第一篇：演講語言有哪些特點

演講是一種口語表達藝術，因此，學習演講就不能不研究和掌握演講的語言特點。您知道嗎？

演講語言是人們交流思想、表達情感、傳遞信息的工具。演講語言運用得好與壞，將直接影響著演講的社會效果。所以要想提高演講的質量，就必須研究和掌握演講的語言特點。那么，演講的語言有哪些特點呢？

1.準確性。演講使用的語言一定要確切、清晰地表現出所要講述的事實和思想，揭示出它們的本質和聯系。只有準確的語言才具有科學性，才能逼真地反映出現實面貌和思想實際，才能為聽眾接受，達到宣傳、教育、影響聽眾的目的。

要想使演講的語言做到準確，應當具備以下一些條件：

（1）思想要明確。演講者如果對客觀事物沒有看清、看透，自己的思想尚處于模糊狀態，用語自然就不能準確。所以只有思想明確了，才能使語言準確。

（2）具備豐富的詞匯量。詞匯的貧乏，往往會導致演講語言的枯燥無味，甚至詞不達意。要想使演講語言準確、恰當，演講者必須占有和掌握豐富的詞匯。為了準確地概括事物，就需要在大量的、豐富的詞匯里，篩選出最能反映出這一事物、概念的詞語來。

（3）注意詞語的感情色彩。詞的感情色彩是非常鮮明而細微的，只有仔細推敲、體味、比較，才能區別出詞語的褒貶色彩。例如，一個人死了，由于感情不同，用詞也就不同，如可用“犧牲”、“去世”、“走了”、“死了”、“完蛋了”、“見上帝去了”等等。這些詞表現的雖然都是同一個意思，但其感情色彩卻是截然不同的。

（4）恰到好處地使用一些有生命力的文言詞語。在這方面，毛澤東同志堪稱代表。他在演講中經常使用一些有生命力的文言詞語，比如在《反對黨八股》、《學習和時局》這兩次演講中，就用了“再思”、“行成于思”、“心之官則思”等文言詞語。

2.簡潔性。以最少的語言表達出最多的內容。要做到語言的簡潔，必須對于自己要講的思想內容經過認真地思考，弄清道理，抓住要點，明確中心。如果事前把這些搞清楚了，在演講時至少不至于拖泥帶水，紊亂蕪雜。還要注意文字的錘煉和推敲，并做到精益求精，一字不多，一字不易。

3.通俗性。如果演講的語言不通俗，聽眾聽不懂，就要影響演講的效果。為了使演講的語言通俗平易，我們須從以下幾方面努力：

（1）演講的語言要口語化。首先要解決思想認識問題。不要一動筆就往書面語言上靠。寫完后自己照稿念一念，看看是否上口，然后把那些不適合演講的書面語改為口語化的語言。其次，要注意選擇那些有利于口語表達的詞語和句式。雙音節和多音節的詞語比單音節的詞語容易上口，而且也好聽。如“當我要寫演講稿時”就不如“當我要寫演講稿的時候”好聽。

（2）演講的語言要個性化。馬克思曾經說過：“你怎么想就怎么寫，怎么寫就怎么說。”它告訴我們，不管“說”也好，“寫”也好，都要用自己的語言，而不是別人的語言或現成的語言。

（3）要說自己的話。有些演講者，愛使用一些“時髦”詞，或是套話，或是從報刊、書籍上摘抄下來的，生硬地拼在一起的話。這樣的語言聽起來挺“新鮮”，究其實卻內容干癟，缺乏生活的真實。用自己的話講，可能看起來很樸素、很普通，但卻更真實自如，更富有吸引力。

