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翻譯學(xué)2

時間:2019-05-14 09:27:58下載本文作者:會員上傳
簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《翻譯學(xué)2》,但愿對你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《翻譯學(xué)2》。

第一篇:翻譯學(xué)2

提綱

1.哲學(xué)的本性 2.哲學(xué)的轉(zhuǎn)向 3.柏拉圖的理念 4.后現(xiàn)代哲學(xué) 5.描述翻譯學(xué) 6.翻譯參數(shù) 7.“忠實/信”

8.哲學(xué)中有關(guān)語言的問題 9.語言的交際性

10.奈達(dá)功能對等翻譯理論 11.結(jié)語

1.哲學(xué)的本性

哲學(xué)的本性是:“哲學(xué)是自由思想”(張志偉,2005:2)它的探索是無止境的,開放性的。“有多少哲學(xué)家就有多少種關(guān)于哲學(xué)的定義,而且相互之間從來沒有達(dá)到過起碼的共識。不僅如此,在哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域中,幾乎所有的問題、概念、理論學(xué)說和體系都處在‘眾說紛紜莫衷一是’的境地,套用近代英國哲學(xué)家霍布斯的一句話,哲學(xué)簡直就是‘一切人反對一切人的戰(zhàn)場’。”(張志偉,2005:2)“按照哲學(xué)的本性而論,哲學(xué)不是讓人有智慧,而是讓人知道自己沒有智慧而去追求和熱愛智慧的學(xué)問??哲學(xué)問題并不是世界本身產(chǎn)生出來的問題,而是人產(chǎn)生出來的問題,不過它們并不是哲學(xué)家閑極無聊制造出來顯示自己智力的東西,其實都來源于我們的日常生活。在日常生活中許多事情可能是自明的,在哲學(xué)家看來卻大有問題,例如‘我是誰’的問題。??看起來我們都知道‘我是誰’,然而‘我’在哪里呢?‘我’究竟是心靈還是身體,抑或是心靈與身體的統(tǒng)一?心靈在成熟,身體也在成長,這是不是說‘我’也始終在變化呢?如果‘我’是變動不居的,‘我’與‘我’有沒有同一性呢???只一個‘我’就可以問出一大堆問題來。實際上,日常生活中許多看上去不證自明的東西都是經(jīng)不起追問和推敲的?!?張志偉,2005:3)

2.哲學(xué)的轉(zhuǎn)向

第一次轉(zhuǎn)向是柏拉圖《斐多篇》中蘇格拉底所說的,從在個別的具體事物中尋找前具體事物的根源轉(zhuǎn)向為在“心靈世界”(即“理念”)中尋找當(dāng)前具體事物的根源,這一轉(zhuǎn)向標(biāo)志著人類超越物質(zhì)性和有限性而突出精神性和奔向無限性的第一步。但蘇格拉底——柏拉圖的“理念”是獨立于人的精神意識而存在的。近代哲學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人笛卡爾提出了“我思故我在”的命題,明確地建立了近代哲學(xué)中人的主體性原則,從而進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)了人類超越物質(zhì)性和有限性而突出人的精神性和奔向無限性的內(nèi)在沖動,這是西方哲學(xué)史上的第二次轉(zhuǎn)向??档卵刂黧w性哲學(xué)的方向,更進(jìn)而把先驗性看作是必然性知識的來源,這事人類內(nèi)在沖動過程中一個新的里程碑,也可以算作是西方哲學(xué)史上的第三次轉(zhuǎn)向(胡塞爾就是這樣看的)。不過,我還是想把康德哲學(xué)歸人從笛卡爾到黑格爾的近代主體性哲學(xué)的大范疇之內(nèi)。黑格爾是主體性哲學(xué)之集大成者,他完善了主體性哲學(xué),他的“絕對精神”或“絕對理念”是絕對的主體,實際上是把人的主體性夸大到至高無上、登峰造極的神圣地位。人類企圖超越物質(zhì)性和有限性的內(nèi)在沖動在黑格爾這里可謂達(dá)到了頂點,但這個定點也是他走下坡路的開始。黑格爾死后,他的絕對主體被一些現(xiàn)當(dāng)代哲學(xué)家們從各種角度撕得粉碎。西方現(xiàn)代人文主義思潮的哲學(xué),其主要特征之一就是批判以黑格爾為代表的主體性哲學(xué)。(張世英,2009:178-179)

3.柏拉圖的理念

理念或模式是自在和自為的,有實體性;它們是實體,是實在或?qū)嵸|(zhì)的模式,即萬物原始、永恒和超越的原型,先于、脫離和獨立于事物而存在,不像事物那樣受變化的影響。我們看見的個別事物是這些永恒模型的不完善的復(fù)制品或反映,個別事物有生有滅,而理念或模式則永存不息。事物或復(fù)制品是繁多的,但一類事物永遠(yuǎn)只有一個理念。這樣獨立的模式或理念是無數(shù)的,沒有任何東西因為太卑下或不重要而沒有它的理念。有事物、關(guān)系、性質(zhì)和行為的理念,有桌椅、床、顏色和色調(diào)的理念;有健康、靜止和運動的理念,有大小和相似的理念,還有真、善、美的理念。(梯利,2004:66)對理念的追求是對絕對真理的追求,主體被排斥在真理之外,真理也被當(dāng)作一個被動的客體,只能被認(rèn)識,不能與主體共同進(jìn)步。法國的數(shù)學(xué)家、科學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家笛卡爾的“我思故我在”在西方哲學(xué)界掀起一場革命。“當(dāng)我思考的時候,這個進(jìn)行思考的“我”是存在的,即“我思故我在”。這是笛卡兒哲學(xué)中的第一原理,也是他認(rèn)識論的核心。此后的哲學(xué)家對認(rèn)識論的重視,就始于笛卡兒。精神比物質(zhì)具有確定性,我的精神又比他人的精神有確定性。在笛卡兒影響下,所形成的一切哲學(xué)都有主觀主義傾向,傾向于把物質(zhì)看成唯有通過精神和推理才可認(rèn)識的?!保ㄞD(zhuǎn)引羅素,2008:118-119)

4.后現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)

西方現(xiàn)當(dāng)代哲學(xué)特別是歐洲大陸人文主義思潮的哲學(xué)家如尼采、海德格爾、伽達(dá)默爾等人已不滿足于以主體客體關(guān)系為前提的追問方式,特別是不滿足于概念哲學(xué)追求形而上的本體世界,追求抽象的、永恒的本質(zhì),而要求回到具體的、變動不居的現(xiàn)實世界。馬克思在《費爾巴哈論綱》指出:“哲學(xué)家們只是用不同的方式解釋世界,而問題在于改造世界。”

大體來說,后現(xiàn)代主義者反對那種獨立于人之外的概念哲學(xué),主張哲學(xué)應(yīng)當(dāng)從抽象的天國回到具體的人世和現(xiàn)實生活;他們反對主體與客體二分,強調(diào)人與世界物我交融。

這種哲學(xué)思潮并不是主張停留于當(dāng)前在場的東西之中,它也要求超越當(dāng)前,只不過它不像舊的概念哲學(xué)那樣主張超越到抽象的永恒的世界之中去,而是從當(dāng)前在場的東西超越到其背后的未出場的東西,這未出場的東西也和當(dāng)前在場的東西一樣是現(xiàn)實的事物,而不是什么抽象的永恒的本質(zhì)或概念,所以這種超越也可以說是從在場的現(xiàn)實事物超越到不在場的(或者說未出場的)現(xiàn)實事物。

所謂“在場”(presence)或在場的東西(the present)”是指當(dāng)前呈現(xiàn)或當(dāng)前呈現(xiàn)的東西之意,也就是平常說的出息或出席的東西,所謂“不在場(absence)”或“不在場的東西(the absent)”就是指未呈現(xiàn)在當(dāng)前或缺席之意。從“在場的東西”超越到“不在場的東西”被稱為“橫向超越”。無論是“在場的”還是“不在場的”,它們均指現(xiàn)實事物,而非它們體現(xiàn)的理念。

事物所隱蔽于其中或者說植根于其中的未出場的東西,不是有窮盡的,而是無窮盡的。具體地說,任何一個事物都與宇宙萬物處于或遠(yuǎn)或近、或直接或間接、或有形或無形、或重要或不重要的相互聯(lián)系、相互作用、相互影響之中。(張世英,2009:29)

理念屬于“恒常的在場(constant presence)”范疇。從現(xiàn)實事物到理念的追溯被稱為“縱向超越”。從感性中個別的、變化著的、有差異的、表面現(xiàn)象的、具體的東西追問道理性或理解普通的、不變的、同一的、本質(zhì)性的、抽象的東西的縱深路線,達(dá)到對外在的客觀事物之根底的把握。

無論是實物、事件還是思想,它們都有自己的理念。把“在場的”和“不在場的”聯(lián)系起來的也是理念,但它不是普通的理念,而是代表普世法則的理念。正是它們使想象變成了可能。這些普世法則就是哲學(xué)中的思維、存在、主體、客體、普遍性、特殊性、整體、個體、本質(zhì)、現(xiàn)象、有限、無限、一、多、質(zhì)、量、因果、目的、必然、自由、運動、中庸等。認(rèn)知主體根據(jù)普世法則進(jìn)行聯(lián)想或想象,把在場的事物與其背后的相關(guān)的事物聯(lián)系在一起。在場的事物與其背后的相關(guān)的事物之間的關(guān)系是普世法則作用的結(jié)果,它們之間關(guān)系的存在不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移。認(rèn)識主體可以看不見它們的存在,但它們確實地存在著。

雖然“在場的”的“不在場的”聯(lián)系是無窮盡、無底的,但認(rèn)識主體對它們的認(rèn)識是有底的。如何把握好有底與無底呢?人的能力是有限的,所以他的行為是有目的性的。無窮地找尋“在場的”背后的“不在場的”會使認(rèn)識主體迷失自己的目的和目標(biāo)。把握有底和無底之間的關(guān)系有一個度的問題,也就是用中庸的普世法則,在“在場的”和“不在場的”眾多因素之間找到一個平衡點,這個點以行為的目的為參考。

5.描述翻譯學(xué)

1972年,霍爾姆斯(J.Holmes)在哥本哈根召開的第三屆國際應(yīng)用語言學(xué)會意上發(fā)表了《翻譯學(xué)的名與實》(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)一文。本文被普遍認(rèn)為翻譯學(xué)成為獨立學(xué)科的宣言?;魻柲匪构串嬃朔g學(xué)的整體框架,翻譯學(xué)由純理論翻譯學(xué)和應(yīng)用翻譯學(xué)組成,純理論翻譯學(xué)又細(xì)分為翻譯理論和描述性翻譯學(xué)。描述翻譯學(xué)包括三個分支:產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯學(xué)(product-oriented DTS)、功能導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯學(xué)(function-oriented DTS)和過程導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯學(xué)(process-oriented DTS)。

描述翻譯學(xué)包括三個分支:產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯學(xué)(product-oriented DTS)、功能導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯學(xué)(function-oriented DTS)和過程導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯學(xué)(process-oriented DTS)。

產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯研究探討已經(jīng)存在的翻譯作品。可以對單個的原語文本—目的語文本配對進(jìn)行描述或分析,也可以對同一個原語文本的一個或多個目的語文本展開比較分析。它們可以累積成為更大規(guī)模的翻譯研究,探討某一特定時期、特定的兩種語言之間的或是某種文本類型的翻譯。大規(guī)模的研究可以是歷時性的(順著時間的發(fā)展),也可以是共時性的(某一特定的時間點或時間段)。

功能導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯研究指的是“在接受語的社會文化背景之下描述[翻譯的]功能:這是對背景而不是對文本的一個研究”,也可以被稱之為“社會翻譯研究”,今天更多地稱之為“文化導(dǎo)向的翻譯研究”(cultural studies-oriented translation)。它探討的問題包括哪些書籍在何時何地被翻譯,產(chǎn)生了何種影響。

