第一篇：原創托福獨立寫作分類+文章寫作

獨立寫作

Paragraph 1

改寫題目，用引發讀者興趣的語言表明全文的主旨。

展開（開門見山、下定義、設問、排比、引諺語、引數據、欲揚先抑）Paragraph 2

Topic Sentence——引出第一個分論點 展開（事例、列舉、比較、因果、假設、讓步）Paragraph 3

Topic Sentence——引出第二個分論點 展開（事例、列舉、比較、因果、假設、讓步）Paragraph 4

Topic Sentence——引出第三個分論點 展開（事例、列舉、比較、因果、假設、讓步）Paragraph 5

再次總結觀點。

結尾（提出警告、展望未來、權衡利弊、引用名言、反問加強）

觀點的選擇：盡量選擇一方，中立也要有所傾向。

2.分類梳理(形式分類下每類寫3篇全文，內容分類下每類寫3篇思路)：

①Agreeing or Disagreeing

Passage 1

What does the word “game” mean to you? Different people can tell different answers.Some may say “Game means to win”, and others may say “Game means to challenge ourselves.” However, in my point of view, having fun and enjoying the process are always the real meaning of the “game”.Accordingly, playing a game is fun no matter you lose or win, as long as you join it heart and soul.First and foremost, participants are able to get great joy during the process of the game.A proverb has it that “the most important thing is to participate”.So even though the final result is not very satisfactory, or even worse, we can still find something precious and enjoyable when we join the game.For instance, I played a geography game with my classmates during the summer camp last year.Each group was asked to follow several clues and find the final destination with a GPS receiver.Though we came from different nations, my partners and I discussed thoroughly and cooperated closely.We successfully found the final position in a short time.Even though we only made it third, in other word we actually lost the game, we still had great fun and felt really proud of our dedicate collaboration.Furthermore, beside success, failure can also teach us a lot and those we learned from failures may turn into greater happiness later.Life is always filled with bitter and sweet, so one can never expect to win all the time, even in the game.Although feeling frustrated and depressed, we can always draw some lessons and get precious experiences from those failures or debacles.It looks as if we lost a game, but in fact we acquired so many knowledge and skills which would help us a lot in the future and had a better understanding of our life.For example, a gifted basketball player might be selfish and overconfident when he enters a team.But after a fiasco, he is sure to understand that basketball is game of 5 people and start to enjoy the close collaboration with his teammates.In conclusion, although victory can give us great happiness, it is not the only fun we can have from games.If we can treat failures with a positive attitude, we will be more likely to get greater achievements and joy in the future.②Stating a Preference

Passage 1

“Every bean has its black”, as the saying goes.The rapid development of automobile industry has p more and more choices to consumers and made the transportation much more convenient than it used to be.Even though the prosperity of automobiles has also caused some thorny problems, I believe that its benefits are so great that it will be unfair to neglect them and emphasize the negative effects only.Imagine living in a metropolis where neither cars nor buses can be available.How terrible could this be? It’s automobiles that has improved modern transportation greatly and connected different parts of the land together.Although more and more people choose to get work on foot or by bicycle, in order to reduce the air pollution, there are still over 80% of people, according to a recent survey, travel by automobile in the morning.Thus, automobiles are still the first choice when people go out because they’re fast, convenient and safe.There’s no doubt that automobiles have played such an important, even irreplaceable, role in the transportation nowadays that they are considered as a fundamental element of modern life.On the other hand, it’s true that the development of automobiles has caused a series of issues.For example, cars all over the world will produce millions of tons of carbon dioxide each year, a number that is huge enough to increase the greenhouse effect and further heat up the Earth.Many other serious environmental problems like floods and droughts might come about afterwards.However, I have to say that though it looks as if those negative effects are inevitable, it doesn’t mean we have no idea to reach a balance between development and environment friendly.Many scientist and engineers are striving for a breakthrough in developing a new fuel that is clean, efficient, and

cheap.We have good reasons to believe that one day people will find the final answer to the conflict caused by automobiles and achieve real sustainable development.As I have mentioned above, pollutions, traffic jam, noises, all of these can be great challenges for the development of automobiles.However, we cannot deny that automobiles have made significant contributions towards the modern society.③Giving an Explanation

