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MBA邏輯基礎(chǔ)知識+題型總結(jié)

時(shí)間:2019-05-12 06:26:48下載本文作者:會員上傳
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第一篇:MBA邏輯基礎(chǔ)知識+題型總結(jié)

MBA邏輯基礎(chǔ)知識總結(jié)

1. 演繹推理:

a)聯(lián)言推理:p并且q b)選言推理:相容、不相容

c)假言推理:充分、必要

d)多重復(fù)合命題推理:假言連鎖(充分、必要)、假言易位、反三段論 e)直言命題對當(dāng)關(guān)系:反對、下反對、矛盾、差等 f)直言換位推理:詞項(xiàng)的周延、直言命題換位推理 g)三段論: 格和式、規(guī)則。h)模態(tài)命題的轉(zhuǎn)換 2. 歸納推理:

a)完全歸納屬于必然推理 b)不完全歸納屬于或然推理

3. 類比推理:

根據(jù)兩個(gè)對象在一系列屬性上是相同的,而且知道其中的一個(gè)對象還具有另一種屬性,由此推出另一個(gè)對象也具有這一屬性的推理。4. 邏輯基本規(guī)律:

a)同一律:A是A

在同一思維過程中,反映同一對象的思想必須是確定的,必須保持自身的統(tǒng)一。b)矛盾律:A不是非A

在同一思維過程中,互相否定的思想不能同時(shí)都是真的;或者說,對同一對象不能有相互否定的思想。c)排中律:A或者非A

在同一思維過程中,兩個(gè)相互矛盾的思想必有一真,不能都假。5. 因果關(guān)系:

a)求同法:異中求同

在被研究的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的若干場合中,如果有唯一的情況是這些場合中共有的,那么這個(gè)唯一的共同情況就是被研究現(xiàn)象的原因(或結(jié)果)。

b)求異法:同中求異

比較被研究的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的場合與被研究的現(xiàn)象不出現(xiàn)的場合,其他的情況完全相同,只有一個(gè)情況是不同的,而這唯一的不同的情況表現(xiàn)為,在被研究的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的場合中它出現(xiàn),在被研究的現(xiàn)象不出現(xiàn)的場合中,它不出現(xiàn)。那么,這個(gè)唯一不同的情況就是被研究現(xiàn)象的原因(或結(jié)果)。c)共變法:

在被研究現(xiàn)象發(fā)生變化的各個(gè)場合,如果其中只有一個(gè)情況是變化著的,而其他的情況都保持不變,那么這個(gè)唯一變化著的情況就是被研究現(xiàn)象的原因。

1. 演繹推理:

a)聯(lián)言推理:

一般形式:p并且q;

真值:只有p和q都真的情況下,“p并且q”才真。否則,為假。

連接詞:并且、和、既......又……、一方面……另一方面……、雖然……但是……、不但……而且……、既是……又是……、盡管……然而……等等。

負(fù)命題:“并非(p并且q)”等值于“非p或者非q” 幾個(gè)重要等值關(guān)系:

并非(p并且q)”《=》“非p或者非q”;

并非(p并且q)”《=》“如果p,那么非q;

“非p或者非q”《=》“如果p,那么非q;

b)選言推理:相容、不相容 1)相容選言:

一般形式:p或者q 真值:只要p或者q有一個(gè)為真,“p或者q”就為真。

只有p和q都假,“p或者q”才為假。

連接詞:或者

負(fù)命題:“并非(p或者q)”等值于“非p并且非q”

有效推理形式:否定肯定式

由于它斷定了選言支中至少有一個(gè)選言支是真的,因此,否定其中一個(gè)選 言支,就可以斷定其余的選言支中至少有一個(gè)是真的。其有效的推理形式為:

p或者q;

p或者q; 非p,非q,所以,q。

所以,p。

注意:相容選言,不能通過可定某一個(gè)選言支,而否定其它選言支。

2)不相容選言:

一般形式:要么p, 要么q.真值:只有p或者q一個(gè)為真的時(shí)候,“要么p, 要么q”為真; 當(dāng)p和q全真或全假的時(shí)候,“要么p, 要么q”為假。

連接詞:要么……,要么……。

負(fù)命題:不研究

有效推理形式:否定肯定式、肯定否定式

不相容選言命題斷定兩個(gè)選言支中有且只有一個(gè)選言支是真的,所以,我 們既可以肯定其中一個(gè)選言支,而否定另一個(gè)宣言支。也可以否定其中一個(gè)選 言支,從而肯定另外一個(gè)選言支。其有效的推理形式為:

要么p, 要么q;

要么p, 要么q; 非p,非q,所以,q。

所以,p。要么p,要么q;

要么p,要么q; p,q, 所以,非q。

所以,非p。

c)假言推理:充分、必要

1)充分條件:

一般形式:如果p, 那么q。

幾個(gè)重要等值關(guān)系:

如果p, 那么q。《=》 所有p是q。

如果p, 那么q。《=》 只有q,才p。

如果p, 那么q。《=》 或者非p或者q。

如果p, 那么q。《=》 并非(p并且非q)。

真值:只有p真,q假的時(shí)候,“如果p, 那么q”才假。其它情況都為真。連接詞:如果……那么……、如果……則……、若……則……、只要……就……、既然……那就……、既然……那么……等等。負(fù)命題:“并非(如果p,那么q)”等值于“p并且非q” 有效的推理形式:肯前、否后。如果p,那么q;

p,所以,q。

如果p,那么q; 非q,所以,非p。

2)必要條件:

一般形式:只有p,才q。

幾個(gè)重要等值關(guān)系:

“只有p,才q”《=》“如果非p,那么非q”

“只有p,才q”《=》“如果q,那么p”

“除非p,否則q” 《=》 “只有p,才非q”

真值:只有p假,q真的時(shí)候,“只有p,才q”才假。其它情況都真。

連接詞:不……不……、只有……才……、除非……否則……等等。

負(fù)命題:“并非(只有p,才q)”等值于“非p并且q”。

有效的推理形式:否前、肯后

只有p,才q;

