第一篇：GMAT高分TIPS-邏輯題型標(biāo)志詞總結(jié)

內(nèi)容提要：在面對GMAT邏輯題目的時(shí)候，第一步就是看準(zhǔn)問題，明確題目類型，從而運(yùn)用不同的技巧解題。下面我們就對各種題型的關(guān)鍵詞做一個(gè)總結(jié)，希望可以幫助你在考場上從容面對各種問題。

一.歸納題

標(biāo)志詞：conclusion;inferred;implied;supported;if above true, then it is also true。(注：support不僅僅用于歸納法。舉例來說，歸納法的表達(dá)應(yīng)為：Which of the following are supported by the argument above?如果換個(gè)說法就可以變成加強(qiáng)題型的表述：Which of the following support the argument above?所以在解題的時(shí)候要格外小心。)

二.演繹題

1.第一種文章：前提推結(jié)論型

A.假設(shè)題：

標(biāo)志詞：assume;assumption;presuppose(特指對于前提的假設(shè));additional premise;not true unless;depend on;rely on.B.加強(qiáng)題：

標(biāo)志詞：support(注意和歸納題目的區(qū)分);strengthen, conclusion can be drawn if it were true that.C.削弱題：

標(biāo)志詞：weaken;cast doubt;argue against;damage;counter;challenge;flaw;refute;jeopardize;criticism;undermine;drawback;reasoning error;weakness.(其中flaw，criticism，reasoning error和weakness屬于名詞性的削弱)。

D.評價(jià)題：

標(biāo)志詞：evaluate，appraisal(根據(jù)加強(qiáng)題做)

2.第二種文章：因果結(jié)構(gòu)

文章內(nèi)部標(biāo)志詞：A is due to B;A is attribute to B;A is result of B;blame B on/for A;B is responsible for

A;credit A to B.問題中的標(biāo)志詞：explanation;interpretation;hypothesis。

DS工作室整理上傳，轉(zhuǎn)載請標(biāo)明出處 |

3.第三種文章：“變態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)”(表面上仍然是前提推出結(jié)論的結(jié)構(gòu)，實(shí)質(zhì)為因果結(jié)構(gòu)，即結(jié)論是前提的解釋)。此類文章沒有與眾不同的標(biāo)志詞，需要考生在實(shí)戰(zhàn)時(shí)分析判斷。

從題型上看，第一類文章的線索顯然多于后兩類，也就是說解題上較為方便，幸運(yùn)的是第一類題目一般占去了考題的絕大部分，所以說還是有技巧可尋的。

DS工作室整理上傳，轉(zhuǎn)載請標(biāo)明出處 |

第二篇：GMAT邏輯“ 黑體字” 題型的總結(jié)

Bold Face Practice 1.Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes.(Fact)During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway.(Principle)

Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer.(Evidence)Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.(Conclusion)

2.A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug.(Principle)But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients’ bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo.(Anti-Consideration)

3.The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats.(Fact)A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats.(Evidence)

Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X,(Consideration that can be drawn from the first one)but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.(Fact)4.More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.(Conclusion)Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.(Conclusion)

5.Gasoline-powered boat engines manufactured in the a North American country prior to 1990 contribute significantly to the pollution found in the world’s oceans.(Fact)

In 1990, however, the government imposed stricter pollution controls on gasoline engines manufactured for boats, and beginning in 1995, the government imposed a program of inspections for pre-1990 boat engines with increasingly rigorous pollution standards.(Fact)

As the older boat engines fail to pass inspection, boat owners are increasingly retiring their old engines in favor of newer, less-polluting boat engines.(The evidence showed in the patten of cause and effect)As a result, the amount of pollution these older boat engines emit into the world’s oceans will steadily decrease over the next ten years.(Conclusion)

6.Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue.(Fact or Background)Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases, and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases.(The second evidence found by the author of passage)Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus.(Conclusion)7.To be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club, one must have a net worth of over ten million dollars and must not have any connections to the entertainment industry.Robert Chase, the publishing magnate, has a net worth of 5 billion dollars and Chase has not financed any Hollywood movies，(The part of evidence in support of this argument)so he must be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club.(The conclusion that could not be drawn from all evidences that the argument contains)

8.The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines.(Premise)Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials.(Fact)

As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials.(The author’s evidence)So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.(The author’s conclusion)

9.Something must be done to ease traffic congestion.(Conclusion)In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived(Evidence);

but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day.(Evidence)Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways where the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour, the actual speed averages only 35 miles per hour.(Evidence)

So new businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live.(Author’s method or strategy)

10.(OG-205)Consumer advocate:

it is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise.(Concession)It is also true that each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence.(Second concession / A pattern of cause and effect that the advocates argues will not hold in the case at issue)However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumer’s legal costs.(A certain position advocate hold)Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and if no longer required to specify fee arrangements, many lawyers who now advertise would increase their fees.(A consideration in support of that prediction)

GWD-1-Q3: A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price.Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.(a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy)

appeal: 呼籲,請求

But large profits on the new product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new product’s capabilities.(a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy)Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.(Author’s method or strategy)GWD-1-Q22&8-Q31: City Official:

At City Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have.Critics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured patients are more receiving proper medical care.(the position that the city official’s argument opposes)

However, this conclusion is almost certainly false.(the conclusion of the city official’s argument)

Careful investigation has recently shown two things: insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.(Evidence)

GWD-3-Q2 Hunter:

Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.(the main conclusion of the argument)

In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.(Evidence)

GWD-3-Q16: Economist:

Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.(supports the environmentalists’ conclusion)

Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.(states that environmentalists’ conclusion)

However, these environmentalists are probably wrong.The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.GWD-5-Q19: Historian:

In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village.Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete.(provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish)

This very completeness makes one point stand out;in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines.Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax.This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures.Tellingly: 有效地;顯著地

Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded;and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy.Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.(that position)

GWD-5-Q20: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)

However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual.(a finding on which that challenge is based)

Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.天山Q25: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs.Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.(evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.)GWD-6-Q16: Historian:

Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.(evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes)

A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.(evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position)

GWD-7-Q18&8-Q21: Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.(the position that the argument seeks to establish)

Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right.(Evidence in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish)Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing.(presents an assumption on which that argument relies.)Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C.it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.GWD-9-Q30: Criminologist:

Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted 21 of a third serious crime.These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently.(a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute)

What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime.Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.(the main conclusion of the argument)

GWD-10-Q17: Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest.Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient.A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce.The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted.(a proposal against which the editorial is directed)This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.(a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.)GWD-12-Q33: Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank.(describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses)

This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse.Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated.However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition.On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.(states the main conclusion of the argument.)天山Q3: Business Consultant:

Some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy.(consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy)Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executive’s dealings with external businesses.(a reason against adopting that strategy)The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’s executives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.天山Q32: Ecologist:

The Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs.The common view is that the Highlands’ deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture.However, agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2,000 years ago.(evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist’s rejection of a certain position.)Peat bogs, which consist of compressed decayed vegetable matter, build up by only about one foot per 1,000 years and, throughout the Highlands, remains of trees in peat bogs are almost all at depths great than four feet.(the evidence)Since climate changes that occurred between 7,000 and 4,000 years ago favored the development of peat bogs rather than the survival of forests, the deforestation was more likely the result of natural processes than of human activity.8月JJ真題

A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company’s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products.(the position that the argument as a whole opposes)

It is doubtful whether an investor’s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but in this case it is clearly not justified.(the conclusion of the argument as a whole)It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton’s case it indicates no such thing.Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.

第三篇：邏輯總結(jié)gmat

邏輯的最高境界是不是那種，看到問題和題干，就知道ETS會(huì)出什么答案的感覺？

放幾條剛剛總結(jié)的規(guī)律，拋磚引玉

名詞解釋

evidence：證據(jù)，現(xiàn)象等，一般指A conclusion：判斷，推論等，一般指B 元素：指evidence和conclusion中的主語謂語或賓語（很重要！）

一、歸納，conclusion題型

1、有兩個(gè)及以上的evidence，沒有conclusion，但有推理關(guān)系，答案就是是conclusion

2、有兩個(gè)及以上的evidence，且有數(shù)字作為evidence的，答案是需要計(jì)算一下元素和數(shù)字關(guān)系的conlusion 3：有evidence和conclusion，但evidence會(huì)影響到conclusion的準(zhǔn)確性，答案是conlusion不正確 A、上來就說conclusion，但舉出來了一條evidence是特例，答案是conlusion會(huì)被其他元素影響到

B、上來就說conclusion，然后舉出了一條影響conclusion正確的evidence，答案是conlusion被過高或過低估計(jì)了

4、有evidence和conclusion，但彼此之間無關(guān)聯(lián)，答案是evidence和conclusion無關(guān)系

5、有evidence和conclusion，但彼此矛盾，答案是conclusion不存在

6、有evidence和conclusion，且結(jié)構(gòu)比較完整無疏漏，答案是evidence的復(fù)述

7、有evidence和conclusion，且conclusion是兩個(gè)元素進(jìn)行比較的結(jié)構(gòu)，答案是conclusion的進(jìn)行比較的另一種寫法

二、演繹題

（一）假設(shè)題

1、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程完整，答案是把conclusion的元素和evidence的元素搭橋建立關(guān)系

A、情況A，當(dāng)evidence和conclusion各有一個(gè)，并且都有一個(gè)共同的元素時(shí)，把conclusion獨(dú)有元素和evidence的獨(dú)有的元素建立關(guān)系。B、情況B，有多個(gè)evidence和一個(gè)conclusion時(shí)，把conclusion和一個(gè)evidence共同用的元素和另外一個(gè)evidence的獨(dú)有的元素建立關(guān)系。

2、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程不完整，缺乏某一個(gè)應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)的evidence，答案是這個(gè)evidence

3、答案中含有not，分為不能被他因削弱和evidence的元素不能沒有關(guān)系兩種

（二）加強(qiáng)題

1、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程完整，答案是把conclusion的元素和evidence的元素搭橋關(guān)系

2、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程完整，答案是一個(gè)事實(shí)說明conclusion成立