第二篇：演講的語言特點

演講的語言特點

要了解演講的語言的特色，讓我們先來了解下演講的性質，演講說白了就是一種是以宣傳鼓動為目的，帶藝術性的嚴肅的社會實踐活動。

從演講的性質我們可以看出，演講是一種以宣傳鼓動為目的，宣傳并讓聽眾接受某種觀點的一種語言表達的方式。既然要有鼓動的效果，其語言特點肯定不同于一般的的語言表達。

演講的性質決定了演講與朗誦存在很大的不同，演講與朗誦的范疇不同，演講屬精神實用藝術，側重于宣傳鼓動。朗誦屬表演藝術，側重于欣賞演講的選題有很強的現實性、時代性。朗誦的材料有很大的超越性。演講講究激情，其語言有特殊性。有生活化的舞臺語言，有舞臺化了的生活語言，演講一定要有激情點（高潮）。朗誦追求意境，其語言屬舞臺表演語言。

而演講更不是一般的報告，內容上，報告注重政策性、權威性、指導性。演講注重典型性、鮮明性；語言上，報告要求樸實，感情表達不要求大起大落，基調平穩。朗誦必須要有起伏。演講不是表演，是表現，要注重控制情緒，最好的演講員是他的眼淚在眼匡里，而聽眾的眼淚在臉上。

既然演講不同于朗誦，又與一般的報告存在很大的不同，那么演講的語言特色到底是哪些呢？

演講具有其特有的手勢語言。手指語言：“大拇指”動作一般表夸獎、很好，但有時表高傲的情緒；“十指交叉”一般表自信、敵對情緒、感興趣：“抓指式”一般表控制全場之勢：“背手”可給自己壯膽，鎮靜，也表自信，但對有的人是種狂妄表現：“手啄式”表示不禮貌的動作，本身就有一種挑釁、針對和強制性。以上都要看具體環境和當時面部表情。手掌語言：“向上”表示誠懇、謙虛：“向下”表提醒、命令：“緊握伸食指”帶有一種鎮壓性：“搓掌”表期待，快搓表增加可信度，慢搓表有疑慮：“手掌向前”表拒絕、回避；“手掌由內向外推”表安慰、把所有的問題概況起來：“劈掌”表果斷、決心。手臂語言：“手臂交叉”表防御：“交叉握拳”表敵對：“交叉放掌”表有點緊張并在努力控制情緒：“一手握另一只手上臂，另外一只手下垂”表缺乏自信。

演講更有其極富特色的眼睛語言。眼睛是心靈的窗戶，嘴巴可以說話，眼睛不能說話，眼睛的奧妙，在于它是真實的。可以編出一千句、一萬句謊言，卻不能遮擋眼睛的真實性。眼睛注視用得多的有三種：（1）凝視。集中目光看對方，如果是公事，目光限制于前額到雙眼，使人感覺你很誠懇認真；如果是社交，就看雙眼到嘴三角區；如果是關系非常親密的朋友，就看雙眼到胸。（2）環視。眼睛向前然后有目的的掃一下，好處是使所有聽你講話的人都注意了你，不覺得你在和他（個人）交流，能較全面地了解聽眾的心理反映。而且可根據你的環視隨時調整說話的節奏、內容、語調，把握說話的主動權控制住。（3）虛視。就是似視非視，演講就需要這種虛與實的目光交替，“實”看某一部分人，“非”看大家，演講要作到“目中無人，心中有人”。演講的又一大語言特色就是其表情語言了。表情語言。每個人都有面部表情，臉上的每個細胞、每個皺紋、每個神經都表達某種意愿、某種感情、某種傾向。面部表情是最準確的、最微妙的人的“晴雨表”。人的面部表情貴在四個字：自然，真摯。面部是思想的“熒光屏”，演講的面部表情一般要帶微笑。

演講還要保持口語的樸實風格。演講稿必須是敘述型口語化的。這種風格的語言平易、上口、入耳、便于傳播。演講是“講”給別人“聽”的，這種“雙邊活動”要求“講”與“聽”中間不能有梗阻。而講的聲音是短暫易逝的，要想讓人聽準、聽懂就得說聽眾熟悉又經常講的語言，且要用一口氣說完的短句。

