第一篇:英國首相選舉制度和美國總統(tǒng)選舉的區(qū)別
英國首相選舉制度和美國總統(tǒng)選舉的區(qū)別
英國是世界上較早實行普選制的國家,其選舉制度不僅對英國自身的民主政治體系具有十分重要的意義,而且對美國等西方國家民主政治體系也具有十分廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。本文簡單扼要的介紹了英國選舉制度,及其存在的問題,并對其對中國選舉制度的改革的借鑒之處,也就是英國選舉制度的優(yōu)點,做了重點的分析。
二、英國選舉制度
下議院議員是通過普選產(chǎn)生的。凡英國公民以及愛爾蘭共和國公民(其公民為選舉目的時不視為外國人),年滿18周歲或自選舉登記公布日起12個月內(nèi)將滿18歲者,在沒有法定的喪失選取權(quán)的情況下,并且居住在規(guī)定選舉登記的選區(qū)內(nèi)(根據(jù)Representation of the People Act 2000),均可以參加下議院的選舉投票。投票人要參加議會選舉必須在所在選區(qū)(a parliamentary constituency)進行登記,并列名在選舉登記(electoral register)之中。
那么,下議院選舉制度的基礎(chǔ)又是什么樣呢?整個英國被分為659個選區(qū)(parliamentary constituency),每個選區(qū)的選民人數(shù)約為五萬名,每一個選區(qū)都要選出一名代表成為下議院中的議員(MP)。所以,下議院一共由659名成員組成。根據(jù)最新的《2000政治黨派、選舉及全民投票法案》(Political Parties,Elections and Referendums Act 2000),規(guī)定原來由幾個邊界委員會(Boundary Commission)共同履行的職權(quán)現(xiàn)通歸選舉委員會執(zhí)行(Electoral Commission),再由選舉委員會根據(jù)《政治黨派、選舉及全民投票法案》建立四個邊界委員會,在英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭各有一個。每個邊界委員會由2到4名成員組成,只有選舉委員會的委員或副委員才有資格擔(dān)任其成員。選舉委員會直接對英國議會負(fù)責(zé),而并非對任何政府部門負(fù)責(zé)的獨立機構(gòu),其最明顯的功能是在大選中的規(guī)劃角色:包括各選區(qū)候選人的登記功能,以及全民投票和政府行政區(qū)域劃定等有關(guān)選舉的重大事宜。
選舉委員會將定期對每一個選區(qū)的選民進行核查,并對選區(qū)進行調(diào)整。比如說,某一個選區(qū)的選民人數(shù)增多就可能需要增加一個新的選區(qū),而某一個選區(qū)的選民人數(shù)減少,則可能需要廢棄這個選區(qū)或?qū)⑵洳⑷肫渌倪x區(qū)。選舉委員會對選區(qū)的劃分以及選民登記等事項的決議,一般來講都會得到英國各政黨的認(rèn)可。對選舉委員會決定的訴訟在歷史上來說也鮮有成功的案例。如案例:R v Boundary Commission for England,ex parte Foot [1993] QB 600。
英國下議院選舉的原則是每一個選區(qū)都有數(shù)目相等的選民,每一個選民都有平等的選舉權(quán),用一句話概括來講就是:“一人,一票,一價”(one man,one vote,one value)。選舉的方法是 “簡單多數(shù)票當(dāng)選”(first-past-the-post),即每一個選民只能投一票給一個候選人,在這個選區(qū)內(nèi)獲得最多數(shù)票的候選人當(dāng)選為本選區(qū)的下議院議員。
選舉委員會各項準(zhǔn)備工作就緒后,包括工黨、保守黨以及自由民主黨三個主要政黨在內(nèi)的英國各政黨將會在整個英國各選區(qū)逐一爭奪每一個議席。各政黨的地方組織首先負(fù)責(zé)挑選本黨在659個選區(qū)的候選人。候選人一旦確定下來,各政黨就要展開激烈的競選活動,核心是宣傳自己的候選人和攻擊競選對手。競選中,候選人會不斷走訪選民,發(fā)表演說。各政黨還將以政治集會、設(shè)宣傳車以及通過新聞媒體進行廣告宣傳等形式,擴大本黨的影響,替本黨候選人拉選票。在英國選舉中,政黨的影響度非常重要,候選人如果沒有政黨的幫助,通常根本不可能獲勝。選民一般不看重候選人,反而更看重他(她)所代表的政黨的總體表現(xiàn)。競選一般僅持續(xù)3—4周,時間雖短,卻很激烈。議會選舉結(jié)束后,國王(或女王)召見多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖,邀請他出任首相并著手組閣。照例,內(nèi)閣名單早已擬好,議會表決通過后,新政府即告成立。最大的在野黨依法成為正式的反對黨,組成“影子內(nèi)閣”。
三、英國選舉制度的缺點和優(yōu)點
英國一直堅持的“簡單多數(shù)票當(dāng)選”(first-past-the-post)的選舉方法向來爭議頗多。批評者認(rèn)為,這種選舉方法有失公正,因為按照這種方法,一個候選人在本選區(qū)內(nèi)即使有大多數(shù)選民沒有投他票的情況下,他(她)也有可能當(dāng)選。比如說,A 獲得了10,000張選票,B獲得了7,000張選票,C獲得了6,000張選票,結(jié)果就是A以最多票數(shù)當(dāng)選,但是在這個選區(qū)內(nèi)還是有大多數(shù)選民是不支持他的。而且從另一方面來講,對A來說,超過7001張選票以后的選票其實都是廢票。
這樣的選舉系統(tǒng)最終將導(dǎo)致一個政黨在全國范圍內(nèi)所獲得的選票總數(shù)和其在下議院所擁有的議席數(shù)之間沒有必然的聯(lián)系。比如,在1992 普選中,保守黨僅獲得了全國41.9%的選票,然而在下議院中卻占51.6%的議席。而少數(shù)黨在這種選舉系統(tǒng)中舉步履維艱,如自由民主黨雖然獲得了全國17%的選票,而在下議院中卻只占到3.2%的議席。又如綠黨在全國的得票總數(shù)可以數(shù)以萬計,但是卻不足以贏得某一個特定選區(qū)而沒有贏得下議院議席。
這個統(tǒng)計再次說明一個黨在普選中的總得票數(shù)和其在下議院中所占議席數(shù)是不平衡的。在各選區(qū)普選的競爭中,成為第二名沒有太大的意義。一些黨派在很多選區(qū)成為第二名,反映在下議院中占的議席數(shù)與獲得第三、第四名的沒有什么區(qū)別。對于小黨派而言,他們要在選區(qū)中勝出的唯一的可能性之一,就是具有強烈的地方代表性,例如:蘇格蘭人民民族主義黨的候選人在蘇格蘭的某選區(qū)就極有可能勝出而獲得議席。
但應(yīng)當(dāng)指出的是,“簡單多數(shù)票當(dāng)選”(first-past-the-post)的選舉方法也具有其優(yōu)越性。這個選舉方法簡單易行、容易理解,能夠簡單迅速的獲得各選區(qū)及全國的選舉結(jié)果。并且議員(MP)與選區(qū)之間有著直接的聯(lián)系,議員更能在下議院中代表其選區(qū)的利益發(fā)出聲音,而這在其他某些選舉系統(tǒng)中卻并非如此。議員與其選區(qū)的這種聯(lián)系,也使得其他一些機構(gòu),如議會行政委員(Parliamentary Commissioner for administration)的工作更有效率,因為議員能直接將本選區(qū)的不滿和建議向議會行政委員提出來。另外,一個議員也能考慮到本區(qū)的實際問
題來尋求解決方案。例如:一名來自擁有很多外國移民人口選區(qū)的議員,很有可能會提出一個有利于移民的議案。從另一方面來說,議員只有盡其所能地代表其選區(qū)的利益,才能在下一屆為自己或本黨的其他候選人贏得更多的選票。
進一步說,這種選舉系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點還有,它一般會選出一個在下議院中占大多數(shù)議席的政黨,并由這個政黨組成內(nèi)閣。所以當(dāng)普選結(jié)束,政府以及首相實際上也隨即產(chǎn)生了。英國現(xiàn)行的選舉制度可以讓一個政黨贏得絕對多數(shù)的席位,成為執(zhí)政黨,而不需要與其他政黨組織聯(lián)合政府。因此首相、政府和議會之間會有更好的合作關(guān)系,更能有效率地開展工作。而在有些國家情況并非如此,如在有些選舉制度下,更有必要由幾個政黨組成聯(lián)合政府,而聯(lián)合政府較難獲得共識,對解決急迫的政治難題上很難滿足人民的要求。
雖然也有人抱怨現(xiàn)行的選舉方法對小黨派不公平,但現(xiàn)行的選舉方法卻成功的阻止了一些小的極端主義黨派進入下議院。比如,在1930年由Oswald Mosley領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的“英國法西斯黨”在普選中雖然在全國范圍內(nèi)獲得了一定的選票,但是這些選民分散在全國各地,未能在任何一個選區(qū)獲得最多數(shù)票,所以此黨沒有在當(dāng)年的下議院中獲得議席。而在某些國家的議院以一黨的全國總得票數(shù)比例來決定在議院的議席的情況下,一些極端主義黨派極有可能在議會占有一定數(shù)目的議席。
盡管如此,對于英國選舉系統(tǒng)變革的呼聲近來仍然很高。這些改革方案主要有包括選擇性投票(alternative vote)、政黨排名表(party list)、單一可轉(zhuǎn)移投票(single transferable vote)等。一般來說,要求選舉制度變革呼聲最高的主要是如自由黨這樣一些在議會選舉中一無所獲的小黨。而對于象工黨這樣的大黨派來說似乎就沒有太大的興趣。引用一位英國法學(xué)家的一句話說:“我們的選舉方法也許是不公平的和不令人滿意的,但是別人的也一樣!”