3、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程為conclusion解釋evidence，本身已經(jīng)構(gòu)成充要條件，答案為evidence的逆否命題

（三）weaken題

1、有evidence和conclusion，但evidence存在不完整性或不正確，答案是evidence為啥不完整或不正確

2、有evidence和conclusion，且推理邏輯上正確，答案是其他的evdence在發(fā)揮作用

3、有evidence和conclusion，但推理不正確，答案是conclusion的獨(dú)有元素和evidence的獨(dú)有元素不具備關(guān)系

4、有evidence和conclusion，推理過程為conclusion解釋evidence，答案是其他的evdence在發(fā)揮作用

（四）評價(jià)題

1、有evidence和conclusion，答案是已經(jīng)存在的evidence的擴(kuò)大化或縮小化等評價(jià)性描述

三、解釋題

1、有evidence和conclusion，答案是evidence的補(bǔ)充和完善，基于適當(dāng)?shù)耐评砗统ＷR

四、填空題

1、有evidence和conclusion，答案是連接conclusion的元素和evidence的元素

還應(yīng)該有些類型，我還在陸續(xù)總結(jié)中，比如說有一些難題的答案，會(huì)是常規(guī)答案進(jìn)一步推理，比如必要條件或充分條件。還有一些答案用到了常識推理，比如價(jià)格原理等等。都應(yīng)該是難題了。

第四篇：GMAT邏輯專題：新東方高分學(xué)員經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享(三)(精)（共）

更多豐富的學(xué)習(xí)資料和新鮮度的考試資訊隨時(shí)放送給廣大G 友,敬請關(guān)注: 新gre 人人公共主頁:http://page.renren.com/601374366 新gmat 人人公共主頁:http://page.renren.com/601354805 GMAT 邏輯專題:新東方高分學(xué)員經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享(三采訪對象:黃璇 GMAT 成績:740 單項(xiàng)成績:語文40數(shù)學(xué)50 所在學(xué)校:寧波諾丁漢大學(xué) 參加課程:GMAT*強(qiáng)化暑假住宿班

黃璇同學(xué)在我們的采訪過程中,邏輯性很強(qiáng),并且表達(dá)清楚。陽關(guān)健談的她,特別愿意將自己的GMAT 經(jīng)驗(yàn)很大家一起分享。在此次采訪中,我們主要詢問了黃璇同學(xué)在邏輯備考方面的心得。讓我們一起走進(jìn)黃璇同學(xué)來了解她的備考方法。

【邏輯課上收獲多】

黃璇同學(xué)告訴記者,在邏輯課上她的收獲就是,課上所講的所有知識點(diǎn)和解題技巧她都在以后的做題中應(yīng)用上了,并且特別管用。她也將在課上學(xué)到的很多解題技巧和大家分享。

黃璇同學(xué)說,在課上,老師首先將題目分類,一共分為:削弱題、假設(shè)題、解釋題、評價(jià)題、歸納題、填空題、論證方法題。分為這幾個(gè)類別后,老師分別講解了每一種類型題的解題技巧。

小璇說,老師在講削弱題告訴大家,選項(xiàng)中若出現(xiàn)some、not all、not every 等削弱詞的時(shí)候,一般不選;選項(xiàng)中若出現(xiàn)A 與B 比較的時(shí)候,除非A 在文章中出現(xiàn)過,否則不能選;條件句選項(xiàng)一般不能選。這三條規(guī)律是有關(guān)削弱題的。當(dāng)然在課堂上,老師也講了其他的題型的做題方法。黃璇同學(xué)說,這是很有用的技巧。因?yàn)槔蠋熗ㄟ^真題的總結(jié),得到了很多經(jīng)驗(yàn),因此這樣的技巧很適實(shí)用。

黃璇同學(xué)說,這些考試技巧是在老師講過完整的做題思路之后才給大家的,因?yàn)榕麓蠹抑挥眉记啥浟藢W(xué)習(xí)真正的能力。

另外,黃璇同學(xué)建議同學(xué)們先掌握老師在課堂上所講的做題的步驟和方法,再進(jìn)行練習(xí),這樣的做題的正確率會(huì)有所提升。

【邏輯訓(xùn)練有方法——掌握步驟做題準(zhǔn)】

黃璇同學(xué)說,其實(shí)在GMAT 的邏輯考試中,除了考試的技巧和考試的方法以外,從一開始時(shí)就訓(xùn)練自己的做題步驟是十分有必要的,因?yàn)樵诖_立了做題步驟以后,同學(xué)們才能在排除無關(guān)干擾之后,真正的訓(xùn)練邏輯。黃璇同學(xué)告訴備考GMAT 邏輯的同學(xué)們,在做邏輯題時(shí)的主要步驟就是:

1、找到文章的論據(jù)和結(jié)論。

2、優(yōu)先選出否定句選項(xiàng),挑出無關(guān)詞匯和極端詞匯。

3、找到原題中與選項(xiàng)最接近的選項(xiàng)。

4、去掉not 看是否是反對結(jié)論,或者直接挑出支撐文章的結(jié)論的選項(xiàng)。在這樣的思路指導(dǎo)下,黃璇同學(xué)做邏輯題就不再發(fā)愁,而且這種方法,老師在課上用的十分多,所以,在課堂上黃璇同學(xué)就已經(jīng)掌握了這種步驟以及這樣做的好處。因而她在即做 題中,也是按照這樣的步驟做的。所以效果很好。很快的就可以判斷出文章的哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以去掉,哪些選項(xiàng)是有可能的了。

黃璇同學(xué)說,只有在步驟和技巧同時(shí)運(yùn)用的基礎(chǔ)上,將題目又快有準(zhǔn)的做出來才不是難事。因而只掌握技巧是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,還要有做題方法、詞匯、語法等的分析。

【學(xué)習(xí)方法因人而異】

黃璇同學(xué)說,學(xué)習(xí)方法確實(shí)是因人而異的,因此老師在課上講的學(xué)習(xí)方法是可以在融入自己的理解后,變成新的學(xué)習(xí)方法的。比如,老師在課上講的邏輯題型的分類。在運(yùn)用的過程中,同學(xué)們可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)只靠邏輯是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,因而我們可以加上語法的分析。

在有的句子看不懂時(shí)完全可以按照,句法成分的分析方法,加之邏輯的分析。同時(shí)在自己記錄錯(cuò)題時(shí)一定要講錯(cuò)題分類,這樣才能更有效的了解到自己到底是哪個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)薄弱,因而在今后的練習(xí)中,可以著重找到哪類題型來做。有的放矢的訓(xùn)練,才能真正的提高分?jǐn)?shù),盡信書不如無書。

同學(xué)們在平時(shí)做題時(shí)要認(rèn)真的總結(jié)了自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法,特別是做邏輯題的方法。每想一種方法,或者遇到一個(gè)困難都要把他們寫出來,因?yàn)閷懗鰜砗蟊阌谧约翰檎摇Ｔ趥淇糋MAT 時(shí)是千萬不能馬虎的,因?yàn)橐坏R虎就容易錯(cuò)過自己糾錯(cuò)的機(jī)會(huì)。

而且同學(xué)們也要正視錯(cuò)題,做了錯(cuò)題不要灰心,因?yàn)樽鲥e(cuò)題是發(fā)現(xiàn)問題的好機(jī)會(huì)。在同學(xué)們做提前都會(huì)看筆記看講義,但是只看不行動(dòng)是不管用的。備考的同學(xué)們只有在看了講義并且認(rèn)真做題后,才能領(lǐng)會(huì)到GMAT 邏輯考試的精髓。

結(jié)語: GMAT 不僅是一場考試,也是對同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度和學(xué)習(xí)方法的一次檢驗(yàn)。新東方也會(huì)為所有考生提供最良好的后背支持,以幫助同學(xué)們實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的夢想。當(dāng)你了解了考試,戰(zhàn)勝了自己,你就不用再羨慕其他的高分學(xué)員,你已經(jīng)在GMAT 的考試中找到了自己,找到了未來的方向。你們只有一件事要去做那就是:堅(jiān)定的向前走。

第五篇：MBA邏輯基礎(chǔ)知識+題型總結(jié)

MBA邏輯基礎(chǔ)知識總結(jié)

1． 演繹推理：

a)聯(lián)言推理：p并且q b)選言推理：相容、不相容

c)假言推理：充分、必要

d)多重復(fù)合命題推理：假言連鎖（充分、必要）、假言易位、反三段論 e)直言命題對當(dāng)關(guān)系：反對、下反對、矛盾、差等 f)直言換位推理：詞項(xiàng)的周延、直言命題換位推理 g)三段論： 格和式、規(guī)則。h)模態(tài)命題的轉(zhuǎn)換 2． 歸納推理：

a)完全歸納屬于必然推理 b)不完全歸納屬于或然推理

3． 類比推理：

根據(jù)兩個(gè)對象在一系列屬性上是相同的，而且知道其中的一個(gè)對象還具有另一種屬性，由此推出另一個(gè)對象也具有這一屬性的推理。4． 邏輯基本規(guī)律：

a)同一律：A是A

在同一思維過程中，反映同一對象的思想必須是確定的，必須保持自身的統(tǒng)一。b)矛盾律：A不是非A

在同一思維過程中，互相否定的思想不能同時(shí)都是真的；或者說，對同一對象不能有相互否定的思想。c)排中律：A或者非A

在同一思維過程中，兩個(gè)相互矛盾的思想必有一真，不能都假。5． 因果關(guān)系：

a)求同法：異中求同

在被研究的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的若干場合中，如果有唯一的情況是這些場合中共有的，那么這個(gè)唯一的共同情況就是被研究現(xiàn)象的原因（或結(jié)果）。

b)求異法：同中求異

比較被研究的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的場合與被研究的現(xiàn)象不出現(xiàn)的場合，其他的情況完全相同，只有一個(gè)情況是不同的，而這唯一的不同的情況表現(xiàn)為，在被研究的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的場合中它出現(xiàn)，在被研究的現(xiàn)象不出現(xiàn)的場合中，它不出現(xiàn)。那么，這個(gè)唯一不同的情況就是被研究現(xiàn)象的原因（或結(jié)果）。c)共變法：