演講作為一種高級的口語表達形式,對語言的要求極高。認識和了解演講語言的語體特點,可以使我們更好地駕馭這門古老而嶄新的傳播藝術。

第三篇：怎樣突出就職演講的語言特點

就職演講是新任某一特定職務的人上任時面對干部和群眾所做的一種自我表白。為了增強現場表達效果，撰寫演講稿，就必須突出以下語言特點。

1.真切、樸實。就職者懷著真摯的情感發表演講，應當讓聽眾感到特別親切、自然，平易近人。因此，撰稿時，要體現語言的真切、樸實，切不可賣弄文采，矯揉造作。例如，一位新市長在就職演講中說：“同志們，我的權力是在座的各位代表給的，也是全市七十萬父老鄉親給的，我沒有理由不把工作干好，我沒有權力踐踏這個神圣的職責。如果因為本人政務不廉潔或工作失職，而對黨對人民造成不應有的損失的話，那么，我將主動摘下市長這頂‘烏紗帽’回家賣紅薯！這，就是我這名人民公仆所要向人民群眾進行的最忠實的表白！”這段話，語言真切、樸實，充分表現了一位領導干部的責任感和事業心。

2.簡潔、明快。就職演講實際上只是新上任的人在特定的環境中對聽眾的一次正式亮相和表態。因此，演講稿的篇幅一般都比較短小，這就要求語言必須簡潔、明快，切忌夸夸其談，拖泥帶水。例如，一位新上任的婦聯主任，這樣發表她的就職演講：“大伙兒選我當婦女的頭兒，算是瞧得起我。請嬸子、大娘、姑娘、姐妹們放心，我也是女人，也有丈夫，有家，也懷孕生過孩子，我知道哪些利益該為咱婦女去爭，哪些事該咱婦女去干。我先試著干一年，干不好，大伙兒再另選別人。”短短幾句話，簡潔明快，干凈利落，贏得了現場聽眾熱烈的掌聲。

3.幽默、風趣。就職演講的場合，一般都是比較莊重嚴肅的，但這并不意味著所有就職者都要板著面孔來講話。倘若根據表達需要，增加一點語言的幽默色彩和風趣意味，往往會獲得出人意料的現場效果。例如，一位新當選的農村支部書記這樣開始他的就職演講：“這次黨員大會選舉，我再次當選支部書記，得了180%選票。不要笑，這里頭80%是大家投的票，還有100%是我自己投的票。……”這個開場白，出人意料，新穎獨特，接下去演講者對兩個百分比進行了巧妙的分析，語言幽默風趣，讓人覺得他誠實而充滿自信。

第四篇：英語政治演講的語言特點和翻譯方法

N 學科分類號

050201

題 目

英語政治演講的語言特點和翻譯方法

二○一 年 月

DECLARATION

I, ?/??, the undersigned, hereby declare that this essay does not contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this essay does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the essay.Signed:

Dated:

CONTENTS

Abstract in English….....................……………………………………………….........................1 Abstract in Chinese....................................................................................................2Ⅰ.Introduction…...................................................................................................................3 1.1 Research Background………………………………………………………………..…....3 1.2 Research Purpose………………………………………………………………..…….…..3 1.3 Research Significance………………………………...…………………………………...3 Ⅱ.Theoretical Frameworks……………………………………………………………………...4

2.1 The Definition of Phatic Communion…………………………………………………….4

2.2 The Origin of Phatic Communion…………………………………………………..…… 4 Ⅲ.Differences between Chinese and English Phatic Communion……………………….………5 3.1 Different Backgrounds of Different Phatic Communion between Chinese and Western Cultures…………..………………………………………………………………..………5 3.2 Chinese and Western Thinking in Different Ways on the Different Causes by the Traditional Greetings……….…………………………………………………………..…7 3.3 Different Communicative Habits due to Differences in Greetings between China and America……………………………………………………………………….……..…....8 Ⅳ.Conclusion......………………......…………………..........……………..………….....…..…10 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….….......12