結(jié)論:
總而言之,英國的選舉制度雖然有一定缺點,但也不可否認(rèn)其具有重要的一些優(yōu)點,比如:1)簡單易行,能相對節(jié)省普選的時間和費用;2)議員(MP)和選區(qū)之間有著直接的聯(lián)系,議員更能在議院中代表其選區(qū)的利益發(fā)出聲音;3)可以讓一個政黨贏得絕對多數(shù)的席位,成為執(zhí)政黨,而不需要與其他政黨組織聯(lián)合政府,首相、政府和議會之間會有更好的合作關(guān)系,更能有效率的工作,因此能保持政局的穩(wěn)定,和有利于政府高效;4)另外可以阻止一些小的極端主義黨派進入議會。
英國選舉制度的上述優(yōu)點對于中國政治制度改革有著重要的借鑒作用,因為這四個主要的特征和優(yōu)點,恰恰也是中國的實際情況最需要的,完全可能結(jié)合中國的現(xiàn)狀而被借鑒與吸收。
美國 實行總統(tǒng)制,總統(tǒng)選舉 每四年舉行一次。美國總統(tǒng)選舉制度復(fù)雜,過程漫長。選舉的主要程序包括預(yù)選、各黨召開全國代表大會確定總統(tǒng)候選人、總統(tǒng)候選人競選、全國選民投票選出總統(tǒng)“選舉人”、“選舉人”成立選舉人團投票表決正式選舉總統(tǒng)和當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)就職典禮等幾個階段。
預(yù)選是美國總統(tǒng)選舉的第一階段,通常從大選年的年初開始,到年中結(jié)束。預(yù)選有兩種形式,分別是政黨基層會議和直接預(yù)選。前者是指兩黨在各州自下而上,從選舉點、縣、選區(qū)到州逐級召開代表會議,最終選出本黨參加全國代表大會的代表。后者在形式上如同普選,一個州的兩黨選民同一天到投票站投票選出本黨參加全國代表大會的代表,這是大多數(shù)州目前采用的預(yù)選方式。
預(yù)選結(jié)束后,兩黨通常將分別在七、八月份召開全國代表大會。會議的主要任務(wù)是最終確定本黨總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)候選人,并討論通過總統(tǒng)競選綱領(lǐng)。
全國代表大會之后,總統(tǒng)競選活動便正式拉開帷幕。這一過程一般要持續(xù)8至9周。在此期間,兩黨總統(tǒng)候選人將耗費巨資,穿梭于全國各地,進行廣告大戰(zhàn)、發(fā)表競選演說、會見選民、召開記者招待會以及進行公開辯論。此外,候選人還將通過多種形式闡述對國內(nèi)外事務(wù)的政策主張,以贏得選民信任,爭取選票。
全國選民投票在選舉年11月份的第一個星期一后的第一個星期二舉行
(2008年是11月4日),這一天被稱為總統(tǒng)大選日。所有美國選民都到指定地點進行投票,在兩個總統(tǒng)候選人之間作出選擇(在同一張選票上選出各州的總統(tǒng)“選舉人”)。一個(黨的)總統(tǒng)候選人在一個州的選舉中獲得多數(shù)取勝,他就擁有這個州的全部總統(tǒng)“選舉人”票,這就是全州統(tǒng)選制。全國選民投票日也叫總統(tǒng)大選日。由于美國總統(tǒng)選舉實行“選舉人團”制度,因此總統(tǒng)大選日的投票結(jié)果,產(chǎn)生的實際上是代表50個州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)的538位“選舉人”。另外,在總統(tǒng)大選日,選民還要在聯(lián)邦范圍內(nèi)進行參議院和眾議院選舉。根據(jù)美國1787年憲法,兩院議員由各州選民直接選舉產(chǎn)生。
選舉人票的數(shù)量,體現(xiàn)州權(quán)平等原則,根據(jù)各州在國會的議員數(shù)量而定。例如,每個州都在國會有2名參議員和至少1名眾議員,所以,任何州都至少有3票。但人口多的大州,除了這3票以外,眾議員人數(shù)越多,選舉人票數(shù)也就越多。1961年,美國憲法修正案批準(zhǔn)華盛頓特區(qū)可以像州一樣有總統(tǒng)選舉人。這樣,美國國會有100參議員(任期6年,每兩年改選三分之一)、435名眾議員(任期兩年,期滿后全部改選),加上華盛頓哥倫比亞特區(qū)的3票,總統(tǒng)選舉人票總共為538票。一位候選人贏得的選舉人票超過總數(shù)的一半(270張),即當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)。
真正的總統(tǒng)選舉是在12月第二個星期三之后的第一個星期一舉行(2008年是12月15日)。屆時,各州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)被推選出的“選舉人”將前往各州的首府進行投票。獲270張選票以上的候選人將當(dāng)選總統(tǒng),并于次年1月20日宣誓就職。
就職典禮是美國總統(tǒng)選舉的最后一道程序,只有到當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)于次年1月20日手撫《圣經(jīng)》,宣誓就職時,美國的總統(tǒng)選舉才告結(jié)束。
The Electoral College system in America was a compromise at the 1787 Constitutional Convention between allowing Congress to elect the president and allowing the American people to elect the president.Instead, citizens in each state essentially vote for electors when they cast their vote for the presidential and vice-presidential candidates in the general presidential election.Each state is awarded electors equal to its number of representatives in Congress plus two electors for each senator.In 48 out of 50 states, the candidate who wins the popular vote, even if by a small margin, receives all of that state's Electoral College votes.Read on to learn how to understand the U.S.electoral system.Instructions
Choose electors for each state.Electors are usually chosen by the political parties of each state for their party allegiance or for their relationship with a presidential candidate.Each political party chooses its own electors before the general presidential election in November of an election year.Cast your vote for President of the United States in the general election.The electors for the candidate who wins the most popular votes in each state meet in December.As noted above, the vast majority of states award all of their Electoral College votes to the popular vote winner in the state.Receive at least 270 of the Electoral College votes to be elected President.Total Electoral College votes equal 538--435 from the House of Representatives, 100 from the Senate and three allocated to the District of Columbia.Count the Electoral College votes.Each state's electors certify their votes and send them to Washington, D.C.In January, a joint session of Congress convenes and the votes are officially tallied.Of course, the American public usually knows who won a presidential election long before this official tally due to news coverage, calculation of Electoral College votes based on the popular election in each state and concession speeches by losing candidates.Win the popular vote but not the presidency.Since all the Electoral College votes are granted to the winner of the general election in 48 out of 50 states, it's actually possible to win the popular vote but not with the presidency.Just look at what happened in the 2000 election between George W.Bush and then Vice-President Al Gore.Don't fix it if it isn't broken.Although it has its critics, the system has lasted quite a long time which means it either works, or no one in Washington can agree on a better system to elect the President.The sixth comparison is the electoral system.The electoral system plays an important part in western political system.It promotes democratization process.Britain's electoral system has the following some characteristics like the election cost is less, the campaign is simple, voters’ variability and political extremists are not among voters.However, the characteristics of the electoral system in America are more electoral expenses and the complex of campaigning.In addition, America has a unique TV political phenomenon.Not only have their system similarities, but also differences.Turnout at both national/general elections is poor.In both 2001(UK)and 2004(US), 1/3rd of those who could have voted did not.The announcement of an election in the UK in April 05 was described in one British broadsheet as “the lull before the lull.”