非p,d)多重復(fù)合命題推理:假言連鎖(充分、必要)、假言易位、反三段論 1)假言連鎖(充分、必要):

如果p,那么q;

如果q,那么r; 所以,如果p,那么r。

只有p,才q; 只有q,才r; 所以,只有p,才r。

所以,非q。

只有p,才q; q,所以,p。

2)假言易位:

是指將一個(gè)充分條件假言的前件和后件否定后再互易其位置而得出的一 個(gè)新的假言命題的形式。如果p,那么q;

所以,如果非q,那么非p。3)反三段論:

如果p并且q,那么r;

非r,并且p; 所以,非q e)直言命題對當(dāng)關(guān)系:反對、下反對、矛盾、差等

1)反對(全肯與全否):不可同真,可以同假。

意味著,一個(gè)真可以推出另外一個(gè)假;但一個(gè)假推不出另外一個(gè)真假;

2)下反對(特肯與特否):不可同假,可以同真。

意味著,一個(gè)假可以推出另外一個(gè)真;但一個(gè)真推不出另外一個(gè)真假; 3)矛盾(全肯與特否、全否與特肯):不可同真,不可同假;必有一真,必有一假。

意味著,一個(gè)真,可以推出另外一個(gè)假;一個(gè)假可以推出另外一個(gè)真; 4)差等(全肯與特肯、全否與特否):

全稱真則特稱真,特稱假則全稱假;特稱真推不出全稱真假,全稱假推不 出特稱的真假。

f)直言換位推理:詞項(xiàng)的周延、直言命題換位推理 1)直言命題的周延原則:

第一,全稱命題主項(xiàng)周延,特稱命題主項(xiàng)不周延;

第二,否定命題的謂項(xiàng)周延,肯定命題謂項(xiàng)不周延。2)直言命題換位推理:

全肯命題:“所有S都是P”限制性換位為“有些P是S”

全否命題:“所有S都不是P”簡單換位為“所有P都不是S”

特肯命題:“有的S是P”簡單換位為“有的P是S”

特否命題:不能進(jìn)行換位

g)三段論: 格和式、規(guī)則。

格:即中項(xiàng)在大、小前提中的位置不同,而構(gòu)成的不同三段論格式;

式:即前提和結(jié)論由A、E、I、O命題構(gòu)成的不同組合。規(guī)則:

1)一個(gè)三段論有且只能有三個(gè)詞項(xiàng); 2)中項(xiàng)在前提中至少周延一次;

3)在前提中不周延的詞項(xiàng),在結(jié)論中不得周延; 4)兩個(gè)前提中有一個(gè)是否定的,則結(jié)論必須是否定的; 5)兩個(gè)前提中有一個(gè)是特稱的,則結(jié)論必須是特城的; 6)兩個(gè)否定的前提,推不出結(jié)論; 7)兩個(gè)特稱的前提,推不出結(jié)論。

h)模態(tài)命題的轉(zhuǎn)換:

第一步,變換量詞:“全稱”與“特稱”互換; 第二步,變換模態(tài)詞:“必然”與“不可能”互換,“可能”與“不必然”互換; 第三步,變換聯(lián)詞:“肯定聯(lián)詞”與“否定聯(lián)詞”互換。

MBA邏輯題型總結(jié)

雖然MBA邏輯試題千變?nèi)f化,但萬變不離其蹤,經(jīng)仔細(xì)研究和全面比較歷屆考題,發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分試題類型是不斷重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的,從中可以斷定MBA邏輯試題確實(shí)存在著一定的套路,這里把歷屆考題按題目的表現(xiàn)形式或解題方法劃分為十八種基本套路。如果考生能熟練掌握這些套路特點(diǎn),在遇到同類問題時(shí),一定有助于盡快理清思路,找到正確答案,從而在考場上能得心應(yīng)手。現(xiàn)把MBA

邏輯考試十八套路簡介如下(詳細(xì)介紹及大量例題請參閱復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社即將出版的新版《MBA聯(lián)考300分奇跡》)。

一、直接推斷型

這類題型的具體形式是:以題干為前提,要求在選項(xiàng)中確定合乎邏輯的結(jié)論;或者,從題干出發(fā),不可能推出什么樣的結(jié)論。其實(shí),解決這類簡單推理或直接推斷型考題,考生只需運(yùn)用日常邏輯推理就可以找到答案,幾乎沒有什么技巧可言,這類題型中很多屬于送分題,一般可在十秒中內(nèi)解決。

二、綜合推斷型

此類考題表面無統(tǒng)一特征,只是比直接推斷型要復(fù)雜些,當(dāng)然所謂復(fù)雜,其實(shí)并不很復(fù)雜,只是要多繞些彎而已。這種試題通常在題干中給出若干條件,要求考生從這些條件中合乎邏輯推出某種結(jié)論。這類題型很多涉及復(fù)合判斷推理,特別是對假言、聯(lián)言和選言等推理的綜合運(yùn)用。

三、對當(dāng)關(guān)系型

直言判斷及對當(dāng)關(guān)系是最基本的一個(gè)邏輯知識點(diǎn)(這里,我們把模態(tài)命題及其推理也歸入其中)。這類試題的表現(xiàn)形式可以多種多樣,但近幾年在MBA邏輯考試中出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)有減少的趨勢。解這類題型,要注意的是解題時(shí)千萬不能以個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)或?qū)I(yè)知識為依據(jù),關(guān)鍵是一定要從題干給出的內(nèi)容出發(fā),從中抽象出同屬于對當(dāng)關(guān)系的邏輯形式,根據(jù)對當(dāng)關(guān)系來分析判斷。

四、加強(qiáng)支持型

在MBA邏輯考試中,圍繞前提和結(jié)論之間的支持或反駁關(guān)系,設(shè)計(jì)了多種形式的考題,主要有加強(qiáng)前提型和削弱結(jié)論型。加強(qiáng)支持型考題解題思路是,要注意尋找與題干一致的選項(xiàng)。而如果是最不能加強(qiáng)型,當(dāng)然與題干相矛盾或不一致的選項(xiàng)就最不能加強(qiáng)了。應(yīng)該說,加強(qiáng)支持型和削弱質(zhì)疑型是密切相關(guān)的,不論加強(qiáng)還是削弱,題干的選項(xiàng)都必須首先與題干相關(guān),緊扣題干,與題干不相干、不一致的選項(xiàng)都不能加強(qiáng)題干,也不能削弱題干。

