A］ Apparently ［B］ Noticeably［C］ Distinctly［D］ Notably

10.［A］ round［B］ over［C］ up［D］ through

第三篇：歷年考研英語一閱讀真題翻譯(2004-2014)

2014年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1

In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme.Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be more reasonable? 為了“讓生活變得更美好”以及減少“依賴”，英國財政大臣喬治?奧斯本引入了“求職預(yù)付金”計劃。只有當(dāng)失業(yè)者帶著簡歷到就業(yè)中心，注冊在線求職并開始找工作，才有資格獲得補助金——然后他們應(yīng)該每周而非每兩周報告一次。有什么比這更合理呢？

More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance.“Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed.“We’re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness.What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.更加明顯的合理性如下。現(xiàn)在領(lǐng)取求職者補貼要等待七天。“這前幾天應(yīng)該用來找工作，而不是辦理失業(yè)登記（以獲得救濟(jì)金）。”他說，“我們這樣做是因為我們知道，這樣會幫助人們擺脫補助并讓依賴補助的人盡快就業(yè)。”幫助？真的嗎？乍一聽，這是位關(guān)心社會的大臣，他努力改善人們的生活，包括對一個明顯放縱的體系的“改革”，這個體系不要求新失業(yè)者付出多少努力去找工作，為其懶惰埋單。我們將會知道，激勵他的是他對“基本的公正”的熱誠——保護(hù)納稅人，控制花費以及確保只有最值得幫助的申請者才能得到補助金。

Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.失業(yè)是痛苦的：你不會內(nèi)心歌唱并跳躍著到就業(yè)中心去，為從這個慷慨國度得到加倍收入的前景而欣喜。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上它令人生畏，在心理感到難堪，并且你還知道那種扶持的微薄和非常難以得到。現(xiàn)在沒人需要你；你現(xiàn)在被排除在工作環(huán)境之外，那里會給予你人生的目標(biāo)和體制。更糟糕的是，失去了用以養(yǎng)家糊口和支付賬單的至關(guān)重要的收入。問任何新失業(yè)者他們想要什么，答案永遠(yuǎn)是：一份工作。

But in Osborne land, your first instinct is to fall into dependency-permanent dependency if you can get it-supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase ‘jobseeker’s allowance’invented in 1996-is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job;no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.但是在奧斯本之國，你的第一反應(yīng)就是墜入依賴——永遠(yuǎn)的依賴，如果你能得到的話——它由一個非常樂意放任你弄虛作假的國家所支持。好像這二十年一直嚴(yán)厲的求職和補助金管理系統(tǒng)的改革從未發(fā)生過。英國福利的原則不再是如果發(fā)生災(zāi)難，你能為自己投保失業(yè)險和得到無條件賠付。甚至正是“求職者補貼”這個詞語，在將失業(yè)者重新定義為“求職者”，他人通過繳納國民保險金可享有補助，而求職者則沒有這個基本權(quán)利。作為替代，申請者得到的是一周71.70 英鎊的限時“補貼”，條件是積極地找工作：沒有津貼也沒有保險，在歐盟這也是最小氣之一了。

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.Dur-ing the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts.Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reform-ing the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to imple-ment them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawy-er, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but oppo-nents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.在全世界，律師比任何其他職業(yè)的人都更招憎恨——新聞業(yè)可能是個例外。但是沒有多少地方能比美國更讓客戶有更多的理由抱怨。

在經(jīng)濟(jì)危機之前的十年間，美國法律服務(wù)費用的增長速度是通貨膨脹的兩倍。最好的律師賺得盆滿缽滿，吸引著更多的學(xué)生爭相進(jìn)入法學(xué)院。但是大部分法學(xué)畢業(yè)生從未獲得一份大律所的工作。他們中的許多人轉(zhuǎn)而成為那種妨害行為訴訟的提交者，這使得侵權(quán)制度成了一場昂貴的噩夢。

這里面有很多原因。其一是法律教育的費用過高。在美國大部分州只有一條成為律師的途徑；在某個無關(guān)的專業(yè)讀四年取得本科學(xué)位，然后在美國律師協(xié)會授權(quán)的200 所法學(xué)院之一讀三年取得法律學(xué)位，并為準(zhǔn)備律師資格考試花費不菲。這給現(xiàn)在這些普通的法學(xué)院畢業(yè)生留下在本科債務(wù)之外10 萬美元的債務(wù)。法學(xué)院債務(wù)意味著他們不得不拼命地努力工作。

改革這一體系會對律師和他們的客戶都有所幫助。明智的想法已經(jīng)存在了好長時間，但是管理該職業(yè)的州級機構(gòu)對實施它們太保守了。一個想法是準(zhǔn)許人們讀本科學(xué)位時學(xué)習(xí)法律。另外一個是，讓學(xué)生在法學(xué)院只讀兩年之后就參加律師資格考試。如果這一考試對于一名準(zhǔn)律師來說確實是足夠嚴(yán)格的測試，那么就應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)許那些有能力提早參加的學(xué)生們參加。不需要額外培訓(xùn)的學(xué)生就可以削減他們債務(wù)大山的三分之一。

費用如此之高的另外一個原因是該行業(yè)限制性的同業(yè)公會式的所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)。除哥倫比亞特區(qū)外，非律師人員不得持有律所的任何股份。這使得費用居高不下而創(chuàng)新腳步緩慢。在行業(yè)內(nèi)部存在要求變革的壓力，但是監(jiān)管部門中的反對變革者堅稱，將局外人排除在律所之外，可以讓律師與賺錢的壓力隔離而合乎職業(yè)道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地為客戶服務(wù)。

實際上，準(zhǔn)許非律師人員參股，通過鼓勵律所采用新技術(shù)和聘請職業(yè)經(jīng)理人來致力于提高律所效率，可以降低成本并改善對顧客的服務(wù)。畢竟，其它國家如澳大利亞和英國都已開始使其法律行業(yè)自由化。美國應(yīng)該效仿。

Text 3

The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polya-kov said when he accepted this year’s award in March.And it is far from the only one of its type.As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists.They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research.They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research.They do not fund peer-reviewed research.They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed.The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collabora-tive nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and ques-tion the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please.It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.300 萬美元的基礎(chǔ)物理學(xué)獎的確是一個有趣的嘗試，正如亞歷山大?帕里雅科夫三月份領(lǐng)取今年獎項時所言。而且該類獎項遠(yuǎn)非僅此一例。按照《自然》雜志新聞特寫欄目一篇文章所討論的，近年來一系列獎金豐厚的研究獎項已經(jīng)加入諾貝爾獎的行列。許多獎項（如基礎(chǔ)物理學(xué)獎）來自于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)家的資助，其銀行賬戶是電話號碼數(shù)量級的。據(jù)稱，這些慈善家在各自從事的領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)獲得成功，想用自己的財富去讓那些有科學(xué)成就的人士受到關(guān)注。

這有什么讓人不喜歡的呢？據(jù)新聞特寫欄目中援引一小部分科學(xué)家所言，非常之多。古語云，有錢買不到社會地位，這些暴富的企業(yè)家并不能為他們的獎金買來諾貝爾獎的聲望。科學(xué)家稱，新設(shè)獎項是那些幕后人自抬身價的一種舉動。它們會扭曲基于成就并由同行評議引導(dǎo)的研究體系。它們會鞏固同行評議研究的現(xiàn)狀。它們并不資助同行評議研究。它們延續(xù)了孤獨天才的神話。

正如《自然》雜志以前已經(jīng)指出的那樣，對于科學(xué)獎項——新設(shè)的和原有的——如何分配，存在某些憂慮是合理的。今年推出的“生命科學(xué)突破獎”，對生命科學(xué)的范疇所持觀點并不具代表性。但是諾貝爾基金會對每一獎項只能由三名仍在世者獲得的限制，由于現(xiàn)代科學(xué)研究的協(xié)作特性而早已不再適宜——這將由當(dāng)論及確認(rèn)希格斯波色子的發(fā)現(xiàn)時，對于誰可忽略而引起不可避免的爭論這一情況來證實。當(dāng)然，諾貝爾獎本身就是由一位富豪個人設(shè)立的，他決定了用自己的金錢去做他想要做的事。賦予諾貝爾獎合理性的是時間，而非設(shè)立的初衷。

有些科學(xué)家常常會抱怨新的獎項，有兩件事卻是顯而易見。第一，如果被授予這樣的獎項，大部分研究人員會接受它。第二，金錢和

關(guān)注度投向科學(xué)而不是其它地方，這無疑是好事。批評和質(zhì)疑這種機制是公平合理的——畢竟這是做研究的文化——但它是獎金提供者按

照自己的意愿處置的金錢。以感謝的心情和優(yōu)雅的風(fēng)度接受這樣的禮物是明智的。

Text 4

“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identi-fy actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educa-tors, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientif-ic scholarship and education.”In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presi-dents, scholars,lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.Because representative government presuppos-es an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy;stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government;and encourages the use of new digit-al technologies.To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.The report also advo-cates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunate-ly, despite 2? years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ig-nores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets or self-reliance —as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthu-siasm for liberal education.Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.美國藝術(shù)與科學(xué)院剛發(fā)布的報告《問題的核心》，因肯定了人文和社會科學(xué)對美國自由民主的繁榮和安全的重要性而值得贊揚。然而，遺憾的是該報告沒有論及通才教育所面臨危機的真正本質(zhì)，這可能造成弊大于利的結(jié)果。

2010 年，首要的國會民主黨人和共和黨人致函美國藝術(shù)與科學(xué)院，要求其確定可由“聯(lián)邦、州和地方政府、大學(xué)、基金會、教育工作者、個人捐助者和其他人”采取的措施，以“保持國家在人文和社會科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)和教育方面的優(yōu)勢”。作為回應(yīng)，美國藝術(shù)與科學(xué)院成立了人文和社會科學(xué)委員會。該委員會51 名成員中有頂級大學(xué)的校長、學(xué)者、律師、法官和公司執(zhí)行總裁，也有來自外交、電影、音樂和新聞界的杰出人物。

這份報告中確立的目標(biāo)大體上是值得稱贊的。因為代議制政府的前提是公民知情，該報告支持全面的文化素養(yǎng)；強調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)歷史和政治，特別是美國歷史和美國政治；以及鼓勵使用新的數(shù)字技術(shù)。為了鼓勵創(chuàng)新和競爭，報告呼吁增加研究投資，對緊密結(jié)合的課程要精益求精

（它們會提高學(xué)生在21 世紀(jì)有效地解決問題和交流溝通的能力），增加對教師的資助和鼓勵學(xué)者轉(zhuǎn)化所學(xué)知識以面對當(dāng)今的巨大挑戰(zhàn)。報告還主張加強對外語、國際事務(wù)的學(xué)習(xí)和擴展留學(xué)計劃。

不幸的是，盡管撰寫報告用了兩年半的時間，《問題的核心》卻從未觸及到問題的核心：我們一流院校的通才教育本質(zhì)上是狹隘的。委員會忽視了幾十年來美國各院校輸送的畢業(yè)生不明白通才教育的內(nèi)容和特點，因而喪失了它的益處。令人痛心的是，國內(nèi)校園內(nèi)曾有的探索精神，已經(jīng)被利用人文和社會科學(xué)作為宣揚“進(jìn)步的”或左翼民主的宣傳工具所代替。

如今，教授們通常將進(jìn)步的歷史觀和公共政策視為正統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)科目，而將保守的或古典自由主義的觀點——例如：自由市場和自力更生——描述為逾越了常規(guī)、合理事物和理性調(diào)研的界限。

2013年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year

indictment of “fast fashion”.In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Unable to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit.Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable——meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers.For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollen’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.“Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues.Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.To-wards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beau-mont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes——and beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environ-ment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainabili-ty, be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.Text 1 在2006年電影版的《時尚女魔頭》中，梅麗爾?斯特里普扮演的米蘭達(dá)?普雷斯麗責(zé)備她其貌不揚的女助手，因為她認(rèn)為高端時尚并不能影響到自己。普雷斯麗說明了她助手的深藍(lán)色毛衣如何在數(shù)年間從時尚秀場降到百貨商店，又淪為便宜貨。毫無疑問，這個貧窮的女孩肯定就是從便宜貨里淘的衣服。

這種自上而下的時尚商業(yè)觀早已過時了，也和伊麗莎白?克萊因在《過度穿著》中描寫的狂熱世界不一致。《過度穿著》是伊麗莎白?克萊因花了三年時間寫成的對 “快時尚”的控訴作品。在過去十年左右的時間，技術(shù)的進(jìn)步已經(jīng)使得諸如Zara、H&M、優(yōu)衣庫之類的大眾市場品牌能夠?qū)α餍汹厔莘磻?yīng)得更快，并能更準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)料到消費者的需求。更快的轉(zhuǎn)變意味著更少的存貨浪費、更頻繁的發(fā)布新品、更高的利潤。這些品牌鼓勵對時尚敏感的消費者把衣服當(dāng)成是一次性用品——洗過一兩次后就不再穿了，盡管他們沒在廣告上明說——然后每幾周就更新衣櫥。克萊因說，這些品牌通過以極其低廉的價格銷售時髦的商品，已經(jīng)把持了時尚的周期，動搖了一個習(xí)慣以季節(jié)為周期的產(chǎn)業(yè)。

當(dāng)然，這場變革的受害者，不僅僅是設(shè)計師們。為了能在其全世界2300多家商店里以5.95美元的價格出售超短裙，H&M必須依賴低工資的海外勞動力、大批量采購原材料導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重危害自然資源、并大量使用有害的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。

《過度穿著》就仿佛是時尚界交給像邁克爾?波倫的《雜食者的困境》一樣的消費者維權(quán)暢銷書的答案。“大批量生產(chǎn)的服裝，就好像快餐一樣，充滿著渴望和需求，卻既不耐用也不經(jīng)濟(jì)”，克萊因說到。她發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國人每年要買大約200億件服裝——平均每人64件——無論他們捐贈多少，這種無節(jié)制的購買行為都導(dǎo)致浪費。

在《過度穿著》的結(jié)尾，克萊因介紹了她的理想典范，一個叫薩拉?凱特?博蒙特的布魯克林女人，她從2008年起就自己做所有的衣服，而且做得相當(dāng)漂亮。不過正如克萊因是第一個注意到的那樣，博蒙特花了幾十年完善自己的手藝，她的事例不能輕易復(fù)制。

盡管包括H&M在內(nèi)的幾家快時尚公司已經(jīng)努力控制其對勞動力和環(huán)境的影響，引入了綠色環(huán)保自覺生產(chǎn)線，克萊因相信只有消費者才能促成持久的變革。她展示了對于無論在食物還是在能源方面都提倡可持續(xù)性的人而言共同的理想主義。虛榮是常態(tài)，人們只有在付不起錢的時候才會開始以更加可持續(xù)的方式購物。

Text 2

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half.In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained informa-tion: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposed adding a “do not track”(DNT)option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be fol-lowed.Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT;Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year.In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA)agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row.It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertis-ers are horrified.Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings.Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off.Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Associa-tion of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect informa-tion about their preferences.People will not get fewer ads, he says.“They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.Unable to tell whether someone real-ly objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Al-so unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comp-ly with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.If it is trying to upset Google, which relies al-most wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by de-fault will become the norm.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count be-fore.Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple? 有句老話說的好，一半的廣告預(yù)算都浪費了——麻煩的是，沒人知道哪一半浪費了。在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時代，至少在理論上，可以大大減少這種浪費。通過觀察人們搜索什么、點擊什么、在網(wǎng)上說些什么，公司可以鎖定目標(biāo)，將“行為”廣告（即，“有作為的”或“有用的”廣告）投放給最有可能的購買產(chǎn)品的人。

