第一篇：如何做托福綜合寫作中的獨立寫作

托福綜合寫作中的獨立寫作技巧

經常有學生抱怨獨立寫作很少能找到比較好的范文，去看美國本土的雜志又覺得文體和詞句相對托福來說太難了，也不知道美國本土學生遇到托福這樣的作文會如何寫。其實聰明的學生往往會發現，真正美國人要求的300字以上的獨立寫作文章往往可以參考綜合寫作的閱讀和聽力文章的結構及論證方法，而不用舍近求遠。

? 首先從文章結構上看

閱讀文章一共4段，第1段是總的觀點，2, 3, 4段都是分論點來論證總觀點，ETS一直強調：”structure is fairly important, it’s like you see someone in distance what you see is a shape first”, 四段式或五段式（加一個結尾段）是理想的文章結構。對于到底幾個分論點，ETS說”one is not enough, two is coincidental and three is convincing, four is fine”, 因此對分論點的要求是兩個以上為佳。我們不難發現綜合作文幾乎都是3個分論點。

? 其次從段落細節上看

第1段是作者事先進行的對文章背景的介紹“教育家們已經意識到高中對于許多同學來說是一個很困難的經歷。伴隨著學術挑戰帶來的壓力，高中同時也是一個產生社交，情感，甚至是財政壓力的地方。”緊接著，作者便很順當的表明了自己的觀點“而減少這些非學術壓力的有效方法之一就是通過要求學生穿校服使得學生們都穿相同的衣服。”從首段看出我們想要寫好開頭段的方法之一便是一定要讓讀者覺得我們觀點的提出不是那么突兀的，而要用一個背景介紹來做很好的引入，背景是這個話題所產生的時間，地點或環境，對于“校服和非學術壓力”而言背景的地點應該是在學校，作者定位在了高中，時間是目前很普遍，因此作者用了完成時，而環境則是目前學生的非學術壓力有哪些：社交，情感，甚至是財政，這樣背景就輕而易舉地寫好了，獨立作文中好的背景介紹是吸引讀者眼球，順水推舟的提出觀點的至關重要的一步。緊接著就是表明觀點，作者往往會在引入完背景和話題后表明自己的態度，表明觀點會有一些提醒讀者“我要表達觀點了”的信號詞，如：the best way to,however/while/but, would benefit/harm;be beneficial/harmful to, be convincing, claim, far more(efficient/trustworthy), more likely等等，此文章中就用了“one of the effective way of decreasing this kind of non-academic stress is to require students to wear school uniforms”讓讀者很快捕捉到了作者的觀點。在獨立作文中清晰的表明觀點是非常重要的。

第2, 3, 4段分別是3個分論點，首先分論點句的寫法也是有講究的，綜合作文的分論點句往往在每段的開頭就寫出來了，讓讀者一目了然這段要寫什么，如這篇文章的3個分論點句分別是每段的開頭：“穿校服可以使高中花費減少”，“穿校服可以減少青少年的自卑感”，“穿校服會減少學生的欺凌行為”。

寫分論點句的5個原則在于：1.分論點句要有關鍵詞，對于此文章來說關鍵詞是“穿校服”、“減少”，因此分論點句中會重復出現這幾個詞，但是又不能每句話都用“wearing the same school uniform”和“reduce”, 這時候就要求學生有同義詞替換能力，作者用的其他幾個同意替換詞分別為“such a policy”, “a mandatory school-uniform policy”, “eliminate”, “decrease”, 很好地避開了詞匯重復。2.分論點句要能論證總論點，也就是說分論點一定是能減少非學術壓力的，那么“花費”、“自卑”、“欺凌”都是非學術壓力，減少了這些，自然就證明了減少非學術壓力了，因此很好的證明了總論點。3.分論點句不能太細節，不可太長，要有可拓展性。比如說“減少花費”完全可以問個為什么，如果論點句寫“減少花費是由于可以通過穿校服來減少穿貴的流行的衣服來減少花費”這就太細節了，會使得在拓展的時候不知道要寫什么了，也就是說你可以接下來用解釋法，舉例法等來細節展開這個籠統的句子，而不是說完一句分論點句，下面都沒有可說的了。4.分論點句中不能包含2個論點，如把“減少花費和減少自卑感”放在一個論點句里來寫就不合適，因為下面的論證就不知道是論證穿校服減少花費還是減少自卑感了，會顯得混亂。5.段與段分論點與分論點之間也要有銜接詞，對于這篇關于校服的綜合作文，作者在寫三個分論點時銜接的非常恰當，用了“one of the most obvious benefits......”, “furthermore.....also”, “finally....”, 使得讀者覺得很有層次感。

最后，做一個會學習的學生，要學會思考著來寫作文。今天成都朗閣海外考試研究培訓中心給大家總結的是從綜合作文中能夠學習到很多獨立作文的技巧，以后會從文章展開方面給大

家提煉出更多技巧。

第二篇：托福獨立寫作評分標準--英文版

托福獨立寫作評分標準

5分

? Effectively addresses the topic and task ? Well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and or details ? Displays unity, progression, and coherence ? Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors 4分

? Addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated ? Generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient explorations, exemplifications, and or details

? Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may contain occasional redundancy, digression, or unclear connections

? Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiomatic language that do not interfere with meaning

3分

? Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifications, and or details ? Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured

? May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning

? May display accurate but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary

2分

? Limited development in response to the topic and task ? Inadequate organization or connection of ideas ? Inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications, explanations, or details to support or illustrate generalizations in response to the task

? A noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms ? An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage 1分

? Serious disorganization or underdevelopment ? Little or no detail, or irrelevant specifics, or questionable responsiveness to the task ? Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage

第三篇：托福獨立寫作作文修改

獨立5-現象證明P21 2010.10.31NA Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People are now easier to become educated than in the past.Education is the foundation of a country.People today have a stronger concept（搭配不當，改為sense）of being educated than in the past.I agree with the statement that people gain an easier access to all kinds of educations at current times.Firstly, there are much more schools available today than in the past.No matter where you live, in big cities or in the countryside, the local government spends a large amount of money on the constructions of various types of schools, such as primary schools, middle schools, high schools and even schools for adults.More and more universities and colleges have been built to ensure higher education for top students.If you want to study in schools, you will always find a proper one to attend.Secondly, the teaching approach diversifies（there are diversified teaching approaches）.Except for（In addition to包括在內）blackboard and chalks, many advanced teaching devices are being used today in most schools, including computers, multi-media and some other instruments.Moreover, labs and libraries have also come into use for students to study deeper and wider(who want to make a deeper and wider study on the fields they are interested in).What is more, the teachers' teaching levels are greatly improved by communicating with other educators from all over the world.The technology becomes more developed than in the past, so it is easier now to study.Thirdly, people have equal rights to receive education.As we all know, people in the past were in terrible discrimination because of their sex and race(many people such as women and the black people were denied the right to education because they were discriminated against in the society because of their sex and race.兩句合起來)For example, women and black people were used to be considered as people in lower classes or even slaves and weren't allowed to go to school.However, they have equal rights to study in schools nowadays.（要回到主題，和更容易接受教育要直接聯系起來，所以再加一句）Obviously, these people surly have easier access to education.To sum up, almost everyone today has equal rights to go to all kinds of schools with diversified teaching approaches.So people do have an easier way to receive education now than in past times.The reasons above firmly support my opinion(最后一句話不夠有力，可以將三點簡明扼要的用一句話概括).(Word Count: 294)獨立8-包含因果關系P15 2010.3.20NA Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People today can solve many important problems so they do not need help from the government.With the development of the society, people can do more things by themselves nowadays（于什么時候比較？）than in the past.But I disagree with the statement that people can solve many important problems, therefore the government does not need to help them（therefore they need not depend on the government for any support）.There(are)three reasons as follows:

Firstly, People today still cannot solve many important problems by themselves in fact in terms of education, unemployment, war, starvation, poverty and so on.These are international problems all over the world, so a single person or even a group of people may not have the abilities to solve(be capable of solving)them.For example, if a man wants to stop a war between two countries, even he is powerful or wealthy, he(he, however wealthy and powerful,)cannot prevent them from fighting with each other without the help of others.Secondly, people today need more help from the government.As the life standards are getting higher, people have more requirements than before.They ask for all kinds of utilities for entertainment or exercise in public places.They need various insurance to make their lives more comfortable.They also require more schools and hospitals to take care of the young people and patients(the sick).Thirdly, whether people today can solve many problems or not has nothing to do with whether they need the government's help.It is the responsibility of the government to help people.The government must give people help no matter how powerful they are.In a word, the statement that people today do not need help from the government because they can solve many important problems is wrong.The reasons above can firmly support my idea.(260w)

獨立1-包含should, important, necessary的簡單話題

P75 2009.5.30 Younger school children(aged between five and ten)should be required to study art and music in addition to math, science, history and language.In order to broaden the horizon of younger school children, it is suggested that they should study art and music as well as other common courses.I agree with it because of the following reasons.First of all, art and music can help students to relax.Campus life is stressful even for younger children who aged between five and ten, with all kinds of homework and assignments.However, by having music and art classes, students can get a much-needed escape from the heavy work.It can help them to relax their mind and study more efficiently in other classes.Second, music and art classes help improve students' interpersonal relationships.Students will meet together to talk about a same topic if they have common interests.For example, students attending art classes can talk about the masterpiece or life story of a famous painter.Students having music classes will enjoy the beautiful melody or sing songs together.By communicating with each other, they will build a strong friendship and learn how to behave in various situations.Third, music and art classes provide students with plenty of information about great artists and their works.By learning knowledge in artistic fields students can acquire different cultures from different countries.The artists and musicians describe what they see or hear in their works, showing feelings meanwhile, which bring the students the atmosphere at that time.To sum up, art and music classes should be taken by younger school students to broaden their horizon.(248w)