第二篇:英國首相選舉制度和美國總統(tǒng)選舉的區(qū)別
英國首相選舉制度和美國總統(tǒng)選舉的區(qū)別
英國是世界上較早實行普選制的國家,其選舉制度不僅對英國自身的民主政治體系具有十分重要的意義,而且對美國等西方國家民主政治體系也具有十分廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。本文簡單扼要的介紹了英國選舉制度,及其存在的問題,并對其對中國選舉制度的改革的借鑒之處,也就是英國選舉制度的優(yōu)點,做了重點的分析。
一、英國三大立法主體
在英國,君主(monarch)以及下議院(又稱平民院)和上議院(又稱貴族院)兩院(House of Commons and House of Lords)是法定的三大立法主體。當(dāng)然君王的立法地位只是流于形式,而兩院中的下議院又具有主導(dǎo)地位。
至今為止,上議院還不是通過選舉產(chǎn)生,其中一部分議員是執(zhí)政黨政府建議英女王授封的終身貴族;另一部分則是世襲貴族,也就是說,他們的議員身份是由其祖先一代一代傳下來的。在英國的政治議事日程上,有關(guān)上議院的改革以及是否廢除上議院的爭論已持續(xù)多年。經(jīng)過改革,上議院中世襲貴族議員的數(shù)目已經(jīng)大大減少,但其變革現(xiàn)仍處于進行當(dāng)中。
歷史上,英國議會上、下兩院之間一直存在著權(quán)力斗爭。這方面可以追溯到中世紀(jì),一直延續(xù)到17世紀(jì),下議院的權(quán)力才逐漸變得越來越大。到了20世紀(jì)初,第一次世界大戰(zhàn)之前,英國政府處在自由黨執(zhí)政時期,下議院的優(yōu)勢已是毋庸置疑的了。在立法方面,只要是下議院通過的法案,上議院能做到的最多也只是拖延一段時間,但是卻很難完全推翻有關(guān)的法案。
所以,在立法方面來說,上議院雖然仍然具有修訂法律的職能,但是議會權(quán)力的中心已集中在由選民選出的659名議員所組成的下議院。下議院議員的工作是就政府提出的法案進行辯論和投票。如果這些法案在下議院得到通過的話,法案將送交上議院進行審議和最后批準(zhǔn)。可見,一項法案的批準(zhǔn),經(jīng)常要通過冗長的立法程序。英國并沒有正式的憲法,政府執(zhí)政是基于習(xí)慣法(即以過往法院判例和慣例作為依據(jù))。所以英國最終的立法權(quán)基本上掌握在下議院。
二、英國選舉制度
下議院議員是通過普選產(chǎn)生的。凡英國公民以及愛爾蘭共和國公民(其公民為選舉目的時不視為外國人),年滿18周歲或自選舉登記公布日起12個月內(nèi)將滿18歲者,在沒有法定的喪失選取權(quán)的情況下,并且居住在規(guī)定選舉登記的選區(qū)內(nèi)(根據(jù)Representation of the People Act 2000),均可以參加下議院的選舉投票。投票人要參加議會選舉必須在所在選區(qū)(a parliamentary constituency)進行登記,并列名在選舉登記(electoral register)之中。
那么,下議院選舉制度的基礎(chǔ)又是什么樣呢?整個英國被分為659個選區(qū)(parliamentary constituency),每個選區(qū)的選民人數(shù)約為五萬名,每一個選區(qū)
都要選出一名代表成為下議院中的議員(MP)。所以,下議院一共由659名成員組成。根據(jù)最新的《2000政治黨派、選舉及全民投票法案》(Political Parties,Elections and Referendums Act 2000),規(guī)定原來由幾個邊界委員會(Boundary Commission)共同履行的職權(quán)現(xiàn)通歸選舉委員會執(zhí)行(Electoral Commission),再由選舉委員會根據(jù)《政治黨派、選舉及全民投票法案》建立四個邊界委員會,在英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭各有一個。每個邊界委員會由2到4名成員組成,只有選舉委員會的委員或副委員才有資格擔(dān)任其成員。選舉委員會直接對英國議會負(fù)責(zé),而并非對任何政府部門負(fù)責(zé)的獨立機構(gòu),其最明顯的功能是在大選中的規(guī)劃角色:包括各選區(qū)候選人的登記功能,以及全民投票和政府行政區(qū)域劃定等有關(guān)選舉的重大事宜。
選舉委員會將定期對每一個選區(qū)的選民進行核查,并對選區(qū)進行調(diào)整。比如說,某一個選區(qū)的選民人數(shù)增多就可能需要增加一個新的選區(qū),而某一個選區(qū)的選民人數(shù)減少,則可能需要廢棄這個選區(qū)或?qū)⑵洳⑷肫渌倪x區(qū)。選舉委員會對選區(qū)的劃分以及選民登記等事項的決議,一般來講都會得到英國各政黨的認(rèn)可。對選舉委員會決定的訴訟在歷史上來說也鮮有成功的案例。如案例:R v Boundary Commission for England,ex parte Foot [1993] QB 600。
英國下議院選舉的原則是每一個選區(qū)都有數(shù)目相等的選民,每一個選民都有平等的選舉權(quán),用一句話概括來講就是:“一人,一票,一價”(one man,one vote,one value)。選舉的方法是 “簡單多數(shù)票當(dāng)選”(first-past-the-post),即每一個選民只能投一票給一個候選人,在這個選區(qū)內(nèi)獲得最多數(shù)票的候選人當(dāng)選為本選區(qū)的下議院議員。
選舉委員會各項準(zhǔn)備工作就緒后,包括工黨、保守黨以及自由民主黨三個主要政黨在內(nèi)的英國各政黨將會在整個英國各選區(qū)逐一爭奪每一個議席。各政黨的地方組織首先負(fù)責(zé)挑選本黨在659個選區(qū)的候選人。候選人一旦確定下來,各政黨就要展開激烈的競選活動,核心是宣傳自己的候選人和攻擊競選對手。競選中,候選人會不斷走訪選民,發(fā)表演說。各政黨還將以政治集會、設(shè)宣傳車以及通過新聞媒體進行廣告宣傳等形式,擴大本黨的影響,替本黨候選人拉選票。在英國選舉中,政黨的影響度非常重要,候選人如果沒有政黨的幫助,通常根本不可能獲勝。選民一般不看重候選人,反而更看重他(她)所代表的政黨的總體表現(xiàn)。競選一般僅持續(xù)3—4周,時間雖短,卻很激烈。議會選舉結(jié)束后,國王(或女王)召見多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖,邀請他出任首相并著手組閣。照例,內(nèi)閣名單早已擬好,議會表決通過后,新政府即告成立。最大的在野黨依法成為正式的反對黨,組成“影子內(nèi)閣”。
三、英國選舉制度的缺點和優(yōu)點
英國一直堅持的“簡單多數(shù)票當(dāng)選”(first-past-the-post)的選舉方法向來爭議頗多。批評者認(rèn)為,這種選舉方法有失公正,因為按照這種方法,一個候選人在本選區(qū)內(nèi)即使有大多數(shù)選民沒有投他票的情況下,他(她)也有可能當(dāng)選。比如說,A 獲得了10,000張選票,B獲得了7,000張選票,C獲得了6,000張選票,結(jié)果就是A以最多票數(shù)當(dāng)選,但是在這個選區(qū)內(nèi)還是有大多數(shù)選民是不支
持他的。而且從另一方面來講,對A來說,超過7001張選票以后的選票其實都是廢票。
這樣的選舉系統(tǒng)最終將導(dǎo)致一個政黨在全國范圍內(nèi)所獲得的選票總數(shù)和其在下議院所擁有的議席數(shù)之間沒有必然的聯(lián)系。比如,在1992 普選中,保守黨僅獲得了全國41.9%的選票,然而在下議院中卻占51.6%的議席。而少數(shù)黨在這種選舉系統(tǒng)中舉步履維艱,如自由民主黨雖然獲得了全國17%的選票,而在下議院中卻只占到3.2%的議席。又如綠黨在全國的得票總數(shù)可以數(shù)以萬計,但是卻不足以贏得某一個特定選區(qū)而沒有贏得下議院議席。
在2001年6月的普選中,統(tǒng)計數(shù)字如下:
政黨議席所占議席%所占總選票%
保守黨1662
532工黨41262
41自由民主黨52818
其他29410
這個統(tǒng)計再次說明一個黨在普選中的總得票數(shù)和其在下議院中所占議席數(shù)是不平衡的。在各選區(qū)普選的競爭中,成為第二名沒有太大的意義。一些黨派在很多選區(qū)成為第二名,反映在下議院中占的議席數(shù)與獲得第三、第四名的沒有什么區(qū)別。對于小黨派而言,他們要在選區(qū)中勝出的唯一的可能性之一,就是具有強烈的地方代表性,例如:蘇格蘭人民民族主義黨的候選人在蘇格蘭的某選區(qū)就極有可能勝出而獲得議席。
但應(yīng)當(dāng)指出的是,“簡單多數(shù)票當(dāng)選”(first-past-the-post)的選舉方法也具有其優(yōu)越性。這個選舉方法簡單易行、容易理解,能夠簡單迅速的獲得各選區(qū)及全國的選舉結(jié)果。并且議員(MP)與選區(qū)之間有著直接的聯(lián)系,議員更能在下議院中代表其選區(qū)的利益發(fā)出聲音,而這在其他某些選舉系統(tǒng)中卻并非如此。議員與其選區(qū)的這種聯(lián)系,也使得其他一些機構(gòu),如議會行政委員(Parliamentary Commissioner for administration)的工作更有效率,因為議員能直接將本選區(qū)的不滿和建議向議會行政委員提出來。另外,一個議員也能考慮到本區(qū)的實際問題來尋求解決方案。例如:一名來自擁有很多外國移民人口選區(qū)的議員,很有可能會提出一個有利于移民的議案。從另一方面來說,議員只有盡其所能地代表其選區(qū)的利益,才能在下一屆為自己或本黨的其他候選人贏得更多的選票。
進一步說,這種選舉系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點還有,它一般會選出一個在下議院中占大多數(shù)議席的政黨,并由這個政黨組成內(nèi)閣。所以當(dāng)普選結(jié)束,政府以及首相實際上也隨即產(chǎn)生了。英國現(xiàn)行的選舉制度可以讓一個政黨贏得絕對多數(shù)的席位,成為執(zhí)政黨,而不需要與其他政黨組織聯(lián)合政府。因此首相、政府和議會之間會有更好的合作關(guān)系,更能有效率地開展工作。而在有些國家情況并非如此,如在有些選舉制度下,更有必要由幾個政黨組成聯(lián)合政府,而聯(lián)合政府較難獲得共識,對解決急迫的政治難題上很難滿足人民的要求。
雖然也有人抱怨現(xiàn)行的選舉方法對小黨派不公平,但現(xiàn)行的選舉方法卻成功的阻止了一些小的極端主義黨派進入下議院。比如,在1930年由Oswald Mosley領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的“英國法西斯黨”在普選中雖然在全國范圍內(nèi)獲得了一定的選票,但是這些選民分散在全國各地,未能在任何一個選區(qū)獲得最多數(shù)票,所以此黨沒有在當(dāng)年的下議院中獲得議席。而在某些國家的議院以一黨的全國總得票數(shù)比例來決定在議院的議席的情況下,一些極端主義黨派極有可能在議會占有一定數(shù)目的議席。
盡管如此,對于英國選舉系統(tǒng)變革的呼聲近來仍然很高。這些改革方案主要有包括選擇性投票(alternative vote)、政黨排名表(party list)、單一可轉(zhuǎn)移投票(single transferable vote)等。一般來說,要求選舉制度變革呼聲最高的主要是如自由黨這樣一些在議會選舉中一無所獲的小黨。而對于象工黨這樣的大黨派來說似乎就沒有太大的興趣。引用一位英國法學(xué)家的一句話說:“我們的選舉方法也許是不公平的和不令人滿意的,但是別人的也一樣!”