Passage 1

“Each has his own ideal”, as the saying goes.Different people may have different answer to the question “why do people attend universities?” Expecting to learn some advanced knowledge, dreaming about experiencing something new or exciting, meeting some lifetime friends.All of these can be reasons why people attend colleges and universities.However, in my opinion, people attend college or university mainly to find their real interest and design a blueprint for their own future, including their careers, workplaces, families, etc.First of all, students are usually mature enough to start thinking about their future when they attend college or university.Take one of my friends, Inn, as an example.Inn always had many different thoughts when he was a high school student.He initially wanted to be a scientist, then an engineer like his father, and finally he told me that he found an interest in psychology when he graduated from high school.However, when he attended the university and really got the chance to think over and design his own future, he found that his real interest is architecture.So he chose architecture and design as his major and did an excellent job during his undergraduate studies.Now he’s pursuing for his graduate degree and preparing to go abroad to study with his girlfriend.It is university that gives Inn, as well as other people, I suppose, a chance to plan and prepare for their future carefully and helps them lead a

happy life.So it’s right time for people to plan for their journey in front when they enter university and, in fact, university is the very place where they can choose their own directions freely and follow their bent.There are thousands of universities all over the world and in each country there are some good universities for its people to get high-quality education and prepare for their career.What’s more, each university or colleges consists of many different departments and schools so that it can offer students a large amount of courses in different areas.Accordingly, universities and colleges are ideal places for students to find a right track for their life and pursuing for the excellence on their own way.In conclusion, as I have shown above, I think people attend college or university mainly for a good chance to find their life goals.④Making an Argument

Passage 1

The Mid-autumn day, which is endowed with lots of meanings by Chinese people, is considered as one of the most important festivals in China.On this day, Chinese families will have a reunion and share a wonderful night together.Among all the activities we will do on the Mid-autumn day, viewing the moon is undoubtedly the most indispensible one.Just as the festival itself, moon-viewing is also granted with many beautiful feelings by Chinese people.So the Mid-autumn festival is the custom that I would like people from other countries to adopt.First of all, the Moon on the Mid-autumn day is always the most beautiful one of the year.Not only because its brightness and fullness, but also its beauty and clearness can be shared by the whole family.On the dusk of Mid-autumn day, a bright Moon will come over the horizon as soon as the Sun goes down.Thus as long as the sky is clear, the Moon can be seen all night on Mid-autumn.That is to say, whenever the families go out, they can always find the gorgeous moon in the sky.Nowadays, people are always too busy to spend their precious time staying with their families;the Mid-autumn day, however, offers people a wonderful chance to have a family reunion

and communicate with their families.It would be such a nice thing if the family sat down together in the yard and watched the Moon blissfully.If Moon viewing had the only meaning of family reunion or festival celebration, it wouldn’t be so widely considered as one of the most enjoyable event.When people look at the Moon on the Mid-autumn day, they are often amazed and they would immerse themselves in thought under the moonlight.The raw beauty and clearness of the Moon can always stir them to the depth of their souls and evoke the tenderest emotions in their hearts.Su Shi, one of the most famous poets in China, wrote down his best-known composition under the mid-autumn moon.People living in foreign places may also think of their family and friends in the far-away land;on the Mid-autumn night, when they look up the sky, the dazzling moon can be such a consolation.In conclusion, as I’ve said above, viewing the moon on the Mid-autumn day is such an enjoyable tradition for Chinese people that I would like to introduce this beautiful custom to people from other countries.I hope all the people can find their beautiful “moon” on Mid-autumn night, as well as the precious emotions in their life.

第二篇：托福獨立寫作評分標準--英文版

托福獨立寫作評分標準

5分

? Effectively addresses the topic and task ? Well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and or details ? Displays unity, progression, and coherence ? Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors 4分

? Addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated ? Generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient explorations, exemplifications, and or details

? Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may contain occasional redundancy, digression, or unclear connections

? Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiomatic language that do not interfere with meaning

3分

? Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifications, and or details ? Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured

? May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning

? May display accurate but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary

2分

? Limited development in response to the topic and task ? Inadequate organization or connection of ideas ? Inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications, explanations, or details to support or illustrate generalizations in response to the task

? A noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms ? An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage 1分

? Serious disorganization or underdevelopment ? Little or no detail, or irrelevant specifics, or questionable responsiveness to the task ? Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage

第三篇：托福獨立寫作作文修改

獨立5-現象證明P21 2010.10.31NA Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People are now easier to become educated than in the past.Education is the foundation of a country.People today have a stronger concept（搭配不當，改為sense）of being educated than in the past.I agree with the statement that people gain an easier access to all kinds of educations at current times.Firstly, there are much more schools available today than in the past.No matter where you live, in big cities or in the countryside, the local government spends a large amount of money on the constructions of various types of schools, such as primary schools, middle schools, high schools and even schools for adults.More and more universities and colleges have been built to ensure higher education for top students.If you want to study in schools, you will always find a proper one to attend.Secondly, the teaching approach diversifies（there are diversified teaching approaches）.Except for（In addition to包括在內）blackboard and chalks, many advanced teaching devices are being used today in most schools, including computers, multi-media and some other instruments.Moreover, labs and libraries have also come into use for students to study deeper and wider(who want to make a deeper and wider study on the fields they are interested in).What is more, the teachers' teaching levels are greatly improved by communicating with other educators from all over the world.The technology becomes more developed than in the past, so it is easier now to study.Thirdly, people have equal rights to receive education.As we all know, people in the past were in terrible discrimination because of their sex and race(many people such as women and the black people were denied the right to education because they were discriminated against in the society because of their sex and race.兩句合起來)For example, women and black people were used to be considered as people in lower classes or even slaves and weren't allowed to go to school.However, they have equal rights to study in schools nowadays.（要回到主題，和更容易接受教育要直接聯系起來，所以再加一句）Obviously, these people surly have easier access to education.To sum up, almost everyone today has equal rights to go to all kinds of schools with diversified teaching approaches.So people do have an easier way to receive education now than in past times.The reasons above firmly support my opinion(最后一句話不夠有力，可以將三點簡明扼要的用一句話概括).(Word Count: 294)獨立8-包含因果關系P15 2010.3.20NA Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People today can solve many important problems so they do not need help from the government.With the development of the society, people can do more things by themselves nowadays（于什么時候比較？）than in the past.But I disagree with the statement that people can solve many important problems, therefore the government does not need to help them（therefore they need not depend on the government for any support）.There(are)three reasons as follows:

Firstly, People today still cannot solve many important problems by themselves in fact in terms of education, unemployment, war, starvation, poverty and so on.These are international problems all over the world, so a single person or even a group of people may not have the abilities to solve(be capable of solving)them.For example, if a man wants to stop a war between two countries, even he is powerful or wealthy, he(he, however wealthy and powerful,)cannot prevent them from fighting with each other without the help of others.Secondly, people today need more help from the government.As the life standards are getting higher, people have more requirements than before.They ask for all kinds of utilities for entertainment or exercise in public places.They need various insurance to make their lives more comfortable.They also require more schools and hospitals to take care of the young people and patients(the sick).Thirdly, whether people today can solve many problems or not has nothing to do with whether they need the government's help.It is the responsibility of the government to help people.The government must give people help no matter how powerful they are.In a word, the statement that people today do not need help from the government because they can solve many important problems is wrong.The reasons above can firmly support my idea.(260w)

獨立1-包含should, important, necessary的簡單話題

P75 2009.5.30 Younger school children(aged between five and ten)should be required to study art and music in addition to math, science, history and language.In order to broaden the horizon of younger school children, it is suggested that they should study art and music as well as other common courses.I agree with it because of the following reasons.First of all, art and music can help students to relax.Campus life is stressful even for younger children who aged between five and ten, with all kinds of homework and assignments.However, by having music and art classes, students can get a much-needed escape from the heavy work.It can help them to relax their mind and study more efficiently in other classes.Second, music and art classes help improve students' interpersonal relationships.Students will meet together to talk about a same topic if they have common interests.For example, students attending art classes can talk about the masterpiece or life story of a famous painter.Students having music classes will enjoy the beautiful melody or sing songs together.By communicating with each other, they will build a strong friendship and learn how to behave in various situations.Third, music and art classes provide students with plenty of information about great artists and their works.By learning knowledge in artistic fields students can acquire different cultures from different countries.The artists and musicians describe what they see or hear in their works, showing feelings meanwhile, which bring the students the atmosphere at that time.To sum up, art and music classes should be taken by younger school students to broaden their horizon.(248w)