過程導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯研究與翻譯的心理學(xué)有關(guān),它主要致力于挖掘譯者大腦中所發(fā)生的事情。(杰里米·芒迪,2007:17-19)

描述翻譯學(xué)的三個分支均把“在場的”翻譯納入一個“不在場的”大背景之中。產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯學(xué)把同一文本的不同譯本進(jìn)行對比分析,功能導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯學(xué)把文本與社會文化聯(lián)系起來,過程導(dǎo)向的描述性翻譯學(xué)與翻譯過程中譯者的心理有關(guān)。雖然描述翻譯學(xué)更為關(guān)注與翻譯有關(guān)的文化層面,但把“在場的”翻譯與“不在場的”與翻譯有關(guān)的文化因素和譯者的心理因素有機結(jié)合起來本身就有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。它的價值不僅在于把文化因素和心理因素融入翻譯研究,更為重要的是它給翻譯研究者的啟示:認(rèn)識和研究任何客體不能平面化,而要立體化。這意味著對翻譯的研究還會有更多的新的有待發(fā)現(xiàn)的“不在場的”領(lǐng)域,所以描述翻譯學(xué)還有巨大的發(fā)展空間。把“在場的”翻譯與“不在場的”因素溶為一體,翻譯的各個要素、各個層面均可成為翻譯學(xué)研究的對象,充分體現(xiàn)了翻譯學(xué)的跨學(xué)科特征。

“在場的”與“不在場的”關(guān)系有遠(yuǎn)近之分。位于翻譯學(xué)中心的永遠(yuǎn)是兩種語言間的信息轉(zhuǎn)換。在這個中心的外圍還會有很多中心,它們都給語言間的信息轉(zhuǎn)換這樣或那樣的影響,給翻譯研究者對翻譯實踐的研究這樣或那樣的視角。有關(guān)它們的理論從不同的距離和視角對翻譯實踐進(jìn)行宏觀和微觀的指導(dǎo)。

翻譯是把信息從一種語言轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言。這種語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換是“在場的”,它構(gòu)成了問題的中心。每一個在場的東西,就其當(dāng)場出現(xiàn)而言,都是一個中心,它以其他未出場的東西為其周邊,換言之,顯示在當(dāng)前的東西以隱蔽在其后的東西為周邊。

問題在于,中心與周邊兩種,何者起決定性作用?何者是基礎(chǔ)??? 實際上,在場的東西由不在場的東西構(gòu)成,中心由周邊構(gòu)成。因此,在場的東西應(yīng)由不在場的東西來界定其意義,中心應(yīng)由周邊來界定其意義。中心是周邊的顯現(xiàn),?? 中心與周邊不可分,而且周邊是第一位的。(張世英,2009:309)

6.翻譯參數(shù)

就翻譯而言,語言轉(zhuǎn)換是中心,但起決定性作用的不是語言本身,而是遮蔽的翻譯參數(shù),即作者、譯者和讀者等代表的翻譯參數(shù)系統(tǒng)。它們又分別有自己的子系統(tǒng):作者參數(shù)由原語語言文化、意識形態(tài)、審美取向、作者主體性、原文本等參數(shù)組成;譯者由目標(biāo)語語言文化、意識形態(tài)、審美取向、讀者的需求、愛好和認(rèn)知語境、機構(gòu)、譯者主體性等參數(shù)組成;讀者主體性構(gòu)成了讀者參數(shù)系統(tǒng)。究竟選擇什么的文本?誰的作品?哪部作品?為誰翻譯?選擇什么翻譯策略和翻譯方法?翻譯想達(dá)到什么樣的效果和反響?是這些周邊因素決定了具體的語言層面的轉(zhuǎn)換。所以,周邊決定中心,翻譯參數(shù)決定翻譯策略和技巧。

7.“忠實/信”

如何忠實于原文是個十分復(fù)雜的問題。對作品理解的不同會不可避免地產(chǎn)生不同的譯文。而對作品的理解會隨著時代的變遷、詞義的變化導(dǎo)致譯者對闡釋的依賴,而闡釋文本的不同、資料的匱乏等因素都會引起對原文的不同理解。另外,逐字翻譯出的譯品在譯語文化的讀者心中引起的聯(lián)想與原作在原語文化中引起的聯(lián)想有著巨大差距,并在很多情況下很難被譯語讀者接受,因此大大影響了譯品在譯語文化的流行。鑒于以上情況,“忠實”則重新被界定為保持原作的神韻、風(fēng)味和功能,如傅雷的“神似”、錢鐘書的“化境”和奈達(dá)的“功能對等”等。它們雖然不像逐字翻譯那么死板,但原作者仍然是自由創(chuàng)作,而譯者則必須忠實源語;源語是主人,譯者是仆人。

二十世紀(jì)60年代,以源語文本為中心的翻譯觀受到了挑戰(zhàn)。源語文本已不再被看作一個封閉自足的語言系統(tǒng)?!白x者反應(yīng)論”把讀者擺到了重要的位置。文本不再被看作語言中靜止不變的標(biāo)本,而是讀者理解作者意圖并把它創(chuàng)造性再現(xiàn)于另一文化的語言表現(xiàn)。作品的意義并非作者的意圖而是所說的事實本身。作品的真正意義存在于不同時代不同人對它的不同的理解中。作品的意義是一個不斷向未來開放的結(jié)構(gòu)。人、人的歷史性和人類文化之間的交流等因素對決定作品的意義起著十分重要的作用。由此作為讀者的譯者由仆人的地位上升為翻譯的主體。譯者不可避免地會表現(xiàn)出自我的創(chuàng)造力,他的思想意識、世界觀、詩學(xué)等個性特征必然會融入他的譯品之中。在新的翻譯理論的沖擊下,作者和原作的中心地位開始動搖。

翻譯理論發(fā)展到今天,譯者忠實的對象已由單一的作者和原作變成了與源語和譯語相關(guān)的由許多因素組成的語境。隨著翻譯實踐范圍的擴大,其忠實的對象更趨復(fù)雜多樣。不僅譯者的詩學(xué)已成為需要忠實的一個因素,翻譯客戶的具體要求以及出版社的意圖和要求也不可避免的在一定程度上制約譯者的翻譯策略、翻譯手段、翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。變異了的“忠實”已經(jīng)由原來單一的忠實于源語進(jìn)化為既忠實作者翻譯參數(shù)又忠實于譯者和讀者翻譯參數(shù)。究竟忠實的對象傾向于何方要由具體的語境來決定,即對翻譯參數(shù)進(jìn)行綜合考慮,而不是以不變應(yīng)萬變,永遠(yuǎn)單一地忠實于作者翻譯參數(shù)。由此引發(fā)的一個問題就是對原文忠實到什么程度。

一談到翻譯馬上就想到忠實。這是由翻譯的本質(zhì)屬性所決定的。翻譯就是把信息從一種語言轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種語言。另一種語言表達(dá)的信息是以第一種語言為基礎(chǔ)的,所以忠實于原文是一件毋庸置疑的事。但問題是究竟忠實于什么或究竟忠實于誰?忠實到什么程度?什么因素會影響忠實的程度?

現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很少有人堅持翻譯就是準(zhǔn)確地把信息從一種語言轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種語言。忠實是個相對的概念,忠實的對象不僅包括原著,還包括忠實于贊助人、目標(biāo)語讀者和譯者自己。翻譯時由于兩種語言文化之間的差異、目標(biāo)語讀者的認(rèn)知水平和需求、目標(biāo)語文化的制約以及譯者雙語水平的限制和譯者主體性的張揚,譯文對原著不可能不作改變或變形。譯者所能做到的是原語與譯語之間的近似對等。

原則上講,對原著越忠實越好。但事實并不盡然,這些改變或變形形成一個忠實于原文的連續(xù)體,或曰忠實度。理論上說,忠實度的兩極為零忠實度和100%忠實度。但在現(xiàn)實中,這兩中情況都沒有可能性,因為所謂零忠實度的翻譯是偽譯,不屬于翻譯的范疇;100%忠實于原著超出了人的能力范圍。事實上,忠實度并非總是越高越好。針對不同的語言文化、文本的體裁、目標(biāo)語讀者的認(rèn)知語境和需求、目標(biāo)語文化的需求、意識形態(tài)的制約和譯者翻譯目的等因素,譯者應(yīng)找到一個平衡各種因素的點,也就是說忠實得恰到好處。這個點未必是譯者可以達(dá)到的離忠實極最近的點,也就是說,極端的忠實未必總是好事。過于忠實的譯本可能會受到目標(biāo)語意識形態(tài)的封殺,也可能因為認(rèn)知語境的原因得不到讀者,也有可能讓目標(biāo)語讀者看到一個在某些方面有明顯不足的作品,其不足是原文本所固有的,而譯者是有能力對此加以改進(jìn)的。

8.哲學(xué)中有關(guān)語言的問題

哲學(xué)思維和對語言問題的思考密不可分,二者的聯(lián)系和糾纏源遠(yuǎn)流長。和人類其他的活動相比,哲學(xué)思維須臾不能脫離語言,因為思想的對象和思想過程本身,都必須依靠語言才能轉(zhuǎn)變成他人所能把握的東西。在古希臘,語言和理性、規(guī)律是同一個詞,在基督教的圣經(jīng)教誨中,語言和世界的開端是合二為一。

圣經(jīng)《約翰福音》第一章開篇有言:“太初有道,道與上帝同在,道就是上帝??萬物是借著他造的?!闭軐W(xué)家兼神學(xué)家奧古斯丁把道解釋為語言,賦予了語言本體論的地位,語言成為世界萬物的基始。“你用了和你永恒同在的‘道’,永永地說著你要說的一切,而命令造成的東西邊造成了,你惟有用言語創(chuàng)造,別無其他方式???!保ㄞD(zhuǎn)引徐友漁、周國平、陳嘉映等,1996:14.)

英國邏輯學(xué)家奧卡姆的威廉認(rèn)為人的理智活動必須借助于符號來進(jìn)行。符號有兩種:一種是自然符號,即我們的概念,它是由外界客體和我們心智之間的相互作用而自然產(chǎn)生的,(亞里士多德把它叫做內(nèi)心經(jīng)驗)它的產(chǎn)生與我們使用語言的活動無關(guān)。另一種是人工符號,即語言。(轉(zhuǎn)引徐友漁、周國平、陳嘉映等,1996:21.)法國哲學(xué)家、神學(xué)家阿貝拉爾認(rèn)為,人的思想活動先于語言,或獨立于語言。(轉(zhuǎn)引徐友漁、周國平、陳嘉映等,1996:19.)古希臘哲學(xué)家蘇格拉底認(rèn)為:沒有純粹的個人語言,語言是一種社會活動。名稱不是唯一的。異族人給予事物的名稱就與希臘人給予事物的名稱不同。名稱依賴于一個群體的共同使用,而不是個人的任意使用。(轉(zhuǎn)引徐友漁、周國平、陳嘉映等,1996:8.)

英國經(jīng)驗主義者洛克指出,語言的最根本作用是用作人類社會聯(lián)系的工具。文字有雙重功用,一是記載思想,而是傳達(dá)思想。人使用詞,首先是為了記錄自己的思想,表達(dá)自己的觀念,因此,自此的原始的直接的意義,就在于使用文字的人心中的觀念。另一方面,要使交流得以進(jìn)行,人們還必須假定他們使用的字詞標(biāo)記了聽話人心中的觀念。(轉(zhuǎn)引徐友漁、周國平、陳嘉映等,1996:26-27.)