結(jié)論:
總而言之,英國的選舉制度雖然有一定缺點,但也不可否認(rèn)其具有重要的一些優(yōu)點,比如:1)簡單易行,能相對節(jié)省普選的時間和費用;2)議員(MP)和選區(qū)之間有著直接的聯(lián)系,議員更能在議院中代表其選區(qū)的利益發(fā)出聲音;3)可以讓一個政黨贏得絕對多數(shù)的席位,成為執(zhí)政黨,而不需要與其他政黨組織聯(lián)合政府,首相、政府和議會之間會有更好的合作關(guān)系,更能有效率的工作,因此能保持政局的穩(wěn)定,和有利于政府高效;4)另外可以阻止一些小的極端主義黨派進入議會。
英國選舉制度的上述優(yōu)點對于中國政治制度改革有著重要的借鑒作用,因為這四個主要的特征和優(yōu)點,恰恰也是中國的實際情況最需要的,完全可能結(jié)合中國的現(xiàn)狀而被借鑒與吸收。
美國 實行總統(tǒng)制,總統(tǒng)選舉 每四年舉行一次。美國總統(tǒng)選舉制度復(fù)雜,過程漫長。選舉的主要程序包括預(yù)選、各黨召開全國代表大會確定總統(tǒng)候選人、總統(tǒng)候選人競選、全國選民投票選出總統(tǒng)“選舉人”、“選舉人”成立選舉人團投票表決正式選舉總統(tǒng)和當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)就職典禮等幾個階段。
預(yù)選是美國總統(tǒng)選舉的第一階段,通常從大選年的年初開始,到年中結(jié)束。預(yù)選有兩種形式,分別是政黨基層會議和直接預(yù)選。前者是指兩黨在各州自下而上,從選舉點、縣、選區(qū)到州逐級召開代表會議,最終選出本黨參加全國代表大會的代表。后者在形式上如同普選,一個州的兩黨選民同一天到投票站投票選出本黨參加全國代表大會的代表,這是大多數(shù)州目前采用的預(yù)選方式。
預(yù)選結(jié)束后,兩黨通常將分別在七、八月份召開全國代表大會。會議的主要任務(wù)是最終確定本黨總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)候選人,并討論通過總統(tǒng)競選綱領(lǐng)。
全國代表大會之后,總統(tǒng)競選活動便正式拉開帷幕。這一過程一般要持續(xù)8至9周。在此期間,兩黨總統(tǒng)候選人將耗費巨資,穿梭于全國各地,進行廣告大戰(zhàn)、發(fā)表競選演說、會見選民、召開記者招待會以及進行公開辯論。此外,候選人還將通過多種形式闡述對國內(nèi)外事務(wù)的政策主張,以贏得選民信任,爭取選票。
全國選民投票在選舉年11月份的第一個星期一后的第一個星期二舉行
(2008年是11月4日),這一天被稱為總統(tǒng)大選日。所有美國選民都到指定地點進行投票,在兩個總統(tǒng)候選人之間作出選擇(在同一張選票上選出各州的總統(tǒng)“選舉人”)。一個(黨的)總統(tǒng)候選人在一個州的選舉中獲得多數(shù)取勝,他就擁有這個州的全部總統(tǒng)“選舉人”票,這就是全州統(tǒng)選制。全國選民投票日也叫總統(tǒng)大選日。由于美國總統(tǒng)選舉實行“選舉人團”制度,因此總統(tǒng)大選日的投票結(jié)果,產(chǎn)生的實際上是代表50個州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)的538位“選舉人”。另外,在總統(tǒng)大選日,選民還要在聯(lián)邦范圍內(nèi)進行參議院和眾議院選舉。根據(jù)美國1787年憲法,兩院議員由各州選民直接選舉產(chǎn)生。
選舉人票的數(shù)量,體現(xiàn)州權(quán)平等原則,根據(jù)各州在國會的議員數(shù)量而定。例如,每個州都在國會有2名參議員和至少1名眾議員,所以,任何州都至少有3票。但人口多的大州,除了這3票以外,眾議員人數(shù)越多,選舉人票數(shù)也就越多。1961年,美國憲法修正案批準(zhǔn)華盛頓特區(qū)可以像州一樣有總統(tǒng)選舉人。這樣,美國國會有100參議員(任期6年,每兩年改選三分之一)、435名眾議員(任期兩年,期滿后全部改選),加上華盛頓哥倫比亞特區(qū)的3票,總統(tǒng)選舉人票總共為538票。一位候選人贏得的選舉人票超過總數(shù)的一半(270張),即當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)。
真正的總統(tǒng)選舉是在12月第二個星期三之后的第一個星期一舉行(2008年是12月15日)。屆時,各州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)被推選出的“選舉人”將前往各州的首府進行投票。獲270張選票以上的候選人將當(dāng)選總統(tǒng),并于次年1月20日宣誓就職。
就職典禮是美國總統(tǒng)選舉的最后一道程序,只有到當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)于次年1月20日手撫《圣經(jīng)》,宣誓就職時,美國的總統(tǒng)選舉才告結(jié)束。
第三篇:黨內(nèi)選舉 黨內(nèi)選舉制度 黨內(nèi)權(quán)力 黨內(nèi)民主
黨內(nèi)選舉論文:改革和完善黨內(nèi)民主選舉制度問題研究
【中文摘要】黨內(nèi)選舉制度是黨內(nèi)民主制度的一個重要組成部分,這項制度建設(shè)得好壞直接關(guān)系到黨內(nèi)選舉是否規(guī)范科學(xué),關(guān)系到黨內(nèi)民主發(fā)展是否順利,間接地影響人民民主發(fā)展的歷史進程。所以黨內(nèi)選舉制度建設(shè)具有非常重要的意義。中國共產(chǎn)黨對黨內(nèi)選舉制度建設(shè)進行了長期的探索,可以說既取得了一些成績,也存在著不容忽視的問題。自從黨的十三大提出要改革和完善黨內(nèi)選舉制度以來,黨內(nèi)選舉制度建設(shè)發(fā)展較快。為了推進黨內(nèi)民主,建設(shè)社會主義民主政治,黨的十七大和十七屆四中全會多次提出要改革和完善黨內(nèi)選舉制度。本文在研究學(xué)術(shù)界專家學(xué)者對改革和完善黨內(nèi)選舉制度有關(guān)論述的基礎(chǔ)上,運用馬克思主義的立場、觀點和方法,認(rèn)真剖析現(xiàn)階段黨內(nèi)選舉制度存在的問題,總結(jié)各地改革黨內(nèi)選舉制度的實踐經(jīng)驗,提出了進一步改革和完善黨內(nèi)選舉制度的初步構(gòu)想。文章共分三部分:第一部分,簡要論述黨內(nèi)選舉制度的一般理論,包括黨內(nèi)選舉制度的基本內(nèi)涵、基本原則和主要功能。明確黨內(nèi)選舉制度的一般理論,是為分析中國共產(chǎn)黨黨內(nèi)選舉制度存在的問題提供理論支撐,為提出改革和完善黨內(nèi)選舉制度的構(gòu)想奠定理論基礎(chǔ)。第二部分,通過分析改革開放以來中國共產(chǎn)黨黨內(nèi)選舉制度改革和完善的實踐,歸納概括出黨內(nèi)選...【英文摘要】The inner-Party electoral system is an important part of the inner-party de-mocracy.The effect of the
inner-Party electoral system determines the scienti-ficity of the inner-Party electoral system, concerns the development of the inner-party democracy, and affects the course of the people’s democratic history.So the inner-Party electoral system is meaningful.The Communist Party of China have been studying the electoral system for a long time, we have made progress but remained some questions.Since the o...【關(guān)鍵詞】黨內(nèi)選舉 黨內(nèi)選舉制度 黨內(nèi)權(quán)力 黨內(nèi)民主 【英文關(guān)鍵詞】the inner-party electoral the inner-party electoral system inner-party power inner-party democracy 【索購全文】聯(lián)系Q1:138113721 Q2:139938848
【目錄】改革和完善黨內(nèi)民主選舉制度問題研究3-47-12Abstract4-
5內(nèi)容摘要
一、黨內(nèi)民主選舉制度的一般理論
(二)黨內(nèi)民(一)黨內(nèi)民主選舉制度的涵義7-9主選舉制度的基本原則9-1111-1
2(三)黨內(nèi)民主選舉制度的功能
(一)二、黨內(nèi)民主選舉制度的現(xiàn)狀分析12-20黨內(nèi)民主選舉制度改革和完善取得的成就12-15黨內(nèi)民主選舉制度存在的問題15-17存在問題的原因分析17-20舉制度的基本路徑20-33完善黨內(nèi)選舉程序22-2
4(二)現(xiàn)階段
(三)黨內(nèi)民主選舉制度
三、進一步改革和完善黨內(nèi)民主選(一)以改進候選人提名制度為重點(二)以完善差額選舉制度為突破口
優(yōu)化黨內(nèi)選舉機制24-26黨內(nèi)選舉層次26-2727-28
(三)以擴大直選范圍為著力點提升(四)深入探索黨內(nèi)競選機制
(六)(五)建立健全黨內(nèi)選舉的監(jiān)督機制28-29
結(jié)束語建立健全與黨內(nèi)選舉相配套的相關(guān)制度29-3333-34參考文獻34-36
致謝36
第四篇:希拉里退出總統(tǒng)選舉演講中英文
希拉里退出總統(tǒng)選舉演講(中英文)
Thank you so much.Thank you all.非常感謝各位!謝謝你們!
Well, this isn't exactly the party I'd planned, but I sure like the company.(APPLAUSE)
這場聚會并不是我事先計劃好的哦,但是我很感謝有你們的陪伴。
I want to start today by saying how grateful I am to all of you--to everyone who poured your hearts and your hopes into this campaign, who drove for miles and lined the streets waving homemade signs, who scrimped and saved to raise money, who knocked on doors and made calls, who talked and sometimes argued with your friends and neighbors,(APPLAUSE)who e-mailed and contributed online, who invested so much in our common enterprise.To the moms and dads who came to our events, who lifted their little girls and little boys on their shoulders and whispered in their ears, “See, you can be anything you want to be.”(APPLAUSE)
從今天開始我想要感謝所有的人——感謝那些傾注了你們的熱情和希望在這次競選活動中的人們,感謝那些長途跋涉,在街上揮舞自制標(biāo)語的人們,感謝那些省吃儉用,踴躍募款的人們,感謝那些到各家各戶敲門,給每個人打電話,并且和你的朋友鄰居們討論甚至爭論起來的人們。(鼓掌)感謝那些通過電子郵件和網(wǎng)絡(luò)進行捐助的人們,感謝那些在我們的公共事業(yè)上大量投資的人們。更要感謝那些帶著小孩子參加我們活動的父親母親,他們輕聲地告訴肩膀上的孩子們:―看啊,有夢想就能實現(xiàn)!‖
To the young people, like 13-year-old Ann Riddle from Mayfield, Ohio, who had been saving for two years to go to Disney World, and decided to use her savings instead to travel to Pennsylvania with her mom and volunteer there as well.To the veterans and the childhood friends, to New Yorkers and Arkansans who traveled across the country, telling anyone who would listen why you supported me.我也應(yīng)該感謝像安這樣的年輕人們,她今年剛13歲,來自俄亥俄州的梅菲爾得市,她決定把過去兩年中本為去迪士尼攢下的錢用來去賓夕法尼亞和媽媽一起充當(dāng)志愿者。還有那些退伍老兵,孩提時的朋友,以及紐約和阿肯色地區(qū)的人 1 們,感謝他們不遠(yuǎn)萬里來到這里,是他們告訴那些愿意聆聽的人們?yōu)槭裁匆С治摇?/p>
To all those women in their 80s and their 90s, born before women could vote, who cast their votes for our campaign.I've told you before about Florence Steen of South Dakota, who was 88 years old, and insisted that her daughter bring an absentee ballot to her hospice bedside.Her daughter and a friend put an American flag behind her bed and helped her fill out the ballot.She passed away soon after, and under state law, her ballot didn't count.But her daughter later told a reporter, “My dad's an ornery old cowboy, and he didn't like it when he heard mom's vote wouldn't be counted.I don't think he had voted in 20 years.But he voted in place of my mom.”(APPLAUSE)感謝那些在女性可以有選舉權(quán)之前出生的八、九十歲并在競選活動中投票的女士們。我在之前提到過來自南達(dá)科他州的88歲的Florence Steen, 堅持讓他的女兒帶一張缺席選舉人票到她的床邊。她女兒和朋友在她的床邊放了面美國國旗并幫助她填選票。沒多久,她離開了人世。根據(jù)國家法律,她的選票不能生效。后來她的女兒對記者說:―我爸是個脾氣不大好的老牛仔,聽到我媽的選票失效時他很失落。我想他有二十多年沒有投過票了,但他這次代替我媽媽投上了一票。‖
To all those who voted for me, and to whom I pledged my utmost, my commitment to you and to the progress we seek, is unyielding.You have inspired and touched me with the stories of the joys and sorrows that make up the fabric of our lives, and you have humbled me with your commitment to our country.感謝所有支持我的人們,那些我發(fā)誓過要盡我所能對他們奉獻的人們,還要感謝我們堅韌不屈共同前進的過程。你們那些充滿喜悅和悲傷的故事編織著我們的人生,并且激勵和感動著我,你們對國家的承諾和擔(dān)當(dāng)使我自慚形穢。
Eighteen million of you from all walks of life--women and men, young and old, Latino and Asian, African-American and Caucasian, rich, poor and middle-class, gay and straight--you have stood strong with me.And I will continue to stand strong with you, every time, every place and every way that I can.The dreams we share are worth fighting for.2
你們這1800萬人來生活的各個階層——無論男人和女人,年輕人和老年人,拉丁裔和亞裔,非裔美國人和高加索人,富足的、貧窮的和中產(chǎn)階級的人,也無論同性戀者和非同性戀。你們給與我有力的支持。無論何時何地,我將盡我所能,堅定地和你們站在一起。我們擁有同樣的夢想,值得我們一起為之奮斗,為之拼搏。
Remember--we fought for the single mom with a young daughter, juggling work and school, who told me, “I'm doing it all to better myself for her.” We fought for the woman who grabbed my hand, and asked me, “What are you going to do to make sure I have health care?” and began to cry, because even though she works three jobs, she can't afford insurance.記住——我們奮斗,為了那個在學(xué)校和工作間不斷奔波獨自撫養(yǎng)年幼女兒的單身母親,她說:―我所做的一切都是讓我這個母親更稱職‖。我們奮斗,為了那個抓住我的手問我:―你打算怎樣來保證我的醫(yī)療保障?‖,然后痛哭的婦女,那個同時做著三份工作,卻依舊不能支付保險的女人。
We fought for the young man in the Marine Corps T-shirt who waited months for medical care and said, “Take care of my buddies over there--and then, will you please help take care of me?”(APPLAUSE)We fought for all those who've lost jobs and health care, who can't afford gas or groceries or college, who have felt invisible to their president these last seven years.我們奮斗,為了那個身著海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊T恤的年輕人,那個為了醫(yī)療護理等待了數(shù)月的青年,他告訴我說:―請照顧好我在那里的朋友,然后請你也護理一下我好嗎?‖我們奮斗,為了所有失去工作和醫(yī)療保障的人,為了所有不能支付油費、雜貨費或?qū)W費的人,為了所有過去7年被他們的總統(tǒng)所忽略的人!