在過去幾周，三次交易和一次爭論已經(jīng)向廣告商（以及他們的軟件提供商）展示了這種經(jīng)過精細(xì)處理的信息的價值：廣告商應(yīng)該假設(shè)人們喜歡被跟蹤，并發(fā)送行為廣告嗎？還是他們應(yīng)該先得到明確的許可才行？

在2010年12月，美國聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會提出，應(yīng)該在網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器上添加“拒絕跟蹤”（DNT）選項，這樣一來，用戶就可以告訴廣告商他們不想被追蹤。微軟公司的IE瀏覽器和蘋果公司的Safari瀏覽器都提供拒絕跟蹤；谷歌公司的Chrome瀏覽器今年也即將要提供類似功能。在二月份，聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會和數(shù)字廣告聯(lián)盟達(dá)成一致，瀏覽器開發(fā)業(yè)要繼續(xù)努力，以應(yīng)對拒絕跟蹤的要求。

5月31日，微軟公司率先采取行動：該公司發(fā)布公告稱，在該公司的新操作系統(tǒng)windows8中的IE10瀏覽器上，將會默認(rèn)附帶拒絕跟蹤選項。

廣告商們誠惶誠恐。人性使然，人們總是習(xí)慣保持默認(rèn)的設(shè)置。現(xiàn)在幾乎沒人打開“拒絕跟蹤”按鈕，可如果跟蹤處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)，就會一直是關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。鮑勃?利奧狄斯是數(shù)字廣告聯(lián)盟的成員組織之一——全國廣告協(xié)會——的首席執(zhí)行官。他說如果軟件業(yè)無法收集到關(guān)于消費者喜好的信息，那消費者只能境況更糟。人們不會少收到廣告，他說，“他們會收到更沒意義更沒針對性的廣告。”

現(xiàn)在還不清楚廣告商們會怎樣采取行動。拒絕跟蹤信號并不會強制任何人停止跟蹤，盡管有些公司（包括推特公司在內(nèi)）已經(jīng)承諾收到拒絕跟蹤信號就會停止跟蹤。由于無法辨認(rèn)人們是真正反對行為廣告，還是他們只是沒有改動微軟的默認(rèn)設(shè)置，有些公司可能會忽視拒絕跟蹤信號，依然強行跟蹤。

同樣不清楚的是，微軟為什么要孤軍奮戰(zhàn)。畢竟，微軟自己也有廣告業(yè)務(wù)，卻聲稱自己的廣告業(yè)務(wù)也要遵守拒絕跟蹤要求，不過它也還在尋求解決辦法。如果微軟試圖激怒幾乎完全依賴廣告業(yè)務(wù)的谷歌，那么它就已經(jīng)選擇了一個間接的方法：并不能保證默認(rèn)拒絕跟蹤模式會成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范例。雖然公司以前還拿自己的其他幾個產(chǎn)品同谷歌的產(chǎn)品在這方面做過比較，但拒絕跟蹤也不像是windows8的巨大賣點。微軟首席隱私官布蘭登?林奇在博客中寫到：“我們相信用戶應(yīng)該有更多的操控權(quán)限。”真是那么簡單嗎？

Text 3

Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely — though by no means uniformly — glowingly positive.Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years.Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature(IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Con-cern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now think-ing seriously about that question.For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Per-haps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure, the future is not all rosy.But we are now knowledgeable enough to re-duce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.Text 3

直到幾十年前，我們對未來的想象雖千奇百怪，卻大都很積極樂觀。科學(xué)和技術(shù)可以治愈人類所有的疾病，讓人們過上滿足的生活，讓人人都有機會。

現(xiàn)如今這種空想的美好社會已經(jīng)過時了，我們對面臨的威脅范圍有了更深刻的認(rèn)識，從行星撞擊到流行感冒到氣候變化。你可能忍不住會想，人類都沒有什么未來值得盼望了。

但是這種沮喪的情緒也不應(yīng)該。化石資料表明很多物種存活了幾百萬年——那么我們怎么就不能活那么久呢？眼光放寬一點，想想我們這個物種在宇宙中的位置，就很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)，哪怕不能活上幾十萬年，我們也很可能活上幾萬年。查閱一下國際自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟發(fā)布的瀕危物種紅名單上對我們?nèi)祟悾ㄖ侨耍┑拿枋觯銜x到：非危物種，因為該物種分布很廣，適應(yīng)性強，目前數(shù)量呈上升趨勢，且沒有造成其總體數(shù)量下降的主要威脅。

那么，我們的未來究竟承載著什么呢？越來越多的研究者和機構(gòu)現(xiàn)在正在仔細(xì)思考這個問題。比如，今日永存基金會的首要項目就是設(shè)計一個今后幾千年仍然可以度量時間的醫(yī)療時鐘。

思考這么大跨度的時間概念可能本來就比琢磨眼下的將來更容易許多。今日的技術(shù)如何演變，以及由此帶來的社會影響，實在紛繁復(fù)雜，讓人炫目。最好還是讓科幻作家和未來學(xué)家去設(shè)想那些諸多可能發(fā)生的事情吧。這也是我們?yōu)槭裁窗l(fā)行Arc的原因之一。Arc是致力于研究近期未來的全新出版物。

但是眼光放長遠(yuǎn)些，我們能確信的事情就數(shù)量驚人了。過去是未來的關(guān)鍵：我們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道星球以及我們?nèi)祟惖臍v史怎樣經(jīng)歷長時間的變化，那么我們就能以此為依據(jù)，預(yù)知后世子孫未來身處的境地。

這種長遠(yuǎn)角度使得悲觀的前景預(yù)期看似更為過時。的確，未來不都那么美好。但是我們現(xiàn)在有足夠的知識可以減少曾威脅人類早期生存的同類威脅，并改善未

Text 4

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v.United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitution-al principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Jus-tice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.Howev-er, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitution-al logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the WhiteHouse claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the bor-ders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.Text 4

周一，最高法院以5比3的投票結(jié)果否決了亞利桑那州移民法的大部分內(nèi)容——這是奧巴馬政府所采取政策的一次不大不小的勝利。但是在更重要的（事關(guān)國之根本這個）國家憲法的大問題上，投票結(jié)果卻是8比0。這個決定意味著聯(lián)邦政府打破聯(lián)邦政府和各州政府權(quán)力平衡的努力徹底失敗了。

在這場亞利桑那州政府和美國政府的對峙中，最高法院以多數(shù)票通過推翻了亞利桑那州飽受爭議的計劃中四項有爭議條款中的三項。亞利桑那州本計劃讓州警察和地方警察實施聯(lián)邦移民法。憲法規(guī)定華盛頓自身有權(quán)力“制定統(tǒng)一的移民規(guī)則”，這和聯(lián)邦法律優(yōu)先于州法律的規(guī)定并不矛盾。亞利桑那州企圖改變該州現(xiàn)行的與聯(lián)邦法律一致的政策。

安東尼?肯尼迪大法官同約翰?羅伯特首席大法官和法庭的自由派們一起裁定州政府的做法不對。關(guān)于被推翻的條款，大多數(shù)人的觀點是，州議會已經(jīng)故意“占領(lǐng)地盤”了，也就是說亞利桑那州侵犯了聯(lián)邦的特權(quán)。

然而，大法官們說，亞利桑那州警察有權(quán)力在執(zhí)法過程中核實人們的法律身份。因為國會一直期待能聯(lián)合聯(lián)邦和各州的力量處理移民問題，并公開鼓勵州警官和聯(lián)邦警官共享信息，相互合作。

三名持反對意見的大法官中，有兩人——塞繆爾?阿利托和克拉倫斯?托馬斯贊同憲法的邏輯思路，卻不同意亞利桑那州的規(guī)定違反聯(lián)邦法規(guī)的說法。唯一主要的反對意見來自安東寧?斯卡利亞大法官，他強烈維護(hù)州的權(quán)益不受聯(lián)邦干預(yù)，甚至提到了客籍法和鎮(zhèn)壓叛亂法。

用大法官塞繆爾?阿利托在他的反對意見中的話說，以8比0否決奧巴馬的判決源自“一項驚人的維護(hù)聯(lián)邦行政權(quán)的主張”。白宮聲稱，亞利桑那州的法律與其執(zhí)法優(yōu)先權(quán)相沖突，即使州法律嚴(yán)格遵守了聯(lián)邦法律。實際上，白宮就是在聲明，它將作廢任何聯(lián)邦不贊成的合法的州級法律。

有些權(quán)力確實歸聯(lián)邦政府獨有，控制國籍和國界就是如此。但是如果國會想阻止各州使用自己的資源查看移民身份的話，國會是可以這么做的。可國會從沒有這么做過。美國政府事實上就是在宣稱，因為它不想實現(xiàn)國會的移民主張，哪一個州也不可以這么做。每一位大法官都端正的反對了這樣的主張。

2012年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1

Come on –Everybody’s doing it.That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and offi-cials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of

exam-ple of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a serious-ly flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the soci-al cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imi-tate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.趕快，每個人都在做!當(dāng)我們聽到“來自同輩的壓力”這個短語時，大部分人都會想到這個廣為流傳的，半是邀請、半是強迫的信息。一般來講指的都不是好事—酗酒，吸毒，隨意的性行為。但是Tina Rosenberg在新書JointheClub中辯護(hù)到，通過社會治療這一方式，來自同輩的壓力也可以成為正面積極的力量。在這個社會治療中，各個機構(gòu)和行政人員利用團(tuán)隊力量幫助個人改善他們的生活，這樣還有可能改善整個世界。普利策獎獲得者Rosenberg提供了大量正在進(jìn)行中的社會治療的例子：在南卡羅來納，州資助的反對吸煙活動名叫RageAgainsttheHaze，它打算讓吸煙不再流行。在南非，名為Love Life的預(yù)防HIV感染的活動招募年輕人在他們的同齡人中提倡安全性行為。這一想法似乎充滿希望，Rosenberg是個有洞察力的觀察著。她準(zhǔn)確地批評了很多公共衛(wèi)生活動的不完善：這些活動沒有動員同齡人形成健康的習(xí)慣，對青少年心理的理解有嚴(yán)重誤區(qū)。其中一個廣告牌活動致力于在青少年中減少抽煙量，上面寫著：“勇于特立獨行，請不要抽煙!”—而青少年，渴望的就是和他人保持一致。Rosenberg爭論到，公共衛(wèi)生提倡者應(yīng)該向廣告商學(xué)習(xí)，他們能如此熟練地運用來自同輩的壓力。這一論點很具說服力。但是在社會治療的整體效力上，Rosenberg并不太具說服力。JointheClub里面有太多毫不相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)，促使來自同輩的壓力如此強大的社會、生物因素卻剖析地不夠。正如現(xiàn)在所呈現(xiàn)的，社會治療最引人注目的缺陷是：如果持續(xù)時間很久，它的效果并不好。一旦州砍掉資金，RageAgainsttheHaze就失敗了。證據(jù)顯示，Love Life項目所產(chǎn)生的長遠(yuǎn)變化是有限的，而且混雜其他因素。同齡人給我們的行為帶來了巨大的影響，這是毫無疑問的。大量剛剛出爐的研究表明，正面積極的健康習(xí)慣——還有負(fù)面消極的——通過社會交流在朋友網(wǎng)中流傳。這是來自同輩的壓力更為微妙的形式：我們無意識地模仿每天看到的行為。專家和政府人員該如何成功地選擇同齡人團(tuán)隊并引導(dǎo)他們的行為朝著有德行的方向發(fā)展，這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能確定。這就像老師把后排制造麻煩的學(xué)生和表現(xiàn)良好的學(xué)生放在一起，以此來解散麻煩制造者團(tuán)隊，這樣的技巧從不真正起作用。從外部因素出發(fā)策劃的社會治療也有這一問題：在真實世界中，就像在學(xué)校，我們堅持選擇自己的朋友。Text2

Text 2

A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved.The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.In-stead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionali-ty of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuc-lear power plant running.It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those

commit-ments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especial-ly after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legisla-tion, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulato-ry authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regula-tions that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust.Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, includ-ing Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.承諾就是承諾—很明顯，當(dāng)Entergy公司牽涉在內(nèi)的話就除外。這個公司是新英格蘭主要的能源供應(yīng)商，它曾承諾要一直遵守嚴(yán)格的核能源規(guī)范條例，但上周它宣布要違背這個承諾，理所當(dāng)然地，它激起了佛蒙特州的義憤。這個公司確實已做了它曾承諾的永遠(yuǎn)不會做的事情：在聯(lián)邦法庭上挑戰(zhàn)佛蒙特州條例的合憲性，拼命努力來保證佛蒙特州美國核能源工廠的正常運行。這一舉動令人震驚。2002年公司購買了佛蒙特州唯一的核能源工廠，即位于弗農(nóng)古老的核反應(yīng)堆。自此，沖突開始浮出水面。公司同意2012年之后都會尋求本州調(diào)整者的許可，作為接受本州同意銷售的條件。2006年，佛蒙特更進(jìn)一步，要求延長這一核工廠的許可證必須得到佛蒙特州立法機關(guān)的許可。公司也同意了。Entergy可能不想真正地遵守這些承諾，或者簡單來說它并沒有預(yù)見將要發(fā)生的事情。一系列事故，如207冷卻塔部分坍塌，發(fā)現(xiàn)地下管道系統(tǒng)漏泄，這些都引發(fā)了關(guān)于佛蒙特州美國人的安全及Entergy公司經(jīng)營等方面的嚴(yán)重問題—尤其在公司關(guān)于管道問題做了令人誤解的聲明之后。因Entergy的所作所為而震怒，去年佛蒙特州參議院以26:4的選票結(jié)果，反對允許延長它的許可證。現(xiàn)在公司突然宣布，因2006法規(guī)2002協(xié)議無效，只有聯(lián)邦政府才有權(quán)調(diào)控核事件。這一案例中的法律問題模糊不清：最高法院曾宣布各州確實對核能源有調(diào)控權(quán)力，但法律學(xué)者認(rèn)為佛蒙特案件將驗證這些權(quán)力到底有多大。當(dāng)然，如果每一個州都設(shè)定自己的法律條例，由此而導(dǎo)致的混亂確實能引起合理的關(guān)注。但是如果Entergy信守諾言，那這場爭論就偏離主題了。公司似乎下了這樣的論斷：它在佛蒙特的聲望已被損害，即使與佛蒙特州作戰(zhàn)也沒什么好失去的。但是這有一定的后果。允許經(jīng)營核工廠體現(xiàn)了公眾的信任。在美國Entergy還經(jīng)營了其他11個反應(yīng)堆，包括普利茅斯的Pilgrim核電站。公司承諾安全經(jīng)營Pilgrim，已向聯(lián)邦提出申請，要求再經(jīng)營20年。但是當(dāng)核管理委員會審查了公司的申請時，應(yīng)該記住Entergy的承諾能有什么樣的價值。