五、削弱質(zhì)疑型

削弱質(zhì)疑型是MBA邏輯考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),歸結(jié)為此類題型的考題是數(shù)量是最大的。削弱題型的解題關(guān)鍵是首先應(yīng)明確原文的推理關(guān)系,即什么是前提,什么是結(jié)論;在此基礎(chǔ)上,尋找削弱的基本方向是針對前提、結(jié)論還是論證本身。具體對不同的情況有不同的處理,比如:類型一,直接反對原因,即直接說明原文推理的前提不正確,就達(dá)到推翻結(jié)論的目的;類型二,指出存在其他可能解釋,原文以一個(gè)事實(shí)、研究、發(fā)現(xiàn)或一系列數(shù)據(jù)為前提推出一個(gè)解釋上述事實(shí)或數(shù)據(jù)的結(jié)論,要削弱這個(gè)結(jié)論,就可以通過指出由其他可能來解釋原文事實(shí);類型三,原文認(rèn)為A不是導(dǎo)致B的原因,要對其進(jìn)行削弱,就可以指出A是B的間接原因,即指出A通過導(dǎo)致C而間接的導(dǎo)致了B。

六、傳遞排序型

傳遞排序型其實(shí)是MBA邏輯考題中比較簡單的一種類型,這類題型一般在題干部分給出不同對象之間的若干個(gè)兩兩對比的結(jié)果,要求從中推出具體的排序。解這類題型的主要思路是要把所給條件抽象成最簡單的排序形式。

七、數(shù)字陷阱型

數(shù)字陷阱型考題出現(xiàn)的也不少,隱藏在“精確”數(shù)字背后的陷阱有如下幾種:一是平均數(shù)陷阱,在對平均數(shù)的模糊理解做文章;二是百分比陷阱,一般題干僅提供兩種事物的某種比率就比較出兩種事物的結(jié)果,其實(shí)其陷阱就在于該百分比所賴以計(jì)算出來的基數(shù)是不同的;三是錯誤比較,或者不設(shè)定供比較的對象,不設(shè)定比較的根據(jù)或基礎(chǔ),因此,表面上在進(jìn)行比較,實(shí)際上根本就不能比較。

八、真話假話型

把這類考題根據(jù)題目的表現(xiàn)形式歸結(jié)為真話假話型,這是一種通俗的說法,其本質(zhì)是涉及了邏輯基本規(guī)律(同一律、矛盾律、排中律)。解決這類問題的突破口往往是運(yùn)用對當(dāng)關(guān)系等邏輯知識在所有敘述中找出有互相矛盾的判斷,從而必知其一真一假。要注意的是:有時(shí)兩個(gè)命題雖然不是矛盾的,但互相反對(或下反對),即不能同真(或不能同假),那就可以推出兩個(gè)判斷中至少有一個(gè)是假的(或者至少有一個(gè)是真的),這也同樣是解題的關(guān)鍵。值得注意的是,因?yàn)榍?次考試中,多次出現(xiàn)此題型,但最新考試中已不見了它的蹤影。不過,考生仍應(yīng)多加兼?zhèn)洌驗(yàn)榇祟惪碱}實(shí)在是容易命題。

九、假言推理型

假言命題及推理型考題,主要是考察充分條件和必要條件的區(qū)分及具體運(yùn)用,這是邏輯考試中一個(gè)常考的點(diǎn)。具體要熟悉:(1)推理的傳遞性(A推出B,B推出C,則A能推出C);(2)不可逆性(重要的考點(diǎn),A推出B,B真,推不出A真);(3)逆否命題(A推出B,則非B推出非A)。如果已知條件很多很亂的問題時(shí),要迅速找到答案有一定的難度,因此,要同時(shí)考慮已知條件和選項(xiàng),在理解了已知條件的基礎(chǔ)上迅速瀏覽選項(xiàng),從兩頭推理,從而盡快找到答案。

十、集合重合型

可以根據(jù)基本的集合概念和邏輯常識解決該類題型,解這種題型的重點(diǎn)放在集合的“部分與全體”上,同時(shí)要善于分辨可能重合的部分和絕不會重合的部分。最直觀的辦法是根據(jù)題干提供的條件畫個(gè)小圖,題目即可迎刃而解。

十一、尋找假設(shè)型

由于這種題型是題干推理中的前提不足夠充分以推出結(jié)論,要求在選項(xiàng)中確定合適的前提,去補(bǔ)充的原前提或論據(jù),從而能合乎邏輯地推出結(jié)論或有利于提高推理的證據(jù)支持度和結(jié)論的可靠性。因此,做這類題的基本思路是緊扣結(jié)論,簡化推理過程,從因果關(guān)系上考慮,從前提到結(jié)論,中間一定有適當(dāng)?shù)募僭O(shè),尋找斷路或是因?yàn)椤帮@然”而省略掉的論述,也就是要“搭橋”,很多時(shí)候憑語感或常識就可以找到所要問的隱含的前提。

十二、說明解釋型

說明解釋型考題也是一種重要的題型,其主要表現(xiàn)形式是,在題干中給出某種需要說明、解釋的現(xiàn)象,再問什么樣的理由、根據(jù)、原因能夠最好地解釋該現(xiàn)象,或最不能解釋該現(xiàn)象,即與該現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生不相干。解這類題型有時(shí)需要一些相關(guān)的背景知識,但這些知識都屬于語言常識和一般性常識,并且已經(jīng)在題干或選項(xiàng)中給出,只是要求從中做一些選擇和判斷而已。