獨立2-包含比較(better, prefer)的簡單話題

P24 2010.10.9NA Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People can take care of their family members better when they live in big cities than in the countryside.No matter where people live, in big cities or in the countryside, they must take care of their family members.Basically I prefer the former one.Living in big cities has more advantages than living in the countryside.Firstly, for old people, living in big cities can be convenient.There are a large number of hospitals which are available to all kinds of diseases.When the old people catch a cold, have a fever or even heart attack, they could be taken to the best hospital nearby and received treat in time and recover as soon as possible.But in the countryside, situations in hospitals are obviously terrible.Secondly, children should receive good education, so living in big cities is a wise choice.Schools in big cities which get finance support from(the)government provide sufficient teaching facilities for the students in order that the students can study more easily and do more experiments.Moreover, the teaching levels of the teachers in big cities are higher on average than that of the teachers in the countryside.Admittedly, Living in big cities may have a few downsides.For example, the air may be not as fresh as it in the countryside and the noise may make people crazy sometimes.However,(the)government is taking measures to prevent the pollutions and people are also becoming aware of the importance of environmental protection.It is sure that the problems can be solved in the future.In a word, people can take care of their family members much better when they live in big cities than in the countryside, because advanced society welfares are everywhere in big cities.（Word Count: 272）

獨立7-包含絕對詞（never, always, only ,no longer,最高級等）.P92 2007.8.4 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Printed books will no longer exist.With the development of technology, digital books are increasingly coming into use while printed book are less used in our lives.It has been argued that printed books will no longer exist in the future.I disagree(with this opinion)although the statement has a grain of truth.First of all, admittedly, digital books have some advantages over printed books.First, it is cheaper to download a digital version from the internet than to buy a hardcover printed book.You may download Harry Potter for only half the price of the paper version.Second, the digital book is very convenient for us to carry because it is much lighter than the printed book.We can download thousands of articles into our mp4 or electronic books to read them everywhere instead of carrying several heavy books.However, to say that printed books will disappear from our lives in the future is unacceptable.First, hardcover printed books are worth collecting.They are usually very valuable with their beautiful covers and plentiful contents.Second, the printed books made by(of)papers are good for people's eyes.If we stare at a digital book all the time, our eyes will be tired or even hurt.Reading for a long period may do enormous harms to people's health, especially to children.Third, printed books are of great importance in some special ceremonies.They are usually the symbols of holy things.It is ridiculous for a minister to read with a digital book in a church.To sum up, although the digital books are more and more useful, it is sure that printed books will exist forever.(267)

第四篇：載體分類文章寫作

有塑造形象的是文學作品：四大類

一、記敘文：消息、通訊、特寫、人物專訪、傳記、記人敘事。

二、說明文：說明具體事物或事理，介紹科技知識、地理狀況等。

三、議論文：對人或事發表自己的見解、主張、看法或批駁對方觀點。有 時評、社論、按語、雜文及觀后感、讀后感等、四：應用文：固定格式、固定用途、專門對象。

書信、通知、啟事、調查報告、借條、申請書等。

文學體裁是指文學作品的具體樣式，它是文學形式的因素之一。一切文學作品的思想內容都要通過這樣或那樣的體裁來表現，沒有體裁的文學作品是不存在的。這猶如人們做衣服，必定要量體裁衣，選擇一定的樣式。在文學發展的歷史上，出現了多種多樣的文學體裁，例如神話、史詩、寓言、行情詩、敘事詩、短篇小說、中篇小說、長篇小說、悲劇、喜劇、正劇、抒情散文、雜文、報告文學等等。這些名目繁多的文學體裁的產生和演變，都有一定的社會根據和它本身的發展規律。

寫作手法屬于藝術表現手法（即：藝術手法和表現手法，也含表達手法（技巧）），常見的有：夸張，對比，比喻，擬人，懸念，照應，聯想，想象，抑揚結合、點面結合、動靜結合、敘議結合、情景交融、襯托對比、伏筆照應、托物言志、白描細描、鋪墊懸念、正面側面比喻象征、借古諷今、卒章顯志、承上啟下、開門見山，烘托、渲染、動靜相襯、虛實相生，實寫與虛寫，托物寓意、詠物抒情等。