Text3

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as

protos-cience.Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.But it takes collective scruti-ny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility pro-cess, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social struc-ture of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekee-pers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purpos-es;and finally, the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompany-ing technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confronta-tion between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompa-nies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search, not re-search.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.” 在科學(xué)研究的理想狀態(tài)下，關(guān)于世界的事實正在等待著那些客觀的研究者來觀察和搜集，研究者們會用科學(xué)的方法來進(jìn)行他們的工作。但是在每天的科學(xué)實踐中，發(fā)現(xiàn)通常遵循一條模糊和復(fù)雜的路徑。我們的目標(biāo)是做到客觀，但是我們卻不能逃離我們所處的獨特的生活經(jīng)驗的環(huán)境。之前的知識和興趣會影響我們所經(jīng)歷的，會影響我們對于經(jīng)驗意義的思考，以及我們會采取的隨后的行動。這里充滿著誤讀，錯誤和自我欺騙的機會。所以，對于發(fā)現(xiàn)的申明應(yīng)該被當(dāng)做是科學(xué)的原型。這與新近開發(fā)的采礦資源比較類似，他們都充滿著可能性。但是將發(fā)現(xiàn)的申明變?yōu)橐粋€成熟的發(fā)現(xiàn)是需要集體的審查和集體的接受。這個過程就配稱之為“信用的過程”，通過這個過程一個單個研究者的“我”在這里就變成了這個社區(qū)中的任何人，任何地方和任何時間。客觀的知識不應(yīng)該是起點而是目標(biāo)。一旦一個科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)變成公開的，那么發(fā)現(xiàn)者就獲得了知識的認(rèn)可。但是和采礦權(quán)不一樣的是，科學(xué)協(xié)會將控制接下來會發(fā)生的事情。在復(fù)雜的科研機構(gòu)的社會結(jié)構(gòu)中，研究者去做出發(fā)現(xiàn)；編輯和審稿者通過控制出版過程扮演著看門人的角色；其他的科學(xué)家使用新的發(fā)現(xiàn)來滿足他們自己的目標(biāo)；最后，公眾（也包括其他科學(xué)家）接受到新的發(fā)現(xiàn)和可能相伴隨的技術(shù)。當(dāng)一個發(fā)現(xiàn)的聲明最終通過了機構(gòu)的審查，在有關(guān)所涉及到的共享的和抵觸的信念之間的互動和沖突將把一個人的發(fā)現(xiàn)變?yōu)橐粋€機構(gòu)的可信的發(fā)現(xiàn)在整個信任的過程中存在著兩個悖論，第一：科學(xué)工作傾向于關(guān)注一些流行科學(xué)的某些方面，而這些方面又是被認(rèn)為是不完全和不正確的。去復(fù)制和確認(rèn)已經(jīng)被人所知和所信的東西不會有多少回報。科學(xué)要做的是去探究新的東西而不是再次探究。不足為奇的是，新發(fā)表的重要的，有說服力發(fā)現(xiàn)和可信的發(fā)現(xiàn)將會被后來的研究者質(zhì)疑，并帶來潛在的修改甚至駁斥。第二個悖論是：新穎的東西本身就經(jīng)常會招致懷疑。諾貝爾獎獲得者，生理學(xué)家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾經(jīng)將發(fā)現(xiàn)描述為：“觀察每個人觀察的，思考沒有人想到的。”但是思考其他人沒有想到的并且告訴其他人他們所遺漏的可能并不會改變這些人的觀點。有時候，真正新穎的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)被人們所接受和認(rèn)可將會花好多年的時間。最后，一個科學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得了信任，這個過程是與哲學(xué)家AnnetteBaier所描述的心靈的共性的觀點是一致的。“我們共同去推理，去質(zhì)疑，其修改并且完善各自的推理以及各自的推理概念。Text4

Text 4

If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union;now 36% do.In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving.First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader, Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Insti-tute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sec-tor pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civ-il services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.如果工會會員Jimmy Hoffa今天還活著，他也許會是公務(wù)員的代表。1960年Hoffa的組織Teamsters處于全盛時期，美國政府工作人員中只有十分之一的人屬于某一個公會;現(xiàn)在這個比率是36%。2009年任職于美國公共部門的工會會員人數(shù)超過了任職于私營部門的工會會員人數(shù)。在英國，在公共部門的工作人員中半數(shù)以上參加了工會;而私營部門的工作人員只有大約15%的人參加了工會組織。公共部門工會如此盛行的原因有三個。第一，他們能夠脫身，而不用承擔(dān)太多后果。第二，他們中間大部分人聰明，受過良好教育。美國公共部門的工作人員中四分之一的人有大學(xué)學(xué)位。第三，他們現(xiàn)在在政治中的左翼力量中占主導(dǎo)地位。其中有些關(guān)系有很長的歷史。正如其名，英國工黨和工會組織的關(guān)系由來已久。其現(xiàn)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)Miliband把自己得到的位置歸功于來自公共部門工會組織的投票。從州范圍來看，他們的影響更為嚇人。加利福尼亞州公共政策研究院的MarkBaldassare指出，本州大部分預(yù)算都由工會來檢查。教師工會關(guān)注學(xué)校，加利福尼亞感化治安官協(xié)會關(guān)心監(jiān)獄，各型各色的勞工團(tuán)體關(guān)注衛(wèi)生保健。在很多富裕國家，公共部門的平均工資要高于私營部門的平均工資。但是真正的收入來源于利潤和工作表現(xiàn)。政客已不停地加強公共部門的工資待遇，工資漲幅不大，但卻加長本來就不少的假期，特別是增加本來就很多的養(yǎng)老保險金。對于變革的反對一直都很強烈，在教育方面最為驚人。在教育方面，契約學(xué)校、專科學(xué)校、績效獎都面臨著持久戰(zhàn)。盡管有大量證據(jù)表明教師的質(zhì)量是最重要的變量，但教師工會反對解雇不好的教師，提升好教師。

對其他每個人的支出變得更為清晰，政客開始強制執(zhí)行。在威斯康辛州，工會集結(jié)了成千上萬的支持者，反對走強硬路線的州長，即共和黨人ScottWalker。但很多任職于公共部門的工作人員也在目前的體制下受罪。

哈佛肯尼迪學(xué)院的John Donahue指出，西方公務(wù)員系統(tǒng)的文化準(zhǔn)則適合這些想留在原地過安逸生活的人們，但并不適合那些表現(xiàn)好的人們。任職于美國公共部門的工作人員中，只有大學(xué)體育教練和美國總統(tǒng)每年的收入遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于250,000美元。銀行的高收入招致了很多批評，但對于美國來講，在公共部門體制中，沒有給表現(xiàn)好的工作人員足夠的回報可能會成為更為嚴(yán)重的問題。

2011 年考研英語閱讀真題

Text 1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.―Hooray!At last!wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparative-ly little known.Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert‘s appointment in the Times, calls him ―an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.De-voted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There record-ings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘s live performances;moreover, they can be ―consumed at a time and place of the listener‘s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert‘s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into ―a markedly different, more vibrant organization.But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra‘s repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.譯文：

紐約愛樂樂團(tuán)決定聘請Alan Gilbert作為下一任的音樂總監(jiān)，這從2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音樂界引起了熱議.別的不說，大部分人的反應(yīng)是積極的.―好啊，終于好了！Anthony Thomasine寫道，他可是一個以嚴(yán)肅著稱的古典音樂評論家.但是，這個任命之所以一起人們驚訝的原因卻是Gilbert相對而言并不是很有名.甚至在時代雜志上發(fā)文支持Gilbert任命的Thomasine都稱其為：低調(diào)的音樂家，在他身上找不到那種飛揚跋扈的指揮家的氣質(zhì).紐約愛樂樂團(tuán)迄今為止都是由像Gustav Mahler(古斯塔夫?馬勒)和Pierre Boulez布列茲那樣的音樂家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的.這樣去描述這個樂團(tuán)的下一位指揮，至少對于時代的讀者而言，這是一種蒼白的表揚.就我看來，我不知道Gilbert是否是一個偉大的指揮家或者是一個好的指揮.但是我能確定的是，他能表現(xiàn)出很多有趣的樂章，但是我卻應(yīng)該不會去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他地方去聽一場有趣的交響樂演出.我要做的事情就是去我的CD架上，或者打開的我的電腦從ITUNES上下載更多的唱片.Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving ―to pursue my goal of running a company.Broadcasting his ambition was ―very much my decision, McGee says.Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn‘t alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don‘t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn Ferry，senior partner Dennis Carey :―I can‘t think of a single search I‘ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.Those who jumped without a job haven‘t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of Pep-siCo(PEP)a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambi-tions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.―The traditional rule was it‘s safer to stay where you are, but that‘s been fundamentally inverted, says one headhunter.―The people who‘ve been hurt the worst are those who‘ve stayed too long.譯文：

當(dāng)八月份，Liam McGee以總裁的身份從美國銀行離職的時候，他的解釋出人意料的直白.他沒有忸怩的用平常的模糊的理由來遮掩他的離開，他很坦誠的講他離開就是為了去追求他經(jīng)營一家公司的目標(biāo).McGee說宣揚自己的目標(biāo)就是自己的決定.兩周后，他第一次和Hartford Financial Services Group的董事會第一次會談，這家公司在9月29日提名他為董事會主席和CEO.他說在離開的時候并沒有找好后面的職位(下家)，使他有時間去反思他到底想去經(jīng)營一家什么樣的公司.這同時也就他的激情和決心，給了外界一個清晰的信號.這樣做的并不只是McGee一個人.最近幾周，Avon and American Express的一些高級經(jīng)理離職并解釋說想需找一個CEO的職位.當(dāng)董事會迫于股東的壓力對一系列的計劃進(jìn)行審查的時候，那些計劃被否定掉的經(jīng)理們也會想離開.激烈的商業(yè)環(huán)境同樣使得高級經(jīng)理很小心，模糊的表態(tài)可能會破壞他們的聲譽.當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的標(biāo)志開始確定的時候，二把手們可能更愿意在沒有網(wǎng)(新的工作)情況下?lián)Q工作.第三季度，根據(jù)Liberum的調(diào)查，CEO的更迭和一年前相比減少了23%，這是由于緊張的董事會緊盯著他們的CEO們.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇和好轉(zhuǎn)，對有理想的頭兒們，機會是很多的.離開高管的職位去尋找一個更好的職位，并不是傳統(tǒng)的做法.多年以來，經(jīng)理們和獵頭們都認(rèn)同這樣一個原則：最有吸引力的CEO的競爭是那些需要去挖來的人.Korn Ferry，senior partner Dennis Carey說道：我所做的每一次的招聘中，董事會都要求我從那些在任的CEO中尋找人選.那些沒有找到工作就離開的人并不是很快就能找到頂級的職位.10年前，Tropicana被PepsiCo(PEP)收購了，她以經(jīng)理的身份離職了，她說他想當(dāng)CEO.但是花了一年的時間她才成為一家小型互聯(lián)網(wǎng)交換公司的頭.2005年Robert Willumstad帶著想成為CEO的夢想離開了Citigroup.可是三年后他才成為了一家主要的金融機構(gòu)的CEO.很多招聘的人都說對于高管而言，過去認(rèn)為的丟臉的感覺(沒有工作)已經(jīng)慢慢消失了.金融危機已經(jīng)使得跳槽，離開一個不好的工作變得更加可以接受了.一個獵頭就說到： ―傳統(tǒng)的規(guī)則是待在你原來的地方會更加安全，但是現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)徹底改變了.那些受傷最厲害的就是那里在一個地方待太久的人.‖

Text 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional ―paid‖ media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Con-sumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage ―owned‖ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.In fact，the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users‘ responses.But in some cases, one marketer‘s owned media become another marketer‘s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies‘ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case, the company‘s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.滬江考研

http://kaoyan.hjenglish.com/

譯文：

過去，市場營銷的成功訣竅簡而言之就是一分錢一分貨.然而時過境遷.雖然傳統(tǒng)的―付費‖(paid)媒介，比如電視和廣播廣告、平面廣告和路邊廣告牌等，仍然扮演著重要角色，但企業(yè)如今還可以利用許多其他形式的媒介.比如，癡迷于某種產(chǎn)品的消費者，可能會樂意將之推薦給朋友，從而為企業(yè)創(chuàng)造因產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)良品質(zhì)帶來的―無償‖(earned)媒介.企業(yè)還可以利用―自有‖(owned)媒介，通過郵件向其網(wǎng)站的注冊用戶發(fā)送產(chǎn)品和銷售提示.事實上，如今消費者作出購買決定的方式，意味著市場營銷的影響力來自于傳統(tǒng)付費媒介之外的廣泛因素.營銷人員通過付費和自有媒介推銷其產(chǎn)品，而在―無償‖媒介方面，營銷人員就像是觸發(fā)用戶響應(yīng)的初始催化劑.在某些情況下，某營銷者的自有媒介會成為另一個營銷者的付費媒介.比如，當(dāng)某電子商務(wù)零售商出售其網(wǎng)站的廣告空間時，我們就將這種―售出‖媒介定義為擁有巨大流量、以致其他機構(gòu)紛紛前來投放內(nèi)容或電子商務(wù)引擎的自有媒介.我們認(rèn)為，這種趨勢已蓬勃發(fā)端于零售商和航空、酒店等旅游供應(yīng)商，雖然還處于初始階段，但無疑可以走得更遠(yuǎn).比如，強生公司創(chuàng)建了著名網(wǎng)站BabyCenter，借以推廣互補性乃至競爭性產(chǎn)品，而其他營銷者的出現(xiàn)不僅帶來了收入，還令該網(wǎng)站看起來公正客觀，并且使企業(yè)有機會從其他公司的營銷活動中獲得可貴的信息，最后還有助于擴大所有相關(guān)企業(yè)的用戶流量.劇烈的技術(shù)變革使?fàn)I銷人員獲得了數(shù)量更多、種類更廣的溝通選擇，但同時也帶來了更高的風(fēng)險，因為激動的消費者能夠以更迅速、更明顯、更有害的方式來表達(dá)他們的意見.這就是與―無償‖媒介相對的―劫持‖媒介：某項資產(chǎn)或活動變成了對某個品牌或產(chǎn)品不滿的消費者、其他股東或積極分子的劫持物.比如，社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶正領(lǐng)悟到，他們可以通過―劫持‖媒介來對最初創(chuàng)建該媒介的企業(yè)施加壓力.如果那種事情發(fā)生，激動的消費者試圖勸服其他人共同抵制兩家公司的產(chǎn)品，從而危及企業(yè)聲譽.當(dāng)這種事情發(fā)生的時候，如果企業(yè)的回應(yīng)不夠快或不夠好，那么就可能釀成悲劇.比如，在今年較早前發(fā)生的召回危機中，豐田汽車公司采取了較快且較有序的社交媒體回應(yīng)行動，包括在Twitter和社會新聞網(wǎng)站Digg等網(wǎng)站上與客戶進(jìn)行直接交流，從而挽回了部分損失.Text 4

It‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior‘s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, ―I love My Children, I Hate My Life,‖ is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that ―the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.‖

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive – and new-ly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual ―Jennifer Aniston is pregnant‖ news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn‘t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn‘t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that 譯文：

毫無疑問，Jennifer Senior在有煸動意味的的雜志封面故事中表達(dá)了她的獨到見解，―我愛我的孩子們，我討厭我的生活‖——這喚起了人們的談興.人們一談到養(yǎng)孩子就會覺得這是一件完全令人愉悅、生活充實的事情.Jennifer Senior沒有指出養(yǎng)孩子到底是使得父母快樂呢還是痛苦呢，她倒是認(rèn)為，我們需要重新定義幸福：幸福不應(yīng)該是一個個瞬間的快樂組合的可以被衡量的東西；我們應(yīng)該把幸福視為一種過去式的狀態(tài).盡管撫養(yǎng)孩子的日子漫長難熬，令人筋疲力盡，但是Jennifer Senior認(rèn)為，正是那些心緒沉重的時刻，日后卻成為我們歡樂的源泉.雜志封面上一位給力的母親抱著一個可愛的嬰兒，這種圣母與圣子(麥當(dāng)娜和孩子)的圖畫這周在雜志上多次出現(xiàn).例如雜志上講到最近剛收養(yǎng)孩子的母親——有時是剛變成單身母親——桑德拉布魯克，以及那種很常見的―詹尼弗阿尼斯頓懷孕了‖的新聞.實際上，每周都有至少一位名人母親、或者準(zhǔn)母親在雜志上笑迎讀者.在一個不斷地慶祝生育的社會中，承認(rèn)自己后悔生育孩子就相當(dāng)于承認(rèn)自己支持殺小貓，這難道不值得反思嗎？把父母的后悔與孩子的后悔相比較，這顯然并不合理.沒有人會去讓不情愿養(yǎng)孩子的父母去反思自己是否不該養(yǎng)孩子，但是那不幸福的沒有孩子的人卻為類似這樣的信息所困擾：―孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的東西‖，顯然，你們的不幸必須通過生兒育女才能得以消除.當(dāng)然，像美國周刊與人物這樣的雜志提供的名人父母的形象是非常不切實際的.特別是像Bullock這樣的單身母親時更是如此.多項研究表明，有孩子的父母很少比沒有孩子的夫婦更快樂，而單親家庭是最不快樂的.這并不奇怪，因為一個人養(yǎng)一個孩子實在太麻煩了，沒有人可以依靠.然而，你聽聽Sandra和Britney說的話：自己―一個人‖養(yǎng)孩子，其實非常簡單.(她們當(dāng)然覺得簡單了，因為她們是在周圍有一幫人全天侯的侯著啊.)