各個時代多數(shù)哲學(xué)家都按“事物—思想(或觀念)--語言”的模式考慮問題,即,思想或觀念反映事物,而語言是思想或觀念的外在表達(dá)符號或工具,語言的優(yōu)缺點就在于它們是否準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)了思想或觀念。

言意之辨是指語言符號與思想意義的關(guān)系問題,一方面,它是指說話人/作者能否通過語言符號來表達(dá)自己的思想;另一方面,它又是指聽話人/讀者能否通過語言符號理解說話人/作者的思想。

早在先秦時期,《易傳》作者在論述言、象、意的關(guān)系時,一方面認(rèn)為“書不盡言,言不盡意”,強調(diào)圣人之言意不能一致的矛盾;另一方面又肯定圣人可以借助言、象表達(dá)己意。《易傳》關(guān)于言、意問題的說法,正好為理學(xué)經(jīng)典詮釋的歷史性、時代性雙重定向提供方法論依據(jù)。強調(diào)言、意之間有著內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)性,有利于面向經(jīng)典文本的歷史性;而強調(diào)言、意之間的矛盾性,則有利于經(jīng)典詮釋中根據(jù)現(xiàn)實要求而進(jìn)行思想創(chuàng)新。

德國哲學(xué)家、新教神學(xué)家施萊爾馬赫在人們對摩西經(jīng)文有不同理解時說:“如果兩個或更多的人聲稱自己正確,那就應(yīng)該認(rèn)為摩西具有所有這些見解,而種種不同的解釋都是正確的。具有最高權(quán)威的著述是能讓人在其中看到自己正確見解的著述,而不是僅表達(dá)一種正確意義而排斥其他見解的著述,是包含已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)和尚待發(fā)現(xiàn)及不可發(fā)現(xiàn)的真理的著述。”(轉(zhuǎn)引徐友漁、周國平、陳嘉映等,1996:16.)

語言的最小承載單位是一個重要問題,英國哲學(xué)家羅素和維特根斯坦的邏輯原子論也是一種意義的原子論。它主張,一個完整的命題由于描述了一件事態(tài)或?qū)?yīng)一項事實而具有完整的意義,它們通過負(fù)載的邏輯符號連接成了一個負(fù)載的整體,這就是人類為的全部知識,這是一種由部分構(gòu)成整體的思路。(轉(zhuǎn)引徐友漁、周國平、陳嘉映等,1996:35.)

9.語言的交際性

洪水過去后,挪亞又活了350歲,挪亞是950歲時死去的。挪亞的三個兒子的后裔形成了人類的三大支系,居住在世界各地,雅弗是北方民族的始祖,閃是閃米特人的始祖,而含則是非洲民族——含米特人的始祖。

挪亞的后代繁殖得越來越多,遍布地面。那時候人們的語言、口音都沒有分別。他們在往東邊遷移的時候,在示拿這個地方遇見一片平原,就在那里住下。因為在平原上,用作建筑的石料很不易得到,他們就發(fā)明了制造磚的方法,用泥做成方塊,再用火燒透,他們就拿磚當(dāng)石頭,又拿石漆當(dāng)灰泥,建造起繁華的巴比倫城。人們?yōu)樽约旱臉I(yè)績感到驕傲,他們決定在已比倫修一座通天的高塔,來傳頌自己的赫赫威名,并作為集合全天下弟兄的標(biāo)記,以免分散。因為大家語言相通,同心協(xié)力,階梯式的通天塔修建得挺順利,很炔就高聳入云。

上帝是不允許凡人達(dá)到自己的高度的。他看到人們這樣統(tǒng)一強大,心想,他們語言都一樣,如果真修成宏偉的通天塔,那以后還有什么事干不成呢?上帝曾把希望具有他那樣智慧的人趕出伊甸園,又用劍與火看守生命樹上的果子,不讓人分享。今天他要再一次制止人類接近自己的狂妄。上帝就離開天國到人間,變亂了人們的語言。人們各自操起不同的語言,感情無法交流,思想很難統(tǒng)一,就難免出現(xiàn)互相猜疑,各執(zhí)己見,爭吵斗毆。這就是人類之間誤解的開始,當(dāng)然這也注定世間要增加一種本屬多余的職業(yè)——翻譯。

修造工程因語言紛爭而停止了,通天塔終于半途而廢。人們分裂了,按照不同的語言形成許多部族,又分散到世界各地。上帝在這里變亂了人們的語言。“變亂”一詞在希伯來語中讀作“巴比倫”。所以,以后人們就管那座城市叫巴比倫城,管那座半途而廢的塔叫巴比倫塔。(創(chuàng)31:1一31:9)

這一則關(guān)于語言的神話或寓言含意深刻:人類彼此最根本的隔絕是語言的隔絕,那是因為人類冒犯了上帝而招致的懲罰,因此,人類最終的得救必須包括可理解性、可交流性問題的解決。

10.奈達(dá)功能對等翻譯理論

奈達(dá)的語言學(xué)思想和翻譯思想介紹:(1)奈達(dá)是語言的共性論者(a universalist)。他堅持認(rèn)為,各種語言具有同等的表達(dá)力?!耙环N語言所能表達(dá)的事情,必然能用另一種語言來表達(dá)?!保üㄖ?2000:62)他認(rèn)為,人類的共性多余差異,在人類經(jīng)驗和表達(dá)方式中,都存在著一種“共核”(common core)。如white snow=white as frost。

(2)奈達(dá)提出動態(tài)對等(dynamic equivalence)概念,后又改為“功能對等”(functional equivalence)。他認(rèn)為,“所謂翻譯,是在譯語中用嘴切近而又自然的對等語再現(xiàn)源語的信息,首先是意義,其次是文體?!痹凇肮δ軐Φ取敝?,奈達(dá)對“信息”作了進(jìn)一步的界定,聲明“不但是信息內(nèi)容的對等,而且盡可能地要求形式對等。”(郭建中.2000:65)

他提出了“最高層次的對等”和“最低層次的對等”。前者指的是“譯文達(dá)到高度的對等,使目的語聽眾或讀者在理解和欣賞譯文時所做出的反應(yīng),與原文聽眾或讀者的理解和欣賞所做出的反應(yīng)基本上一致?!薄白畹蛯哟蔚膶Φ取敝傅氖恰白g文能達(dá)到充分的對等,使目的語的聽眾或讀者能理解和欣賞原文或讀者對原文的理解和欣賞?!痹凇白罡邔哟蔚膶Φ取焙汀白畹蛯哟蔚膶Φ取敝g可有各種不同層次的對等。(郭建中.2000:69)

11.結(jié)語

翻譯不是科學(xué),傳統(tǒng)的翻譯是藝術(shù)還是科學(xué)之爭是概念不清、范疇混淆造成的。就翻譯而言,翻譯學(xué)才是科學(xué),翻譯學(xué)的語言學(xué)理論是翻譯學(xué)的一個分支,其本身又由多個次分支組成,如翻譯的語義學(xué)研究、翻譯的系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)、翻譯的語用學(xué)、翻譯的文體學(xué)、翻譯的語篇分析研究和翻譯的類型研究。

單從語言學(xué)的角度來說,譯文的“信”意味著譯文要忠實于原著,首先在內(nèi)容上,其次在形式上。譯文的“達(dá)”指的是譯文的語言要充分考慮到讀者的認(rèn)知語境,要有很好的可理解性和可交流性。翻譯學(xué)是研究有關(guān)翻譯的科學(xué),其目的是指導(dǎo)翻譯實踐,而翻譯學(xué)的語言學(xué)理論研究如何幫助譯者更好地協(xié)調(diào)對原著的忠實和目的語讀者的認(rèn)知語境之間的關(guān)系。

參考文獻(xiàn)

張世英.哲學(xué)導(dǎo)論[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2009.張志偉.西方哲學(xué)十五講[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2005.徐友漁、周國平、陳嘉映等.語言與哲學(xué)[M].北京:三聯(lián)書店,1996.梯利著.伍德增補.葛力譯.西方哲學(xué)史[M].北京:商務(wù)印書館,2004.郭建中.當(dāng)代美國翻譯理論[M].武漢:湖北教育出版社,2000.羅素.西方哲學(xué)史[M].北京:北京出版社,2008.杰里米·芒迪.翻譯學(xué)導(dǎo)論[M].北京:商務(wù)印書館,2007:17-19.Nida, A.Eugene.Toward A Science Of Translation[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,2004.Language, Culture, and Translation[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,2005.陳嘉映.語言哲學(xué)[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社出版,2003.許鈞、穆雷.翻譯學(xué)概論[M].南京:鳳凰出版?zhèn)髅郊瘓F/譯林出版社,2009.考試簡答題

翻譯是科學(xué)還是藝術(shù)?

第二篇:翻譯

一.翻譯:

1.正是他35年前送給我的那些書使我成了教師。2.黃昏時,我碰巧在回家的路上遇到她。3.他說他將于第二周到達(dá)。

4.我在電話里已經(jīng)和他交談過,但實際上我從來沒有見過他。5.整日呆在家里做作業(yè),一點趣兒都沒有。6.我在為這次長途旅行整理行裝。

7.她專心聽著,把他說的話一字不漏的記下來。8.他充分利用他在那兒的時間學(xué)習(xí)英語。9.目前婦女在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著重要的作用。10.這個城鎮(zhèn)變化太大了,你會認(rèn)不出來它的。11.對于這個問題你有什么看法嗎?

12.這個機構(gòu)對開始經(jīng)營自己生意的人提供切實可行的指導(dǎo)。13.信不信由你,盡管她滿身缺點,我仍然喜歡她。14.這是我們第一次在中國過圣誕。15.結(jié)婚前他們相愛了十年。

一.1.It was those books he gave me thirty-five years ago that made me become a teacher.2.I happened to see her on my way home at dusk.It happened that I saw her on my way home at dusk.3.He said that he would arrive the next week.4.I’ve talked to him on the telephone but I’ve never actually met him face to face.5.It is no pleasure staying at home doing homework all day.6.I am packing my things up for the long journey.7.She listened carefully and set down every word he said.8.He made good/full use of his time there to learn English.9.At present, women are playing an important part in science.10.The town has changed so much that you wouldn’t recognize it.11.Do you have any thoughts on this problem? 12.The agency offers practical guidance to people starting their own businesses.13.Believe it or not.I’m fond of her although she has shortcomings of all kinds.14.It is the first time we have celebrated Christmas in China.15.They had been in love for 10 years before getting married.二.翻譯:

1.在老師的幫助下,我被一所大學(xué)錄取了。2.你知道宇宙是什么時候形成的嗎?

3.最重要的是,別忘了把你們的意見寄來。4.你能就音樂欣賞給我們提些建議嗎? 5.他喜歡表演并享受隨之而來的祝賀。

6.他看上去很面熟,但我記不起他的名字了。7.你準(zhǔn)備用現(xiàn)金支付還是用支票支付?