表達方式就是常見的敘述、描寫、抒情、議論和說明。（其實也屬于藝術表現手法）。

修辭手法就是常見的比喻、對比、比擬、對偶、借代、夸張、互文、雙關、反問、設問、反復、反語、引用等。

中國古典文學體裁分為：詩和文，文又分為韻文和散文。

現代一般分為：詩歌、散文、小說、戲劇，并稱為四大文學體裁；中國的抒情詩和散文（稱為古文）最早而比較發達。

西方則分為：詩歌與散文兩個基本類型。敘事詩和戲劇成熟較早，此外小說比較發達。

答案補充

最常見的寫作手法有：夸張、對比、比喻、懸念、照應、聯想、想象、抑揚、動靜結合、寓景于情、托物言志等。

修辭手法就是修辭格的運用，常見的修辭格有比喻、比擬、借代、夸張、對偶、排比、設問、反問（以上8種為大綱規定必須掌握的修辭格），以及反復、雙關、反語、引用、對

比、襯托（映襯）、頂針（頂真、連珠）、移用、通感、婉曲、回文、呼告、互文等。

文體知識包括：記敘文、議論文、說明文、應用文等四個方面的常識。

（一）、記敘文

是以記敘、描寫為主要表達方式、以記人、敘事、寫景、狀物為主要內容的一種文體。

1、記敘文的分類

（1）從內容及表達方式分：

①簡單記敘文

②復雜記敘文

（2）從寫作對象的不同分：

①以寫人為主的記敘文

②以敘事為主的記敘文

③以寫景為主的記敘文：

④以狀物為主的記敘文

（二）、說明文

以說明為主要表達方式，用來介紹或解釋事物的狀態、性質、構造、功能、制作方法、發展過程和事理的成因、功過的一種文體。

1、說明文的分類

從說明對象（內容)分

①實體事物說明文

②事理說明文

③科學小品文

從語言表達方式分

①平實說明文

②文藝性說明文

2、說明文的特點

（1）內容上具有高度的科學性

（2）結構上具有清晰的條理性

（3）語言上具有嚴密的準確性

（三）、應用文

應用文是一種切合日常生活、工作及學習的實際需要，具有一定格式、篇幅短小、簡明通俗的實用文體。

1、應用文的種類

（1）書信類

一般書信、專用書信（感謝信、表揚信、慰問信、介紹信、公開信、證明信、申請書、建議書、倡議書、聘請書）、電報、匯款

（2）筆記類

日記、讀書筆記

（3）公文類

通知、通報、報告（調查報告、科學報告）、請示、計劃、總結、會議記錄

（4）宣傳類

廣告稿、演講稿、板報、新聞、通信、產品說明書

（5）告示類

啟示、海報

（6）禮儀類

請柬、祝辭（賀信、賀電）、唁電、唁函、（7）契據類

條據（收條、借條、領條、欠條、請假條、留言條等）、合同（協議書）、公約、（8）傳志類

傳記、地方志、家史（校史、村史）

（四）、議論文

議論文是以議論為主要方式，通過事實、擺道理，直接表達作者的觀點和主張的常用文體。

（1）、議論文的分類

按內容目的分：

①一般性政論文

②評論

③雜文（隨筆、雜談、筆記）

④讀后感

按論證方式分： ①立論文 ②駁論文

第五篇：托福寫作

Agree or disagree A university should focus more on its facilities, computers or laboratory, rather than on hiring famous teachers

Nowadays, highly education has been attached more important than before.A argue that school facilities should pay more attention than professor lecture.From my perspective, although such hardware like computer centers and science lab provide some benefits to university students, university depends on quality of stuff.Admittedly, a school equipped with great facilities is more appealing the applicants.The reason is that it can make study easier.A bright library offers such a quiet condition for knowledge absorption;a computer center provides a self-govern ways to study;a science lab make student get more practice about miracles.However, this factors become less considerate when it comes to the quality of the professors.For one thing, not only do famous teachers can impart the knowledge, but instill the angle that to solve the problem.To pass on knowledge, a human is no better than a machine or a high-tech tool.The difference lies in the

special ways to get the solutions and the potential inspiration by the former.Take my favorite teacher for example, she often shows us some different way to solve the difficulties.And then she tells us the angle to work out the problem.As for me, it was not until her explanation, that I know about the easier way to work the problem.That is something that high-tech can barely achieve.For another, universities with qualified teachers tend to have higher graduate employment.It is not hard to imagine that a teacher with connections can bring more opportunity to get internship.As an old saying goes, knowledge starts with practice.It is still true now.Students who swamped in labs, would never face the brutal fact that you need a window for people to see what you’ve got.In this way, a well-connect professor can open that for you, instead of lifeless labs.In conclusion, though facilities could promote learning, but it fail to generate more practical merits to students.Recruit more qualified teacher should be paid more attention and stress.