很難想象有的人生孩子就只是很傻很天真因為Reese和Angelina這種名流使這種行為變的很光鮮，——多數(shù)成年人其實理解：養(yǎng)孩子可不是剪頭發(fā)那樣簡單.但這確實有趣：反思一下我們每周看到的無憂無慮，幸福誘人的為人父母的生活會不會從一種微小的，無意識的方面加劇我們對于現(xiàn)實生活的不滿.這種方式就好像：我們有那種想成為― the Rachel‖(老友記中的單身媽媽)的心理，這種心理，使得我們看上去有點像詹尼弗安尼斯頓(Rachel 的扮演者).2010年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1 閱讀1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quar-ter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and se-riousness of their arts coverage.在過去的25年英語報紙所發(fā)生的變化中，影響最深遠(yuǎn)的可能就是它們對藝術(shù)方面的報道在范圍上毫無疑問的縮小了，而且這些報道的嚴(yán)肅程度也絕對降低了。

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.對于年齡低于 40歲的普通讀者來講，讓他們想象一下當(dāng)年可以在許多大城市報紙上讀到精品的文藝評論簡直幾乎是天方夜譚。

Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.然而，在20世紀(jì)出版的最重要的文藝評論集中，人們讀到的大部分評論文章都是從報紙上收集而來。

To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.現(xiàn)在，如果讀到這些集子，人們肯定會驚詫，當(dāng)年這般淵博深奧的內(nèi)容竟然被認(rèn)為適合發(fā)表在大眾日報中。

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England be-tween the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.從 20世紀(jì)早期到二戰(zhàn)以前，當(dāng)時的英國報紙上的評論主題廣泛，包羅萬象，我們現(xiàn)在離此類報紙評論越來越遠(yuǎn)。當(dāng)時的報紙極其便宜，人們把高雅時尚的文藝批評當(dāng)作是所刊登報紙的一個亮點。

In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in de-tail and at length about the events they covered.在那些遙遠(yuǎn)的年代，各大報刊的評論家們都會不遺余力地詳盡報道他們所報道的事情，這在當(dāng)時被視為是理所當(dāng)然的事情。

Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.他們的寫作是件嚴(yán)肅的事情，人們相信：甚至那些博學(xué)低調(diào)不喜歡炫耀的評論家，比如 George Bernard Shaw 和 Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么。

These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.這些批評家們相信報刊評論是一項職業(yè)，并且對于他們的文章能夠在報紙 上發(fā)表感到很自豪。

“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in jour-nalism, ” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define 'journalism' as 'a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.'” Newman 曾寫道，“鑒于幾乎沒有作家能擁有足夠的智慧或文學(xué)天賦以保證他們在新聞報紙寫作中站穩(wěn)腳跟，我傾向于把'新聞寫作'定義為不受讀者歡迎的作家用來嘲諷受讀者歡迎的作家的一個 '輕蔑之詞' ” Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten.不幸的是，這些批評家們現(xiàn)在實際上已被人們遺忘。

Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.從 1917 年開始一直到 1975 年去世不久前還在為曼徹斯特《衛(wèi)報》寫文章的 Neville Cardus，如今僅僅作為一個撰寫關(guān)于板球比賽文章的作家被人們所知。

During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947)became a best-seller.但是，在他的一生當(dāng)中，他也是英國首屈一指的古典音樂評論家之一。他也是一位深受讀者青睞的文體家，所以 1947 年他的《自傳》一書就成為熱銷讀物。

He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.1967年他被授予爵士稱號，也是第一位獲此殊榮的音樂評論家。

Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.然而，他的書現(xiàn)在只有一本可以在市面上買到。他大量的音樂批評，除了專門研究音樂評論的人以外，已鮮為人知。

Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? Cardus 的評論有沒有機會重新流行？

The prospect seems remote.前景似乎渺茫。

Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.在他去世之前，新聞業(yè)的品味早已改變很長時間了，而且他所擅長的措詞華麗的維多利亞愛德華時期的散文風(fēng)格對后現(xiàn)代的讀者沒有什么用處。

Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.何況，由業(yè)余愛好者作音樂批評的傳統(tǒng)早已經(jīng)成為昨日黃花了。Text 2 閱讀2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.在過去的十年中，成千上萬的商業(yè)方法被授予了專利權(quán)。Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system.亞馬遜網(wǎng)站獲得的專利是在線“單擊”付費系統(tǒng)。

Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.美林公司的資產(chǎn)分配方案得到了法律保護(hù)。

One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.某位發(fā)明者的提箱技巧也獲得了專利。

Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.現(xiàn)在，該國最高專利法院似乎完全準(zhǔn)備好要縮減商業(yè)方法專利，因為商業(yè)方法專利自從十年前第一次批準(zhǔn)授予以來一直有爭議。

In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S.court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.在一項使得知識產(chǎn)權(quán)律師們議論紛紛的提議中，美國聯(lián)邦巡回上訴法院聲稱它將利用某個具體案件來對商業(yè)方法專利進(jìn)行廣泛的復(fù)審。

In re Bilski, as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D.Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.密蘇里大學(xué)法學(xué)院 Dennis D.Crouch 說，“正如人們所知道的那樣，Bilski案例是一 件非常大的事情” It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” 它“可能將消除整個專利類別”。

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.對于商業(yè)方法訴求的限制是個戲劇性的徹底變化，因為正是聯(lián)邦巡回法院自己引進(jìn)了這種專利。那是在 1998 年，對于所謂的美國道富銀行的案件中，聯(lián)邦巡回法院做出了判決，批準(zhǔn)了籌集共同基金資產(chǎn)的方法具有專利權(quán)。

That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging in-ternet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.這一裁決使得商業(yè)方法專利文件以幾何數(shù)級增加，起初只是一些新興的網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司對于某些特定類型的在線交易系統(tǒng)試圖爭取獨家專有權(quán)。

Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.后來，更多的知名公司競相添加這樣的專利權(quán)，希望這樣的防御性的行為可以先下手為強。

In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method pa-tents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.2005 年，IBM公司在一份法院報告中聲稱：盡管懷疑這種專利授權(quán)的法律基礎(chǔ)，但它已經(jīng)申請了300 多份商業(yè)方法專利。

Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial prod-ucts, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.同樣，當(dāng)一些華爾街投資公司出席某些反對其金融產(chǎn)品的法庭案件時，他們會給其各類金融產(chǎn)品申請專利來作為自己的維權(quán)武器。

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.前面提到的 Bilski 案例牽扯到一份已申請的方法專利，即關(guān)于能源市場的風(fēng)險規(guī)避方法（注：也可譯為“套期保值或?qū)_風(fēng)險”）。

The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, 美國聯(lián)邦巡回上訴法院罕見地裁定，該案件將不由三位法官聽審，而是由全部十二名法官共同進(jìn)行。and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.另外，上訴法院還宣布，它想探討的另一件事情是是否應(yīng)該“重審”道富銀行的裁決。

The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.聯(lián)邦巡回法院的這一裁決效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判決，縮小了專利持有者的受保范圍。

Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “in-ventions” that are obvious.例如，去年四月，法官們認(rèn)定太多的專利授予了一些顯而易見的“發(fā)明”。

The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court”, says Harold C.Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.喬治華盛頓大學(xué)法律學(xué)院的專利法律師 Harold C.Wegner 教授表示，“聯(lián)邦巡回法院的法官們正在對最高法院的反專利動態(tài)做出反應(yīng)”。Text 3 閱讀3 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the action of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are un-usually informed, persuasive, or well-connected.在《引爆流行》這本書中，作者 Malcolm Gladwell 認(rèn)為社會流行潮流在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊個體的行為引起的。這些人就是人們常說的影響者。他們異乎尋常的博聞多識，能言善辯，人脈廣泛。

The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.從直覺上講Malcolm Gladwell的理論似乎很有說服力，但是它沒有解釋流行觀念的實際傳播過程。

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.人們之所以認(rèn)為影響者很重要，是源于“兩級傳播”理論。即信息先從媒體流向影響者，然后再從影響者流向其他人。這一理論看似合理，但未經(jīng)驗證。

Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.營銷人員接受兩級傳播理論是因為該理論認(rèn)為如果能夠找到影響者，并對他們施加影響。這些精英們就會替他們完成大部分的營銷傳播工作。

The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods.這一理論似乎還可以解釋某些裝扮、品牌或社區(qū)為何會突然受到出乎意料的追捧。

In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.對于許多諸如此類的情況，如果只是走馬觀花地尋找原因，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)總是有一小群人開風(fēng)氣之先，率先穿上、宣傳和開發(fā)人們此前從未留意的東西。

Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends 這種事實證據(jù)與該觀點正好一拍即合--只有一些特別的人才能引領(lǐng)潮流。

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.但是在最近的研究中，一些研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，影響者對社會流行潮流的影響力遠(yuǎn)比人們認(rèn)為的要小。

In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.事實上，他們似乎根本就是無關(guān)緊要。

The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the ex-ception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others.研究者的觀點源于對社會影響力的簡單觀察：除了少數(shù)像 Oprah Winfrey這樣的名人之外（她強大的人氣影響力主要來自媒體影響力，而非她與觀眾互動的人際影響力），即使人群中最有影響力的人也無法與那么多的“其他人”互動，從而引領(lǐng)潮流。

Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.然而根據(jù)兩級傳播理論，正是這些非名人影響者直接影響了他們的朋友和同事，從而推動了社會流行潮流。

For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on;但是，要讓一種社會流行潮流真正發(fā)生，每個受影響的人還必須影響他的熟人，而他的熟人又必須影響其他熟人，and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.依此類推；但是會有多少人去關(guān)注這些熟人中的每個人，與最初的影響者幾乎沒有關(guān)系。

If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.舉個例子來說，在這個人際影響的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，如果第一個影響者受到兩次抵制，那么他的連鎖影響范圍就不會繼續(xù)擴大，或者說影響的人不會很多。

Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.基于這一人際影響力的基本事實，研究者們研究了社會影響的動力機制。我們對不同人群進(jìn)行了成千上萬次計算機模擬，不斷調(diào)整人們影響他人和受他人影響的各種變量。

They found that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”-the widespread propagation of influence through networksthe more in-herently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.事實上，我們對新事物嘗試得越多，就會走出自己的舒適地帶越遠(yuǎn)。在職場和個人生活中變得越有創(chuàng)造性。

But don't bother trying to kill off old habits;但是，不要麻煩地去試圖戒掉舊習(xí)慣;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they're there to stay.一旦這些慣有程序融進(jìn)腦部，它們就會留在那里。

Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.相反，我們有意使之根深蒂固的新習(xí)慣會創(chuàng)建平行路徑，它們可以繞過原來那些路徑。

“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder, ” says Dawna Markova, au-thor of “The Open Mind” 《開放思想》一書的作者達(dá)瓦納?馬克瓦說：“革新所需要的第一樣?xùn)|西就是對好奇的著迷。

”But we are taught instead to 'decide, ' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' “ 然而我們被教導(dǎo)去做'決定'，就像我們的總裁稱呼自己為'決策者'那樣。

She adds, however, that ”to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.她接著說，“但是，決定意味著除了一種可能性外，其他的都被扼殺了。

A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 優(yōu)秀的具有革新精神的思想家總是在探尋著許多其他的可能性。“ All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says.她說，我們都是通過一些自己沒有意識到的方法解決問題的。

Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach chal-lenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally(or collaboratively)and innova-tively.研究人員在 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代末發(fā)現(xiàn)人類天生主要用四種方法應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)：分析法，程序法，相關(guān)法(或合作法)和創(chuàng)新法。

At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.但是在青春期結(jié)束，大腦關(guān)閉一半的能力，僅僅保留了那些大約在生命最開始的十幾年時間里似乎是最為寶貴的思維方式。

The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試目前主要強調(diào)分析法和程序法這兩種方式。也就是說，我們中很少有人會本能地使用創(chuàng)新和合作的思維方式。

”This breaks the major rule in the American belief systemor at least confirm that he's the kid's dad.俗話說，賢父知己子，但是如今男人可以提升自己做父親的智慧，或者至少可以確認(rèn)自己是孩子的父親了。

All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstoreand pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why com-mercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to itespecially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generationsnotably, protein5'9″ for men, 5'4″ for womenhaving extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.所以要請牙醫(yī)給他移植九顆牙齒—而這些牙齒是從他的奴隸口中拔來的。

That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.這跟很多人在歷史書上讀到過的那個砍櫻桃樹的華盛頓有點大相徑庭。

But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.但是最近開始，歷史學(xué)家開始越來越關(guān)注奴隸制在美國開國一代人的生活中所扮演的角色。

They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.他們多半是受了 1998 年 DNA 事件的影響。那個事件證明托馬斯?杰弗遜至少和他的奴隸薩利?赫明思生過一個孩子。

And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.學(xué)者們從頭至尾地研究歷史還是近三十年的事情。

Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy.一些歷史學(xué)家揭示了早期開國者們的道德妥協(xié)和早期國家的不穩(wěn)定性。

More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrongthough not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves.然而，杰弗遜還是解放了赫明思的孩子們，雖然沒有同樣解放赫明思和其他150名奴隸。

Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.華盛頓在目睹了美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭中黑人士兵的英勇之后開始相信人人生就平等。于是，不顧親屬的反對，他解放了自己所有的努力。

Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.而僅僅在十年前，解放奴隸的法案才在弗吉尼亞得以批準(zhǔn)。Part C : C部分：

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.閱讀下面的文章，并將畫線部分翻譯成中文。將你的翻譯答案寫在答題紙第2頁上。

In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary mod-esty.在自傳中，達(dá)爾文極其謙遜地評價了自己的智力。

He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and con-cisely, but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forc-ing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.他在想要簡明地表達(dá)自己觀點時，總會遇到很大的困難，但是他認(rèn)為，正是這種困難起了彌補作用，使他長時間專注地思考每個句子，從而能在推理和親自觀察中發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的錯誤。

He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distin-guished Huxley.他承認(rèn)自己不具備像著名的赫胥黎那樣的快速理解能力。

He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.他還認(rèn)為，在深入理解冗長且完全抽象的一系列觀點方面，自己的能力非常有限；因此，他曾深信自己在數(shù)學(xué)方面本來就不該獲得成功。

His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy.他還說他的記憶雜亂而模糊，So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.在某個方面甚至很糟糕，即使記下了某個日子或者一行詩歌，幾天后就能忘記。

On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.另一方面，一些批評家指責(zé)說，盡管他善于觀察，但卻不能推理，他對此既不接，認(rèn)為毫無根據(jù)。

This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men.他認(rèn)為這種批評是不正確的，因為《物種起源》這本書從頭到尾都是長篇大論，而且還說服了很多有才華的人。

No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning.他說，如果不具備推理能力，沒有人能夠?qū)懗鲞@樣的書。

He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judg-ment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” 他愿意這樣評價自己：“正如每一位成功的律師和醫(yī)生一樣，我具有一定的發(fā)現(xiàn)能力和常識判斷力；但是，我認(rèn)為自己的水平不高。” He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.” 他謙虛地補充說，或許他“和普通人相比，更能注意到他們?nèi)菀缀雎缘募?xì)節(jié)，更能對這些細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行仔細(xì)觀察”。

Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.在去世的最后一年，他寫道在過去的二三十年中，他的思想發(fā)生了變化。

Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.到三十多歲的時候，詩歌給他帶來極大的快樂。

Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight.以前，繪畫給他帶來了極高的興致，音樂給他帶來了無窮的樂趣。

In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.然而在1881年，他說：“這幾年來，讀一行詩，我就受不了。

I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” 我對音樂和繪畫的品味也幾乎快要喪失了。” Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not a loss of happiness, but might possi-bly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.達(dá)爾文認(rèn)為，失去對音樂和繪畫方面的興趣，不是失去了幸福，但可能損傷智力，甚至更可能敗壞道德。2007年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1 閱讀1 If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tourna-ment, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: 如果你打算在 2006 年世界杯錦標(biāo)賽上調(diào)查所有足球運動員的出生證明，那么你很有可能發(fā)現(xiàn)一個引人注目的巧合：

elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.優(yōu)秀足球運動員更可能出生于每年的前幾個月而不是后幾個月。

If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and profes-sional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.如果你接著調(diào)查世界杯和職業(yè)比賽的歐洲國家青年隊的話，那么你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這一奇怪的現(xiàn)象甚至更明顯。

What might account for this strange phenomenon? 什么可以解釋這一奇怪的現(xiàn)象呢？

Here are a few guesses: a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;下面是一些猜測：a）某種占星術(shù)征兆使人具備更高的足球技能；

b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;b）冬季出生的嬰兒往往具有更高的供氧能力，這增加了踢足球的持久力；

c)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;c）熱愛足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂熱的鼎盛時期）懷孕；

d)none of the above.d）以上各項都不是。

Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” 58歲的安德斯?埃里克森是佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué)的一名心理學(xué)教授，他堅信“以上各項都不是”這一猜測。

Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.在瑞典長大的埃里克森，一直研究核工程，直到他認(rèn)識到，如果他轉(zhuǎn)向心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域，他將會有更多機會從事自己的研究。

His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: 他的首次試驗是在大約30年以前進(jìn)行的，與記憶相關(guān)： training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.訓(xùn)練一個人先聽一組任意挑選的數(shù)字，然后復(fù)述這些數(shù)字。

“With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls.“在經(jīng)過大約 20小時的訓(xùn)練之后，第一個試驗對象（復(fù)述）的數(shù)字跨度從 7個上升到 20個，” 埃里克森回憶說。

“He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.” “該試驗對象不斷進(jìn)步，在接受大約 200個小時的訓(xùn)練后，他復(fù)述的數(shù)字已經(jīng)達(dá)到 80多個。” This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically deter-mined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.這一成功，連同后來證明的記憶本身不是遺傳決定的研究，使得埃里克森得出結(jié)論，即記憶過程是一種認(rèn)知練習(xí)，而不是一種本能練習(xí)。

In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memor-ize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.換句話說，無論兩個人在記憶力能力上可能存在怎樣的天生差異，這些差異都會被每個人如何恰當(dāng)?shù)亍敖庾x”所記的信息所掩蓋。

And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice.埃里克森確信，了解如何有目的地解讀信息的最佳方法就是一個為人所知的有意練習(xí)過程。

Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.有意練習(xí)需要的不僅僅是簡單地重復(fù)一個任務(wù)。

Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.相反，它包括確定明確的目標(biāo)、獲得即時的反饋以及技術(shù)與結(jié)果的濃縮。

Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer.因此，埃里克森和他的同事開始研究包括足球領(lǐng)域在內(nèi)的廣泛領(lǐng)域中專業(yè)執(zhí)行者。

They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.他們收集了能夠收集的所有資料，不只是表現(xiàn)方面的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)和傳記詳細(xì)資料，還包括他們自己對取得很高成就的人員進(jìn)行的實驗室實驗結(jié)果。

Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly over-rated.他們的研究得出了一個非常令人驚奇的結(jié)論--我們通常稱為天分的特征被高估了。

Or, put another way, expert performersare nearly always made, not born.或者，換句話說，專業(yè)執(zhí)行者――無論是在記憶還是手術(shù)方面，在芭蕾還是計算機編程領(lǐng)域――幾乎總是培養(yǎng)的，而不是天生的。Text 2 閱讀2 For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” 在過去的幾年，《星期日報》的增刊《漫步》開設(shè)了一個名為《詢問瑪麗琳》的專欄。

People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old;人們被邀請去詢問瑪麗琳?沃斯?薩文特。瑪麗琳?沃斯?薩文特在10歲時測試的智力水平達(dá)到別人 23 歲時的水平，that gave her an IQ of 228that is, it pre-dicted the opposite.但是，在壓力大狀況下，智商測試所得的結(jié)果與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能的關(guān)系是否定的，也就是說，它預(yù)測的結(jié)果是相反的。

Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.任何經(jīng)歷過學(xué)術(shù)能力檢測的人都會認(rèn)為，應(yīng)試能力也很重要，無論是知道何時應(yīng)該進(jìn)行推測，還是知道應(yīng)該忽略什么問題。Text 3 閱讀3 During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities.在過去的十幾年里，美國那些曾經(jīng)可以依靠辛勤勞動和公平條件維持穩(wěn)定收入的中產(chǎn)階層家庭的生活被經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險和新現(xiàn)實改變了。

Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.如今，一份解雇通知書、一個不利的診斷結(jié)果或者配偶的去世都可能在幾個月之內(nèi)將一個家庭從穩(wěn)定的中產(chǎn)階層家庭降格成為一個新貧困家庭。

In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family eco-nomics.在僅僅一代人的時間里，數(shù)百萬母親出去工作，改善家庭的基本經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。

Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.學(xué)者、決策者以及各類批評人士對這些變化的社會意義爭論不休，但是，很少有人關(guān)注這些變化的副作用：家庭的風(fēng)險增加了。

Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.如今的家庭根據(jù)其新的雙收入限度安排開支。

As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setbackand newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare.衛(wèi)生保健和家庭承擔(dān)份額的絕對成本都上漲了——而且，最近實施的健康儲蓄計劃正在從立法機關(guān)擴展到沃爾瑪員工，包含大量更高的減免，并且給家庭未來的衛(wèi)生保健帶來許多新投資風(fēng)險。

Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parenthave jumped eightfold in just one generation.甚至人口統(tǒng)計狀況也對中產(chǎn)階層家庭不利，因為有一個體弱、年邁的父母——以及由此而產(chǎn) 生的所有物資和經(jīng)濟(jì)援助——就在僅僅一代人的時間里增長了8倍。

From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening ac-celeration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.從中產(chǎn)階層家庭的角度來看，大多數(shù)情況是可以理解的，這根本不像一種發(fā)揮更多支付能力的機會，而是像一種將經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險大規(guī)模轉(zhuǎn)向那些已經(jīng)負(fù)擔(dān)過重的家庭的令人恐懼的加速行為。

The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.經(jīng)濟(jì)副作用已經(jīng)開始，政治副作用可能也將開始。Text 4 閱讀4 It never rains but it pours.不鳴則易，一鳴驚人

Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn themthe sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.正當(dāng)老板和董事長終于解決了最糟糕的財務(wù)和規(guī)章問題并加強其公司的薄弱管理之后，數(shù)據(jù)安全這個新問題又威脅到他們。該問題以讓人厭惡的方式出現(xiàn)在頭版頭條新聞中（尤其在美國)，進(jìn)而不可避免地導(dǎo)致管理層的走馬換任。

Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.在這之前，信息保護(hù)通常還只是臨時的、低層次的值息技術(shù)員的工作，并且只被諸如銀行、電信、航空公司等數(shù)據(jù)量大的行業(yè)重視，可現(xiàn)在這個問題被放在了各行各業(yè)老板的議亊日程的重要位置。

Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this yearhave left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.今年發(fā)生了多起消費者和員工信息的重大泄密事件。這些泄密事件發(fā)生在時代華納、美國國防部承包的科學(xué)應(yīng)用國際公司以及加州大學(xué)伯克利分校這樣的不同機構(gòu)。這使得管理人員匆忙檢查那些復(fù)雜的信息系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)程序，以便尋找潛在隱患。

“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University's business school.斯坦福大學(xué)商學(xué)院的海姆?門德爾森認(rèn)為“信息正在成為一種需要像保護(hù)其他財產(chǎn)一樣而保護(hù)的財產(chǎn)”。

“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” “保護(hù)消費者信息的能力是市場價值的關(guān)鍵因素，這是董事會應(yīng)該為了股東的利益而承擔(dān)的責(zé)任”。

Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School.紐約哥倫比亞商學(xué)院的埃尼?諾姆暗示，事實上正如存在公認(rèn)會計原則的觀念一樣，或許可能應(yīng)該是采取公認(rèn)安全措施的時候了。

“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one, ” he says.他表示“為安全、備份以及恢復(fù)確定適當(dāng)?shù)耐顿Y標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一個管理問題，不是技術(shù)問題。”。

The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.其神秘在于，對任何老板來說，這可能是一個意外。

Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restorethough not justified-by the lack of legal penalty(in America, but not Europe)for data leakage.這類事情的現(xiàn)狀可能受到缺乏有關(guān)信息泄露的法律處罰（在美國，不是在歐洲）的激勵，盡管還沒有的到證實。

Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray.直到加利福尼亞最近通過了一項法律，美國的公司不必告知任何人信息何時泄露，甚至包括受害人。

That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C.這種情況可能迅速改變：如今，許多被提議的信息保護(hù)立法正在華盛頓特區(qū)討論。

Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission(FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.同時，6 月 17 日有關(guān)偷竊約 4000 萬信用卡賬戶信息事件的披露給此前一天美國商務(wù)委員會的一個重要決定蒙上陰影，該決定的內(nèi)容是：如果公司沒有提供適當(dāng)?shù)男畔踩Ｗo(hù)措施，那么監(jiān)管人員就會采取行動。

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.幾個世紀(jì)以來，有關(guān)法律的研究一直被看成是歐洲各國大學(xué)的一門基本的知識學(xué)科。

However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.不過，只是在最近幾年有關(guān)法律的研究才成為加拿大大學(xué)教育的一門學(xué)科。

Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of law-yers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.傳統(tǒng)上在加拿大的高等學(xué)府里，學(xué)習(xí)法律一直被看作是律師的專門工作，而不是一個受過良好教育的人所必須具備的知識素養(yǎng)。

Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.幸運的是，加拿大的許多大學(xué)正在樹立法律教育更傳統(tǒng)、更具有大陸特性的觀念，有些甚至已經(jīng)開始授予法律學(xué)士學(xué)位.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.如果有關(guān)法律的研究正在開始成為普通教育一個不可缺少的學(xué)科的話，那么它的目的和方法應(yīng)該會即刻吸引新聞學(xué)教育家。

Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.法律是一門學(xué)科，這門學(xué)科鼓勵進(jìn)行有責(zé)任的判斷。

On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom.一方面，它分析提供了分析如公正、民主以及自由概念的機會。

On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.另一方面，法律又將正義、民主和自由這些觀念與日常生活中的實際聯(lián)系在一起，其方式就如同新聞工作者在報道和評論新聞事件時，以日常生活為基礎(chǔ)，使這些觀念與實際情況相結(jié)合一樣。

For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.比如，有關(guān)證據(jù)和事實、基本權(quán)利和公眾利益這樣的概念在新聞判斷和新聞制作過程中起作用，就像在法庭上一樣。

Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journal-ist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.通過學(xué)習(xí)并且反省法律來強化判斷是一名新聞記者為其事業(yè)進(jìn)行知識準(zhǔn)備時渴望實現(xiàn)的。

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citi-zen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.但是，新聞工作者對于法律的理解應(yīng)該比普通公民更加深刻，這個觀點是建立在對新聞媒體的既定規(guī)范和特殊的社會責(zé)任有深刻認(rèn)識之上的。

Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists.政治，或者更廣泛一點，國家的職能，是新聞記者報道的一個主要方面。

The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be.他們對國家運作的方式了解越多，他們的報道就越優(yōu)秀。

In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.實際上，很難想象那些對加拿大憲法的基本特點缺乏清晰了解的新聞工作者能夠勝任政治新聞報道的工作。

Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.此外，法律體系以及其中發(fā)生的事件是新聞記者報道的主題。

While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.雖然與法律有關(guān)的新聞報道的性質(zhì)差別很大，但是，許多新聞記者過分依賴律師提供給他們的詮釋。

While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.律師的評論和反應(yīng)當(dāng)然能夠提升新聞報道的價值，但是記者們最好還是依靠自己對于事件重要性的認(rèn)識來做出判斷。

These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.只能通過對法律體系的深刻了解才能得出。2006年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1 閱讀1 In spite of “endless talk of difference, ” American society is an amazing machine for homo-genizing people.不管我們?nèi)绾梧┼┎恍莸卣務(wù)摬顒e，美國社會實際上是一臺同化人們的神奇的機器。

There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture.這就是民主化的著裝和言談，并且還有種隨意和缺乏尊重感，這些構(gòu)成了通俗文化的特性。

People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite, ” 人們被一種消費文化所吸引了，這種文化是由十九世紀(jì)在高雅的氛圍中陳列著琳瑯滿目的商品的百貨商店所開始的，不是為了迎合有知識的精英們而開設(shè)的專門商店，these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background.而是創(chuàng)建了“不分階層和背景人人都可以進(jìn)入”的大眾商店。