I 貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

Abstract

In the 21st century, with the advance of human society and the progress of technology, the international communication between China and other countries has become more frequent than before.Owing to rapid development of information technology and globalization, people are not merely satisfied with knowing what happened in their own national political circle.Political speeches, especially English political speeches, as the major media to spread political thoughts and report political events, are capable of making people know more about international politics.Due to linguistic and cultural limitations, however, Chinese audiences or readers cannot understand political speeches in foreign language very well.Thus, the Chinese translation of English political speech is attached great significance.Under the current background of fast-paced lifestyle, the conciseness and the generality of English political speeches allow readers to acquire more political information within the precious time.The appropriate translated version of English political speech will determine whether the original political speeches can draw readers’ attention or not.Therefore, the translation of English political speeches is becoming especially important..Keywords: English political speech;linguistic features;comparison between English political speeches and Chinese political speeches;translation strategies 貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

摘 要

進入21世紀以來，人類社會不斷進步，科技發展日新月異，尤其是國際間的交流日益頻繁。資訊科技和全球化的迅速發展使得人們不單單滿足于了解本國政界所發生的事情。政治演講，尤其是英語政治演講，作為一種表達政治思想和報道政治事件的主要傳播媒介，能使人們知道更多世界上的政治問題。

然而由于語言和文化的局限，中國觀眾或讀者并不能很好地讀懂外語政治演講。因此，英語政治演講的漢譯在促進國際交流方面便起到了極為關鍵的作用。

在當今快節奏生活的大背景下，英語政治演講的簡練性和概括性能夠讓讀者在寶貴時間內獲得更多政治信息！對英語政治演講進行適當的漢譯也決定了能否吸引中國讀者。所以英語政治演講的翻譯也就尤為重要。

關鍵詞：英語政治演講的語言特點;中文政治演講與英語政治演講的比較;翻譯策略貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

Ⅰ.Introduction 1.1 Definitions of Political Speech Political speech is a crucial type of public speaking.It is specific for the manifestation of the standpoint and proposition in the field of domestic political affairs and diplomatic relationships.Namely, the speeches are made by politicians or delegates of some organizations or authorities who intend to convey some political propositions and viewpoints.The remarkable political speech like I have a dream, made by Martin Luther King.1.2 Characteristics of English Political Speech Generally speaking, there are totally three characteristics of political speech.It will be beneficial for us to comprehend political speech by mastering their characteristics.1.2.1 Political Topics

This type of speech refers to some vital politic issues which relate to nation, party, reform, peace and progress.Speakers should clearly express their political inclination, declare their political opinions, and try every effort to control the general direction of historical development.1.2.2 Motivational Contents

This type of speech has certain politic purpose that makes audience acquaint with the administrative program or politic standpoints.Then, the speaker could gain the understanding and support of audiences, which is the most basic purpose of speech.Therefore, this type of speech has the feature of motivational contents and emotional persuasion.1.2.3 Precise Logics The inspiring political speech needs to demonstrate the unimpeachable logicality in the process of raising, analyzing and solving the political problem.Only in the logical way can make the political speech more reasonable and acceptable to audiences.1.3 Functions and Use of Political Speech Firstly, politicians make a political speech to clarify their political ideas, policies as well as targets of their administration.Accordingly, they may gain the understanding and support of the voters and the populace.This kind of speech is usually conveyed to the public by media in political rallies, campaign sites on some special memorial days.Secondly, political speech must express certain standpoints so that it could catch people’s attention and increase the relevant party’s support rate.Finally, delivering political speech can make politicians’ views come true, increase their political awareness as well.貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