I entered this race because I have an old-fashioned conviction: that public service is about helping people solve their problems and live their dreams.I've had every opportunity and blessing in my own life--and I want the same for all Americans.Until that day comes, you will always find me on the front lines of democracy--fighting for the future.(APPLAUSE)The way to continue our fight now--to accomplish the goals for which we stand--is to take our energy, our passion, our strength and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama the next president of the United States.(APPLAUSE)
我參加這場競選是因為我有一個古老而又傳統(tǒng)的信念:公共事業(yè)應(yīng)該幫人們解決問題,實現(xiàn)理想。在我的人生中,我得到了許多機會和祝福。但我希望所有美利堅民眾也能夠跟我一樣。在那一天到來之前,你們都能看到我站在民主陣線的前沿,為著未來而奮斗。現(xiàn)在繼續(xù)我們的戰(zhàn)斗并實現(xiàn)我們所秉持的目標(biāo)的方式就是拿出我們的精力、我們的信念、我們的力量,盡我們所能去幫助奧巴馬成為美國下一任總統(tǒng)。
Today, as I suspend my campaign, I congratulate him on the victory he has won and the extraordinary race he has run.I endorse him, and throw my full support behind him.(APPLAUSE)And I ask all of you to join me in working as hard for Barack Obama as you have for me.(APPLAUSE)
今天,在我宣布退出我的競選之際,我祝賀他的勝利和他所參與的不平凡的競選。我贊同他,并盡我所能在背后支持他。我懇求你們加入到我的這項工作來,就像你們曾經(jīng)為我所做的那樣,堅定的支持奧巴馬。
I have served in the Senate with him for four years.I have been in this campaign with him for 16 months.I have stood on the stage and gone toe-to-toe with him in 22 debates.I have had a front row seat to his candidacy, and I have seen his strength and determination, his grace and his grit.我已經(jīng)和他在議會里共事了四年,在競選里戰(zhàn)斗了16個月,在臺前近距離對峙了22場戰(zhàn)役。我對他的參選了如指掌,也見識了他的力量與決心,他的風(fēng)度與毅力。
In his own life, Barack Obama has lived the American Dream.As a community organizer, in the state senate, as a United States senator--he has dedicated himself to ensuring the dream is realized.And in this campaign, he has inspired so many to become involved in the democratic process and invested in our common future.奧巴馬的一生都在追求美國夢。從一個社區(qū)組織人做起,到國會參議院,再到美國參議員,每走下的一步都確保著夢的實現(xiàn)。這次競選中,他鼓勵很多人參與到民主進程中來,并激勵他們?yōu)槲覀児餐膶沓隽ΛI策。
Now, when I started this race, I intended to win back the White House, and make sure we have a president who puts our country back on the path to peace, prosperity and progress.And that's exactly what we're going to do by ensuring that Barack Obama walks through the doors of the Oval Office on Jan.20, 2009.(APPLAUSE)當(dāng)我開始競選時,我的目的就只有一個,那就是贏回白宮,保證我們中走出一名總統(tǒng),把我們的國家?guī)Щ氐胶推剑睒s和發(fā)展的軌道上來。這就是我們?yōu)槭裁匆νW巴馬2009年1月20日入主橢形辦公室的原因。
I understand that we all know this has been a tough fight.The Democratic Party is a family, and it's now time to restore the ties that bind us together and to come together around the ideals we share, the values we cherish and the country we love.現(xiàn)在,我明白,我明白這將會是一場艱難的斗爭,但民主黨本身是一家的。現(xiàn)在,正是時候,重新拉上把我們綁在一起的紐帶,為我們同樣的理想,珍視的價值,熱愛的祖國而獻身吧。
We may have started on separate journeys--but today, our paths have merged.And we are all heading toward the same destination, united and more ready than ever to win in November and to turn our country around, because so much is at stake.我們曾經(jīng)殊途,但今日終于同歸!我們朝同一目標(biāo)前進,為了贏得11月的選舉,我們更加團結(jié),更加胸有成竹,看看我們的國家,因為這一切早已刻不容緩!
We all want an economy that sustains the American Dream, the opportunity to work hard and have that work rewarded;to save for college, a home, and retirement;to afford that gas and those groceries and still have a little left over at the end of the month.An economy that lifts all of our people and ensures that our prosperity is
broadly distributed and shared.我們都想要維護美國之夢,想要勞有所得,為大學(xué)、家庭、退休存錢,能夠付得起汽油和雜貨,到月底還有點存款的經(jīng)濟。想要一個能夠鼓舞我們所有人,確保基本上共同繁榮的經(jīng)濟!
We all want a health care system that is universal, high-quality and affordable,(APPLAUSE)so that parents no longer have to choose between care for themselves or their children or be stuck in dead-end jobs simply to keep their insurance.This isn't just an issue for me, it is a passion and a cause, and it is a fight I will continue until every single American is insured--no exceptions, no excuses。(APPLAUSE)
我們都想要一個普遍的,高質(zhì)量的、負(fù)擔(dān)得起的醫(yī)保系統(tǒng),父母們不再要考慮照顧他們自己還是他們的孩子,或則不用為了保險而沒日沒夜地工作。這不僅僅是我的問題,這是激情,是事業(yè),是我要繼續(xù)奮斗的,為了讓每個美國人,沒有例外,沒有借口的每個美國人都投保的斗爭!
We all want an America defined by deep and meaningful equality--from civil rights to labor rights,(APPLAUSE)from women's rights to gay rights, from ending discrimination to promoting unionization to providing help for the most important job there is: caring for our families.我們都希望有一個美國所界定的深入和有意義的平等;民事權(quán)到勞動權(quán),婦女權(quán)到同性戀權(quán),結(jié)束歧視到促進統(tǒng)一,再到為最重要的事情--關(guān)懷家庭--提供幫助。
We all want to restore America's standing in the world, to end the war in Iraq and once again lead by the power of our values(APPLAUSE), and to join with our allies to confront our shared challenges, from poverty and genocide to terrorism and global warming.我們都希望重塑美國在世界的形象,終止伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭,再一次讓我們的價值觀引導(dǎo)我們,同我們的盟友一起面對我們共同的,貧窮,殺戮,恐怖主義和全球變暖的挑戰(zhàn)。
You know, I've been involved in politics and public life in one way or another for four decades.(APPLAUSE)During those 40 years, our country has voted 10 times for president.Democrats won only three of those times.And the man who won two of those elections is with us today.(APPLAUSE)
對我來說,這樣或那樣的公眾生活和政治生涯已經(jīng)有四十年了。在這四十年里,我們的國家舉行了十次總統(tǒng)選舉。民主黨只贏得了其中三次。今天,贏得這三次中的兩場的人就和我們在一起。
We made tremendous progress during the 90s under a Democratic president, with a flourishing economy, and our leadership for peace and security respected around the world.Just think how much more progress we could have made over the past 40 years if we had a Democratic president.Think about the lost opportunities of these past seven years--on the environment and the economy, on health care and civil rights, on education, foreign policy and the Supreme Court.Imagine how far we could've come, how much we could've achieved, if we had just had a Democrat in the White House.90年代,在民主黨的總統(tǒng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下我們?nèi)〉昧藰O大的進步。經(jīng)濟的飛速發(fā)展和在和平和安全的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位使我們贏得了世界的尊重。可以想象,要是過去四十年我們也有一個民主黨的總統(tǒng),我們會取得如何巨大的進步。想一想過去的七年我們錯失的良機吧,環(huán)境上的,經(jīng)濟上的,衛(wèi)生保健上的,還有民權(quán),教育,外交政策和最高法院上的。要是我們有一位民主黨白宮主人,想一下我們走到了多遠(yuǎn),我們?nèi)〉昧硕嗌俚某删汀?/p>
We cannot let this moment slip away.We have come too far and accomplished too much.我們不能夠讓機會錯失,我們期待得太久,奮斗得太長。
Now, the journey ahead will not be easy.Some will say we can't do it.That it's too hard.That we're just not up to the task.But for as long as America has existed, it has been the American way to reject “can't-do” claims, and to choose instead to stretch the boundaries of the possible through hard work, determination and a pioneering spirit.而今,前路并不平坦。有人說,那太難了,不是我們力所能及的,我們不可 7 能夢想成真。但自從美國誕生以來,我們就有一個美國式的對―不可能‖說不的方式----通過努力的奮斗,堅定的信念和積極的心態(tài)盡全力觸摸那叫做可能的界限。
It is this belief, this optimism, that Senator Obama and I share, and that has inspired so many millions of our supporters to make their voices heard.這種信念,這份樂觀,激勵了我和奧巴馬;這種信念,這份樂觀,激勵了百萬的你們,讓支持的聲音響徹太空。
So today, I am standing with Senator Obama to say: Yes we can.(APPLAUSE)
因此今天,我選擇和Obama參議員站在一起說:沒錯,我們能。
Together, we will work.We'll have to work hard to get universal health care.But on the day we live in an America where no child, no man and no woman is without health insurance, we will live in a stronger America.That's why we need to help elect Barack Obama our president.(APPLAUSE)
我們將一道奮斗,我們將全力以赴,以實現(xiàn)各人都可享有的醫(yī)療保健。一旦到了美國出現(xiàn)一個沒有孩童,沒有男人,沒有婦女得不到醫(yī)療保健的美國的那天,我們就是生活在一個更加強大的美國里。那就是為何,我們必須幫助奧巴馬去成為總統(tǒng)。
We'll have to work hard to get back to fiscal responsibility and a strong middle class.But on the day we live in an America whose middle class is thriving and growing again, where all Americans, no matter where they live or where their ancestors came from, can earn a decent living, we will live in a stronger America, and that is why we must elect Barack Obama our president.(APPLAUSE)
我們將全力以赴,重掌財政責(zé)任和一個強勢的中產(chǎn)階級。一旦到了美國出現(xiàn)中產(chǎn)階級再次繁榮成長,不管他們或者他們的祖先來自何方,能得到一個體面收入的那天,我們就是生活在一個更加強大的美國里。那就是為何,我們必須幫助奧巴馬去成為總統(tǒng)。