十三、語義分析型

語義分析型考題在邏輯考試中也比較常見。解這類題的基本思路:一是要閱讀仔細(xì),通過對選項(xiàng)和題干的內(nèi)容逐一對照,從迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)找到答案的線索;二是,充分運(yùn)用自己平時(shí)積累起來的語感,力求準(zhǔn)確理解、分析和推斷題干給出的日常語言表達(dá)的句子或內(nèi)容的復(fù)雜含義和深層意義。

十四、匹配邏輯型

匹配邏輯型題型一般特點(diǎn)是,這類題型題干一般提供幾類因素,每類因素又有幾種不同情況,同時(shí)題干還給出屬于不同類因素之間不同情況的判斷,要求推出確定的結(jié)論。有的考生特別害怕這種匹配類型的題目,其實(shí)只要細(xì)心得法,這類題目并不難。解這類考題時(shí),所要使用的推理形式和推理步驟較多,推理過程顯得相對復(fù)雜。解題基本思路是,通過對題干給出的多種因素間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析推理和排列組合,弄清題干中所給條件的內(nèi)在關(guān)系,從一個(gè)一個(gè)條件出發(fā),逐步推理,直至推出正確答案。具體比如可以用假設(shè)反證法,耐心點(diǎn)推是個(gè)笨辦法,但絕對是個(gè)好辦法;也可以用表格法,把已知條件劃在一個(gè)表格上,再進(jìn)一步推理。

十五、因果關(guān)系型

因果關(guān)系及因果倒置型在MBA邏輯考試中出現(xiàn)的形式有多種,比如,為了檢查的某種因果關(guān)系是否為真,最可靠的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法是改變原因后,看結(jié)果是否不同,即進(jìn)行對比實(shí)驗(yàn),對比實(shí)驗(yàn)的關(guān)鍵是讓實(shí)驗(yàn)對象的其他方面的條件相同。又比如,有時(shí)兩組數(shù)據(jù)之間的數(shù)據(jù)因果并不一定有原理因果,可能兩組數(shù)據(jù)都是由其它某一種數(shù)據(jù)決定的,這就是所謂表面因果與事實(shí)因果不符。

十六、邏輯錯誤型

邏輯錯誤型考題較多地出現(xiàn)在早期的邏輯考試中,近來有減少的趨勢。因?yàn)樵诖缶V中已規(guī)定“不考察邏輯學(xué)的專門知識”,所以,直接判斷邏輯錯誤的考題今后應(yīng)該不會再出現(xiàn)。今后,今后要考對邏輯錯誤的辨析,也只能考邏輯錯誤的類比,比如問你“題干中所犯邏輯錯誤與下列備選項(xiàng)中的哪一項(xiàng)最為類似?”也就是讓考生比較題干和選項(xiàng)中所犯邏輯錯誤的相同或不同。

十七、形式比較型

形式比較型考題是主要從形式結(jié)構(gòu)上比較題干和五個(gè)選項(xiàng)之間的相同或不同,即比較幾個(gè)不同推理在結(jié)構(gòu)上的相同或者不同。其解題基本思路是,著重考慮從具體的、有內(nèi)容的思維過程的論述中抽象出一般形式結(jié)構(gòu),即用命題變項(xiàng)表示其中的單個(gè)命題,或用詞項(xiàng)變項(xiàng)表示直言命題中的詞項(xiàng),每一個(gè)推理中相同的命題或詞項(xiàng)用相同的變項(xiàng)表示,不同的命題或詞項(xiàng)用不同的變項(xiàng)表示。做這類題型只考慮推理結(jié)構(gòu)和形式,而不考慮其內(nèi)容的對錯,一種出題方式就是題干本身的推理是錯誤,來對你造成一定的思維困難。

十八、確定論點(diǎn)型

確定論點(diǎn)型的具體表現(xiàn)形式是給出一段文字或?qū)υ挘罂偨Y(jié)它們所表達(dá)的中心內(nèi)容是什么或什么內(nèi)容沒在題干中表達(dá)。或給出一段論述,要求推出結(jié)論(確定論點(diǎn)型暨繼續(xù)推論型的變種:我們不可能得出的結(jié)論是)。其解題基本思路是對語言的理解,解此類題型主要是要憑語感、常識和日常的邏輯推理能力去尋找隱含的結(jié)論或內(nèi)在的含義。

第二篇:2018年考研MBA邏輯復(fù)習(xí)方法總結(jié)

凱程考研,為學(xué)員服務(wù),為學(xué)生引路!

2018年考研MBA邏輯復(fù)習(xí)方法總結(jié)

MBA邏輯是考察思維方式的一門科目,與一個(gè)人在生活和工作中積累形成的思維方式有關(guān)。一些同學(xué)常常在邏輯題上反復(fù)糾結(jié),卻導(dǎo)致浪費(fèi)時(shí)間沒有答好。凱程考研在此分享MBA考試邏輯備考提分策略,希望給大家?guī)硖嵘?

1、大部分MBA邏輯題目是不直接需要邏輯理論的(盡管潛意識中仍然需要運(yùn)用到那些理論)。因此,大家需要多做題目來訓(xùn)練自己的邏輯方面解題能力。要知道,MBA邏輯題目是從GMAT考試的邏輯題庫中抽取并稍加改動而成的,因此,有些做題目比較多的同學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)常能“碰”到原題那是完全可能的。更重要的——多做題可以開發(fā)您潛在的邏輯思維能力,讓您將本身具有的邏輯能力充分發(fā)揮出來。另外——雖然有一些必要的邏輯知識會對您順利解題有幫助,但是,做題時(shí)除非必要,請不要過多糾纏于邏輯理論或者老師經(jīng)常介紹的“前件”、“后件”、S、P什么的,因?yàn)槟侨绻荒苁炀殤?yīng)用,反而會降低解題速度。

2、MBA邏輯題目重要的是要善于從冗長拗口的題干中,將主旨簡化、剝離出來;