Ⅱ.The linguistic Features of English Political Speech

2.1 Rhetoric Features of English Political Speech Rhetoric is originated from the fourth century B.C, and it just referred to oral presentation skills at that time, which people used to say ―argumentation‖.In Rhetoric, Aristotle ever defined rhetoric as a function of persuasion that could be found in any question(Roberts,1924:281-286).At the end of 17th century, Jone Locke, an English philosopher called rhetoric as ―oratory‖, which is a kind of art that can express decency, grace and power(Huang, 1996:2).2.1.1 The Usage of Parallelism Parallelism is one rhetoric method that is the most useful linguistic form to achieve the purpose of emphasis.In other words, it is the most suitable rhetoric method for English political speech.This form may gather sentences or parts of speech such as nouns, adjectives and verbs.The usage of parallelism makes people feel more exciting through the strong sense of linguistic rhythm.What’s more, it also could make speech more concise and make sentence structures more balanced.For example, Marin Luther King used ―Now is the time to… ”four times in his speech to emphasize that it’s time for black people to wake up and conduct revolution, it’s time for American government to fulfill its promise, to abolish race segregation as well as to require equality and freedom.The paralleled sentences successfully enhance the momentum of language, stress things and create a strong sense of pictures.2.1.2 The Usage of Repetition Speakers use repetition with the purpose of emphasizing a certain meaning or highlighting a certain emotion, which could draw the readers’ or listeners’ attention by repeating key words and key concepts so that they could have a profound impression.For example, you could see the repetition of the topic sentence in Hillary Clinton’s campaign speech.The usage of repetition could make the whole speech more cohesive and coherent.What’s more, it is useful for listeners to remember the aim of the rally, speak out our common people’s desires: everyone has the right of democracy, freedom and equality.2.1.3 The Usage of Alliteration The major rhetoric in phonological speech is alliteration and sound symbolism.Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals in order to strengthen the rhythm of 貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

speech.In fact, delivering a speech is equal to saying something, thus it’s necessary to place emphasis on rhyme so that the speech could be catchy.It is rhyme that endows the whole speech with strong tempos, sonorous tones and inspirations.For example, ―we should not demean our democracy with the politics of distraction, denial and despair.‖ This sentence is addressed by AL Gore, the vice president of the US, there are five words with the same letter ―d‖.These alliterated words strengthen the rhyme, mood as well as connotation of the sentence, which form phonetical alignment.2.1.4 The Application of Simile In order to achieve common sense, English political speeches have to pay attention to the structure of sentences.There are a variety of sentence structures and figures of speech.Among them, simile and metaphor are often used in English political speeches, politicians often use them to make the speech more lively and understandable.Therefore, the speech will be accepted more easily.For example, in order to show his negative judgments toward racial segregation and discrimination, Martin Luther King use ―a bad check‖ and ―insufficient funds‖ to symbolize the delay of keeping a promise, ― a lonely island‖ and ―dark and desolate valley‖ to symbolize racial segregation and discrimination, ―sweltering summer‖ to symbolize the speaker’s dissatisfaction and negative judgement of racial segregation and racial discrimination.On the other hand, the speaker compared racial justice to ―the sunlit path‖.He also compared equality to ―an invigorating autumn,‖ thus to show his strong longing for democracy, freedom and equality.To sum up, application of simile can connect abstract theories with concrete things that people are familiar with, and make common things become vivid and impressive to receivers.2.2 Religious Elements

There are many religious factors in English political speeches, which are foreign culture’s reflection in communication.Religion is an inseparable part of western culture.In their inauguration speeches, presidents often hope to make their speeches more attractive and persuasive with the help of God’s power.That is the reason why there are lots of religious elements in English political speeches.Barack Obama quoted directly from Bible many times in his inaugural speech to make his words more convincible.By arousing people’s sympathy with some religious beliefs, Obama’s speech may encourage people to gain confidence about the new government in the matter of tackling the crisis and reconstructing a bright future.For example, he says: ― We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come 貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

to set aside childish things.The God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.‖ 2.3 Sentence Structures

Different from dialogues, advertisements and news reports, the English political speeches have special requirements on the sentence structures.Rather than interrogative sentences, declarative sentences are often used in a political speech.Because a question will weaken the speech’s seriousness and firmness, thus making the whole speech less persuading.There are seldom interrogative sentences in Obama’s speech.Apart from declarative sentences, imperative sentences are also found in an English political speech.This kind of sentence structure is usually started by ― let us‖ whose function is to activate the listeners and to call on their actions according to the speaker’s will.For instance, ― Let us remember these timeless words.With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come,‖ which is selected from Clinton’s inaugural speech.Ⅲ.The comparison between English political speeches and Chinese political speeches