8.必須制定法律來懲罰那些危害野生生物的人。9.騎駱駝在沙漠中旅行是令人難忘的經(jīng)歷。

10.如果人們在不行動起來,采取有效措施保護野生動物的話,愈來愈多的野生動物將會滅絕。二.1.With the help of my teacher, I was admitted to university.2.Do you know when the universe first came into being? 3.And above all, remember to send us your comments.4.Could you give us some advice on how to enjoy music.5.He enjoys performance and the congratulations afterwards.6.He looks very familiar but I can’t remember his name.7.Do you plan to pay in cash or by cheque? 8.Laws must be passed to punish those who do harm to wildlife.9.Traveling in the desert by camel is really an unforgettable experience.10.If people don’t take action and adopt effective measures to protect wild animals, an increasing number of them will die out.三.翻譯:

1.為了按時完成這項任務(wù),他們夜以繼日的工作著。2.過不了多久他們就會回來的。3.她生了一個健康漂亮的嬰兒。4.她有學(xué)語言的天賦。

5.捉弄殘疾人是很不禮貌的。

6.這家旅館使我想起我們?nèi)ツ曜∵^的那一家。7.我怎么才能重新得到他們的支持呢? 8.那棵老樹從地面到樹梢至少有三十米。

三.1.They are working day and night in order to accomplish the task on time.2.They will be back before long.It won’t be long before they come back.3.She gave birth to a fine healthy baby.4.She has a gift for learning languages.5.It is very rude to play a trick on the disabled.6.This hotel reminds me of the one we stayed in last year.7.How can I win back their support? 8.The old tree must measure at least 30 metres from top to bottom.四.Translation: 1.我寧愿說實話而不愿撒謊。2.他說服不了他姐姐改變主意。

3.我們昨天是在百貨大樓舉行的會議。4.她雖然有很多缺點,但我們都很喜歡她。5.小華堅持自己沒有撒謊,不該向我道歉。6.他唯一在乎的東西就是錢。

7.一旦你明白了這條規(guī)則,你就再也沒有困難了。8.我被他說服了,所以我不得不讓步。9.在戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束時柏林城變成了一片廢墟。10.死亡人數(shù)已上升至50人。

11.事故發(fā)生后,傷員被立刻送往醫(yī)院。

12.正當(dāng)我們處境危險時他們來援救我們了。13.黃河在這轉(zhuǎn)了個大彎。

14.我們騎駱駝旅行真是一次難忘的經(jīng)歷。15.她剛剛起床,還沒有穿好衣服。

16.既然他決心已定,再與他爭論已毫無用處。17.到時我們驚奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)他還活著。

18.今年夏天我們在鄉(xiāng)下度過了一段快樂時光。

19.2008年5月12日,人們向往常一樣去上班、上學(xué),全然不知一場災(zāi)難即將降臨。20.我們迫不及待的等著你的加入。

21.我們誤了公共汽車,看來我們只好步行了。

22.發(fā)生在汶川的大地震使成千上萬的人無家可歸。23.人們不在意的一些事件也可能導(dǎo)致災(zāi)難的發(fā)生。24.不知不覺中一年結(jié)束了。

25.我謹(jǐn)向那些幫助過我的老師致謝。

26.沒有任何語言足以表達(dá)我對你們的歉意。

27.地震中幸存下來的人們向部隊表示深深的謝意,感謝部隊為拯救他們所做出的巨大努力。

28.無論發(fā)生什么事情,我們都不能喪失希望與信心。29.到了車站,我們環(huán)顧四周,卻沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何人。30.有消息說,洪水過后,全村到處都是殘垣斷壁。四.1.I prefer telling the truth to lying.2.He couldn’t persuade his sister to change her mind.3.It was in the department store that we held the meeting yesterday.4.She has many shortcomings, but we are all fond of her.5.Xiao Hua insisted that she didn’t tell a lie and not apologize to me.6.The only thing he cares about is money.7.Once you understand this rule, you’ll have no difficulty.8.I was persuaded by him, so I had to give in.9.The city of Berlin was in ruins at the end of the war.10.The number of deaths has reachedrisen to 50.11.After the accident, the injured were sent to hospital right away.12.They came to our rescue when we were in danger.13.The Huanghe river makes a wide bend at this point.14.Our journey by camel was quite an experience.15.She had just got out of bed and wasn’t properly dressed.16.Since he has made up his mind, it is no use arguing with him.17.When we arrived, we were surprised to find him still alive.18.This summer, we had a nice time in the countryside.19.On May 12th, 2008, people went to work or school as usual, not knowing at all that a disaster was just around the corner.20.We can’t wait for you to join us.21.We have missed the bus.It looks as if we will have to walk.22.The big earthquake that shook Wenchuan left tens of thousands of people homeless.23.The events that people think little of may lead to disasters.24.The year is at an endhas come to an end before we know it.25.I would like to express my thanks to the teachers who have helped me.26.No words are strong enough to express my apology to you.27.The people who survived the earthquake expressed their deep thanks to the army for the great efforts they had made to rescue them.28.We can’t lose hope and confidence no matter what happens to us.29.When we arrived at the station, we looked around but found nobody.30.Word came that the whole village lay in ruins after the flood.五.漢譯英:

1.-----盡管年輕,他已取的了很大的成就。

-----是的,你也一樣。(as;so)2.這種風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣已經(jīng)存在了兩千多年,這令很多外國人非常吃驚。(around)3.他整天上網(wǎng),但不喜歡玩電腦游戲,我也是這樣。

4.在我國,北方人以小麥為主食,而南方人以大米為主食。5.他既能與別人一起愉快的工作,也能獨自做很多事情。

6.我因粗心而考試不及格,所以這怪不得別人,只能怪我自己。(have)7.與動物交朋友可有助于我們理解動物保護的重要性。

8.直到我失去了這位朋友,我才意識到我們之間的友誼對我意味著什么。(倒裝句)9.盡管我們從沒謀面,我們卻是最好的朋友。

10.當(dāng)我感到沮喪的時候,他總是愿意聽我傾訴并盡力幫助我。(down)五.1.-----Young as he is, he has made great achievements.-----So he has, and so have you.2.The custom has been around for more than two thousand years, which astonishes many foreigners.3.He surfs the Internet all the time but does not enjoy playing computer games, so it is with me./ It is the same with me.4.In our country, people in the north live on wheat while people in the south live on rice.5.He can not only work with others happily but also do many things all alone.6.I failed in the examination because of my carelessness, so I have nobody but only myself to blame.7.Making friends with animals can help us understand the importance of protecting them.8.Only after I lost such a friend, did I realize what the friendship between us meant to me.9.Although/ Despite the fact that we have never met each other, we are best friends.10.When I am feeling down, he will always listen to me and try to help me.六.漢譯英:

1.這種植物不是到處都有的。(find)

2.天快黑的時候,他們來到了一個偏僻的小村莊。(find)3.他在回家的路上看到了一場交通事故。4.你還有什么地方不清楚嗎?

5.由于他們理解漢語還有一定的難度,所以我不得不一遍又一遍的重復(fù)我說過的話。6.請再說一遍,我沒聽清。

7.在一個小孩的帶領(lǐng)下,我們輕而易舉的就找到了Mr.Smith的住處。8.婦女要求同工同酬。

9.在國際貿(mào)易中,具有一定的英語知識是十分必要的。10.他們國家盛產(chǎn)石油,而我們國家卻一點沒有。六.1.This plant can’t be found everywhere.2.As it was getting dark, they found themselves in a lonely small village.3.On his way back home, he saw a traffic accident.4.Is there anything that is not clear to you? 5.I had to repeat what I said again and again, because they still had some difficulty in understanding Chinese.6.I beg your pardon? I didn’t catch what you said.7.With a boy leading us, we had no difficulty in finding Mr.Smith’s house.8.Women demand equal pay for equal work.9.It is very necessary to have a knowledge of English in international trade.10.Their country has plenty of oil, while ours has none.七.漢譯英:

1. 下個月他們將去北戴河避暑。

2.他經(jīng)常旅游的原因是想品嘗不同種類的食品。3.她戴著墨鏡,以免眼睛被太陽灼傷。

4.祝你在香港玩的愉快,順便說一下,代我向李華問好。

5.徒步旅行時,一定要記住這些基本的規(guī)則, 他們都與你的安全相關(guān)。(keep)6.他受到我們大家的愛戴和敬佩。

7.根據(jù)上周所作的調(diào)查,有百分之六十的學(xué)生反對這項決定。8.上周該地區(qū)發(fā)生了一次地震,許多樓房和汽車受損。(which)

9.我們開個聚會慶祝你的生日吧!同時,你看我們都邀請哪些人參加。10.過去,孩子們在街上玩是很平常的事。

七.1.Next month, they will go to Beidaihe to get away from hot weather.2.The reason why he often go traveling is that he wants to try new kinds of food.3.She is wearing her sunglasses to protect her eyes from the sun./ to prevent her eyes from being burned by the sun.4.Have a nice time in Hongkong.By the way, say “Hi” to Li Hua for me.5.When hiking, you must keep in mind these basic rules, which have much to do with your safety.6.He was loved and admired by all of us.7.According to the survey done last week, 60% of the students are against the decision.8.Last week, an earthquake happened in this area, in which many buildings and cars were damaged.9.Let`s have a party to celebrate your birthday.At the same time, who do you think we will invite.10.In the past, it was common for children to play in the street.八.漢譯英:

1.Rachel 承認(rèn)她費了很大的勁兒才理解了這項任務(wù)。(time)2.有朝一日,我實現(xiàn)了我的目標(biāo),我就幸福了。3.他仔細(xì)聆聽,然后執(zhí)行老師的指示。

4.他雖沒有創(chuàng)出新的紀(jì)錄,但他做出了很大的努力。(attempt)5.他向她求婚,但她拒絕了。

6.我非常珍惜和你一起度過的那些時光。7.馬鈴薯最初是由南美傳入歐洲的。

8.這個城鎮(zhèn)變化太大了,你會認(rèn)不出她來的。9.人們普遍認(rèn)為她是該國最優(yōu)秀的作家之一。10.人們嘲笑她,因為她經(jīng)常戴那么奇怪的帽子。

八.1.Rachel admitted that she had a hard time understanding the assignment.2.Some day when I achieve my goals, I will be happy.3.He listened carefully and carried out the teacher’s instructions.4.He failed to set a new record, but it was a good attempt.5.He asked her to marry him but she refused.6.I treasure the moments I spent with you.7.Potatoes were introduced into Europe from South America.8.The town has changed so much that you wouldn’t recognize it.9.She is generally regarded as one of the best writers in the country.10.People make fun of her because she wears such strange hats.九.漢語譯:

1.——這是一封寫給Mr.Brown的信,你能教給他嗎?——好的。我一見到他就給他。2.遇到麻煩時可請他幫忙。

3.請寫下你的名字和地址,以便我們必要時能與你聯(lián)系。4.桌子上并排放著兩個瓶子。

5.請盡快完成那份報告,越快越好。

6.那天晚上我們像平常一樣大約在十點半睡覺。7.我偶爾順路去看一看他。8.他熱切希望你見見他的朋友。9.她靠什么謀生?

10.前些天,我們就學(xué)生如何打發(fā)他們的業(yè)余時間在2000名學(xué)生之間進(jìn)行了一次調(diào)查。九.1.-----Here is a letter addressed to Mr.Brown.Could you give it to him?-----OK.The moment I see him, I will give it to him.2.When in trouble, you can turn to him for help.3.Please put down your name and address so that we can get in touch with you when necessary.4.Two bottles stand side by side on the table.5.Please get that report done as soon as possible-----the sooner the better.6.We went to bed that evening at 10:30 as usual.7.I drop in on him once in a while.8.He is eager for you to meet his friends.9.How does she makeearn her living? 10.The other day, we did a survey among 2,000 students on how they spend their spare time.十.漢譯英:

1.我從事園藝工作十余年,從中獲得了很大的滿足。2.我們必須提高對顧客的服務(wù)質(zhì)量。3.他因謀殺被判處死刑。

4.她喜歡彈鋼琴,而她妹妹卻喜歡打籃球。5.看到孩子們被照顧的很好,他感到非常滿意。6.越來越多的公司在設(shè)立網(wǎng)站,這毫不奇怪。

7.我既沒忘記告訴他這個消息也沒忘記提醒他注意安全。8. 從頭頂飛過的飛機的噪音可以損害人們的聽覺。9.他的助手請他盡快在這張支票上簽字。

10.周末,我寧愿呆在家里洗洗衣服、看看書。

十.1.I have been working in the garden for over 10 years, from which I get a lot of satisfaction.2.We must raise the quality of service to our customs.3.He was sentenced to death because of murder.4.She enjoys playing the piano while her sister likes playing basketball.5.He feels very content to see his children taken good care of.6.It is no surprise that an increasing number of companies are setting up web sites.7.I neither forgot to tell him the news nor remind him about his safety.8.People may have their hearing harmed by the noise of the planes passing overhead.9.His assistant requested him to sign the cheque as soon as possible.10.On weekends, I would rather stay at home and do some cleaning and reading.十一.漢譯英:

1.我五點鐘開車去接你。

2.這場事故發(fā)生在離她家僅一個街區(qū)的地方。3.我認(rèn)為努力實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)是每一個公民的責(zé)任。4.我們應(yīng)該尊重老人、尊重父母、尊重老師。

5.根據(jù)規(guī)定,每位學(xué)生每次可借五本書,借閱時間為十天。6.如果有幸被選作志愿者,我將盡力提供最好的服務(wù)。

7.學(xué)校圖書館從周一到周五上午9點到下午7點開門,周末休息。8.我喜歡攝影,因為它能讓我記錄下生活中的美麗時刻。

9.我想?yún)⒓雍推脚c友誼夏令營,因為這是和各國青年交朋友并學(xué)習(xí)他們文化的絕佳機會。10.現(xiàn)在給你寫信是想問一問你能否幫我個忙。十一.1.I will drive over to pick you up at 5.2.The accident took place only a block from his home.3.I think it is every citizen’s duty to work hard to achieve this goal.4.We should show our respect for old people, our parents and our teachers.5.According to the rule, every student can borrow up to 5 books each time and keep them for 10 days.6.If I have the honour of being chosen as a volunteer, I will try my best to offer the best service.7.The school library is open from 9 am to 7 pm from Monday to Friday(on weekdays)and closed on weekends.8.I am interested in photography because it allows me to record the beautiful moments in my life.9.I would like to join the Peace & Friendship Camp since it would be a great opportunity to make friends with young people from different countries and learn about their cultures.10.Now I am writing to ask whether you are able to do me a favour.十二.英譯漢:

1.多年來他們一直在討論遷居鄉(xiāng)間的事。2.我和那家公司六年沒有來往了(have)。3.我們偶爾到公園野餐。

4.我希望你已充分利用了你的時間。

5.順便說一下,你不能總是靠你父母生活。6.你這次考試成績不好,換句話說,你沒及格。

7.我的眼睛一定有毛病,我下周到醫(yī)院去檢查一下。8.誰也不能阻止這項計劃的實施。

9.隨著現(xiàn)代工農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展,廢物也愈來愈多了。10.當(dāng)母親接受治療時,孩子可能要與她隔離開。

十二.1.For years they have talked about moving to the country.2.I have had nothing to do with that company.3.We go for a picnic in the park once in a while.4.I hope you have made good use of your time.5.By the way, you can’t depend on your parents for a living all the time.6.Your performance in the exam is bad;in other words, you failed.7.Something must be wrong with my eyes.I will have them examined in hospital next week.8.No one can stoppreventkeep the plan from being carried out.9.With the development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste is produced.10.The child may be separated from his mother while she receives treatment.十三 英譯漢:

1.令我感到很驚訝的是,這家餐館實際上是非常不錯的。2.這個系為學(xué)生開設(shè)了各種各樣的課程。3.努力工作,你的夢想遲早會實現(xiàn)的。

4.前些天,我們就學(xué)生對校服的意見與看法在我校500名學(xué)生之間進(jìn)行了一次調(diào)查。5.你老是打斷我是不太禮貌的。

6.經(jīng)過漫長的航行,回到家時他們又渴又餓。7.政府應(yīng)該制定出團結(jié)而不是分裂人民的法律。8.他抬起頭來驚訝的望著我,不知該說什么。9.不論將來你遇到什么事,我都會支持你。10.出與安全考慮,那個站臺被拆除了。

十三.1.Much to my surprise, the restaurant was actually very nice.2.Students are offered a wide variety of courses in this department.3.Work hard and your dreams will come true sooner or later.(in time)4.The other day, we did a survey on our school uniform among 500 students in our school.5.It wasn’t very polite of you to keep interrupting me.6.After the long voyage, they arrived home, hungry and thirsty.7.The government should make laws aiming to unite, not divide, people.8.He looked up at me in surprise, not knowing what to say.9.I will support you no matter what happens to you.10.The platform was taken down for safety reasons.十四.漢譯英:

1.如果當(dāng)時你動動腦子,你現(xiàn)在就不至于陷入困境。2.努力提高人民的生活水平是每一個政府官員的職責(zé)。3.我們一個勁地往上爬,一直爬到山頂。

4.我經(jīng)常想起我的一位朋友,過去我常常和他一起在這家公園散步。5.我一收到他的來信就立刻拆開讀了起來。6.現(xiàn)在電話幾乎取代了電報。7.這種疾病蔓延全國。

8.我不知道我能否說服他,但至少我會試一試。9.經(jīng)常進(jìn)行體育運動對我們的健康有好處。10.老師要求我們盡量多背些美妙的詩歌。

十四.1.If you had used your head, you wouldn’t be in trouble now.2.It is the duty of every government official to try his best to raiseimprove people’s standards.3.On and on we climbed, until we got to the top of the mountain.4.I often think of a friend of mine , with whom I used to take a walk in the park.5.As soon as I received his letter, I tore it open and began to read it.6.Nowadays, telephones have almost taken the place of telegrams.7.The disease spread throughout the country.8.I don’t know if I can persuade him, but at least I can have a try.9.Often having sports can do some good to our health.10.The teacher asked us to learn by heart as many excellent poems as possible.

第三篇:實用翻譯

揚州大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 研究生學(xué)期作業(yè)

學(xué)課學(xué)程科名專

期 稱 業(yè)

2008-2009第二學(xué)期

實用翻譯實踐

英語語言文學(xué)

研究生學(xué)號 研究生姓名

M080336

李巖

廣告英漢語的特點與翻譯原則

摘要:

廣告是推銷商品及其公司的重要宣傳手段,因此在經(jīng)濟全球化的今天廣告翻譯就顯得尤為重要。本文指出廣告英漢語有其獨特的詞匯與語言特點,并由此特展開討論,進(jìn)而提出廣告翻譯的原則。

關(guān)鍵詞:廣告翻譯;詞匯特點;語言特點;翻譯原則

引言

廣告是消費者獲取商品經(jīng)濟信息的重要來源,其形成和傳播的媒體多種多樣,目的在于說服消費者接受其產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的日益加強,商品貿(mào)易的國際往來也日趨頻繁。為了搶占國際市場,向國外推銷國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的競爭也顯現(xiàn)出前所未有的激烈程度,而廣告是推銷商品及其公司的重要宣傳手段,因此在當(dāng)今這個跨文化交際日益頻繁的世界里,如何正確地翻譯異域廣告使之適應(yīng)于目標(biāo)語的大眾需求就顯得尤為重要了。而廣告中體現(xiàn)企業(yè)文化底蘊和產(chǎn)品特色的廣告語言確切地說才是真正的語言精華,因此本文結(jié)合大量廣告實例探討廣告英漢語的特點,并且進(jìn)一步說明廣告翻譯的原則。

一. 廣告英漢語的詞匯特點

英詞廣告中出現(xiàn)頻率很高的詞是形容詞以及形容詞的比較級或最高級,如 “new”,“good”,“wonderful”,“amazing”,“the most”,“the best”,而漢語廣告中的四字結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)量很大,言簡意賅。在廣告原文明白易懂,表層意思和深層意思基本一致的情況下,可根據(jù)原文的上下文和所傳達(dá)的信息選用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~進(jìn)行翻譯,一般以直譯為主。

例一:The new digital era.數(shù)碼新時代。(索尼影碟機)

例二:Lucky Chocolate Toffe Brings Luck.幸福太妃糖,幸福地獲得。

例一采用直譯法,“new” 一詞體現(xiàn)了英語廣告中常用形容詞的特點;例二雖然沒有完全采用直譯法,但“l(fā)ucky”一詞同樣體現(xiàn)了英語廣告中常用形容詞的特點,而且“l(fā)ucky”和“l(fā)uck”突出了消費者的精神需要,即對幸運的渴求,因此更能吸引消費者。

例三:Your trip can always be a carefree experience as our meticulous services keep you feel at home.Innovative decor, well-equipped guest rooms, elegant dining venues, attentive services and friendly smile…Only when you visit the Windsors can you discover how considerate we are!(賓館廣告)您的旅行可以一直是無憂無慮的,這是因為,我們周到的服務(wù)會使您感到賓至如歸。富有創(chuàng)意的裝飾,設(shè)備良好的客房,環(huán)境優(yōu)雅的餐廳,細(xì)心的服務(wù)和友善的微笑??只 有當(dāng)您光臨溫莎公寓時,您才會感覺到我們做得是多么細(xì)致入微!

例四:金杯牌汽床墊工藝先進(jìn),結(jié)構(gòu)新穎,造型美觀,款式繁多,舒適大方,攜帶方便。

The technological design of the “Golden Cup” brand air-filled bed cushions is advanced with novel structure, beautiful shape and various patterns.They are comfortable and convenient to carry.例三這則廣告依據(jù)英語的詞序直接翻譯而來,譯文用了直譯法,既保留了原文內(nèi)容又保留了原文形式,能夠在很大程度上再現(xiàn)原廣告的風(fēng)格,有明白易懂的特點,而且英文廣告多采用形容詞,譯文則多是四字詞語,言簡意賅;例四中的漢語廣告用六個四字結(jié)構(gòu)的詞語并列突顯出產(chǎn)品的特點,通俗易懂且文字對仗符合漢語廣告的特點。

二. 廣告英漢語的語言特點

廣告的功能在于宣傳產(chǎn)品、吸引大眾注意力、推銷所需,一則優(yōu)秀的廣告必須做到吸引眼球,具有說服力,給人以深刻的印象。要達(dá)到這一目的,語言是不可或缺的手段??谡Z化、簡潔易懂、形象生動的廣告語言使人感到親切,可以在很短的時期內(nèi)把它看完,容易打動讀者,使其留下深刻印象。下面本文就從三個方面來討論廣告英漢語的語言特點。

1.口語化

廣告語言只有通俗易懂才更有利于產(chǎn)品及其品牌的推廣,而口語化的表達(dá)能夠在短時間內(nèi)讓人產(chǎn)生親切感,容易產(chǎn)生共鳴,引發(fā)消費者的購買欲望,從而增強廣告的說服力。

例一:用了,就知道離不開它。(超能洗衣粉)

由于洗衣粉屬于日化用品,所以使用口語化的表達(dá)就非常符合產(chǎn)品的定位。廣告語無需借用華麗的語言給產(chǎn)品罩上光環(huán),而是用最樸實的語言拉近產(chǎn)品和消費者之間的距離,介紹切實的使用體驗,更提升了廣告的可信度。

例二:Getting places in the business world is easier if your banker is there to meet you.這樣一則銀行宣傳的廣告語選用了非??谡Z化的措辭,如 Getting places in the business world(在商界占一席之地),我們知道要想在商界獲得成功是非常不容易的事情,按照對詞語涵義的解析,obtain比get要更合適,可以表現(xiàn)出在商界立足的不易。但是本廣告語恰恰棄用了obtain,采用通俗口語化的get,淡化在商界立足的難度,以此更襯托出銀行服務(wù)的作用。

2.簡潔易懂

簡練的語言使廣告一目了然,容易讓受眾記住從而接受,進(jìn)而傳播,以此達(dá)到推銷產(chǎn)品的目的。因此,廣告語大多以最精簡的形式出現(xiàn)在大眾面前。

例如:Where miracle happens.---奇跡發(fā)生的地方。

這是一則很多人都鐘愛的賽事NBA的廣告語。這是一條短語式廣告,語言簡練而醒目,抓住了人們渴望奇跡的心理,同時也凸顯出NBA球員超強的能力、素質(zhì)以及賽事的精彩激烈,令人對之期待倍增。