在被研究現(xiàn)象發(fā)生變化的各個(gè)場合，如果其中只有一個(gè)情況是變化著的，而其他的情況都保持不變，那么這個(gè)唯一變化著的情況就是被研究現(xiàn)象的原因。

1． 演繹推理：

a)聯(lián)言推理：

一般形式：p并且q；

真值：只有p和q都真的情況下，“p并且q”才真。否則，為假。

連接詞：并且、和、既......又……、一方面……另一方面……、雖然……但是……、不但……而且……、既是……又是……、盡管……然而……等等。

負(fù)命題：“并非（p并且q）”等值于“非p或者非q” 幾個(gè)重要等值關(guān)系：

并非（p并且q）”《=》“非p或者非q”；

并非（p并且q）”《=》“如果p，那么非q；

“非p或者非q”《=》“如果p，那么非q；

b)選言推理：相容、不相容 1）相容選言：

一般形式：p或者q 真值：只要p或者q有一個(gè)為真，“p或者q”就為真。

只有p和q都假，“p或者q”才為假。

連接詞：或者

負(fù)命題：“并非（p或者q）”等值于“非p并且非q”

有效推理形式：否定肯定式

由于它斷定了選言支中至少有一個(gè)選言支是真的，因此，否定其中一個(gè)選 言支，就可以斷定其余的選言支中至少有一個(gè)是真的。其有效的推理形式為：

p或者q；

p或者q； 非p，非q，所以，q。

所以，p。

注意：相容選言，不能通過可定某一個(gè)選言支，而否定其它選言支。

2）不相容選言：

一般形式：要么p, 要么q.真值：只有p或者q一個(gè)為真的時(shí)候，“要么p, 要么q”為真； 當(dāng)p和q全真或全假的時(shí)候，“要么p, 要么q”為假。

連接詞：要么……，要么……。

負(fù)命題：不研究

有效推理形式：否定肯定式、肯定否定式

不相容選言命題斷定兩個(gè)選言支中有且只有一個(gè)選言支是真的，所以，我 們既可以肯定其中一個(gè)選言支，而否定另一個(gè)宣言支。也可以否定其中一個(gè)選 言支，從而肯定另外一個(gè)選言支。其有效的推理形式為：

要么p, 要么q；

要么p, 要么q； 非p，非q，所以，q。

所以，p。要么p，要么q；

要么p，要么q； p，q, 所以，非q。

所以，非p。

c)假言推理：充分、必要

1)充分條件：

一般形式：如果p, 那么q。

幾個(gè)重要等值關(guān)系：

如果p, 那么q。《＝》 所有p是q。

如果p, 那么q。《＝》 只有q，才p。

如果p, 那么q。《＝》 或者非p或者q。

如果p, 那么q。《＝》 并非（p并且非q）。

真值：只有p真，q假的時(shí)候，“如果p, 那么q”才假。其它情況都為真。連接詞：如果……那么……、如果……則……、若……則……、只要……就……、既然……那就……、既然……那么……等等。負(fù)命題：“并非（如果p，那么q）”等值于“p并且非q” 有效的推理形式：肯前、否后。如果p，那么q；

p，所以，q。

如果p，那么q； 非q，所以，非p。

2）必要條件：

一般形式：只有p，才q。

幾個(gè)重要等值關(guān)系：

“只有p，才q”《＝》“如果非p，那么非q”

“只有p，才q”《＝》“如果q，那么p”

“除非p，否則q” 《＝》 “只有p，才非q”

真值：只有p假，q真的時(shí)候，“只有p，才q”才假。其它情況都真。

連接詞：不……不……、只有……才……、除非……否則……等等。

負(fù)命題：“并非（只有p，才q）”等值于“非p并且q”。

有效的推理形式：否前、肯后

只有p，才q；

非p，d)多重復(fù)合命題推理：假言連鎖（充分、必要）、假言易位、反三段論 1)假言連鎖（充分、必要）：

如果p，那么q；

如果q，那么r； 所以，如果p，那么r。

只有p，才q； 只有q，才r； 所以，只有p，才r。

所以，非q。

只有p，才q； q，所以，p。

2）假言易位：

是指將一個(gè)充分條件假言的前件和后件否定后再互易其位置而得出的一 個(gè)新的假言命題的形式。如果p，那么q；

所以，如果非q，那么非p。3）反三段論：

如果p并且q，那么r；

非r，并且p； 所以，非q e)直言命題對當(dāng)關(guān)系：反對、下反對、矛盾、差等

1）反對（全肯與全否）：不可同真，可以同假。

意味著，一個(gè)真可以推出另外一個(gè)假；但一個(gè)假推不出另外一個(gè)真假；

2）下反對（特肯與特否）：不可同假，可以同真。

意味著，一個(gè)假可以推出另外一個(gè)真；但一個(gè)真推不出另外一個(gè)真假； 3）矛盾（全肯與特否、全否與特肯）：不可同真，不可同假；必有一真，必有一假。