The classic examples of western governments’ political speeches are Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, Churchill’s Impromptu Speech in the United States for Christmas, Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream, Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address and so on.Chinese political speeches’ models are Premier Chou Enlai’s Toast at the Banquet in Honor President Nixon, Deng Xiaoping’s Policy Speech, Premier Wen Jiabao’s Speech at Copenhagen Climate Conference and so on.Chinese and Western rational political speeches have some specific differences in context.At the same time, each of them stresses on different aspects, which reflect on following two facets: On one hand, the first aspect is embodied in the speech content.Chinese speeches give priority to the ―meaning‖, while western speeches are accustomed to emphasizing on the ―scene‖.For instance, Chinese President Hu Jintao attended the 2008 Opening Ceremony of Boao Forum for Asia(BFA)Annual Conference and delivered a speech Adhere to Reform and Opening-up and Promote Win-win Cooperation.He first pointed out that ―Since the establishment of Boao Forum, it has played a significant part in promoting mutual 貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

understanding and friendship among the people of the world in Asia and advancing the communication and cooperation between Asian countries and business community‖.(Hu, 2008)President Hu started his speech from the existing meaning of FBA, possessing the typical Chinese speech style.However, US President Barack Obama started his speech from the second sentence of the Inaugural Address with the real scene ―It is the answer that told by the voters who stretches around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours.This is the first time in life in vote for many of them, because they believed that time must be different, that their voices could make this time different as well‖.The inaugural address has a typical western speech style.These two distinctive speech styles are characterized by national history, traditional government speech and other factors.―Meaning first‖ manifests the dignity of our Chinese nation, and ―scene(case)first‖ shows the charm of speech.Each has its own merits.On the other hand, the second aspect occurs in the orator’s personal style.Chinese political speeches are specialized in ―teaching within words, while western speeches lie in ―lively and realistic expression‖.Chinese political speeches place value upon ―selflessness‖，while western celebration speeches attach importance to ―individualism‖.Chinese political speeches tend to have the profound implication of summary, with a little government officials’ individual language.It’s hard to find the shadow of ―me‖.However, western politicians deliver a speech with the thought of ―I ‖ everytime and everywhere.‖

Affected by the deep–rooted traditional thoughts, Chinese politicians highlight the overall achievement and developing direction when they deliver speeches, rarely mention individuality.On the

contrary，western

politicians

frequently

intersperse

with citizens’ individual scenes, life, opinion, attitudes, etc, striving to make the serious speech full of emotional or perceptual color.Ⅳ.Translation Methods of English Political Speech 4.1 Translation Introduction of English Political Speech English political speech translation is not only a conversation between two languages, but also a communication between cultures.4.2 Translation Standard of English Political Speech 貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

At first, there are great differences between Chinese and English.English emphases on hypotaxis and pays more attention to the completeness of grammatical form, logical form and rigorous sentence structures.Chinese lays emphasis on parataxis and hightlights the symmetry of vocabulary and sentence pattern.Consequently, appropriate translation of English political speeches should cater to the expression of target language as conveying information.At the same time, English political speeches should convey speaker’s passion and wisdom to infect the target readers and listeners and make them accept contents easily.Sometimes, it is difficult for target readers to understand when original speech contents are directly translated into target language.Under such circumstances, communicative translation method is recommended, which can be easier to accept for readers and increase the readability of target text through adding notes or paraphrases to original language.4.3 Translation Methods and Application of English Political Speech 4.3.1 Paraphrase

Paraphrase is one of the proper translation methods that could make target readers comprehend an English political speech more directly and explicitly, namely, translators could use target language to explain the meaning of original text.Paraphrase is a kind of explanation translation method.It needs to precisely translate the original words with cultural background information and reflect its connotative significance in the target language, so that target readers may understand the target text better.(1)Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of red states and blue states.(Obama,2008)這些美國人像世界表明，我們從來都不僅僅是個體的集合，或是共和黨與民主黨的集合。

The ―red states‖ and ―blue States‖ refer to the number of vote distribution tendency of elections in the United States.The blue states represent the voters who tend to support the Democratic Party.While the red states represent the voters who support the Republican Party.Translating ―red‖ and ―blue‖ into the red color and the blue color directly is not easy for target readers to understand.Therefore, we translate then into the Republican Party and the Democratic Party by paraphrase method.(2)Let US remember that，if this financial crisis taught US anything，it’s that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.(Obama,2008)貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