3.形象生動

形象生動的語言使廣告更加醒目,令人過目難忘,從而達(dá)到推銷產(chǎn)品及品牌的效果。形象生動的語言往往通過對多種修辭方法的運用實現(xiàn)。修辭是語言的精華,許多廣告成功的訣竅在于運用各種修辭方法,常見的有比喻、雙關(guān)、擬人、排比、壓韻、夸張等等。

例一:Life is a journey.Travel it well.(暗喻)人生如旅程,應(yīng)盡情游歷。(United Airlines 聯(lián)合航空)

此廣告通過使用暗喻手法,把人生比作旅程,表面意思是應(yīng)該盡情游歷人生,實際是表達(dá)了在聯(lián)合航空您能享受到一流的服務(wù),讓您的飛行旅途猶如游歷快樂的人生。

例二:Coke refreshes you like no other can.(雙關(guān))

本句廣告語利用can在英語中的多重含義達(dá)到雙關(guān)的目的,既可以把它當(dāng)作情態(tài)動詞,表示能做到某事的能力,又可以把它作為名詞,表示聽、罐,雙重含義都強化了一個概念:該品牌飲料能帶來無與倫比的清爽感覺。

例三:Unlike me,my Rolex never needs a rest.(擬人)和我不一樣,我的勞力士全年無休。(勞力士手表)

這則廣告通過把產(chǎn)品擬人化,讓人感覺該品牌手表就像一位朋友,既親密又忠誠,全年無休毫無怨言地守護著主人,與此同時又是在表明該產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量值得信賴。

例四:Take Toshiba, take the world.(頭韻、排比)擁有東芝,擁有世界(Toshiba 電子)

這則東芝電子的廣告運用頭韻、排比的修辭方法使句子讀起來朗朗上口,一目了然,令人過目難忘,從而達(dá)到推銷產(chǎn)品及品牌的效果。

除了以上提到的幾種修辭,還有夸張、反語、壓韻等很多修辭手法都能在實際應(yīng)用中起到意想不到的效果。不過無論以什么方式,最終的目的都是給人留下深刻的印象,達(dá)到推銷產(chǎn)品的目的。

三. 廣告翻譯的原則

漢英廣告有其獨特的詞匯和語言特點,因此廣告的翻譯也就和普通文體的翻譯有所不同。廣告的目的決定了其翻譯仍然應(yīng)該具有廣告效應(yīng),因此,在進(jìn)行忠實翻譯的同時應(yīng)該兼顧到廣告語言的特征,做到靈活處理,使譯文簡潔流暢,形象生動。

1.忠實原則

忠實原則是任何文體翻譯的最基本的準(zhǔn)則,對廣告翻譯猶是如此。在翻譯廣告時很多時候我們也可以嚴(yán)格地忠實于原文,并且也能夠取得很好的廣告效果。比如:

例一:Let’s make things better.(Philips)

讓我們做得更好。

例二:Challenge the limits(Samsung)

挑戰(zhàn)極限。

這兩則廣告所采用的方法就是嚴(yán)格忠實于原文的直譯,從詞匯的選擇上我們可以看到是一一對應(yīng);從句法上來說,兩則廣告的譯文和原文一樣,都是采用的祈使句;從文體風(fēng)格上說,例1 中“l(fā)et’s”所表達(dá)出來的口語色彩在譯文中得到了很好的體現(xiàn),而例2 中原文堅定有力的語氣在譯文中通過使用四字短語得到了很好的保留。

但是,廣告是一種非常特殊的文體,廣告效果是否達(dá)到要看廣告是否得到受眾的認(rèn)同。而一則成功的廣告就是已經(jīng)被大眾所接受和認(rèn)可了的。要想把一則好的中文或英文廣告翻譯成英語或中文,并且也要達(dá)到同樣的廣告效果就要考慮一系列復(fù)雜的因素,其中最重要的是文化的因素。比如說我國早年生產(chǎn)“鳳凰”牌自行車,在國內(nèi)銷量很好,不僅因為自行車的質(zhì)量優(yōu)異、造型美觀,還因為“鳳凰”在中國文化中意味著“龍鳳呈祥”、“吉祥如意”之意,符合了消費者企盼吉祥的心理。但當(dāng)“鳳凰”牌自行車銷往國外時卻少有人問津,原因是商品名稱“鳳凰”翻譯成“Phoenix”,在西方人看來Phoenix意味著“鳳凰涅槃,浴火重生”,是不幸的象征,縱使產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量再好,西方人也不愿購買。這里采用的直譯方法產(chǎn)生的實際效果與預(yù)期效果背道而馳,當(dāng)西方人看到這些詞語的時候就讓他們產(chǎn)生不好的聯(lián)想,他們還會對廣告感興趣嗎?由此可以看出,在做廣告翻譯時,要忠實的不是原文字面上的意義,而是原文所具備的功能。因此在一些時候允許譯者做一定限度的創(chuàng)造。

2.通俗易懂

對于廣告的翻譯來說通俗易懂顯得更為重要,因為廣告的讀者具有更多的選擇空間和更大的選擇的權(quán)利,即使一個讀者是帶著真的想購買產(chǎn)品的目的來讀廣告的,那么一旦他發(fā)現(xiàn)該廣告深奧難懂,讀起來不知所云的話他不會付出太大的心力去體會廣告的內(nèi)涵,他一定會轉(zhuǎn)向其他的廣告,更何況大多數(shù)的讀者并沒有購買產(chǎn)品的意愿,所以我們在翻譯廣告作品的時候一定要讓自己翻譯出來的英文句子符合英文的語法,顯得地道,4 這樣不僅會讓西方讀者容易懂,還會讓他們產(chǎn)生一種親切感。除了要注意到英語的語法規(guī)則,盡量使翻譯出來的句子顯得流暢易懂外,還有一個比較容易操作的捷徑就是仿寫,可以仿照本身就已經(jīng)存在的英語廣告,例如:

紅枚相機新奉獻(xiàn)。My love’s like a Red Rose!

這則廣告的翻譯就來源于 Robert Burns 那首著名的詩 My love’s like a red ,red rose,通過改寫,使讀者讀了感到親切自然,更能接受廣告所宣傳的產(chǎn)品。

3.追求美感

廣告的翻譯是一門藝術(shù),譯者往往要絞盡腦汁地使他們的翻譯,也就是一條新的廣告做到新穎、醒目、有說服力、并能展現(xiàn)出一種美來。一則表現(xiàn)了美的廣告則更容易得到讀者的認(rèn)同,因此很多情況下廣告翻譯需要靈活處理。例如:

例一:Good to the last drop.滴滴香濃,意猶未盡。

這是某咖啡品牌的廣告及翻譯。漢語多使用四字短語使表達(dá)朗朗上口,具有美感,因此譯文既契合了原著的意境,又兼顧到譯文語言的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,讓人聽起來就感受到該咖啡給人帶來的舒適享受,激發(fā)購買欲望。此條廣告譯文就在忠實于原著的同時又加入了新的創(chuàng)作,使廣告充滿美感,不失為一則上乘的翻譯。

例二: 質(zhì)量第一,顧客第一,信譽第一。

Quality first,Customers first,and Prestige first!這則廣告的原文采用中國人所喜愛的四字詞語,同時重復(fù)了三次“第一”,采用排比句,具有很強的氣勢,給人一種感覺就是該公司很有氣魄,一定會說到做到。而英文翻譯也使用了排比句,也同樣重復(fù)了三次first,不僅保留了原文的氣勢,也保留了原文的“形美”,便于讀者記憶,甚至能讓讀者“過目不忘”。

結(jié)論

由于廣告本身是宣傳的一種手段,已經(jīng)形成了一種獨特的文體,具有自己的語言特征及翻譯準(zhǔn)則,所以在進(jìn)行翻譯的時候也必須考慮到譯文的宣傳效果以及譯文語言的特點,并遵從廣告翻譯的原則,需要根據(jù)不同的文化背景,從具體情況出發(fā),靈活地傳達(dá)出原文的意義,譯出雅俗共賞、簡潔凝練、生動有趣的中英文廣告,以達(dá)到商品宣傳和促使消費者購買的目的。

參考文獻(xiàn):

1.崔剛.廣告英語[M].北京:北京理工大學(xué)出版社, 1993.2.鄧炎昌, 劉潤清.語言與文化[M].北京: 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社, 1989.3.馮慶華.實用翻譯教程[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,2002.4.劉曉梅.目的論與漢英廣告翻譯[J].西安外國語大學(xué)學(xué)報, 2007(6).5.譚衛(wèi)國.英漢廣告修辭的翻譯[J].中國翻譯,2003,(3).6.傅仲選.實用翻譯美學(xué)[M].上海: 上海外語教育出版社,1993.

第四篇:翻譯

Unit One Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese in brackets into English.He argues that while accepting all the glory and money that comes with being famous, an athlete should be a role model for teenagers to look up to 他認(rèn)為,在接受名人所帶來的一切榮譽和金錢的同時,運動員應(yīng)該成為青少年的榜樣。

1.Most nutrition experts have pointed out that a balanced diet is critical to health1大多數(shù)營養(yǎng)專家指出均衡的飲食對健康是至關(guān)重要的。

2.By involving his students in different forms of debate, he intendsto develop their critical thinking ability2、通過讓學(xué)生參與不同形式的辯論,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的批判性思維能力。

3.4.Contrary to our expectation, Jane did not make a fuss over her son’s intention 意圖to pursue an academic career3、出乎我們意料的是,簡并沒有為兒子打算從事學(xué)術(shù)事業(yè)而大驚小怪。

5.Before he applied for the job as a door-to-door salesman, I advised him to ponder whether he was physically fit for walking many miles a day在他申請一個挨家挨戶推銷的推銷員之前,我建議他考慮一下他是否適合每天步行幾英里。

6.Unlike his sister who takes everything seriously, Mike rarely exert himself in courses that he is not interested in不像他姐姐認(rèn)真對待每一件事,邁克很少在他不感興趣的課程中發(fā)揮自己的作用。

7.The key point made in this article is that students can benefit a lot from after activities本文的重點是學(xué)生可以從課外活動中受益匪淺。

8.Soon after he joined the new company, he found himself confronted with the most challenging task in his career他剛加入新公司不久,就發(fā)現(xiàn)自己面臨著最具挑戰(zhàn)性的工作。VI.Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

1.In college you will move from being teacher-taught to master-inspired, after which you must become a self-directed learner.在大學(xué)里,你將從聆聽老師授課轉(zhuǎn)向受大師啟迪,之后你會變成一個自我管理的學(xué)習(xí)者。

2.Please take each subject seriously, for even if what you learn isn’t critical for your life, the skills of learning will be something you cherish forever.即使你所學(xué)的不是你生活中最重要的,也要認(rèn)真對待大學(xué)里的每一門功課,學(xué)習(xí)的能力將會讓你受用終身。

3.College friends will be the best in your life because they are not only physically closer than your family but the bonds will be strong as you gain independence and enter adulthood together.大學(xué)時代的朋友將會成為你生命中最好的朋友,因為在大學(xué)你和朋友能夠比跟家人更近距離地交往,而且你們一塊成長,一起獨立,這種關(guān)系就會很牢固。

4.Keep your high school friends and stay connected to them, but do not use them as substitutes for college friendship.要跟高中時代的朋友保持聯(lián)系,但不要用他們來代替大學(xué)的友誼。

5.Whatever decisions that confront you, you must take control of your life.不管你面臨著做出什么決定,你都必須把握自己的人生。Exercises of Unit 2 Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1)If you learn English in a part of the world where British influence is historically predominant, you will end up speaking a variety of English which has a distinctively British character.如果你是在歷史上受英國影響顯著的地方學(xué)習(xí)英語,那你最后講的英語將帶明顯的英國特征。

2)The most noticeable differences, thanks to Noah Webster, are in the spelling, but even there we are talking about only a few common alternatives, such as color vs colour, and only a few hundred in all.諾亞.韋伯斯特認(rèn)為二者最明顯的區(qū)別在拼寫方面。然而,在拼寫上,指的也是一些常見的可替換詞,比如color 和colour。而且這些可替換詞加起來總共也就幾百個。