3、解邏輯題目時(shí)一個(gè)重要的技巧是需要“就題論題”,一定要圍繞題干進(jìn)行,千萬不要浮想聯(lián)翩,帶感情色彩。

寫作:寫作的論證有效性分析實(shí)際上是考邏輯,只要找到題干中的邏輯漏洞,并加以批駁即可,論證有效性分析類的作文題目以駁斥或補(bǔ)充題干論述為主,切勿全盤接受,并且論述要圍繞題干展開,就像邏輯考試中尋找能削弱題目觀點(diǎn)的一項(xiàng)一樣,不能脫離主題,主要是尋找推理中的謬誤,而不是提出自己新的觀點(diǎn)。論說文的立論型文章大家從小寫到大,都有自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn),這里不予贅述。另外,作文需要經(jīng)常的練習(xí)。頻率可以每周安排一次,主要是培養(yǎng)迅速、清楚審題,快速成文的能力,MBA聯(lián)考的作文,對考生的觀點(diǎn)要求并不高,重要的是不要跑題,快速完成,另外寫字的速度也很重要。因?yàn)?300字作文25道數(shù)學(xué)題、30道邏輯、要在180分鐘之內(nèi)完成,對速度要求是相當(dāng)高的。如果能在作文上節(jié)省時(shí)間,從而將更多的時(shí)間放在一些可能需要更仔細(xì)的科目——如數(shù)學(xué)的檢查上,無疑是有很大幫助的。

管理:管理主要在寫作的“案例分析”中來考查,由于只要求掌握一些基本知識,一般而言,優(yōu)秀的寫作老師在授課過程中會將一些容易考到的管理知識點(diǎn)進(jìn)行提及,大家只需要稍加掌握就OK了。另外,管理常識的積累對后期的復(fù)試也很有用。

總之,大家在備考MBA邏輯這門科目時(shí)要多做題,善于在邏輯題中抓住主旨,圍繞主旨分析解題。

現(xiàn)在考研復(fù)習(xí)沖刺階段,特為大家進(jìn)行了以下邏輯題型的總結(jié),希望大家在后沖刺練習(xí)中能夠加以運(yùn)用、舉一反

三、掌握各種題型的解題技巧。

1、加強(qiáng)削弱型

這是在MBA邏輯考試中出現(xiàn)多的題型。加強(qiáng)型主要有加強(qiáng)前提型和削弱結(jié)論型,削弱型剛好相反。加強(qiáng)型考題是要尋找與題干一致的選項(xiàng)。削弱型考題的解答則首先應(yīng)明確題干的推理關(guān)系,即什么是前提,什么是結(jié)論;在此基礎(chǔ)上,尋找削弱的對象,可以是針對前提,也可以針對結(jié)論,還可以針對論證本身,具體情況具體處理。比如:針對前提,則直接反對原因,即直接說明原文推理的前提不正確,就達(dá)到**結(jié)論的目的;針對結(jié)論,則指出由該前提存在其他可能解釋,則結(jié)論不一定成立;針對論證本身,則要指出論證上的漏洞,說明推理存在邏輯缺陷。

2、排序型

凱程考研,為學(xué)員服務(wù),為學(xué)生引路!

這種題型也比較簡單,這類題型一般在題干部分給出不同對象之間的若干個(gè)兩兩對比的結(jié)果,要求從中推出具體的排序。解這類題主要要把所給條件轉(zhuǎn)化為簡單的排序形式。比如列出幾個(gè)不等式或者等式。

3、集合型

可以根據(jù)基本的集合概念和邏輯常識來解決該類題型,解這種題型的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該放在集合的部分與全體上,同時(shí)要善于分辨可能重合的部分和絕不會重合的部分。這類題目好借助圖形解答,非常直觀,也不易出錯。

4、真假話型

解決這類問題的突破口是:運(yùn)用對當(dāng)關(guān)系等邏輯知識在所有敘述中找出有互相矛盾的判斷,從而找出必然存在的一真一假或者某一項(xiàng)必真或者必假。要注意的是:有時(shí)兩個(gè)命題雖然不是矛盾的,但互相反對(或不反對),即不能同真(或不能同假),那就可以推出兩個(gè)判斷中至少有一個(gè)是假的(或者真的),這也同樣是解題的關(guān)鍵。這種題型數(shù)量不多,但總會考。

5、因果型

因果關(guān)系及因果倒置型也是常見的題型。比如,為了檢查某種因果關(guān)系是否成立,采取某個(gè)特定的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法,改變原因后,看結(jié)果是否不同,即進(jìn)行對比實(shí)驗(yàn)。對比實(shí)驗(yàn)的關(guān)鍵是讓實(shí)驗(yàn)對象的其他方面的條件相同,而題目的錯誤也往往在于其他的某個(gè)關(guān)鍵影響因素并沒有被考慮進(jìn)來。另外,有時(shí)兩組數(shù)據(jù)之間并沒有直接的因果關(guān)系,僅僅是形式上有某些相似之處,比如同時(shí)增大減小等,它們可能是僅僅因?yàn)榍珊希部赡苁莿e的共同的因素導(dǎo)致的,而它們之間實(shí)際上沒有因果關(guān)系,就是說,它們都是某種結(jié)果。

6、推斷型

這類題型要求以題干為前提,在選項(xiàng)中確定合乎邏輯的結(jié)論;或者從題干出發(fā),推不出什么樣的結(jié)論。這類題目中簡單的,只需運(yùn)用日常邏輯推理就可以找到答案。而稍微復(fù)雜的題目通常在題干中給出若干表面上看沒有明顯的統(tǒng)一特征的條件,要求考生從這些條件推出某種結(jié)論。這類題型多涉及復(fù)合判斷推理,特別是對假言、聯(lián)言和選言等推理的綜合運(yùn)用。

7、前提型

這種題型題干推理中的前提不夠充分以推出結(jié)論,要求在選項(xiàng)中確定合適的前提,去補(bǔ)充原前提或論據(jù),從而能合乎邏輯地推出結(jié)論或有利于提高推理的證據(jù)支持度和結(jié)論的可靠性。做這類題要緊緊抓住結(jié)論,簡化推理過程,從因果關(guān)系上考慮,從前提到結(jié)論,尋找推理中的中斷處。