意味著，一個(gè)真，可以推出另外一個(gè)假；一個(gè)假可以推出另外一個(gè)真； 4）差等（全肯與特肯、全否與特否）：

全稱真則特稱真，特稱假則全稱假；特稱真推不出全稱真假，全稱假推不 出特稱的真假。

f)直言換位推理：詞項(xiàng)的周延、直言命題換位推理 1）直言命題的周延原則：

第一，全稱命題主項(xiàng)周延，特稱命題主項(xiàng)不周延；

第二，否定命題的謂項(xiàng)周延，肯定命題謂項(xiàng)不周延。2）直言命題換位推理：

全肯命題：“所有S都是P”限制性換位為“有些P是S”

全否命題：“所有S都不是P”簡單換位為“所有P都不是S”

特肯命題：“有的S是P”簡單換位為“有的P是S”

特否命題：不能進(jìn)行換位

g)三段論： 格和式、規(guī)則。

格：即中項(xiàng)在大、小前提中的位置不同，而構(gòu)成的不同三段論格式；

式：即前提和結(jié)論由A、E、I、O命題構(gòu)成的不同組合。規(guī)則：

1）一個(gè)三段論有且只能有三個(gè)詞項(xiàng)； 2）中項(xiàng)在前提中至少周延一次；

3）在前提中不周延的詞項(xiàng)，在結(jié)論中不得周延； 4）兩個(gè)前提中有一個(gè)是否定的，則結(jié)論必須是否定的； 5）兩個(gè)前提中有一個(gè)是特稱的，則結(jié)論必須是特城的； 6）兩個(gè)否定的前提，推不出結(jié)論； 7）兩個(gè)特稱的前提，推不出結(jié)論。

h)模態(tài)命題的轉(zhuǎn)換：

第一步，變換量詞：“全稱”與“特稱”互換； 第二步，變換模態(tài)詞：“必然”與“不可能”互換，“可能”與“不必然”互換； 第三步，變換聯(lián)詞：“肯定聯(lián)詞”與“否定聯(lián)詞”互換。

MBA邏輯題型總結(jié)

雖然MBA邏輯試題千變?nèi)f化，但萬變不離其蹤，經(jīng)仔細(xì)研究和全面比較歷屆考題，發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分試題類型是不斷重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的，從中可以斷定MBA邏輯試題確實(shí)存在著一定的套路，這里把歷屆考題按題目的表現(xiàn)形式或解題方法劃分為十八種基本套路。如果考生能熟練掌握這些套路特點(diǎn)，在遇到同類問題時(shí)，一定有助于盡快理清思路，找到正確答案，從而在考場上能得心應(yīng)手。現(xiàn)把MBA

邏輯考試十八套路簡介如下（詳細(xì)介紹及大量例題請參閱復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社即將出版的新版《MBA聯(lián)考300分奇跡》）。

一、直接推斷型

這類題型的具體形式是：以題干為前提，要求在選項(xiàng)中確定合乎邏輯的結(jié)論；或者，從題干出發(fā)，不可能推出什么樣的結(jié)論。其實(shí)，解決這類簡單推理或直接推斷型考題，考生只需運(yùn)用日常邏輯推理就可以找到答案，幾乎沒有什么技巧可言，這類題型中很多屬于送分題，一般可在十秒中內(nèi)解決。

二、綜合推斷型

此類考題表面無統(tǒng)一特征，只是比直接推斷型要復(fù)雜些，當(dāng)然所謂復(fù)雜，其實(shí)并不很復(fù)雜，只是要多繞些彎而已。這種試題通常在題干中給出若干條件，要求考生從這些條件中合乎邏輯推出某種結(jié)論。這類題型很多涉及復(fù)合判斷推理，特別是對假言、聯(lián)言和選言等推理的綜合運(yùn)用。

三、對當(dāng)關(guān)系型

直言判斷及對當(dāng)關(guān)系是最基本的一個(gè)邏輯知識點(diǎn)（這里，我們把模態(tài)命題及其推理也歸入其中）。這類試題的表現(xiàn)形式可以多種多樣，但近幾年在MBA邏輯考試中出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)有減少的趨勢。解這類題型，要注意的是解題時(shí)千萬不能以個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)或?qū)I(yè)知識為依據(jù)，關(guān)鍵是一定要從題干給出的內(nèi)容出發(fā)，從中抽象出同屬于對當(dāng)關(guān)系的邏輯形式，根據(jù)對當(dāng)關(guān)系來分析判斷。

四、加強(qiáng)支持型

在MBA邏輯考試中，圍繞前提和結(jié)論之間的支持或反駁關(guān)系，設(shè)計(jì)了多種形式的考題，主要有加強(qiáng)前提型和削弱結(jié)論型。加強(qiáng)支持型考題解題思路是，要注意尋找與題干一致的選項(xiàng)。而如果是最不能加強(qiáng)型，當(dāng)然與題干相矛盾或不一致的選項(xiàng)就最不能加強(qiáng)了。應(yīng)該說，加強(qiáng)支持型和削弱質(zhì)疑型是密切相關(guān)的，不論加強(qiáng)還是削弱，題干的選項(xiàng)都必須首先與題干相關(guān)，緊扣題干，與題干不相干、不一致的選項(xiàng)都不能加強(qiáng)題干，也不能削弱題干。