3)Far more difficult is when we don’t, as in the alien lexical world(to British ears)of baseball and the corresponding alien world(to American ears)of cricket.當(dāng)這些詞的概念不同時,就更難理解了。就像(在英國人聽來)棒球的詞匯很陌生,(在美國人聽來)板球的詞匯也同樣陌生。

4)Quite plainly the only reason there were rules in the English language was to bend and break them, to maximum effect.很明顯,英語語言里存在規(guī)則的唯一原因就是可以改變和打破這些規(guī)則,以最大程度的達(dá)到效果。

Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese given in brackets into English.1)She saw a dress in the shop window and it tookher fancy immediately她在商店櫥窗里看到一件衣服,立刻看中了它。

2)Being fully prepared, she rattled off all the names in one breath她準(zhǔn)備充分,一口氣一口氣說出了所有的名字。

3)Illegally imported reptiles such as snakes and crocodiles often ended up as shoes, belts and handbags非法進(jìn)口的爬行動物如蛇和鱷魚經(jīng)常以鞋子、皮帶和手提包而告終。

4)Although the play was staged in a small theatre, it was packed with enthusiastic audiences雖然這出戲在一個小劇場上演,但卻充滿了熱情的觀眾。

5)The movie succeededthanks to the fine acting by all cast由于演員們的出色表演,這部電影獲得了成功。

6)In the middle of the night he was woken up by a sudden bang andsat up in alarm午夜時分,他突然被一聲巨響驚醒了,驚慌的坐了起來 7)Thankfully, he wasn’t hurt, but heshould never have been there in the first place謝天謝地,他沒有受傷,但他一開始就不應(yīng)該到那里去。

8)The tourists are suggested to take a cable car to the top of the mountain andtake in the magnificent views there游客們建議乘纜車到山頂,欣賞那里壯麗的景色。

Unit 3 Exercises 2.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1)

If pressed, the average American might point to the early twentieth century and Sam’s frequent appearance on army recruitment posters.要是追問普通美國人這一人物形象,他們可能會說起20世紀(jì)早期,在征兵海報上頻頻亮相的山姆形象。

2)

The War of 1812 sparked a renewed interest in national identity which had faded since the revolutionary war.1812年的戰(zhàn)爭激發(fā)了美國民眾對民族身份新的熱情,而這種熱情自獨立戰(zhàn)爭以后便已消失殆盡。

3)

The Civil War saw a major transition in the development of Uncle Sam as his image was associated with that of Abraham Lincoln.美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間,山姆大叔的形象因和亞伯拉罕.林肯聯(lián)系在一起而經(jīng)歷了巨大的變化。4)

The famous “I Want You” recruiting poster by James Montgomery Flagg set the image of Uncle Sam firmly into American consciousness.詹姆斯.蒙哥馬利.弗拉格設(shè)計的“我需要你加入美國軍隊”的著名海報把山姆大叔的形象深深植根在了美國人民的意識之中。

3.Complete the sentences by transltating the Chinese given in brackets into English.2)As early as 1830,there were inquiries into the origin of the term “Uncle Sam ”早在1830年初,就有人對“Uncle Sam”這個詞的起源進(jìn)行了調(diào)查。3)The final version of Uncle Sam that we are most familiar with todaycame about in 1917.我們最熟悉的《山姆叔叔》的最終版本是在1917年出版的。

4)

Despite this strong relationship in popular culture between Uncle Sam and the government,he was not officially adopted until 1950盡管山姆大叔和政府之間的流行文化有著密切的關(guān)系,但直到1950他才正式通過。5)

Sam, like Yankee Doodle and Brother Jonathan, originated in popular culture山姆,像揚基歌和喬納森兄弟,起源于流行文化。Unit 8 Exercises 2.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1)

He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.他跟邦迪談了一會兒,提出的問題反映出他疑團重重。

2)

The eloquent speaker, however, made no mention of our meeting, of our trouble, of our demand, to say nothing of our prospects.然而,那位能言善辯的演講者沒有提到我們會面,沒有提到我們的麻煩,也沒有提到我們的要求,更沒有提到我們的前途了。

3)

He warned that the improvement in bilateral relations might be jeopardized by a continuation of the war.他警告說,連續(xù)的戰(zhàn)爭有可能會危及到雙邊關(guān)系的改善。

4)

The mystery remained unsolved in spite of the painstaking efforts the detectives made in the investigation.盡管偵探費了九牛二虎之力進(jìn)行調(diào)查,但謎團仍然沒有解開。5)The president announced , with obvious relish, that the planes took off from “Shangri-la”.總統(tǒng)得意洋洋地宣布,飛機是從香格里拉起飛的。

6)My assistant, who had carefully read through the instruction before his experiment, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically.盡管我的助手在實驗前認(rèn)真閱讀了指令,但卻沒有得到令人滿意的結(jié)果,因為他機械照搬。

7)Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and more serious faults.任何有理智的人都不會指望在廣告中看到全部真相,這就像不能指望申請工作者會說出他的缺點和嚴(yán)重的過失一樣。

8)The characteristics of his family claim some attention from all who would understand Napoleon and the influence which he was to wield over modern Europe.那些想要了解拿破侖其人以及他對近代歐洲產(chǎn)生的影響之人,必須了解他的家庭特征。

9)Everyone acknowledges that Newton was a great man;yet few have more than the vaguest acquaintance with his living personality.大家都承認(rèn)牛頓是位偉人,但是很少有人對他的個性有大概的了解。10)He would be a short-sighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond.誰光守著自己的城堡而不往外看,那他就是一位目光短淺的指揮官。3.Complete the sentences by transltating the Chinese given in brackets into English.1)I have never heard of that guy, much less have I seen him我從來沒有聽說過那個家伙,更不用說我見過他了。

2)His income used to be too small to support his family.他的收入過去太小,無法養(yǎng)活家人。

3)As long as you never lose heart , you will surely succeed in the future.只要你不灰心,你將來一定會成功的。

4)

His intelligence, coupled with hard work,made him a very qualified teacher.他的聰明才智加上勤奮,使他成為一名合格的教師。

5)

The more we got to know him, the more we love him as a person.我們越了解他,我們就越喜歡他這個人。

6)Students’ progress in learning is due to the improvement of teachers’ work efficiency學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步是教師工作效率提高的結(jié)果。

7)He is eager to shield his children from the press他渴望保護自己的孩子免受媒體的傷害。

8)He is an American professor, as I can tell from his accent他是一位美國教授,從他的口音我可以看出來。

9)I think it would be sensible to leave early in case there is a heavy traffic我認(rèn)為如果交通擁擠,早走是明智的。

10)Scientists have come up with new ways of saving energy which is indeed a great scientific breakthrough科學(xué)家們提出了節(jié)約能源的新方法,這確實是一項重大的科學(xué)突破。

I.Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks:

1.Before going to bed she __A____ herself that the door was locked.A.assured B.ensured C.insured

D.sured 2.The girl student is always attentive ___C__ what the teacher says in class.A.with

B.of

C.to

D.by 3.This college English teacher left __B____ for commercial business.A.academy B.academia C.academic D.academics

4.The two parties signed a ____B____ with each other on this project.A.bind

B.bond

C.bound

D.pond 5.The curious is inquisitive ____D__ things around her _____ instinct.A.of?in

B.with?for

C.in?with

D.about?by 6.He had not __C__ courage to fight against the outlaws.A.efficient

B.effective

C.sufficient

D.proficient 7.We can _____A_ the truth from a mass of confused evidence.A.evolve

B.revolve

C.resolve

D.dissolve 8.I shall confide this duty ___D__ you, because I confide _____you.A.to?to

B.in?in

C.in?to

D.to?in 9.I don't want to make a __B___ over such a trifle.A.font

B.fuss

C.dogma

D.lullaby 10.He had _C_____ long and deeply over this question before finding a solution.A.wondered

B.wounded

C.pondered

D.pounded 11.We should ___A____ , rather than ______ , every day of our college life.A.cherish?perish

B.perish?cherish

C.treasure?pleasure

D.pleasure?treasure 12.Rare _D____ home to see his parents.A.he goes

B.he go C.he will go

D.does he go 13.The new model is a testament ___C___ the skill and dedication of the workforce.A.by

B.at

C.to

D.with 14.Please let me __A___ a toast to our friendship and cooperation.A.propose B.dispose C.disclose

D.enclose 15.I can’t ____C__ a lot of noisy people when I’m working.A.look up to

B.look down on

C.put up with

D.put through 16.You must also become __D_____ and ______ of others.A.tolerable?supportable

B.intolerable?supportive

C.tolerant?supportable

D.tolerant?supportive 17.If you are unsure where to _A_____ help, ask your family doctor.A.go for

B.go to

C.go against

D.go with 18.The only thing that __D____ is that you have learned something.A.affairs

B.businesses

C.events

D.matters

第五篇:翻譯

大學(xué)英語六級翻譯??季湫?/p>

During the meeting,hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him 他一開始說話,就被聽眾打斷了

Surrounded by the police, the kidnappers had no choices but to surrender on the spot(沒有選擇,只能投降)The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son's having been admitted to the university(她的兒子被大學(xué)入取了)The lecture was so boring that the students couldn't help yawning(學(xué)生忍不住打起哈欠)I'll be very grateful if you could be kind enough to give me a ride to school(好心載我一程去學(xué)校)(除非你和保險公司簽訂了貨物保險合同)Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled to a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.It is reported that local health organization was established 25 years ago(據(jù)說當(dāng)?shù)氐男l(wèi)生組織25年前就成立了)when Dr.Mark became its first president.Mrs.Smith shut the window lest the noise outside(should)interfere with her son's sleep(外面的噪聲會影響她兒子睡覺)The new mayor was charged with failure to fulfill his promise to decrease the inflation rate(未能履行他降低通貨膨脹率的承諾)When confronted with such question, my mind goes blank(每當(dāng)我遇到這類問題,我腦袋一篇空白),and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.The customer complained that no sooner had he started the computer than it stopped working(他剛啟動計算機,它就不運轉(zhuǎn)了)What upset me was not what he said but the way he said it.(不是他說的話,而是他說話的方式)This piece of writing is more like a news report than a short story.(與其說是短篇小說,還不如說是新聞報道)The court ruling deprive him of his political right.(剝奪他的政治權(quán)力)Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, while animal behavior depends mostly on instinct.(然而動物的行為主要依靠本能)。

The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, enables more women to take full advantages of employment of opportunities.(使得更多的婦女能夠充分利用就業(yè)機會)The likely reactions of the market needs considering carefully before action are token(在采取行動之前需要認(rèn)真考慮)He made such a contribution to the university that they named one of the buildings after him.(以他的名字為其中一棟樓命名)He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considering insufficiently popular with all members.(因為考慮他無法得到全體成員的歡迎)Americans eat twice more protein than(兩倍多的蛋白質(zhì))they actually need every day。

When you speak English, your pronunciation should be correct, otherwise you can't make yourself understood.(否則人家就聽不懂你的意思了)

My little daughter Marry, began to adapt herself to campus life after entering college for three months.(進(jìn)入大學(xué)三個月后開始慢慢適應(yīng)校園生活)Many drivers think it necessary that the government should lay down more stricter traffic rules(政府制定更加嚴(yán)格的交通規(guī)則)