8、論點(diǎn)型

論點(diǎn)型的具體表現(xiàn)形式是給出一段文字或?qū)υ挘罂偨Y(jié)它們所表達(dá)的中心內(nèi)容是什么或什么內(nèi)容沒在題干中表達(dá)。或給出一段論述,要求推出結(jié)論。解此類題型有點(diǎn)象語文考試的閱讀理解,主要是要憑語感、常識和一般的邏輯推理去尋找隱含的結(jié)論或內(nèi)在的含義。

9、數(shù)字型

數(shù)字型考題也比較常見,主要是在簡單精確的數(shù)字背后隱藏有陷阱。主要類型有:平均數(shù)陷阱,在對平均數(shù)的模糊理解做文章;百分比陷阱,一般題干僅提供兩種事物的某種比率就比較出兩種事物的結(jié)果,其實(shí)其陷阱就在于該百分比所賴以計(jì)算出來的基數(shù)是不同的;錯誤比較,或者不設(shè)定比較的對象,不設(shè)定比較的根據(jù),表面上在進(jìn)行比較,實(shí)際上根本就不可比。

10、形式比較型

形式比較型考題是主要從推理形式上比較題干和五個(gè)選項(xiàng)之間的相同或不同。對這類題目,關(guān)鍵是要從具體的、有內(nèi)容的思維過程的論述中抽象出一般的推理形式,即用一般的邏輯推理關(guān)系來代替其中的單個(gè)命題。做這類題型只考慮推理結(jié)構(gòu)和形式,而不考慮其內(nèi)容的 2 頁 共 2 頁

凱程考研,為學(xué)員服務(wù),為學(xué)生引路!

對錯,所以題目往往會出一些題干本身是謬誤的、違反常識的東西來對考生造成一定的思維干擾,所以做這類題目要注意排除內(nèi)容本身的影響從而盡快找出其實(shí)質(zhì)的推理結(jié)構(gòu)。

頁 共 3 頁

第三篇:MBA常用邏輯知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)

一、邏輯基本規(guī)律

矛盾律:

n 所有的S是P,有些S不是P;

n 所有S不是P,有些S是P;

n A是P,A不是P;

n P并且Q,或者非P或者非Q;

n P或者Q,非P并且非Q;

n 如果P那么Q,P并且非Q;

n 只有P才Q,非P并且Q;

n 必然P,可能非P;

n 必然非P,可能P;

矛盾律注意有些問題是互相反對的命題。

同一律:

排中率:

二、直言命題和三段論:

邏輯上的有些指的是弱的有些,因此從有些S是P無法推出有些S不是P

兩個(gè)概念之間有五種關(guān)系,分別是同

一、包含、包含于、交叉、全異

AEIO之間的關(guān)系可以概括為四種:

矛盾:所有S都是P=并非有些S不是P;

所有S都不是P=并非有些S是P;

有些S是P=并非所有S都不是P;

有些S不是P=并非所有S都是P;

差等:存在同質(zhì)的全稱命題和特稱命題之間的對應(yīng)關(guān)系

反對:所有S都是P和所有S都不是P的關(guān)系;不能同時(shí)為真,但可以同時(shí)為假;如果一個(gè)為真,另一個(gè)必然為假;如果一個(gè)為假,另一個(gè)真假不定;

下反對:指的是有些S是P和有些S不是P的關(guān)系,可以同時(shí)為真,不能同時(shí)為假;一個(gè)為假則另一個(gè)必為真,但是一個(gè)為真不知另一個(gè)真假;

三、復(fù)合命題和推理

1、連言命題和推理

P并且Q:

n 合成式:P,Q 所以P且Q

n 分解式:P并且Q,所以P/Q

n 否定式:并非P,所以并非P且Q

2、選言命題和推理

相容選言命題,P或者Q的模型

n 有效推理:P或者Q,非P,所以Q;P或者Q,非Q,所以P;

P,P或者Q

n 無效推理:P或者Q,P,所以非Q,P或者Q,Q,所以非P

不相容選言命題,要么P,要么Q,二者必居之一

n 有效推理:要么P,要么Q,非P,所以Q;要么P,要么Q,非Q,所以P;

要么P,要么Q,P,所以非Q;要么P,要么Q,Q,所以非P;

n 無效推理:要么P,要么Q,P,Q;要么P,要么Q,Q,P;

要么P,要么Q,非P,非Q;要么P,要么Q,非Q,非P;

3、假言命題

充分條件假言命題:如果P,那么Q,只要P,就Q

n 只有前件真,后件假的情況下才能是假

有效推理:如果P,那么Q,P那么Q;如果P,那么Q,非Q所以非P;

n 無效推理:如果P,那么Q,非P所以非Q;如果P,那么Q,Q,那么P

n 如果P那么Q等值于“或者非P或者Q”也等于“并非(P并且非Q)”

必要條件假言命題:只有P才Q;除非P否則不Q,例如考試及格才能錄取

n 只有前件假,后件真的時(shí)候情況下才是假

n 有效推理:只有P才Q,非P,所以非Q;只有P才Q,Q,所以P

n 無效推理:只有P才Q,P,所以Q;只有P才Q,非Q,所以非P

n 如果P那么Q等值于“只有Q才P”;只有P才Q等值于“如果Q那么P”也等值于“如果非P那么非Q”

充要條件假言命題,P當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)Q

n 有效推理:P當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)Q,P,所以Q;P當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)Q,Q,所以P;

P當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)Q,非P,所以非Q;P當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)Q,非Q,所以非P;

4、負(fù)命題

負(fù)命題是否定詞在一個(gè)命題前面或者后面,并不是否定命題(否在在主謂)

n 并非所有S是P的等值于“有些S不是P”

n 并非(P并且Q)= 非P或者非Q

n 并非(P或者Q)= 非P且非Q

n 并非如果P則Q = P并且非Q

n 并非只有P才Q = 非P且Q

n 并非(P當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)Q)= P且非Q = 非Q且P

5、模態(tài)命題和推理

n 必然P:推出 并非必然非P;可能P;等值“并非可能非P”

n 必然非P:推出“并非必然P;可能非P;”等值“并非可能P”

n 并非可能P:推出“并非必然P;”

n 并非可能非P:推出“并非必然非P”

n 可能P:等值于“并非必然P”

n 可能非P:等值于“并非必然P”

n 不可能P:等值于“必然非P”