五、削弱質(zhì)疑型

削弱質(zhì)疑型是MBA邏輯考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，歸結(jié)為此類題型的考題是數(shù)量是最大的。削弱題型的解題關(guān)鍵是首先應(yīng)明確原文的推理關(guān)系，即什么是前提，什么是結(jié)論；在此基礎(chǔ)上，尋找削弱的基本方向是針對前提、結(jié)論還是論證本身。具體對不同的情況有不同的處理，比如：類型一，直接反對原因，即直接說明原文推理的前提不正確，就達(dá)到推翻結(jié)論的目的；類型二，指出存在其他可能解釋，原文以一個(gè)事實(shí)、研究、發(fā)現(xiàn)或一系列數(shù)據(jù)為前提推出一個(gè)解釋上述事實(shí)或數(shù)據(jù)的結(jié)論，要削弱這個(gè)結(jié)論，就可以通過指出由其他可能來解釋原文事實(shí)；類型三，原文認(rèn)為A不是導(dǎo)致B的原因，要對其進(jìn)行削弱，就可以指出A是B的間接原因，即指出A通過導(dǎo)致C而間接的導(dǎo)致了B。

六、傳遞排序型

傳遞排序型其實(shí)是MBA邏輯考題中比較簡單的一種類型，這類題型一般在題干部分給出不同對象之間的若干個(gè)兩兩對比的結(jié)果，要求從中推出具體的排序。解這類題型的主要思路是要把所給條件抽象成最簡單的排序形式。

七、數(shù)字陷阱型

數(shù)字陷阱型考題出現(xiàn)的也不少，隱藏在“精確”數(shù)字背后的陷阱有如下幾種：一是平均數(shù)陷阱，在對平均數(shù)的模糊理解做文章；二是百分比陷阱，一般題干僅提供兩種事物的某種比率就比較出兩種事物的結(jié)果，其實(shí)其陷阱就在于該百分比所賴以計(jì)算出來的基數(shù)是不同的；三是錯(cuò)誤比較，或者不設(shè)定供比較的對象，不設(shè)定比較的根據(jù)或基礎(chǔ)，因此，表面上在進(jìn)行比較，實(shí)際上根本就不能比較。

八、真話假話型

把這類考題根據(jù)題目的表現(xiàn)形式歸結(jié)為真話假話型，這是一種通俗的說法，其本質(zhì)是涉及了邏輯基本規(guī)律（同一律、矛盾律、排中律）。解決這類問題的突破口往往是運(yùn)用對當(dāng)關(guān)系等邏輯知識在所有敘述中找出有互相矛盾的判斷，從而必知其一真一假。要注意的是：有時(shí)兩個(gè)命題雖然不是矛盾的，但互相反對（或下反對），即不能同真（或不能同假），那就可以推出兩個(gè)判斷中至少有一個(gè)是假的（或者至少有一個(gè)是真的），這也同樣是解題的關(guān)鍵。值得注意的是，因?yàn)榍?次考試中，多次出現(xiàn)此題型，但最新考試中已不見了它的蹤影。不過，考生仍應(yīng)多加兼?zhèn)洌驗(yàn)榇祟惪碱}實(shí)在是容易命題。

九、假言推理型

假言命題及推理型考題，主要是考察充分條件和必要條件的區(qū)分及具體運(yùn)用，這是邏輯考試中一個(gè)常考的點(diǎn)。具體要熟悉：（1）推理的傳遞性(A推出B,B推出C,則A能推出C)；（2）不可逆性(重要的考點(diǎn),A推出B,B真,推不出A真)；（3）逆否命題（A推出B,則非B推出非A）。如果已知條件很多很亂的問題時(shí)，要迅速找到答案有一定的難度，因此，要同時(shí)考慮已知條件和選項(xiàng)，在理解了已知條件的基礎(chǔ)上迅速瀏覽選項(xiàng)，從兩頭推理，從而盡快找到答案。

十、集合重合型

可以根據(jù)基本的集合概念和邏輯常識解決該類題型，解這種題型的重點(diǎn)放在集合的“部分與全體”上，同時(shí)要善于分辨可能重合的部分和絕不會(huì)重合的部分。最直觀的辦法是根據(jù)題干提供的條件畫個(gè)小圖，題目即可迎刃而解。

十一、尋找假設(shè)型

由于這種題型是題干推理中的前提不足夠充分以推出結(jié)論，要求在選項(xiàng)中確定合適的前提，去補(bǔ)充的原前提或論據(jù)，從而能合乎邏輯地推出結(jié)論或有利于提高推理的證據(jù)支持度和結(jié)論的可靠性。因此，做這類題的基本思路是緊扣結(jié)論，簡化推理過程，從因果關(guān)系上考慮，從前提到結(jié)論，中間一定有適當(dāng)?shù)募僭O(shè)，尋找斷路或是因?yàn)椤帮@然”而省略掉的論述，也就是要“搭橋”，很多時(shí)候憑語感或常識就可以找到所要問的隱含的前提。