This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” 這使得購物成為一種大眾的、民主的行為。

The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.大眾傳媒、廣告和體育也是協(xié)助人們均質(zhì)化的推動力。

Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.盡管這種文化并不算高雅，但也算不上有害，移民們很快就融入了這種共同文化。

Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation.Gregory Rodriguez 為美國移民研討會撰文指出，今天的移民既不是處于空前的水平，也不抵制同化。

In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population;in 1900, 13.6 percent.在 1998 年，移民占全國人口的 9.8%；在 1900 年為 13.6%。

In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1, 000 residents;在 1990年以前的十年之中，在每千位居民當(dāng)中，有千分之 3.1的新來的移民；

in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1, 000.而在 1890 年以前的十年之中，每千位居民當(dāng)中就有千分之 9.2 的移民。

Now, consider three indices of assimilation--language, home ownership and intermarriage.現(xiàn)在，讓我們來看一下三個同化指標(biāo)——語言、擁有產(chǎn)權(quán)住房和異族結(jié)婚情況。

The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most com-mon countries of origin spoke English 'well' or 'very well' after ten years of residence.” 1990年的人口普查透露：“來自十五個移民數(shù)量最多的國家的移民在到美國十年后英語說得‘好’或‘很好’。” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.移民的子女幾乎都說兩種語言，且精通英語。

“By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” “到了第三代，在大多數(shù)移民家庭，他們的母語就消失了。”

Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages.因此，有人就把美國描 述成了“語言的墳場”。

By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.到了 1996 年，出生于國外的、在 1970 年以前到達(dá)美國的移民有 75.6%購置了自己的住房，這個數(shù)字高出土生土長的美國人的擁有自己所有權(quán)住房的百分比——69.8%。

Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” 在國外出生的亞裔和西班牙裔移民“與美國本土白人和黑人相比，與異族通婚的比率要高。”

By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, 到了第三代，有三分之一的西班牙裔女性與非西班牙裔男性結(jié)婚，and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.而有41%亞裔美國婦女與非亞裔男性結(jié)婚。

Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, 羅得里格斯寫道，即使那些住 在世界各地偏僻村莊的的孩子們都是諸如阿諾?施瓦辛格和加思?布魯克斯等明星的星迷，yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power.” 然而“一些美國人卻害怕住在美國的移民不知怎樣才能免受美國的同化力量影響”。

Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed.在美國是否存在不和以及潛在的不安？答案是肯定的，It is big enough to have a bit of everything.因為這個國家足夠大以至于什么現(xiàn)象都存在。

But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.但是與美國動蕩狂暴的過去相比，如今的社會基本不能說明美國的社會環(huán)境正在惡化，變得黑暗。Text 2 閱讀2 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry--William Shakespeare--but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.眾所周知 Stratford-on-Avon 只有一個特色，那就是威廉?莎士比亞，但這兒卻有兩個相互獨立的部門，他們隨著時間的變化而日益變得敵對。

There is the Royal Shakespeare Company(RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.這兒有皇家莎士比亞公司（RSC），它在 Avon 的莎士比亞紀(jì)念劇院里將很多優(yōu)秀的戲劇作品呈現(xiàn)給大家。

And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights.這兒的居民大部分是靠掙來游玩的游客的錢來維持生計，這些游客并不是來看戲劇的，而是來看 Anne Hathaway的莊園。這是莎士比亞的出生地和其他的景色。

The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue.Strat-ford 的當(dāng)?shù)剜l(xiāng)紳們都質(zhì)疑劇院有沒有為當(dāng)?shù)氐亩愂帐杖胱鲆稽c貢獻(xiàn)。

They frankly dislike the RSC's actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noi-siness.他們直言討厭 RSC的演員，這些演員留著長頭發(fā)，長胡須，拖著涼鞋，吵吵嚷嚷。

It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor(with a beard)and did his share of noise-making.這真是一種絕妙的諷刺，當(dāng)你想到作為他們搖錢樹的莎士比亞，自己也是個演員，留著胡子，一起大吵大鬧。

The tourist streams are not entirely separate.游客群并不是完全分開的。

The sightseers who come by bus--and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side--游覽者乘公車來，經(jīng)常會去游覽 Warwick城堡和Blenheim 宮殿，don't usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford.通常不會去看戲，并且他們中的一些人甚至?xí)υ?Stratford 能找到劇院感到驚訝。

However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing.然而，看戲者只花少量的時間在觀光上，也就是在戲劇演出時順便看看。

It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town's revenue because they spend the night(some of them four or five nights)pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.RSC主張，是看戲者給城鎮(zhèn)帶來大量的稅收，因為他們通常花整晚上時間（有些是四到五個晚上）在旅館或飯店里大量消費。

The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.然而游覽者在當(dāng)天的黃昏前就能把所有事情做完了，然后離開小鎮(zhèn)。

The townsfolk don't see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company.當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癫⒉贿@么認(rèn)為，地方政府也直接沒有給予RSC補貼。

Stratford cries poor traditionally.Stratford 一向都會哭窮。

Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge.然而城鎮(zhèn)上每一家旅館似乎都增加了新的部門或是雞尾酒酒吧。

Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.希爾頓也在這兒建了一座自己的酒店，這里肯定可以能看到被裝飾一新的哈姆雷特漢堡酒吧，Lear 休息室，宴會廳等等。進(jìn)一步說，這里消費將很貴。

Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy.總之，居民不明白為什么 RSC 需要補貼。

(The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row.（劇院已經(jīng)打破了連續(xù)三年以來的就座率紀(jì)錄。

Last year its 1, 431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they'll do better.)去年整年的 1431 個座位的就坐率達(dá)到了94%，今年將會更高。）

The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.當(dāng)然，原因是，演戲的花費高了，然而票價仍然很低。

It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele.大幅增加票價是一件很為難的事情，因為這樣會把 Stratford 的最有魅力的顧客－年輕人趕走。

They come entirely for the plays, not the sights.他們完全是為了戲而來，不是為風(fēng)景。

They all seem to look alike(though they come from all over)--lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, 他們看起來都一個樣（雖然他們從各個地方而來）——消瘦、率直、專注的臉龐，穿著牛仔褲和便鞋，eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box

第四篇：2013年中英對照--考研英語作文歷年真題

1.建議信 例1

Dear editor, 親愛的編輯，I am delighted to learn that the free use of plastic bags is banned in our country.2 However, in my opinion, people in some regions are still using plastic bags as the used to.3 On the one hand, many local residents think plastic bags are cheap and convenient.4 One the other hand,to attract their regular customers, many businesses are still providing plastic bags.1我很高興地得知，免費使用塑料袋是禁止在我國。2然而，在我看來，人們在一些地區(qū)仍在使用塑料袋的使用。3另一方面，許多當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裾J(rèn)為塑料袋便宜又方便。4另一方面，吸引他們的客戶，許多企業(yè)仍然提供塑料袋。As to the low cost and convenience of plastic bags ,I suggest that more possible alternatives, such as paper or cloth bags should be made.6 If the substitute is cheaper and has more advantages, people will stop using plastic bags.7 In addition, the mass media should help to enhance people,s awareness about the negative effect of the “whit pollution” 8 I am sure these suggestions will work.5的低成本和方便的塑料袋，我建議，更可能的替代品，如紙或布袋應(yīng)作出。6如果替代品更便宜，更具有優(yōu)越性，人們將停止使用塑料袋。7此外，媒體應(yīng)該增強人們的意識，負(fù)面影響的“白色污染”8我相信這些建議將工作。Please inform me if my suggestions are accepted.10 I am looking forward to hearing your good news.9請告訴我，如果我的建議被接受。10我盼望著聽到你的好消息

Sincerely yours,LiMing

2.道歉信 Dear Bob,1.I am excessively sorry to tell you the I forgot to return to your music CD I borrowed form you the other day.2 Now , I am writing you this letter of apology to show my deep regret.1。我是過分抱歉告訴你我忘了回你的音樂CD，我借了你的一天。2現(xiàn)在，我寫這封信，道歉，表示深深的遺憾。I hope you will understand me and excuse me for forgetting to return the CD to you.4 The reason for my negligence was that I was busy returning hometown.5.I had no time because a successing of things before departure drove me so crazy.6 I sincerely hope my mistake didnt cause too much inconvenience.3我希望你能夠理解我，原諒我忘記回報CD給你。4個原因是我的過失，我正忙著返回家鄉(xiāng)。5。我沒有時間，因為一個成功的東西，出發(fā)前讓我如此瘋狂。6我希望我的錯誤不會造成太大的不便。For making up, I want to mail it to you via air before it is too late.8 Or else, I will sent you some money to buy a new one.9 Again, I beg your pardon.8 Best regards to you and your wife.7制作了，我想把它通過空氣在為時太晚之前。8不然，我會給你一些錢去買個新的。9次，我請求你的原諒。8個誠摯的問候給你和你的妻子。

Sincerely yours,LiMing

3.請求信

Dear Sir or Madam,I am a network engineer in Beiing.2 I want to aid a poor child to continue his/her educating.3.I am writing to seek for your assistance to find a needy child who comes from an elementary school in the less developed areas of Western China.I am going to offer the candidate all necessary fees until he/she completes his/her university educating.我是一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程師在北京。2我想幫助貧窮的孩子繼續(xù)他/她的教育。3。我寫信向你尋求幫助，找到一個貧困的孩子誰來自一所小學(xué)在欠發(fā)達(dá)的中國西部地區(qū)。我要提供候選人都必要的費用，直到他/她完成他

/她的大學(xué)教育。Here are some reasons why I want to help a needy child.5 For one thing, I think it is everybody,s duty to do something to change the educating situation in the remote areas.6 For another, I was also helped by others when I was in college and now it is my turn to give something back.7 Therefore, I write this letter here to ask for your help.4，這里有一些原因，我想幫助一個需要幫助的孩子。5因為一件事，我認(rèn)為這是每個人的責(zé)任，去做些什么來改變現(xiàn)狀的偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的教育。6另一方面，我也被別人幫助我在大學(xué)的時候，現(xiàn)在是輪到我給的東西回來。7因此，我寫這封信來尋求你的幫助。8 I shall be grateful if you will be so king as to help me.9 Thanks for your consideration.10 I am looking forward to your reply.8我將很感激如果你將國王的幫助我。9，謝謝你的關(guān)心。10我期待你的回信

Sincerely yours,LiMing

4.辭職信 Dear Mr.Wang,I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position.2 I plant to leave my job here in a month.1我寫信告訴你有關(guān)我決定辭掉現(xiàn)在的位置。2我廠離開我這里的工作一個月。There are several resons for my resignation.4 First of all, the salary has proved to be much lower than you promised.5 In addition, the office is far from where I live and each day I have to spend hours on the way.6 Most importantly, I feel my work tasks here have not allowed me to take full advantage of the specialized knowledge gained during my graduate studies.7 Therefore, I would like to resign.3有幾個原因，我辭職。4首先，薪酬已被證明是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于你的承諾。5此外，該辦公室離我住的地方，每一天我都要花上幾個小時的路。6最重要的是，我覺

得我的工作任務(wù)，在這里就不讓我充分利用專業(yè)知識獲得了在我的研究生。7因此，我要辭職。Please let me take this chance to thank you for the rewarding experience I ve enjoyed during my employment.9 I am sorry for any inconvenience caused to you!10 Best wishes for the company,s btter growth!

8請讓我借此機會謝謝你的有益的經(jīng)驗，我喜歡在我的工作。9我很抱歉給您帶來的不便！10最好的祝福給公司，是更好的成長！

Sincerely yours,LiMing

5.求學(xué)信 Dear Professor,1 I have read for annual prospectus of your school and found that it has the best graduate program of English literature.2 I hope that I could finish my Master,s degree in your school.1我已閱讀招股說明書的學(xué)校和發(fā)現(xiàn)它的最佳研究生英語文學(xué)。2我希望我能完成我的碩士學(xué)位，在你的學(xué)校。I am working in a college in Beijing.4 I graduated from Shangdong University in 2006.5.At university , I took many fundamental courses in English language as well as English culture.5 And I have been working in a language school teaching English literature ,which deepens my knowledge in this subject.3我在北京一所大學(xué)工作。4畢業(yè)于山東大學(xué)2006。5。在大學(xué)，我學(xué)了許多基本課程，在英語語言以及英語文化。5我一直在一家語言學(xué)校英語教學(xué)文學(xué)，我的知識在這一主題的深化。The headmaster of the school where I am teaching has written letters of recommendation for me, as enclosed with this letter.8 I would be very grateful if you could send me information and the forms related to my application.9 Thanks you for your consideration.10 I am looking forward to learning form you

7學(xué)校的校長，我教寫的推薦信，隨信附上我，為。8我將非常感激，如果你能寄給我的信息和相關(guān)表格的應(yīng)用。9謝謝你的考慮。10我希望了解你

Sincerely yours,LiMing

6.求職信

Dear Sir or Madam,1.I,ve learnt form Talent Journal that your company is recruiting marketing researchers and I would like to apply for the position.2 I have attached a copy of my resume for your consideration.3 I believe my qualification are ideal match of your requirements.1。我，會形成人才雜志，貴公司正在招聘銷售人員，我想申請這個職位。2我已附上我的簡歷供您參考。3我相信我的資格是理想伴侶的要求。I graduated form Shanghai University of Finance and Economics in 2006,majoring in Economics.5 In addition to the required courses of my major, I have studied Marketing and Punlic Relation as my third major.6 I also have some experience in Market Analysis.7 I believe my education and experience will enable me to perform better than other candidates who lack working experience.4畢業(yè)于上海財經(jīng)大學(xué)2006，主修經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。5除了必修課程的主要，我研究了營銷和公開關(guān)系作為我的第三專業(yè)。6我也有一些市場分析方面的經(jīng)驗。7我相信我的教育和經(jīng)驗將使我能更好的表現(xiàn)比其他候選人誰缺乏工作經(jīng)驗。If there is any additional information you require, please contact me at 223344.9 I would welcome an opportunity to meet you for a personal interview.8 Thank you for your time and consideration.8如果你還需更多的信息，請聯(lián)系我223344。9我希望有機會見到你面談。8感謝你的時間和考慮

Sincerely yours,LiMing

7.推薦信

Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing with much pleasure to recommend

John Smith, one of my former colleagues to you.2 As his direct leader in A.N.Y.Company.I found him a most reliable and efficient member of the sales team.1我寫信非常高興推薦約翰史密斯，我以前的一個同事給你。2他直接領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，a.n.y.company。我發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個最可靠的和高效的銷售團(tuán)隊成員。

3.His performance at work was outstanding.4 Firstly, he was professional and efficient in his approach to work and showed great talents in sales.5 Secondly, he has developed a strong team spirit and never stops one the way of self-improvement.6 In addition, he has a very pleasant personality, and working with him is always pleasing and encouraging.7 Therefore , I can state that he has all the qualities of an excellent salesman.3。他的工作表現(xiàn)突出。4首先，他在他的專業(yè)和高效的工作方式和表現(xiàn)出極大的人才，銷售。5其次，他擁有了較強的團(tuán)隊精神和永不停止的一個自強路。6此外，他有一個非常愉快的個性，并與他一起工作總是令人高興和鼓舞。7因此，我可以說他完全具備一個優(yōu)秀的推銷員。I here recommend him to you with all my heart.9 I am sure that his future conduct will prove worthy of your confidence.10 If further information about him is needed, please fell free to contact me.8我在這里向你推薦他與所有我的心。9我確信他將來的行為，不會辜負(fù)你的信任。10如果需要關(guān)于他的進(jìn)一步信息，請和我聯(lián)系