We'll have to work hard to foster the innovation that makes us energy-independent and lift the threat of global warming from our children's future.But on the day we live in an America fueled by renewable energy, we will live in a stronger America.That's why we have to help elect Barack Obama our president.(APPLAUSE)
我們將全力以赴,鼓勵創(chuàng)新,以使能源需求獨立,并讓我們的孩子遠(yuǎn)離全球變曖的威脅。一旦到了美國使用了可再生能源的那天,我們就是生活在一個更加強大的美國里。那就是為何,我們必須幫助奧巴馬去成為總統(tǒng)
We'll have to work hard to bring our troops home from Iraq,and get them the support they've earned by their service.But on the day we live in an America that's as loyal to our troops as they have been to us,we will live in astronger America and that is why we must help elect Barack Obama our President.(APPLAUSE)
我們必須要繼續(xù)奮斗,實現(xiàn)從伊拉克撤軍,并讓他們獲得應(yīng)有的支持。直到有一天,美國人對軍隊像軍人們對我們那樣忠誠,那將是一個更為強大的美國。這也是為什么我們要選擇奧巴馬做我們的總統(tǒng)的原因。
This election is aturning point election and it is critical that we all understand what our choice really is.Will we go forward together or will we stall and slip backwards.Think how much progress we have already made.這場選舉具有決定性的意義。我們都理解我們的選擇有多么重要。我們將會繼續(xù)前進,抑或是停滯后退?現(xiàn)在,想想我們已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了多大的進步。
When we first started,people everywhere asked the same questions:Could awoman really serve as Commander-in-Chief?Well,I think we answered that one.(APPLAUSE)
我們剛開始的時候,到處都有人在問同樣的問題——女人能夠領(lǐng)導(dǎo)國家嗎?我想,答案已經(jīng)很清楚了。
And could an African American really be our President?Senator Obama has answered that one.(APPLAUSE)Together Senator Obama and Iachieved milestones essential to our progress as anation,part of our perpetual duty to form amore perfect union.現(xiàn)在,想想我們已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了多大的進步。我們剛開始的時候,到處都有人在問同樣的問題——女人能夠領(lǐng)導(dǎo)國家嗎?我想,答案已經(jīng)很清楚了。
非裔美國人能做我們的總統(tǒng)嗎?奧巴馬參議員同樣給了我們答案。
奧巴馬參議員和我一同達(dá)到我們國家歷史上的里程碑,這是我們建立更完美聯(lián)盟的恒久使命的一部分。Now,on a personal note– when I was asked what it means to be awoman running for President,I always gave the same answer:that I was proud to be running as a woman but I was running because I thought I'd be the best President(APPLAUSE)
就我個人而言,在我曾被問到參與競選總統(tǒng)對一個女人意味著什么時,我總是給出同樣的答案——我很驕傲我能作為女人去競選總統(tǒng),但是,我參與競選是因為我認(rèn)為我將是最棒的總統(tǒng)。
.But I am a woman,and like millions of women,I know there are still barriers and biases out there,often unconscious.I want to build an America that respects and embraces the potential of every last one of us.(APPLAUSE)
然而,我是一個女人,和其他許許多多的女人一樣,我知道社會上依然存在著障礙與偏見,很多時候甚至是潛意識的。因而,我想要美國成為一個尊重并能夠使每個人的潛力得到發(fā)揮的地方。
I ran as a daughter who benefited from opportunities my mother never dreamed of.I ran as a mother who worries about my daughter's future and a mother who wants to lead all children to brighter tomorrows.我作為一個女兒,享有許多我母親從未夢想過的權(quán)利。我作為一個母親,又擔(dān)心女兒的未來,并想要給所有的孩子更光明的未來。
To build that future I see,we must make sure that women
and men alike understand the struggles of their grandmothers and mothers,and that women enjoy equal opportunities,equal pay,and equal respect.(APPLAUSE)要實現(xiàn)這樣的未來,我們必須要確保每一個人——無論男女——都了解他們的祖母和母親們曾經(jīng)的奮斗,并明白婦女享有平等的機會、公平的報酬和同等的尊重。Let us resolve and work toward achieving some very simple propositions:There are no acceptable limits and there are no acceptable prejudices in the twenty-first century.(APPLAUSE)
讓我們下定決心去解決這樣簡單的命題:在21世紀(jì)的美國不會有任何能夠被接受的限制與偏見。
You can be so proud that,from now on,it will be unremarkable for a woman to win primary state victories,unremarkable to have a woman in aclose race to be our nominee,unremarkable to think that a woman can be the President of the United States.And that is truly remarkable.(APPLAUSE)
從現(xiàn)在起,你可以如此驕傲,一個女人贏得主要大州的勝利很平凡,一個女人差一點贏得提 名很平凡,一個女人能夠成為美國的總統(tǒng)很平凡。而這一切是如此不平凡,我的朋友們。To those who are disappointed that we couldn't go all the way– especially the young people who put so much into this campaign-it would break my heart if,in falling short of my goal,I in any way discouraged any of you from pursuing yours.我想告訴那些因為我們不能走完全程而失望的人們,特別是那些為選舉傾注心力的年輕人,如果你們因此而喪失追求個人目標(biāo)的動力,我會真的感到傷心。
Always aim high,work hard,and care deeply about what you believe in.When you stumble,keep faith.When you're knocked down,get right back up.And never listen to anyone who says you can't or shouldn't go on.(APPLAUSE)
永遠(yuǎn)要志存高遠(yuǎn),永遠(yuǎn)要努力工作,永遠(yuǎn)執(zhí)著于你相信的。當(dāng)你遭遇挫折的時候,堅持信仰。當(dāng)你被打倒的時候,馬上站起來,不要聽從那些說你做到或你不應(yīng)該繼續(xù)的人們。
As we gather here today in this historic magnificent building,the 50th woman to leave this Earth is orbiting over head.If we can blast 50 wo men into space,we will someday launch a woman into the White House.(APPLAUSE)
今天,當(dāng)我們在這里集會的時候,第50位飛離地球的婦女,正在我們的頭頂?shù)奶炜窄h(huán)繞地球飛行。而如果我們能夠?qū)?0個婦女送入太空,那么總有一天我們也會將一個婦女送入白宮。
Although we weren't able to shatter that highest,hardest glass ceiling this time,thanks to you,it's got about 18 million cracks in it.(APPLAUSE)And the light is shining through like never before,filling us all with the hope and the sure knowledge that the path will be alittle easier next time.雖然這一次我們無法打破那最高、最堅硬的玻璃天花板,但是由于你們,它出現(xiàn)了1800萬道裂縫:光明從未像現(xiàn)在這樣耀眼,使我們充滿希望,確信下一次這條道路將變得更容易一些。
That has always been the history of progress in America.Think of the suffragists who gathered at Seneca Falls in 1848 and those who kept fighting until women could cast their votes.這已經(jīng)寫入了美國的歷史進程。想想1848年在塞內(nèi)卡瀑布集會的女權(quán)主義者和那些為婦女投票權(quán)奮斗終身的人們。Think of the abolitionists who struggled and died to see the end of slavery.Think of the civil rights heroes and foot-soldiers who marched protested and risked their lives to bring about the end to segregation and Jim Crow.(APPLAUSE)
想想那些沒能看到奴隸制終結(jié)卻為之奮斗的廢奴主義者們。想想那些冒著生命危險最終終結(jié)種族隔離制度的民權(quán)斗士和步兵們,還有吉姆?克勞法案。
Because of them,I grew up taking for granted that women could vote.Because of them,my daughter grew up taking for granted that children of all colors could go to school together.因為他們,我自然認(rèn)為女性擁有投票權(quán);因為他們,我的女兒自然認(rèn)為不同膚色的孩子們能夠一同上學(xué)。
Because of them,Barack Obama and Icould wage ahard fought campaign for the Demo cratic nomination.Because of them,and because of you,children today will grow up taking for granted that an African American or awoman can yes,become President of the United States.(APPLAUSE)
因為他們,巴拉克?奧巴馬和我能夠為民主黨的提名進行激勵的競爭。因為他們和你們,今天的孩子們自然認(rèn)為非裔美國人和女性能夠成為美國總統(tǒng)。
When that day arrives and awoman takes the oath of office as our President,we will all stand taller,proud of the values of our nation,proud that every little girl can dream and that her dreams can come true in America.因此,當(dāng)那一天到來時,當(dāng)一名女性宣誓成為總統(tǒng)時,我們可以站得更高,為這個國家的價值觀而自豪,為每一個小女孩都可以有宏偉的夢想并且這個夢想能在美國實現(xiàn)而自豪。And all of you will know that because of your passion and hard work you helped pave the way for that day.So I want to say to my supporters,when you hear people saying– or think to yourself–“if only”or“what if,”I say,“please don't go there.” Every moment wasted looking back keeps us from moving forward.(APPLAUSE)
你們都會知道,你們今日的激情付出和努力工作,鋪下通往那一天的道路。所以我要告訴我的支持者們:當(dāng)你們聽到人們對你說或者你自己想“要是??”或者“如果??”的時候,你們一定不要那樣。浪費在后悔的每一秒都會阻止我們前進的腳步。
Life is too short,time is too precious,and the stakes are too high to dwell on what might have been.We have to work together for what still can be.And that is why Iwill work my heart out to make sure that Senator Obama is our next President.生活如此短暫,時間因而如此珍貴,糾纏在那些沒什么可能性的事情上賭注太高。我們要一起為能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)的事情攜手努力。我正是我全心支持奧巴馬參議員做下一任總統(tǒng)的原因。And I hope and pray that all of you will join me in that effort.(APPLAUSE)我希望并祈禱你們?nèi)寄芗尤胛遥载暙I你們的全部力量。
To my supporters and colleagues in Congress,to the governors and mayors,elected officials who stood with me,in good times and in bad,thank you for your strength and leadership.感謝我在國會的支持者和同僚們,也感謝與我患難與共的公務(wù)員們,感謝你們的能力和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力。
To my friends in our labor unions who stood strong every step of the way– I thank you and pledge my support to you.感謝一路支持我的來自工會的朋友們,我將一直支持你們。
To my friends,from every stage of my life– your love and on going commitments sustain me every single day.感謝我生命各個階段的朋友們,你們的愛和恒久的承諾伴我度過每一天。