第四篇:GMAT邏輯“ 黑體字” 題型的總結(jié)

Bold Face Practice 1.Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes.(Fact)During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway.(Principle)

Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer.(Evidence)Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.(Conclusion)

2.A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug.(Principle)But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients’ bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo.(Anti-Consideration)

3.The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats.(Fact)A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats.(Evidence)

Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X,(Consideration that can be drawn from the first one)but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.(Fact)4.More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.(Conclusion)Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.(Conclusion)

5.Gasoline-powered boat engines manufactured in the a North American country prior to 1990 contribute significantly to the pollution found in the world’s oceans.(Fact)

In 1990, however, the government imposed stricter pollution controls on gasoline engines manufactured for boats, and beginning in 1995, the government imposed a program of inspections for pre-1990 boat engines with increasingly rigorous pollution standards.(Fact)

As the older boat engines fail to pass inspection, boat owners are increasingly retiring their old engines in favor of newer, less-polluting boat engines.(The evidence showed in the patten of cause and effect)As a result, the amount of pollution these older boat engines emit into the world’s oceans will steadily decrease over the next ten years.(Conclusion)

6.Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue.(Fact or Background)Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases, and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases.(The second evidence found by the author of passage)Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus.(Conclusion)7.To be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club, one must have a net worth of over ten million dollars and must not have any connections to the entertainment industry.Robert Chase, the publishing magnate, has a net worth of 5 billion dollars and Chase has not financed any Hollywood movies,(The part of evidence in support of this argument)so he must be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club.(The conclusion that could not be drawn from all evidences that the argument contains)

8.The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines.(Premise)Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials.(Fact)

As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials.(The author’s evidence)So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.(The author’s conclusion)

9.Something must be done to ease traffic congestion.(Conclusion)In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived(Evidence);

but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day.(Evidence)Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways where the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour, the actual speed averages only 35 miles per hour.(Evidence)

So new businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live.(Author’s method or strategy)

10.(OG-205)Consumer advocate:

it is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise.(Concession)It is also true that each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence.(Second concession / A pattern of cause and effect that the advocates argues will not hold in the case at issue)However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumer’s legal costs.(A certain position advocate hold)Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and if no longer required to specify fee arrangements, many lawyers who now advertise would increase their fees.(A consideration in support of that prediction)

GWD-1-Q3: A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price.Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.(a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy)

appeal: 呼籲,請求

But large profits on the new product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new product’s capabilities.(a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy)Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.(Author’s method or strategy)GWD-1-Q22&8-Q31: City Official:

At City Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have.Critics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured patients are more receiving proper medical care.(the position that the city official’s argument opposes)

However, this conclusion is almost certainly false.(the conclusion of the city official’s argument)

Careful investigation has recently shown two things: insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.(Evidence)

GWD-3-Q2 Hunter:

Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.(the main conclusion of the argument)

In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.(Evidence)

GWD-3-Q16: Economist:

Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.(supports the environmentalists’ conclusion)

Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.(states that environmentalists’ conclusion)

However, these environmentalists are probably wrong.The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.GWD-5-Q19: Historian:

In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village.Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete.(provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish)

This very completeness makes one point stand out;in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines.Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax.This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures.Tellingly: 有效地;顯著地

Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded;and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy.Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.(that position)

GWD-5-Q20: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)

However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual.(a finding on which that challenge is based)

Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.天山Q25: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs.Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.(evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.)GWD-6-Q16: Historian:

Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.(evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes)

A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.(evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position)

GWD-7-Q18&8-Q21: Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.(the position that the argument seeks to establish)

Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right.(Evidence in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish)Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing.(presents an assumption on which that argument relies.)Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C.it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.GWD-9-Q30: Criminologist:

Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted 21 of a third serious crime.These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently.(a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute)

What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime.Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.(the main conclusion of the argument)

GWD-10-Q17: Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest.Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient.A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce.The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted.(a proposal against which the editorial is directed)This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.(a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.)GWD-12-Q33: Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank.(describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses)

This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse.Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated.However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition.On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.(states the main conclusion of the argument.)天山Q3: Business Consultant:

Some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy.(consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy)Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executive’s dealings with external businesses.(a reason against adopting that strategy)The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’s executives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.天山Q32: Ecologist:

The Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs.The common view is that the Highlands’ deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture.However, agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2,000 years ago.(evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist’s rejection of a certain position.)Peat bogs, which consist of compressed decayed vegetable matter, build up by only about one foot per 1,000 years and, throughout the Highlands, remains of trees in peat bogs are almost all at depths great than four feet.(the evidence)Since climate changes that occurred between 7,000 and 4,000 years ago favored the development of peat bogs rather than the survival of forests, the deforestation was more likely the result of natural processes than of human activity.8月JJ真題

A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company’s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products.(the position that the argument as a whole opposes)

It is doubtful whether an investor’s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but in this case it is clearly not justified.(the conclusion of the argument as a whole)It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton’s case it indicates no such thing.Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.