Sincerely yours,LiMing

8.介紹信

Dear Sir or Madam,1，This is introduce to you the bearer of this letter, Bob.2 He is our new marketing specialist who is going to attend the conference on product promotion held by your company.1，這是介紹持信人的這封信，鮑勃。2，他是我們的新營銷專家誰去參加這個會議由貴公司產(chǎn)品的推廣。3 Bob has been working in our company for 3months.4 In his work, he shows great talent and responsibility.5 In addition, he has a very fine reputation amomg the colleagues.6 Bsdides, in terms of personality , I find him honest , easygoing,and cooperative.7 I am sure that you will fing him desrve your confidence

3他已經(jīng)在公司工作3個月。4在他的作品中，他顯示出巨大的人才和責(zé)任。5此外，他有一個非常好的聲譽的同事。6bsdides，在性格方面，我覺得他誠實，隨和，和合作。7我確信你會發(fā)現(xiàn)他desrve你的信心 8 We shall appreciate any help you can give to Bob and will always be happy to reciprocate.9 Thanks you for your kindness.10 Wish you a successful conference.8我們應(yīng)當(dāng)感激任何幫助，你可以給寶寶，將永遠(yuǎn)是快樂的回報。9謝謝你的好意。10祝你成功的會議。

Sincerely yours,LiMing

9.抱怨信

Dear Mr.President,1.I am Li Ming, a junior from the Civil Engineering School.2 I venture to write you a letter to complain about the canteen service om campus.1。我是李明，一個從土木工程學(xué)校。2我冒昧給你寫信抱怨在校園食堂的服務(wù)。

3.The focus of the complaint is the poor quality and high price of the food.4 For one thing, the rice is always overcooked.5 For another, the price of the food is si high that many students consider it a heavy burden to eat on campus.6 Honestly speaking, we feel extremely had about the canteen.3。重點的投訴是低劣的質(zhì)量和價格高的食物。4首先，飯總是煮。5另外，食物的價格非常高，許多學(xué)生認(rèn)為這是一種沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)，在校園里吃。6說實話，我們覺得非常有食堂。

7.I appreciate it very much if you could urge the canteen to improve the service.8 And I do hope the cooking will be done more carefully and the price of the food will be lowered.9 Thank

you for your time and kind consideration.10 I will be looking forward to your good news.7。我非常感激如果你能促使食堂改善服務(wù)。8我希望烹飪將更加仔細(xì)和食物的價格將下降。9謝謝你的親切關(guān)懷。10我將期待你的好消息

10咨詢信

Dear sales manager,I am the manager of a tailor's shop selling ladies wear.2 I have just seen in a magazine that you are promoting a series of new products and the women's knitted sweaters caught my attention.3 Therefore, I am writing for the information about the sweaters.1我是一家裁縫店賣女裝。2我剛才在雜志上看到你所推動的一系列新產(chǎn)品和婦女的針織毛衣引起了我的注意。3因此，我寫作的信息的毛衣。The following information is essential for me , 5 Firstly, how many colors does the sweater have? 6 Secondly, what are the sizes of the sweater? 7 Thirdly, could you send me any samples?

4以下的信息是必不可少的我，5，有多少種顏色的毛衣嗎？6其次，什么是大小的毛衣嗎？7第三，你能給我什么樣？I would be grateful if you'll be so kind as to send me the above information as well as the samples.9 Thank you for taking time.10, I am waiting for your prompt reply.8我會很感激如果你能寄給我的上述資料以及樣品。9謝謝你抽出時間。10，我等待您的及時答復(fù)。

11.祝賀信 Dear Sb,1I have learned with delight that your son has been admitted to the famous Tsinghua University.2 I would like to extend to you my utmost congratulation on his enrollment.3 I feel very happy for you.4 And it is really good news to your family and friends as well as all your students.5You must be very happy with this good news.6 I know this is surely owing to your son's talent and diligence.7 It is also a reward you richly deserve for your years of tireless teaching and guidance.8With his gift and assiduity, I'm sure that he'll make greater achievement in university.9 I hope I can express my sincere congratulation to you and your son in person.10 Again, please accept my sincere congratulation and best wishes for the whole family.12感謝信 Dear SbI am now writing these few lines to express my sincerely gratitude for your last Friday's parcel, with reference books on English writing in it.2 I would like you to know how much your books mean to me.3 Had it not been for these book, I would have failed my English test.4 I shall ever remember your help as the symbol of our friendship.1我現(xiàn)在寫的這幾行表達(dá)我衷心感謝您上星期五的包裹，和參考書的英語寫作中。2我想你知道你的書是我的。3如果沒有這本書，我會失敗的英語考試。4我要永遠(yuǎn)記住你的幫助，象征著我們的友誼。I hope to have the opportunity of reciprocating.6 As far as I know , you are a big fan of Jay Chou and I happen to have to tickets of his concerts on this Saturday.7 I will feel much honored and pleased if I can invite you to go with me.8 I am looking forward to seeing you.5我希望有回報的機會。6據(jù)我所知，你是周杰倫的粉絲，我碰巧有張他的演唱會在這個星期六。7我將感到非常榮幸和高興，如果我可以邀請你和我一起去。8我很期待見到你。

13邀請信 Dear Sb,Recently we have the renovation of our newly bought house done, and therefore we would like to hold a house-warning party on Jan.20.2009.2 It would be a great pleasure to invite you to the party and have dinner together.1最近我們改造我新買的房子，所以我們要舉行一個聚會jan.20.2009house-warning。2很高興邀請你參加聚會，一起吃晚飯。

3.I am sure that you will find the party satisfactory.4 First, I remember that both of you are seafood lovers, so I will prepare lobsters and fishes as the main course.5 Second, I also reserved bottles of Italian premium white wine for us enjoy at that moment.6 Enclosed is other arrangements of the party.7 We do hope you can come because the party would not be complete without you!3。我肯定你會找到滿意的方。4第一，我記得你們都是海鮮愛好者，所以我會準(zhǔn)備龍蝦和魚作為主菜。5次，我也保留瓶意大利優(yōu)質(zhì)白葡萄酒我們享受那一刻。6個封閉的其他安排的聚會。7我們希望你能來，因為黨將是不完整的沒有你！The party will begin at 7:00 pm and we hope you can make it.9 If not, please drop us a line before Jan.20.2009.10 Best wishes for both of you 8黨將開始在下午七時，我們希望你能做到。9如果不是，請我們的下降線jan.20.2009之前。10為你祝福.Sincerely yours,LiMing挽拒信

Dear Sir or Madam,Thank you very much for offering me the Sales Associate position in your company.2 To be honest, I am very pleased and honored to accept the offer.3 However, the current situation doesn't allow me to do so.1謝謝你給我的銷售助理職位。2說實話，我非常高興和榮幸地接受。3然而，目前的情況不允許我這么做。4 This has been a difficult decision for me ,but I have to do so.5 On the one hand , I have accepted another job opportunity that is more in line with my skills and career goals.6 On the other hand , two hours' commute to your building is really a burden on me.7 On account of all these, I regret to say that I am unable to accept your offer.4這是一個困難的決定對我，但我必須這樣做。5另一方面，我已經(jīng)接受了另一份工作的機會，更符合我的技能和職業(yè)目標(biāo)。6另一方面，兩個小時到達(dá)你的建筑真的是我的一個負(fù)擔(dān)。7因為這一切，我很遺憾，我不能接受你的提議。I fell sorry for disapointing you.9 Anyway, I do appreciate your kingness to discuss the details of the position with me and I wish that your company would find a more suitable talent as soon as possible..10 Best wishes!

8我感到抱歉對不愉快的你。9無論如何，我很感謝你的kingness討論這個職位的細(xì)節(jié)與我，我希望你的公司能找到一個更合適的人才，盡快。10最好的祝福！

Sincerely yours,LiMing倡議書 Dear Sb,1I am writing this letter to call on all the students and teaching staff in our university to do something for Lucy.2 As some of you may know ,Lucy ,a lovely girl form Class Two, Grade One, is seriously ill.3 In fact, she has been suffering form hepatitis, which is very dangerous.我寫這封信是給所有的學(xué)生和教學(xué)人員在我們的大學(xué)為露西做點什么。2你們當(dāng)中有些人可能知道，露西，一個可愛的女孩，形成二班，一年級，病得很嚴(yán)重。3事實上，她一直患有肝炎，這是非常危險的。

It is necessary for us to show our love and offer our help to her now.5 For one thing, Lucy is in great need of care and money to have her liver transplanted.6 For another, it is beyond the means of Lucy's parents to afford the medical expenses.7 So, it is time that we did something to help Lucy.8 Firstly, we can raise money for hei.8 Secondly, we can encourage her to fight the disease with courage by extending our love and care to her.我們有必要來展示我們的愛和給予我們幫助她。5因為一件事，露西非常需要照顧和金錢有她的肝臟移植。6另一方面，它在對露西的父母負(fù)擔(dān)不起醫(yī)療費用。7所以，我們應(yīng)該做些事情去幫助露西。8首先，我們可以籌集資金，嘿嘿。8其次，我們可以鼓勵她戰(zhàn)勝疾病的勇氣通過擴展我們的愛和關(guān)懷她。Join us in the action and I believe the our mutual efforts can conquer all dificulties.10加入我們的行動，我相信我們共同的努力，可以戰(zhàn)勝一切困難。Thank you!謝謝！

Sincerely yours,LiMing

16慰問信 Dear Sb,I was sorry to learn that you were in a car accident.2 I am writing at once to express my deep sympathy in your injury.1我很遺憾得知你出了車禍。2我立刻寫信表達(dá)我深切的同情在你受傷。

3.It is understandable that you may now feel it is unfair for you.4 For one thing ,it was not your fault to have caused the accident.5.For another, the offender has been a hit-and-run driver so far and the police are still looking for the clues.6 However, we should believe the justice has long arms.7 Therefore, I do hope you can cheer up and take good care of yourself.3。這是可以理解的，你現(xiàn)在可以感覺到它對你是不公平的。4因為一件事，這不是你的過錯造成的事故。5。另一方面，罪犯已經(jīng)逃逸司機到目前為止，警方仍在尋找線索。6然而，我們應(yīng)該相信正義的手臂很長。7所以，我真的希望你能振作起來，好好照顧自己。I shall go to see you as soon as I come back form my bussiness trip.9 Again, sorry for your misfortune, and I am anticipating your speedy recovery.10 With my heartfelt concern and best wishes!

8我要去見你，只要我一回來我出差。9再次，對不起，你的不幸，我期待著你的早日康復(fù)。10我的關(guān)心和祝福！

Sincerely yours,LiMing

17.通知

1.The student's Union will organize a volunteer team to help the poor children in rural areas during the summer holiday.2 In such case, 50 volunteers are needed to give computer and English lesson.1。學(xué)生會將組織志愿者服務(wù)隊，幫助貧困兒童在農(nóng)村地區(qū)在夏季假期。2在這種情況下，50個志愿者需要提供計算機和英語課。

3.The arrangements are as follows.4 The activity is arranged to last 20 days or so and it is planned to begin on July 10.5 Before starting off,the team members will be assigned to different country primary schools.6 And the main task is to teach children how to use a computer and learn English as well.3。安排如下。4活動安排后20天左右，這是計劃于七月十日開始。5在出發(fā)前，這個團(tuán)隊的成員將被分配到不同的國小學(xué)。

6、主要任務(wù)是教孩子如何使用計算機和英語學(xué)習(xí)好。Anyone who is good at English or computer is welcomed warmly.8 Please email us at StudentUnion@163..com.9 We are looking forward to your active participation.7的人誰是良好的英語或計算機的熱烈歡迎。8請電郵我們studentunion@163。”。9我們期待你的積極參與。

Student's Union

第五篇：復(fù)旦大學(xué)歷年考研真題

復(fù)旦大學(xué)新聞學(xué)研究生考試歷年真題(-)714新聞基礎(chǔ)

一、名詞解釋（8'*3）

1新聞要素

2信息娛樂（infotainment）

3《二十世紀(jì)之支那》

二、簡答（12'*3）

1《傳媒的四種理論》

2群體具有很大的作用，其影響傳播過程的手段和方式。

3北洋軍閥統(tǒng)治時期新聞法制的特點

三、論述（30'*3）

1什么是“軟實力”和“國家形象”？結(jié)合近年我國國際傳播的實際，說明??（才過一天我就忘了麼）

2什么是媒介間議程設(shè)置？新媒體環(huán)境下，我國媒介議程設(shè)置有何特點？

3鄒韜奮的生涯

820新聞實務(wù)

一、簡答（10'*4）

1新聞價值和新聞?wù)叩年P(guān)系

2網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體對傳統(tǒng)媒體新聞的加工有哪些手段

3新聞記者應(yīng)該如何妥善運用自己的實名微博

4采寫批評性報道的注意事項

二、論述（25'*2）

1我國報紙應(yīng)該如何報道十八屆三中全會《中共中央關(guān)于全面深化改革若干重大問題的決定》

2結(jié)合實例或?qū)嶋H，論述新聞敏感的內(nèi)容和培養(yǎng)途徑

三、操作（30'*2）

1將通訊改寫成消息，500字以內(nèi)，制作主體類標(biāo)題。給出的材料是中央巡視組巡視之后的反饋，一首一尾外加主體是十個組分別的反饋情況。

2根據(jù)給出材料寫500左右的評論，需要有評論標(biāo)題。

材料如下：

大學(xué)新生到校先交免責(zé)協(xié)議

東莞理工城市學(xué)院：協(xié)議是宿舍文明約定

南方日報訊（見習(xí)記者/靳延明記者/吳少敏）昨日，東莞理工學(xué)院城市學(xué)院5000多名新生完成報到，他們踏入校園的第一件事，就是與校方簽訂《學(xué)生管理與學(xué)生自律協(xié)議書》。協(xié)議書明確：“學(xué)生本人對自殺、自傷引起的后果承擔(dān)責(zé)任”。

進(jìn)校園先交協(xié)議書

一個月前，來自潮州的李軍收到錄取通知書，發(fā)現(xiàn)一同寄來的還有《學(xué)生管理與學(xué)生自律協(xié)議書》。協(xié)議書第三章第二十七條共列舉了5種由學(xué)生承擔(dān)責(zé)任的情況，其中第5項協(xié)議規(guī)定，學(xué)生本人對自殺、自傷引起的后果承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

這位大一新生很反感：“這個就相當(dāng)于學(xué)校給你提供吃、住的場所，但不顧你是否健康成長。我們在學(xué)校出事了，學(xué)校難道沒有一點責(zé)任？”在14日和昨日開學(xué)報到的兩天里，5000多名新生同時把這份由學(xué)生與家長簽訂好的協(xié)議書交給校方。

條款引起學(xué)生熱議

不久前，在東莞理工學(xué)院城市學(xué)院，一名男生因求愛不成而在宿舍里刀捅女生。為此，協(xié)議書引起了新生的議論。一名新生說，“我覺得怪怪的，覺得學(xué)校缺乏人文關(guān)懷，只會用冷冰冰的協(xié)議來推卸責(zé)任。”一名新生家長對這項規(guī)定表示不滿，他說，自己把孩子送到這里，是希望學(xué)校有個安全的環(huán)境，讓家長放心，放手讓孩子成長，“如果孩子在學(xué)校出事了，我們第一反應(yīng)會找學(xué)校要說法，畢竟我們信任這個學(xué)校，才將孩子送到這里。”