獨立2-包含比較(better, prefer)的簡單話題

P24 2010.10.9NA Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People can take care of their family members better when they live in big cities than in the countryside.No matter where people live, in big cities or in the countryside, they must take care of their family members.Basically I prefer the former one.Living in big cities has more advantages than living in the countryside.Firstly, for old people, living in big cities can be convenient.There are a large number of hospitals which are available to all kinds of diseases.When the old people catch a cold, have a fever or even heart attack, they could be taken to the best hospital nearby and received treat in time and recover as soon as possible.But in the countryside, situations in hospitals are obviously terrible.Secondly, children should receive good education, so living in big cities is a wise choice.Schools in big cities which get finance support from(the)government provide sufficient teaching facilities for the students in order that the students can study more easily and do more experiments.Moreover, the teaching levels of the teachers in big cities are higher on average than that of the teachers in the countryside.Admittedly, Living in big cities may have a few downsides.For example, the air may be not as fresh as it in the countryside and the noise may make people crazy sometimes.However,(the)government is taking measures to prevent the pollutions and people are also becoming aware of the importance of environmental protection.It is sure that the problems can be solved in the future.In a word, people can take care of their family members much better when they live in big cities than in the countryside, because advanced society welfares are everywhere in big cities.（Word Count: 272）

獨立7-包含絕對詞（never, always, only ,no longer,最高級等）.P92 2007.8.4 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Printed books will no longer exist.With the development of technology, digital books are increasingly coming into use while printed book are less used in our lives.It has been argued that printed books will no longer exist in the future.I disagree(with this opinion)although the statement has a grain of truth.First of all, admittedly, digital books have some advantages over printed books.First, it is cheaper to download a digital version from the internet than to buy a hardcover printed book.You may download Harry Potter for only half the price of the paper version.Second, the digital book is very convenient for us to carry because it is much lighter than the printed book.We can download thousands of articles into our mp4 or electronic books to read them everywhere instead of carrying several heavy books.However, to say that printed books will disappear from our lives in the future is unacceptable.First, hardcover printed books are worth collecting.They are usually very valuable with their beautiful covers and plentiful contents.Second, the printed books made by(of)papers are good for people's eyes.If we stare at a digital book all the time, our eyes will be tired or even hurt.Reading for a long period may do enormous harms to people's health, especially to children.Third, printed books are of great importance in some special ceremonies.They are usually the symbols of holy things.It is ridiculous for a minister to read with a digital book in a church.To sum up, although the digital books are more and more useful, it is sure that printed books will exist forever.(267)

第四篇：托福 tpo26 綜合寫作

In terms whether the zebra mussel will exert negative influence on North American, the passage and lecture are contradictory to each other.The author believes that zebra mussel might do harm the local species as they arrived while the lecturer holds a different opinion.First of all, the author makes a point that the history events suggest the zebra mussel's invasion is unstoppable.In the past, human transportation makes it possible for zebra mussel spread around the whole Europe and it is likely to happen again in North American.However, the lecturer demonstrates a different idea that a change made in the “ballast water” will prevent the invasion of zebra mussel from continuing.He says that if we refill the “ballast water” with ocean water, the mussel will no longer survive because the saline water might probably kill them all.Second, contrary to the belief in the passage that zebra mussel is able to conquer the new habitat due to their high reproduction rates and adaptation ability, as well as lacking predator, the lecturer says that the hypothesis made by author is not true.He mentions that there are many local bird will eat the zebra mussel as a major prey.As a result, the zebra mussel is unlikely to dominate the new habitat.Finally, regarding whether the zebra mussel will cause the decline in the fish population since they may compete for food such as plankton with fish species.The author thinks it is a possible consequence brought by zebra mussel.However, the lecturer refutes it that the mussel can't reduce the fish population because they provide enough nutrient for bottom living fish.

第五篇：托福寫作

Agree or disagree A university should focus more on its facilities, computers or laboratory, rather than on hiring famous teachers

Nowadays, highly education has been attached more important than before.A argue that school facilities should pay more attention than professor lecture.From my perspective, although such hardware like computer centers and science lab provide some benefits to university students, university depends on quality of stuff.Admittedly, a school equipped with great facilities is more appealing the applicants.The reason is that it can make study easier.A bright library offers such a quiet condition for knowledge absorption;a computer center provides a self-govern ways to study;a science lab make student get more practice about miracles.However, this factors become less considerate when it comes to the quality of the professors.For one thing, not only do famous teachers can impart the knowledge, but instill the angle that to solve the problem.To pass on knowledge, a human is no better than a machine or a high-tech tool.The difference lies in the

special ways to get the solutions and the potential inspiration by the former.Take my favorite teacher for example, she often shows us some different way to solve the difficulties.And then she tells us the angle to work out the problem.As for me, it was not until her explanation, that I know about the easier way to work the problem.That is something that high-tech can barely achieve.For another, universities with qualified teachers tend to have higher graduate employment.It is not hard to imagine that a teacher with connections can bring more opportunity to get internship.As an old saying goes, knowledge starts with practice.It is still true now.Students who swamped in labs, would never face the brutal fact that you need a window for people to see what you’ve got.In this way, a well-connect professor can open that for you, instead of lifeless labs.In conclusion, though facilities could promote learning, but it fail to generate more practical merits to students.Recruit more qualified teacher should be paid more attention and stress.