第五篇:邏輯判斷--真假推理題型

邏輯判斷--真假推理題型

真假推理題的考查方式比較固定,因此,相對的解題技巧比較成熟,只要考生學(xué)會了相應(yīng)的技巧,并且加以練習(xí),那么國考中的真假推理題一定可以迎刃而解。真假推理題一般在題干中給出4至5個(gè)簡單命題,然后告訴考生這幾個(gè)命題中只有一個(gè)命題為真,或者只有一個(gè)為假,最后問四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的。

碰到此類出題形式的真假推理題,首先要做的是確定這幾個(gè)命題中到底是只有一個(gè)為真,還是只有一個(gè)為假,又或是兩真兩假的情況。再根據(jù)這個(gè)已知信息,從幾個(gè)給出的命題中找出矛盾關(guān)系。所謂矛盾關(guān)系就是兩者對立,只能一真一假。找到矛盾關(guān)系之后,既可確定這已知的一真或是一假必然出現(xiàn)在這對矛盾關(guān)系中。于是可以判斷除矛盾關(guān)系外的幾個(gè)命題一定為真或者一定為假。最后根據(jù)真假信息來確定答案。

以上方法是解真假推理題的一個(gè)非常常用的技巧,接下來結(jié)合幾個(gè)真題實(shí)例來詳細(xì)講解這種方法的運(yùn)用。

經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享:雖然自己在這帖子里給大家發(fā)了很多感慨,但我更想跟大家說的是自己在整個(gè)公務(wù)員考試的過程中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)的以及自己能夠成功的考上的捷徑。首先就是自己的閱讀速度比別人的快考試過程中的優(yōu)勢自然不必說,平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)效率才是關(guān)鍵,其實(shí)很多人不是真的不會做,90%的人都是時(shí)間不夠用,要是給足夠的時(shí)間,估計(jì)很多人能夠做出大部分的題。公務(wù)員考試這種選人的方式第一就是考解決問題的能力,第二就是考思維,第三考決策力(包括輕重緩急的決策)。非常多的人輸就輸在時(shí)間上,我是特別注重效率的。第一,復(fù)習(xí)過程中絕對的高效率,各種資料習(xí)題都要涉及多遍;第二,答題高效率,包括讀題速度和答題速度都高效。我復(fù)習(xí)過程中,閱讀和背誦的能力非常強(qiáng),讀一份一萬字的資料,一般人可能要二十分鐘,我只需要兩分鐘左右,讀的次數(shù)多,記住自然快很多。包括做題也一樣,讀題和讀材料的速度也很快,一般一份試卷,讀題的時(shí)間一般人可能要花掉二十幾分鐘,我統(tǒng)計(jì)過,我最多不超過3分鐘,這樣就比別人多出20幾分鐘,這在考試中是非常不得了的。論壇有個(gè)帖子專門介紹速讀的,叫做“得速讀者得行測”,我就是看了這個(gè)才接觸了速讀,也因?yàn)樗僮x,才獲得了筆試的好成績。其實(shí),不只是行測,速讀對申論的幫助更大,特別是那些密密麻麻的資料,看見都讓人暈倒。學(xué)了速讀之后,感覺有再多的書都不怕了。而且,速讀對思維和材料組織的能力都大有提高,個(gè)人總結(jié),擁有這個(gè)技能,基本上成功一半,剩下的就是靠自己學(xué)多少的問題了。平時(shí)要多訓(xùn)練自己一眼看多個(gè)字的習(xí)慣,慢慢的加快速度,盡可能的培養(yǎng)自己這樣的習(xí)慣。當(dāng)然,有經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的同學(xué),千萬不要吝嗇,花點(diǎn)小錢在自己的未來上是最值得的,多少年來耗了大量時(shí)間和精力,現(xiàn)在既然勢在必得,就不要在乎這一刻。建議有條件的同學(xué)到這里用這個(gè)軟件訓(xùn)練速讀,大概30個(gè)小時(shí)就能練出比較厲害的快速閱讀的能力,這是給我?guī)椭浅4蟮膶W(xué)習(xí)技巧,極力的推薦給大家.(給做了超鏈接,按住鍵盤左下角Ctrl鍵,然后鼠標(biāo)左鍵點(diǎn)擊本行文字)

【例1】桌上有四個(gè)杯子,每個(gè)杯子都寫著一句話,第一個(gè):“所有的杯子里都有啤酒”;第二個(gè):“本杯中有可樂”;第三杯“本杯中沒有咖啡”;第四個(gè)“有些杯子中沒有啤酒”。

假如只有一個(gè)為真話,那么()為真。A.所有的杯子中有啤酒 B.所有的杯子中都沒有可樂 C.第三個(gè)杯子中有咖啡 D.第二個(gè)杯子中有可樂

【解析】C。拿到這樣一道題,先要看題目中給出的已知信息,即“只有一個(gè)為真話”。再從題干的四句話中尋找矛盾關(guān)系:第一句話:所有的杯子里都有啤酒,第四句話:有些杯子中沒有啤酒。這兩句是相互矛盾的關(guān)系,也就是意味著這兩句話一真一假。又因?yàn)橐阎畔⒅挥幸粋€(gè)真話,真話又在這兩句矛盾關(guān)系中,因此,剩下的第二句話和第三句話一定都為假。于是將二三兩句話否定之后,就成了兩句真話:第二個(gè)杯子中沒有可樂,第三個(gè)杯子中有咖啡。最后,查看四個(gè)選項(xiàng),C選項(xiàng)正確。

【例2】甲、乙、丙和丁是同班同學(xué)。甲說:“我班同學(xué)都是團(tuán)員。”乙說:“丁不是團(tuán)員。”丙說:“我班有人不是團(tuán)員。” 丁說:“乙也不是團(tuán)員。”

已知只有一個(gè)人說假話,則可推出以下判定肯定是真的一項(xiàng)為()。A.說假話的是甲,乙不是團(tuán)員 B.說假話的是乙,丙不是團(tuán)員 C.說假話的是丁,乙不是團(tuán)員 D.說假話的是甲,丙不是團(tuán)員

【解析】A。首先看到“只有一個(gè)人說假話”,再尋找矛盾關(guān)系:甲說:“我班同學(xué)都是團(tuán)員。”丙說:“我班有人不是團(tuán)員。”這兩個(gè)是矛盾關(guān)系,于是一定是一真一假。因此,剩下的乙和定說的話一定都是真話,也就是說班里面丁不是團(tuán)員,乙也不是團(tuán)員。又因?yàn)榧渍f班上同學(xué)都是團(tuán)員,所以甲說的是假話。故這道題目最終選擇A選項(xiàng)。

以上解題技巧的關(guān)鍵是找出矛盾關(guān)系,只要矛盾關(guān)系確定下來,那么就可以判斷剩下的命題的真假,利用剩下命題的真假關(guān)系去確定選項(xiàng)的真假。

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