十二、說明解釋型

說明解釋型考題也是一種重要的題型，其主要表現(xiàn)形式是，在題干中給出某種需要說明、解釋的現(xiàn)象，再問什么樣的理由、根據(jù)、原因能夠最好地解釋該現(xiàn)象，或最不能解釋該現(xiàn)象，即與該現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生不相干。解這類題型有時(shí)需要一些相關(guān)的背景知識，但這些知識都屬于語言常識和一般性常識，并且已經(jīng)在題干或選項(xiàng)中給出，只是要求從中做一些選擇和判斷而已。

十三、語義分析型

語義分析型考題在邏輯考試中也比較常見。解這類題的基本思路：一是要閱讀仔細(xì)，通過對選項(xiàng)和題干的內(nèi)容逐一對照，從迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)找到答案的線索；二是，充分運(yùn)用自己平時(shí)積累起來的語感，力求準(zhǔn)確理解、分析和推斷題干給出的日常語言表達(dá)的句子或內(nèi)容的復(fù)雜含義和深層意義。

十四、匹配邏輯型

匹配邏輯型題型一般特點(diǎn)是，這類題型題干一般提供幾類因素，每類因素又有幾種不同情況，同時(shí)題干還給出屬于不同類因素之間不同情況的判斷，要求推出確定的結(jié)論。有的考生特別害怕這種匹配類型的題目，其實(shí)只要細(xì)心得法，這類題目并不難。解這類考題時(shí)，所要使用的推理形式和推理步驟較多，推理過程顯得相對復(fù)雜。解題基本思路是，通過對題干給出的多種因素間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析推理和排列組合，弄清題干中所給條件的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，從一個(gè)一個(gè)條件出發(fā)，逐步推理，直至推出正確答案。具體比如可以用假設(shè)反證法，耐心點(diǎn)推是個(gè)笨辦法，但絕對是個(gè)好辦法；也可以用表格法，把已知條件劃在一個(gè)表格上，再進(jìn)一步推理。

十五、因果關(guān)系型

因果關(guān)系及因果倒置型在MBA邏輯考試中出現(xiàn)的形式有多種，比如，為了檢查的某種因果關(guān)系是否為真，最可靠的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法是改變原因后，看結(jié)果是否不同，即進(jìn)行對比實(shí)驗(yàn)，對比實(shí)驗(yàn)的關(guān)鍵是讓實(shí)驗(yàn)對象的其他方面的條件相同。又比如，有時(shí)兩組數(shù)據(jù)之間的數(shù)據(jù)因果并不一定有原理因果，可能兩組數(shù)據(jù)都是由其它某一種數(shù)據(jù)決定的，這就是所謂表面因果與事實(shí)因果不符。

十六、邏輯錯(cuò)誤型

邏輯錯(cuò)誤型考題較多地出現(xiàn)在早期的邏輯考試中，近來有減少的趨勢。因?yàn)樵诖缶V中已規(guī)定“不考察邏輯學(xué)的專門知識”，所以，直接判斷邏輯錯(cuò)誤的考題今后應(yīng)該不會(huì)再出現(xiàn)。今后，今后要考對邏輯錯(cuò)誤的辨析，也只能考邏輯錯(cuò)誤的類比，比如問你“題干中所犯邏輯錯(cuò)誤與下列備選項(xiàng)中的哪一項(xiàng)最為類似？”也就是讓考生比較題干和選項(xiàng)中所犯邏輯錯(cuò)誤的相同或不同。

十七、形式比較型

形式比較型考題是主要從形式結(jié)構(gòu)上比較題干和五個(gè)選項(xiàng)之間的相同或不同，即比較幾個(gè)不同推理在結(jié)構(gòu)上的相同或者不同。其解題基本思路是，著重考慮從具體的、有內(nèi)容的思維過程的論述中抽象出一般形式結(jié)構(gòu)，即用命題變項(xiàng)表示其中的單個(gè)命題，或用詞項(xiàng)變項(xiàng)表示直言命題中的詞項(xiàng)，每一個(gè)推理中相同的命題或詞項(xiàng)用相同的變項(xiàng)表示，不同的命題或詞項(xiàng)用不同的變項(xiàng)表示。做這類題型只考慮推理結(jié)構(gòu)和形式，而不考慮其內(nèi)容的對錯(cuò)，一種出題方式就是題干本身的推理是錯(cuò)誤，來對你造成一定的思維困難。

十八、確定論點(diǎn)型

確定論點(diǎn)型的具體表現(xiàn)形式是給出一段文字或?qū)υ挘罂偨Y(jié)它們所表達(dá)的中心內(nèi)容是什么或什么內(nèi)容沒在題干中表達(dá)。或給出一段論述，要求推出結(jié)論（確定論點(diǎn)型暨繼續(xù)推論型的變種：我們不可能得出的結(jié)論是）。其解題基本思路是對語言的理解，解此類題型主要是要憑語感、常識和日常的邏輯推理能力去尋找隱含的結(jié)論或內(nèi)在的含義。