Depending on what you are looking for you have to judge for yourself, how relevant the material to you(這些材料對你來說有多大相關(guān)性)The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.(等到完成的時候恐怕早就失去了所有價值)It was imperative that the secretary(should)get these documents prepared before Tuesday.(秘書在周二之前把這些文件準(zhǔn)備好)No matter how frequently performed,(無論多麼頻繁的演奏)the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.To minimize the possibility of theft,(爲(wèi)了最大限度的減少盜竊的發(fā)生的可能性), install a good alarm system.I don't think it is wise of you to show off your greater knowledge in front of the director.(我認(rèn)爲(wèi)在把主任面前賣弄你懂得更多知識是不明智的),for it may offend him.With repeated hacker's attack on your system, we came to realized the necessity of hiring a computer security expert.(我們正逐漸意識到請一位計算機安全專家的必要性)Your work is good on the whole, but there is still room for improvement(但是仍然有需改要改善的餘地)The sun gives off light and warmth, which makes it possible for plants to grow(這使得植物生長成爲(wèi)可能)

The father thought he could talked his daughter into changing her mind(他可以説服女兒改變主意)Nowadays advertising fees of new products are out of proportion to the cost of production.(與生産成本不成比例)Few people don't complain about the tedium of their jobs(很少人不抱怨工作點掉乏味), but they will feel more bored if they do not work.Henry has prepared a party for his girl friend, only to be told that she could not come by then(結(jié)果卻被告知他到時候不能來)The chief reason for the population growth is more a fall in death rates than a rise in birth rates.Ture friendship foresees the needs of others rather than proclaims of ones'own.(而不是聲明自己的要求)Although I liked the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it(但真正讓我覺得買下它的)was the beautiful view through the window。

The government was accused of failure to fulfill its to improve urban traffic conditions.(沒能實現(xiàn)其改善城市交通狀況的承諾)Only in this way could we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.(我們才能在畢業(yè)之后盡快適應(yīng)社會)No sooner had I lit the candle than it was put out(我剛點著蠟燭,就被風(fēng)吹滅了)I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to write off my debt in return for certain services(作為一些服務(wù)的回報,我的老板慷慨的同意將我的欠款一筆勾銷)Being out of work and having two children, the couple found it impossible to make ends meet(夫妻兩發(fā)現(xiàn)勉強維持升級是不能的)Generally speaking, when taken according to the direction(按照說明服用時), the drug has no side effect。

Some people argue that most crime can be attributed to the greed for money.(可歸咎于對金錢的貪婪)

Finding it difficult to adapt to that climate there(發(fā)現(xiàn)很難適應(yīng)那里的氣候), he decided to move to the north.Over a third fo the population was estimated to have no access to the health service.(沒有機會享受醫(yī)療保健服

incentive鼓勵,刺激 curb限制,抑制 consumption消費 institute設(shè)立,制定 penalty懲罰 census人口普查

population density人口密度

densely/sparsely populated人口稠密/稀少 aging of population人口老化 family planning計劃生育

to practice family planning實行計劃生育 to curb population growth控制人口增長

to have fewer and but healthier children少生優(yōu)生 baby boom生育高峰

environment protection環(huán)境保護 ecological生態(tài)的

prerequisite/precondition先決條件

['pri:'rekwizit] sustain維持

exploit/develop開發(fā),利用 perspective觀點,看法 extinction(生物)滅絕 deteriorate惡化 [di'ti?ri?reit] urbanization都市化

vegetation coverage植物覆蓋 marine life海洋生物 discharge排放

to protect rare animals and plants保護珍稀動物和植物 wild animal/wild life野生動物

renewable/non-renewable resources可更新/不可更新資源 ecological balance生態(tài)平衡 natural reserve自然保護區(qū) ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

environmental pollution環(huán)境污染

integrated control of environmental pollution環(huán)境污染綜合防治 afforestation植樹造林 shelterbelt防護林帶

soil erosion水土流失

desertification沙化 acid rain酸雨

foreign policies對外政策

cornerstone基石

reiterate重申

[ri:'it?reit] observe/abide by遵守 in compliance with遵照

open vast vistas開辟廣闊的前景 confrontation對抗

to seek common grounds while reserving differences求同存異 friendly exchanges友好往來 nato北約

unesco聯(lián)合國教科文組織 un聯(lián)合國

opec世界石油輸出國組織 apec亞太經(jīng)合組織 wto世界貿(mào)易組織 imf國際貨幣基金組織 education教育

input in education教育投入

communal participation社會參與

enhance the moral awareness of提高......的思想品德 professional ethics 職業(yè)道德 credit system學(xué)分制

guarantee job assignments包分配 multi-disciplinary多學(xué)科的 key university重點大學(xué)

national expenditure on education 國家教育經(jīng)費 account for...%占百分比

intercultural communication國際文化交流 equal stress on integrity and ability德才兼?zhèn)?/p>

to become educated through independent study自學(xué)成材 compulsory education普及教育、義務(wù)教育

preschool/elementary/secondary/higher/ education學(xué)前/初等/中等/高等教育 adult education成人教育

vocational and technical education職業(yè)技術(shù)教育 institutions of higher learning高等學(xué)校 in-service training course在職進(jìn)修班 compulsory/optional course必修/選修課 record of formal schooling學(xué)歷 diploma文憑,學(xué)歷證明

economy and reform經(jīng)濟與改革

gnp(gross national product)國民生產(chǎn)總值 per capita人均

give incentive to鼓勵

improve economic environment改善經(jīng)濟環(huán)境

rectify economic order整頓經(jīng)濟秩序

['rektifai]

control inflation控制通貨膨脹

invigorate enterprises搞活企業(yè)

[in'viɡ?reit] poor management/poorly managed管理不善

primary/secondary/tertiary industry第一/第二/第三產(chǎn)業(yè) foreign funded enterprises外資企業(yè) joint venture合資企業(yè)

wholly foreign owned funded enterprises獨資企業(yè) living standard生活水平industry 工業(yè)

fixed assets固定資產(chǎn)

sino-foreign joint venture中外合資企業(yè) autonomy in operation經(jīng)營自主

deficit虧空,赤字

['defisit] economic strength經(jīng)濟實力

total industrial and agricultural output value工農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值 national economic system國民經(jīng)濟體系

to work for more and better economic result提高經(jīng)濟效益 national revenue國民收入 consumption level消費水平

foreign trade and special economic zones對外貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟特區(qū) interior areas內(nèi)地

trading partner貿(mào)易伙伴

corporate income tax企業(yè)所得稅 export/import duty出口/進(jìn)口關(guān)稅

to coordinate the development協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展 to be approved by the state國家批準(zhǔn) balance of payment收支平衡

transnational corporation跨國公司

economic and technological development zone經(jīng)濟技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū) utilize foreign investment利用外資 direct foreign investment國外直接投資

to improve investment environment改善投資環(huán)境

technology and knowledge intensive project技術(shù)密集,知識密集型項目 favorable/unfavorable trade balance 順差/逆差 women and children婦女兒童 legal system法制

enact制定,頒布

[i'n?kt] minor未成年人

self recognition對自我價值的認(rèn)識 only child獨生子女

self-centered以自我為中心的

the elderly and the family老人和家庭 life expectancy預(yù)期壽命

to become common practice蔚然成風(fēng)

well-being幸福,福利

respecting the old and loving the young尊老愛幼 population and family planning人口與計劃生育

從100套真題中提煉而出的25個經(jīng)典句子

1.Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.美洲羚羊,或稱叉角羚,是該大陸典型的草原動物。['dwel?] 2.Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.1986年看見哈雷慧星的千百萬人當(dāng)中,有多少人能夠長壽到足以目睹它在二十一世紀(jì)的回歸呢?

3.Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.人類學(xué)家們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),恐懼,快樂,悲傷和驚奇都會行之于色,這在全人類是共通的。4.Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.由于其對人體的影響刺激,一般使用酚作為防腐劑已基本停止.5.Any profit organizations to survive and ultimately consumers must produce usable or needed products.'? 任何盈利組織若要生存,最終都必須生產(chǎn)出消費者可用或需要的產(chǎn)品。

6.The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.一個地方的人口越多,其對水,交通和垃圾處理的需求就會越大。

7.It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one's meaning.簡明,直接,有力的寫作難于花哨,含混而意義模糊的表達(dá)。

10.The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.膝蓋是大腿骨和小腿脛的連接處。

11.Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.酸是一種化合物,它在溶于水時具有強烈的氣味和對金屬的腐蝕性,并且能夠使某些藍(lán)色植物染料變紅。

12.Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.Billie Holiday's作為一個爵士布魯斯樂杰出歌手的名聲建立在能夠賦予歌曲感情深度的能力。

13.Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.理論在本質(zhì)上是對認(rèn)識了的現(xiàn)實的一種抽象和符號化的表達(dá)。

14.Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.兒童在能說或能聽懂語言之前,很久就會通過面部表情和靠發(fā)出噪聲來與人交流了。

15.Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.['k?ktai] 受當(dāng)代灌溉(技術(shù)設(shè)施)之賜,農(nóng)作物在原來只有仙人掌和蕎屬科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生長。

16.The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.機械計時器的發(fā)展促使人們尋求更精確的日晷,以便校準(zhǔn)機械計時器。

17.Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.人類學(xué)是一門科學(xué),因為人類學(xué)家采用一整套強有力的方法和技術(shù)來記錄觀測結(jié)果,而這樣記錄下來的觀測結(jié)果是供他人核查的。

18.Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.真菌在腐化過程中十分重要,而腐化過程將化學(xué)物質(zhì)回饋于土壤,提高其肥力,并分解動物糞便。

19.When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.音叉被敲擊時,產(chǎn)生幾乎純質(zhì)的音調(diào),其音量經(jīng)久不衰。

20.Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.雖然美洲山河桃樹最集中于美國的東南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利諾州也能看見它們。

21.Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating.用怪罪別人的辦法來解決問題通常被稱為尋找替罪羊。

22.The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.一個國家的主要食物是什么,大體取決于什么作物在其天氣和土壤條件下生長得最好。23.Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event's occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.在大量的實驗中,某一事件發(fā)生的幾率等于它不發(fā)生的幾率。

24.Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance's solid is higher than the density of its liquid.大多數(shù)物質(zhì)遇冷收縮,所以他們的密度在固態(tài)時高于液態(tài)。

25.The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.大腦細(xì)胞儲存記憶的機理并不為人明白。

21.all that is needed is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.2.after being interviewed for the job, you will be required to take a language test.3.nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people rather than harm them.4.they usually have less money at the end of the month than they have at the beginning.5.helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, which, of course, made the others jealous.6.no matter how frequently performed, the works of beethoven always attract large audiences.7.only under special circumstances are freshmen permitted to take make-up tests.8.the pressure to compete causes americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.9.your hair wants cutting,.you’d better have it done tomorrow.10.other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.11.homework done on time will lead to better grades.12.had it not been for my illness i would have lent him a helping hand.13.realizing that he hadn’t enough money and not wanting to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.14.the fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are being developed and perfected now.15.published as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.16.i have kept that portrait where i can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in london.17.believing the earth to be flat, many feared that columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.18.as might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.19.after the arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys being encouraged to go to school.20.you see the lightning the instant it happens, but you hear the thunder later.21.great as newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.22.if only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.23.living in the central australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least.24.all things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.25.a survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, the results of which were surprising.26.the girl’s being educated in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.27.all flights having been canceled BECause of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.28.while orbiting the SUN, the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth.29.the computer has brought about surprising technological changes in the way we organize and produce information.30.the house was very quiet, isolated as it was on the side of a mountain.31.i don’t mind your delaying making the decision as long as it is not too late.32.corn originated in the new world and thus was not known in europe until columbus found it being cultivated in cuba.33.we agreed to accept whoever they thought was the best tourist guide.34.having been judged the best in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.35.i’d rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than share a room with someone else.36.whatever difficulties we may come across, we’ll help one another to overcome them.37.once the fourth biggest city in the united states, st.louis has now become the 24th largest city.38.the mother didn’t know who to blame for the broken glass.39.in fact,peter would rather have left for san franCISCO than stayed in new york

40.although a teenager,fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.41.but for the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation.42.they always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first.43.professor wang, known for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.44.it is high time that such practices were ended.(整理:admin

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