To my family– especially Bill and Chelsea and my mother,you mean the world to me and I thank you for all you have done.(APPLAUSE)
感謝我的家庭,特別是比爾、切爾西和我的母親,你們是我的全部,我對你們所做的一切表示感謝。
And to my extraordinary staff,volunteers and supporters,thank you for working those long,hard hours(APPLAUSE).Thank you for dropping everything– leaving work or school– traveling to places you'd never been,sometimes for months on end.And thanks to your families as well because your sacrifice was theirs too.All of you were there for me every step of the way Being human,we are imperfect.That's why we need each other.To catch each other when we falter.To encourage each other when we lose heart.Some may lead;others may follow;but none of us can go it alone.感謝我杰出的競選團隊成員、志愿者和支持者們。感謝你們在這漫長而艱難的歲月里付出的時間。感謝你們放棄所有,離校或者離職,去到你們從未到過的地方,有時長達(dá)數(shù)月之久。更感謝你們的家庭,因為你們的付出也是他們的犧牲。感謝你們一路上堅定地支持我。雖然作為人,我們注定不完美,但這也正是我們需要彼此的原因,我們相互扶持走過困境,相互鼓勵走出沮喪。一些人領(lǐng)路,另一些人追隨,因為我們不可能獨自到達(dá)。
The changes we're working for are changes that we can only accomplish together.Life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness are rights that belong to each of us as individuals.But our lives,our freedom,our happiness,are best enjoyed,best protected,and best advanced when we do work together.我們?yōu)橹畩^斗的改變只有通過我們攜手共進才能實現(xiàn)。人生、自由和對幸福的追求是我們作為個體享有的權(quán)利。但是我們的人生、我們的自由、我們的快樂只有在我們攜手時,才能被我們更好的享受,得到更好的保護,并達(dá)到更高的程度。
That is what we will do now as we join forces with Senator Obama and his campaign.We will make history together as we write the next chapter in America's story.We will stand united for the values we hold dear,for the vision of progress we share,and for the country we love.There is nothing more American than that.這就是我們加入奧巴馬參議員和他的陣營后要做的。我們一同創(chuàng)造歷史,一同書寫美國歷史的新篇章。我們將站在同一戰(zhàn)線,為我們珍視的價值觀,為我們共有的愿景,為這個我們所愛的國家。
再沒有比這更美國的了。
And looking out at you today,I have never felt so blessed.The challenges that I have faced in this campaign are nothing compared to those that millions of Americans face every day in their own lives.今天看著你們,我從未感到這么有福。我在競選過程中面臨的困難與你們在各自日常生活中面臨的相比,是微不足道的。
So today,I'm going to count my blessings and keep on going.I'm going to keep doing what Iwas doing long before the cameras ever showed up and what I'll be doing long after they're gone:Working to give every American the same opportunities I had,and working to ensure that every child has the chance to grow up and achieve his or her God-given potential.因此今天我要祈禱并繼續(xù)走下去。無論在面對公眾時,還是在日常生活里,我要繼續(xù)做我一直以來做的事情:努力使每個美國人和我用相同的機會,努力保證每一個孩子無論男女都有機會長大去實現(xiàn)自己的潛力。I will do it with aheart filled with gratitude,with adeep and abiding love for our country– and with nothing but optimism and confidence for the days ahead.我將帶著一顆感恩的心,對這個國家深沉的愛,和對往后日子的了關(guān)于自信繼續(xù)我的路。This is now our time to do all that we can to make sure that in this election we add another Democratic president to that very small list of the last 40 years and that we take back our country and once again move with progress and commitment to the future.Thank you all and God bless you and God bless America.這是我們盡全力去使另一位民主黨總統(tǒng)當(dāng)選以充實過去40年來的短小名單的時候,這是我們將這個國家?guī)Щ卣墸僖淮螏еMc夢想向未來前進的時候。
感謝你們。上帝保佑大家,上帝保佑美利堅。
第五篇:希拉里退出總統(tǒng)選舉演講(中英)
希拉里退出總統(tǒng)選舉演講(中英文)
Thank you so much.Thank you all.非常感謝各位!謝謝你們!
Well, this isn't exactly the party I'd planned, but I sure like the company.這場聚會并不是我事先計劃好的哦,但是我很感謝有你們的陪伴。I want to start today by saying how grateful I am to all of you--to everyone who poured your hearts and your hopes into this campaign, who drove for miles and lined the streets waving homemade signs, who scrimped and saved to raise money, who knocked on doors and made calls, who talked and sometimes argued with your friends and neighbors,(APPLAUSE)who e-mailed and contributed online, who invested so much in our common enterprise.To the moms and dads who came to our events, who lifted their little girls and little boys on their shoulders and whispered in their ears, “See, you can be anything you want to be.” 從今天開始我想要感謝所有的人——感謝那些傾注了你們的熱情和希望在這次競選活動中的人們,感謝那些長途跋涉,在街上揮舞自制標(biāo)語的人們,感謝那些省吃儉用,踴躍募款的人們,感謝那些到各家各戶敲門,給每個人打電話,并且和你的朋友鄰居們討論甚至爭論起來的人們。(鼓掌)感謝那些通過電子郵件和網(wǎng)絡(luò)進行捐助的人們,感謝那些在我們的公共事業(yè)上大量投資的人們。更要感謝那些帶著小孩子參加我們活動的父親母親,他們輕聲地告訴肩膀上的孩子們:“看啊,有夢想就能實現(xiàn)!”
To the young people, like 13-year-old Ann Riddle from Mayfield, Ohio, who had been saving for two years to go to Disney World, and decided to use her savings instead to travel to Pennsylvania with her mom and volunteer there as well.To the veterans and the childhood friends, to New Yorkers and Arkansans who traveled across the country, telling anyone who would listen why you supported me.我也應(yīng)該感謝像安這樣的年輕人們,她今年剛13歲,來自俄亥俄州的梅菲爾得市,她決定把過去兩年中本為去迪士尼攢下的錢用來去賓夕法尼亞和媽媽一起充當(dāng)志愿者。還有那些退伍老兵,孩提時的朋友,以及紐約和阿肯色地區(qū)的人們,感謝他們不遠(yuǎn)萬里來到這里,是他們告訴那些愿意聆聽的人們?yōu)槭裁匆С治摇?/p>
To all those women in their 80s and their 90s, born before women could vote, who cast their votes for our campaign.I've told you before about Florence Steen of South Dakota, who was 88 years old, and insisted that her daughter bring an absentee ballot to her hospice bedside.Her daughter and a friend put an American flag behind her bed and helped her fill out the ballot.She passed away soon after, and under state law, her ballot didn't count.But her daughter later told a reporter, “My dad's an ornery old cowboy, and he didn't like it when he heard mom's vote wouldn't be counted.I don't think he had voted in 20 years.But he voted in place of my mom.” 感謝那些在女性可以有選舉權(quán)之前出生的八、九十歲并在競選活動中投票的女士們。我在之前提到過來自南達(dá)科他州的88歲的Florence Steen, 堅持讓他的女兒帶一張缺席選舉人票到她的床邊。她女兒和朋友在她的床邊放了面美國國旗并幫助她填選票。沒多久,她離開了人世。根據(jù)國家法律,她的選票不能生效。后來她的女兒對記者說:“我爸是個脾氣不大好的老牛仔,聽到我媽的選票失效時他很失落。我想他有二十多年沒有投過票了,但他這次代替我媽媽投上了一票。”
To all those who voted for me, and to whom I pledged my utmost, my commitment to you and to the progress we seek, is unyielding.You have inspired and touched me with the stories of the joys and sorrows that make up the fabric of our lives, and you have humbled me with your commitment to our country.感謝所有支持我的人們,那些我發(fā)誓過要盡我所能對他們奉獻的人們,還要感謝我們堅韌不屈共同前進的過程。你們那些充滿喜悅和悲傷的故事編織著我們的人生,并且激勵和感動著我,你們對國家的承諾和擔(dān)當(dāng)使我自慚形穢。Eighteen million of you from all walks of life--women and men, young and old, Latino and Asian, African-American and Caucasian, rich, poor and middle-class, gay and straight--you have stood strong with me.And I will continue to stand strong with you, every time, every place and every way that I can.The dreams we share are worth fighting for.你們這1800萬人來生活的各個階層——無論男人和女人,年輕人和老年人,拉丁裔和亞裔,非裔美國人和高加索人,富足的、貧窮的和中產(chǎn)階級的人,也無論同性戀者和非同性戀。你們給與我有力的支持。無論何時何地,我將盡我所能,堅定地和你們站在一起。我們擁有同樣的夢想,值得我們一起為之奮斗,為之拼搏。
Remember--we fought for the single mom with a young daughter, juggling work and school, who told me, “I'm doing it all to better myself for her.” We fought for the woman who grabbed my hand, and asked me, “What are you going to do to make sure I have health care?” and began to cry, because even though she works three jobs, she can't afford insurance.記住——我們奮斗,為了那個在學(xué)校和工作間不斷奔波獨自撫養(yǎng)年幼女兒的單身母親,她說:“我所做的一切都是讓我這個母親更稱職”。我們奮斗,為了那個抓住我的手問我:“你打算怎樣來保證我的醫(yī)療保障?”,然后痛哭的婦女,那個同時做著三份工作,卻依舊不能支付保險的女人。
We fought for the young man in the Marine Corps T-shirt who waited months for medical care and said, “Take care of my buddies over there--and then, will you please help take care of me?” We fought for all those who've lost jobs and health care, who can't afford gas or groceries or college, who have felt invisible to their president these last seven years.我們奮斗,為了那個身著海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊T恤的年輕人,那個為了醫(yī)療護理等待了數(shù)月的青年,他告訴我說:“請照顧好我在那里的朋友,然后請你也護理一下我好嗎?”我們奮斗,為了所有失去工作和醫(yī)療保障的人,為了所有不能支付油費、雜貨費或?qū)W費的人,為了所有過去7年被他們的總統(tǒng)所忽略的人!I entered this race because I have an old-fashioned conviction: that public service is about helping people solve their problems and live their dreams.I've had every opportunity and blessing in my own life--and I want the same for all Americans.Until that day comes, you will always find me on the front lines of democracy--fighting for the future.The way to continue our fight now--to accomplish the goals for which we stand--is to take our energy, our passion, our strength and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama the next president of the United States.我參加這場競選是因為我有一個古老而又傳統(tǒng)的信念:公共事業(yè)應(yīng)該幫人們解決問題,實現(xiàn)理想。在我的人生中,我得到了許多機會和祝福。但我希望所有美利堅民眾也能夠跟我一樣。在那一天到來之前,你們都能看到我站在民主陣線的前沿,為著未來而奮斗。現(xiàn)在繼續(xù)我們的戰(zhàn)斗并實現(xiàn)我們所秉持的目標(biāo)的方式就是拿出我們的精力、我們的信念、我們的力量,盡我們所能去幫助奧巴馬成為美國下一任總統(tǒng)。