不過，也有學(xué)生表示理解，因為大學(xué)生自殺和自傷可以由很多因素造成，例如感情問題、家庭問題、人際問題等，這些因素不一定全是學(xué)校造成的。大學(xué)生過了18周歲就成年了，有對自己負(fù)責(zé)的義務(wù)。大部分學(xué)校會提供心理健康咨詢，但有些同學(xué)有自閉傾向，不愿咨詢。這些同學(xué)如果有自殺、自傷行為，就應(yīng)該自己負(fù)責(zé)。

校方稱簽協(xié)議早存在

記者就此事采訪了校方相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人。該負(fù)責(zé)人告訴記者，協(xié)議的意義類似“溫馨提示”，是對學(xué)生的文明約定，目的是告知新生在宿舍需要注意的事項，從而實現(xiàn)要求自律的目的。例如，學(xué)生不遵守宿舍紀(jì)律，攀爬陽臺而掉到樓下受傷，那就要自負(fù)責(zé)任了。

該負(fù)責(zé)人表示，這份協(xié)議書的條款存在多年了，并非針對不久前發(fā)生的“情傷事件”。事實上，沒有這樣一份協(xié)議書，學(xué)生違反了紀(jì)律，也會受到相應(yīng)處罰，而學(xué)校要負(fù)起的責(zé)任，也不會因為這份協(xié)議書隨意地推卸。

此類條款是無效的

21世紀(jì)教育研究院副院長熊丙奇告訴記者，這樣的條款并非東莞理工學(xué)院城市學(xué)院一家獨有，很多高校都存在類似的“自殺免責(zé)”條款，而實際上此類條款是無效的。

熊丙奇說，“簽訂協(xié)議書被認(rèn)為是一種安全教育方式，可見對學(xué)生教育的方式多么簡單、粗暴，這與家長讓孩子簽訂不犯錯誤協(xié)議書，有何差別呢？”

2007年新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題

一、名詞解釋（5分*8）

1.新聞本源 2．“第四種權(quán)利” 3.受眾 4.新聞體制 5.創(chuàng)新擴散理論 6.《知新報 》 7.《修正報紙條例》 8.《大眾生活》

二、簡答題（15分*3）

1、新聞傳媒與社會輿論之關(guān)系

2、什么是客觀性報道及所體現(xiàn)的客觀性報道原則？說說它對目前中國新聞實踐有什么意義？

3、簡述1956年《人民日報》改版的三個重點。

三、論述題（第一道30分，第二道35分）

1、簡要敘述《申報》的發(fā)展史，并評述它在新聞史上的地位？

2、什么是新聞事業(yè)的雙重屬性？說說新聞傳媒業(yè)的資本運作對中國新聞事業(yè)的影響？

2006年新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題

一、名詞解釋（4題×5分，共20分）

1、《欽定報律》

2、新聞選擇

3、傳播模式

4、奧斯邦

二、簡答題（3題×20分，共60分）

1、簡述我國新聞媒介的運行模式及其理論依據(jù)。

2、試論美國“議程設(shè)置”和我國“輿論導(dǎo)向”之不同。

3、簡述二十世紀(jì)四十年代確立的中共黨報理論的基本內(nèi)容。

三、論述題（2題×35分，共70分）

1、“食品安全”是近年來的報道熱點，比如金華毒火腿事件、阜陽嬰兒奶粉事件、“蘇丹紅”事件、啤酒甲醛事件等等。請選擇其中兩個（或兩個以上）個案，運用新聞傳播學(xué)理論對媒介報道做對比分析，并闡述你對大眾媒介的社會角色、社會責(zé)任的認(rèn)識。

2、試述中國近代報業(yè)（自1815年至1911年）發(fā)展的基本脈絡(luò)，并舉出各個發(fā)展階段具有代表性的重要報刊。

2005年新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題

一、名詞解釋（每題6分，共30分）

1、信息

2、輿論

3、《大清報律》

4、《中國報學(xué)史》

5、《我們關(guān)于新聞學(xué)的基本觀點》

二、簡答題（每題10分，共30分）

1、談?wù)勀銓π侣剨蕵坊睦斫狻?/p>

2、分析新聞傳播的社會控制。

3、寫出5份中共中央機關(guān)報的名稱，并簡述之。

三、論述題（每題30分，共90分）

1、論作為社會現(xiàn)象的新聞。

2、閱讀以下材料，以《論媒體》為題作文。我國首次全國國民閱讀傾向調(diào)查顯示，從閑暇時間對媒介的利用看，人數(shù)最多的是電視，其次是報紙、雜志、圖書和廣播，對錄音制品、錄像制品及計算機的利用，也有相當(dāng)多的人。休息日人們對各種媒介的接觸機會小于工作日，但長時間利用媒介的人增多。雖然上網(wǎng)的人數(shù)不多，但是上網(wǎng)的時間卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于對書報刊的使用時間。絕大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為，在當(dāng)代社會中，讀書的作用對于個人的生存和發(fā)展越來越重要。從讀書的目的看，男性偏重實用性和開闊眼界、滿足興趣愛好，女性偏重提高個人修養(yǎng)、滿足與人交往和應(yīng)付考試。此次調(diào)查的內(nèi)容涉及各階層人員對各種媒體的購買、使用情況和趨勢。

3、試述梁啟超對中國新聞事業(yè)的貢獻(xiàn)。

2004年新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題

一、名詞解釋

1、媒介公共性

2、新聞法規(guī)

3、大眾傳播

4、文化工業(yè)

5、《報紙條例》

6、《每周評論》

二、簡答題

1、技術(shù)在新聞傳播媒介形態(tài)的變化中有什么樣的作用?

2、簡要介紹傳播學(xué)四大奠基人和側(cè)重研究方向。3、1945-46年間《新華日報》和《大公報》就和戰(zhàn)問題的兩次交鋒？

三、論述題

1、論述效果研究的三大階段。2、1942年整風(fēng)運動后，《解放日報》做了哪些改革？

3、閱讀下面的材料，以“論新聞”為題作文。

材料一是《南周》原來報道過的 “金元寶”事件，2000年山西一地區(qū)金礦爆炸，負(fù)責(zé)人為防事情暴露，給記者行賄，從而導(dǎo)致11名記者被處分，四名新華社記者，為此，新華社著重強調(diào)記者職業(yè)道德。

材料二是今年5月《紐約時報》的4個版的因為虛假新聞的道歉，一記者在四年任期內(nèi)造30多篇假新聞，《時報》聲譽降至歷史最低點，從而導(dǎo)致正負(fù)總編同時辭職。

根據(jù)材料寫一篇“論新聞”的評論。

2004新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題（單考生）

一、名詞解釋（每題6分，共30分）

1、硬新聞

2、新聞法規(guī)

3、廉價報

4、傳播學(xué)的三大分支

5、《中國報學(xué)史》

二、簡答題（每題15分，共30分）

1、新聞傳媒的社會功能有哪些？

2、什么是議程設(shè)置？

三、論述題（每題45分，共90分）

1、結(jié)合中國新聞傳媒發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，闡述競爭對新聞傳媒業(yè)發(fā)展的意義和影響。

2、經(jīng)過1942-1945年的黨報整風(fēng)與改革，中共確立了黨報工作的優(yōu)良作風(fēng)是什么？請結(jié)合實際談?wù)勗诋?dāng)今的歷史條件下如何發(fā)揚光大這些優(yōu)良作風(fēng)。

2003年新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題 一.名詞解釋（7個×5分）

1.媒介即訊息 2.弱效果理論 3.黃遠(yuǎn)生的四能 4.熱血日報 5.勞動界 6.新聞?wù)鎸嵭?/p>

二.簡答（4個×10分）

1.某航空公司一飛機失事，若你是《人民日報》；《申江服務(wù)導(dǎo)報》；《南方周末》記者，你將怎樣組織報道重點且說出原因。

2.傳播的線性模式，控制論模式，社會系統(tǒng)模式的異同？以及由此看出傳播學(xué)研究的發(fā)展？

3.清末的重要新聞法規(guī)？ 4.輿論在民主社會的功能。三.論述（3個×25分）

1.利用新聞媒體的社會角色和運行機制分析香港《東周刊》刊登女星裸照事件并發(fā)表看法。

2.論述新聞把關(guān)人理論。材料提供俄國家杜馬禁止發(fā)表有關(guān)車臣戰(zhàn)爭等反恐新聞和莫斯科人質(zhì)劫持事件的新聞。

3.論述五四時期《新青年》的發(fā)展過程。

2002年新聞與傳播理論試題

一、填空（10 分）

1.輿論的特點是。2.信息的特點是。3.傳播學(xué)的三大分支是。

4.關(guān)于傳播結(jié)構(gòu)（過程）研究的主要模式有。

5.20 世紀(jì) 70 年代以來，關(guān)于傳播效果研究的主要理論有。

二、名詞解釋（20 分）、硬新聞 2、新聞體制 3、宣傳 4、媒介即訊息 5、實地調(diào)查法

三、簡答（20 分）、怎樣理解新聞媒介的雙重屬性？ 2、何謂“兩個環(huán)境”理論？試概述其要點。

四、論述（50 分）、何謂受眾的細(xì)分？當(dāng)前我國的新聞媒介該如何應(yīng)對受眾的分層化趨向？ 2、關(guān)于信息流程的研究有哪些主要成果？試聯(lián)系新聞媒介工作實際，簡述其啟迪意義。

2002年中外新聞事業(yè)史試題

一、名詞解釋（30分）

1、《遐邇貫珍》

2、《大清報律》

3、奧斯邦

4、北巖爵士

5、哈瓦斯通訊社

6、KDKA電臺

二、簡答題（30分）

1、鄒韜奮主編過哪七個報刊？請簡介之。

2、1956年《人民日報》改版的重點內(nèi)容有哪幾個方面？

3、為什么發(fā)展中國家要開展?fàn)幦〗⑹澜鐐鞑バ轮刃虻亩窢帲?/p>

三、論述題（40分）

1、試論中國同盟會機關(guān)報《民報》在輿論宣傳上的歷史功績。

2、試論新民主主義革命時期中共中央機關(guān)報刊的衍變過程。

2001年新聞傳播理論試題

一、填空（10分）

大致有受眾的特征、宣傳的三要素、傳播學(xué)里的四中調(diào)查方法等

二、名詞解釋（20分）

1、把關(guān)人

2、接近權(quán)

3、新聞選擇

4、輿論

5、硬新聞

三、簡答（20分）

1、簡述新聞事業(yè)的雙重屬性

2、簡述傳播學(xué)中的議題設(shè)置理論及其在媒體中的運用

四、論述（50分）

1、新聞媒介如何營造一個良好的輿論環(huán)境，媒介在影響輿論中的作用

2、試述因特網(wǎng)的興起對傳統(tǒng)傳播學(xué)理論的沖擊和影響，如何面對因此帶來的一系列變化。

2000年新聞傳播理論試題

一、填空

二、名詞解釋（20分）

1、軟新聞和硬新聞

2、合理想象

3、沉默的螺旋

4、議題設(shè)置

5、新聞學(xué)

三、簡答（20分）

1、非語言傳播的特點是什么？

2、生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展對新聞事業(yè)的發(fā)展有什么影響？

四、論述（50分）

1、現(xiàn)代報紙進(jìn)入市場展開競爭，對新聞事業(yè)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了影響，有無積極意義和消極意義，如果有，是什么？

2、論述從自由主義傳播理論發(fā)展到社會責(zé)任理論的過程，這一過程對我國新聞事業(yè)的發(fā)展有無積極意義？如果有，請說明。

2000年中外新聞事業(yè)史

一、填充題（每空格1分，共30分）

1、出下列論著的作者:《新聞學(xué)大意》____________，《實際應(yīng)用新聞學(xué)》_________，《敬告我同業(yè)諸君》_________，《韜園文錄外編》_________，《塞上行》___________，《燕山夜話》________，《黨的組織與黨的出版物》_________，《論出版自由》_______，《紅星照耀中國》_______,《長征--前所未聞的故事》_________。

2、上海《申報》創(chuàng)刊于_______年，1932年起進(jìn)行改革，由______主編的副刊_________，發(fā)表了魯迅的許多作品。1934年11月，該報總經(jīng)理_______被國民黨特務(wù)殺害。

3、新記《大公報》的“四不”方針是:__________ __________ ____________ __________ 4、1931年，中國共產(chǎn)黨在江西瑞金創(chuàng)辦了__________通訊社和__________報，1937年1月它們分別改名為_________ __________

5、寫出以下國家現(xiàn)有的主要通訊社名稱；俄羅斯__________，古巴___________，印度_________，印度尼西亞_______，埃及________，朝鮮_________，日本_________，西班牙____________。

二、簡答題（每題6分，共30分）

1、《大江了》案

2、“豎三民”

3、《火星報》（俄國）

4、李普曼

5、有線電視網(wǎng)（美國）

三、論述題（每題20分，共40分）

1、“建立國際新聞新秩序”的口號怎樣提出來的？它有何重要意義？發(fā)展中國家為此進(jìn)行了哪些斗爭？

2、在延安整風(fēng)運動中，黨報理論有哪些重要發(fā)展？

1999年新聞與傳播理論試題 一：填充（每格一分）新聞事業(yè)的發(fā)展水平主要是由_____決定的 2 以辦報方針分，報紙可分為_____、_____、_____ 3 新聞選擇的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是_____、_____、_____、_____ 4 大眾傳播的四大社會功能是_____、_____、_____、_____ 5 受眾接觸信息、通常會產(chǎn)生選擇性的_____、_____、_____ 二：名詞解釋（每題4分）輿論 2 新聞體制 拉斯韋爾的5 W模式 4 兩級傳播（二段流程）三：簡答題：（每題6分）1 新聞與宣傳有何關(guān)系？ 2 如何理解新聞的真實性原則？ 3 媒介社會責(zé)任理論的要點是什么？ 4 麥克魯漢理論要點是什么？ 四：論述題（每題15分）簡述人類社會新聞傳播媒介的演變過程，闡明現(xiàn)在新聞事業(yè)產(chǎn)生的重大意義 2 結(jié)合中國當(dāng)前社會現(xiàn)實，論述受眾在新聞事業(yè)中的地位與作用 美國有關(guān)傳播效果的研究經(jīng)歷了哪幾個階段？舉例說明其主要成果對中國當(dāng)前大眾傳媒時間的啟迪意義.1999年中外新聞事業(yè)史試題

一、名詞解釋(每題6分，共30分)

1、《論出版自由》

2、時務(wù)體

3、《新萊茵報》

4、《熱血日報》

5、“新華軍”

二、簡答題(每題10分，共30分)

1、試述《察世俗每月統(tǒng)記傳》與《東西洋每月統(tǒng)記傳》的異同。

2、簡介美國的四大廣播電視網(wǎng)

3、建立世界新聞傳播新秩序問題是何時提出的？

三、論述題(每題20分，共40分)

1、試述五四時期《新青年》的發(fā)展歷程。

2、評論1956年新聞工作改革的經(jīng)過，重點和收獲。