Today, as I suspend my campaign, I congratulate him on the victory he has won and the extraordinary race he has run.I endorse him, and throw my full support behind him.And I ask all of you to join me in working as hard for Barack Obama as you have for me.今天,在我宣布退出我的競選之際,我祝賀他的勝利和他所參與的不平凡的競選。我贊同他,并盡我所能在背后支持他。我懇求你們加入到我的這項工作來,就像你們曾經(jīng)為我所做的那樣,堅定的支持奧巴馬。
I have served in the Senate with him for four years.I have been in this campaign with him for 16 months.I have stood on the stage and gone toe-to-toe with him in 22 debates.I have had a front row seat to his candidacy, and I have seen his strength and determination, his grace and his grit.我已經(jīng)和他在議會里共事了四年,在競選里戰(zhàn)斗了16個月,在臺前近距離對峙了22場戰(zhàn)役。我對他的參選了如指掌,也見識了他的力量與決心,他的風(fēng)度與毅力。
In his own life, Barack Obama has lived the American Dream.As a community organizer, in the state senate, as a United States senator--he has dedicated himself to ensuring the dream is realized.And in this campaign, he has inspired so many to become involved in the democratic process and invested in our common future.奧巴馬的一生都在追求美國夢。從一個社區(qū)組織人做起,到國會參議院,再到美國參議員,每走下的一步都確保著夢的實現(xiàn)。這次競選中,他鼓勵很多人參與到民主進程中來,并激勵他們?yōu)槲覀児餐膶沓隽ΛI策。
Now, when I started this race, I intended to win back the White House, and make sure we have a president who puts our country back on the path to peace, prosperity and progress.And that's exactly what we're going to do by ensuring that Barack Obama walks through the doors of the Oval Office on Jan.20, 2009.當(dāng)我開始競選時,我的目的就只有一個,那就是贏回白宮,保證我們中走出一名總統(tǒng),把我們的國家?guī)Щ氐胶推剑睒s和發(fā)展的軌道上來。這就是我們?yōu)槭裁匆νW巴馬2009年1月20日入主橢形辦公室的原因。
I understand that we all know this has been a tough fight.The Democratic Party is a family, and it's now time to restore the ties that bind us together and to come together around the ideals we share, the values we cherish and the country we love.現(xiàn)在,我明白,我明白這將會是一場艱難的斗爭,但民主黨本身是一家的。現(xiàn)在,正是時候,重新拉上把我們綁在一起的紐帶,為我們同樣的理想,珍視的價值,熱愛的祖國而獻身吧。
We may have started on separate journeys--but today, our paths have merged.And we are all heading toward the same destination, united and more ready than ever to win in November and to turn our country around, because so much is at stake.我們曾經(jīng)殊途,但今日終于同歸!我們朝同一目標(biāo)前進,為了贏得11月的選舉,我們更加團結(jié),更加胸有成竹,看看我們的國家,因為這一切早已刻不容緩!
We all want an economy that sustains the American Dream, the opportunity to work hard and have that work rewarded;to save for college, a home, and retirement;to afford that gas and those groceries and still have a little left over at the end of the month.An economy that lifts all of our people and ensures that our prosperity is broadly distributed and shared.我們都想要維護美國之夢,想要勞有所得,為大學(xué)、家庭、退休存錢,能夠付得起汽油和雜貨,到月底還有點存款的經(jīng)濟。想要一個能夠鼓舞我們所有人,確保基本上共同繁榮的經(jīng)濟!
We all want a health care system that is universal, high-quality and affordable, so that parents no longer have to choose between care for themselves or their children or be stuck in dead-end jobs simply to keep their insurance.This isn't just an issue for me, it is a passion and a cause, and it is a fight I will continue until every single American is insured--no exceptions, no excuses。
我們都想要一個普遍的,高質(zhì)量的、負(fù)擔(dān)得起的醫(yī)保系統(tǒng),父母們不再要考慮照顧他們自己還是他們的孩子,或則不用為了保險而沒日沒夜地工作。這不僅僅是我的問題,這是激情,是事業(yè),是我要繼續(xù)奮斗的,為了讓每個美國人,沒有例外,沒有借口的每個美國人都投保的斗爭!
We all want an America defined by deep and meaningful equality--from civil rights to labor rights, from women's rights to gay rights, from ending discrimination to promoting unionization to providing help for the most important job there is: caring for our families.我們都希望有一個美國所界定的深入和有意義的平等;民事權(quán)到勞動權(quán),婦女權(quán)到同性戀權(quán),結(jié)束歧視到促進統(tǒng)一,再到為最重要的事情--關(guān)懷家庭--提供幫助。
We all want to restore America's standing in the world, to end the war in Iraq and once again lead by the power of our values, and to join with our allies to confront our shared challenges, from poverty and genocide to terrorism and global warming.我們都希望重塑美國在世界的形象,終止伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭,再一次讓我們的價值觀引導(dǎo)我們,同我們的盟友一起面對我們共同的,貧窮,殺戮,恐怖主義和全球變暖的挑戰(zhàn)。
You know, I've been involved in politics and public life in one way or another for four decades.During those 40 years, our country has voted 10 times for president.Democrats won only three of those times.And the man who won two of those elections is with us today.對我來說,這樣或那樣的公眾生活和政治生涯已經(jīng)有四十年了。在這四十年里,我們的國家舉行了十次總統(tǒng)選舉。民主黨只贏得了其中三次。今天,贏得這三次中的兩場的人就和我們在一起。
We made tremendous progress during the 90s under a Democratic president, with a flourishing economy, and our leadership for peace and security respected around the world.Just think how much more progress we could have made over the past 40 years if we had a Democratic president.Think about the lost opportunities of these past seven years--on the environment and the economy, on health care and civil rights, on education, foreign policy and the Supreme Court.Imagine how far we could've come, how much we could've achieved, if we had just had a Democrat in the White House.90年代,在民主黨的總統(tǒng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下我們?nèi)〉昧藰O大的進步。經(jīng)濟的飛速發(fā)展和在和平和安全的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位使我們贏得了世界的尊重。可以想象,要是過去四十年我們也有一個民主黨的總統(tǒng),我們會取得如何巨大的進步。想一想過去的七年我們錯失的良機吧,環(huán)境上的,經(jīng)濟上的,衛(wèi)生保健上的,還有民權(quán),教育,外交政策和最高法院上的。要是我們有一位民主黨白宮主人,想一下我們走到了多遠(yuǎn),我們?nèi)〉昧硕嗌俚某删汀?/p>
We cannot let this moment slip away.We have come too far and accomplished too much.我們不能夠讓機會錯失,我們期待得太久,奮斗得太長。
Now, the journey ahead will not be easy.Some will say we can't do it.That it's too hard.That we're just not up to the task.But for as long as America has existed, it has been the American way to reject “can't-do” claims, and to choose instead to stretch the boundaries of the possible through hard work, determination and a pioneering spirit.而今,前路并不平坦。有人說,那太難了,不是我們力所能及的,我們不可能夢想成真。但自從美國誕生以來,我們就有一個美國式的對“不可能”說不的方式----通過努力的奮斗,堅定的信念和積極的心態(tài)盡全力觸摸那叫做可能的界限。
It is this belief, this optimism, that Senator Obama and I share, and that has inspired so many millions of our supporters to make their voices heard.這種信念,這份樂觀,激勵了我和奧巴馬;這種信念,這份樂觀,激勵了百萬的你們,讓支持的聲音響徹太空。
So today, I am standing with Senator Obama to say: Yes we can.因此今天,我選擇和Obama參議員站在一起說:沒錯,我們能。
Together, we will work.We'll have to work hard to get universal health care.But on the day we live in an America where no child, no man and no woman is without health insurance, we will live in a stronger America.That's why we need to help elect Barack Obama our president.我們將一道奮斗,我們將全力以赴,以實現(xiàn)各人都可享有的醫(yī)療保健。一旦到了美國出現(xiàn)一個沒有孩童,沒有男人,沒有婦女得不到醫(yī)療保健的美國的那天,我們就是生活在一個更加強大的美國里。那就是為何,我們必須幫助奧巴馬去成為總統(tǒng)。
We'll have to work hard to get back to fiscal responsibility and a strong middle class.But on the day we live in an America whose middle class is thriving and growing again, where all Americans, no matter where they live or where their ancestors came from, can earn a decent living, we will live in a stronger America, and that is why we must elect Barack Obama our president.我們將全力以赴,重掌財政責(zé)任和一個強勢的中產(chǎn)階級。一旦到了美國出現(xiàn)中產(chǎn)階級再次繁榮成長,不管他們或者他們的祖先來自何方,能得到一個體面收入的那天,我們就是生活在一個更加強大的美國里。那就是為何,我們必須幫助奧巴馬去成為總統(tǒng)。
We'll have to work hard to foster the innovation that makes us energy-independent and lift the threat of global warming from our children's future.But on the day we live in an America fueled by renewable energy, we will live in a stronger America.That's why we have to help elect Barack Obama our president.我們將全力以赴,鼓勵創(chuàng)新,以使能源需求獨立,并讓我們的孩子遠(yuǎn)離全球變曖的威脅。一旦到了美國使用了可再生能源的那天,我們就是生活在一個更加強大的美國里。那就是為何,我們必須幫助奧巴馬去成為總統(tǒng)。