讓我們銘記。如果說這場金融危機有什么教訓的話，那就是，當普通民眾的生活受到重創，華爾街也不可能維持繁榮。

Here the original meaning of ―Main Street‖ refers to the avenue of American town, while it actually means the common people who believe in traditional American values.This example fully shows the usage of paraphrase in English political speech.4.3.2 Borrowing Borrowing is a translation method that the translated version should be in accordance with the foreign words’ morphological structure and word formation principle, namely, borrowing Chinese to elaborate words or expressions in original English text.For example, the translator may use Chinese four-character idioms and common sayings to translate original English language.You feel invisible when your medical insurance disappears and college is out of reach．

如果你的醫療保險人間蒸發，大學學費令你望而卻步，你肯定會有被遺棄的感覺。

Translating ―disappear‖ and ―out of reach‖ into ―人間蒸發‖ and ―望而卻步‖ can not only express the original meaning, but also meet the expression habit of target language.Borrowing four-character makes speech content clear and straightforward.(2)Yes，we must provide more ladders to success for young men who fall into lives of crime and despair．(Obama, 2008:3)的確，對于那些誤入歧途、陷于絕望的失足青年，我們必須提供更多的幫助使他們走向成功。

The ―fall into lives of crime‖ and ―despair‖ are translated into “誤入歧途” and “陷入絕望” in this sentence.Since Chinese expression and English statement are very similar in meaning, such translation method of borrowing makes the translation more authentic and achieves the effect of conveying information.4.3.3 Omission Omission refers to omit some conjunctions and prepositions to make translated versions sound smooth and succinct.First of all, English sentences connected by using conjunctions to express the logical relationship between sentences, while Chinese can show connections between sentences without using conjunctions.Therefore, parataxis-prominent Chinese may 貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

omit the conjunctions as long as the meaning can be maintained obviously.Secondly, Chinese rarely use prepositions.Thus omission of the prepositions can make the target text meet the expression habit of Chinese.(1)This has always been your campaign and this is your victory，because your support has meant the difference between winning and losing．

這一直是屬于你們的競選，這也是屬于你們的勝利，正是你們的支持決定了勝利。

―And‖ ―because‖ and ―between‖ can be omitted in this sentence, which makes the target text become natural rather than stiff and accord with the expression habit of target language.(2)But I can assure you，as I have said on many occasions that no matter what happens，I will work for the nominee of the Democratic Party，because we must win in November．

我已多次承諾，現在還要再次承諾，無論發生什么，我會繼續奮斗，力爭成為民主黨總統候選人。我們必須贏得十一月大選。

Omitting the ―but‖, ―as‖ and ―because‖ is more suitable for the Chinese expression.The sentence can also be more reasonable and coherent.4.3.4 Amplification Amplification means supplying relevant information in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original text.There can be further supplements of the hidden information so that the translation text could elaborate the original meaning.And it is that promise that forty five years ago today，brought Americans from every corner of this land to stand together on a Mall in Washington，before Lincoln’s Memorial，and hear a young preacher from Georgla speak of his dream.（Martin Luther King ,2007:5）

正是因為這一承諾，在四十五年前的今天，從這片土地的各個角落，美國人走到一起，聚集在林肯紀念堂前，華盛頓的一個林蔭大道上。聆聽來自佐治亞州的一位年輕牧師(馬丁·路德·金)講述他的夢想。

Here, ―a young preacher from Georgia‖ refers to Martin Luther King.He delivered the speech ―I Have a Dream” on the steps of the Lincon Memorial 45 years ago.Adding comments makes the translated text more complete and understandable.1)Tomorrow，I will attend a gathering of the United Nations Development Fund for Women．(Liu Zhirong, 2010:12)貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

明天。我還會參加聯合國發展基金會舉辦的關注婦女問題會議。

Here, the United Nations Development Fund for Women should add ―婦女問題會議‖in translation, which could let the meaning of sentence more intact.Only in this way can fully express the text’s original meaning.V.Conclusion After above analysis, the author will make a brief conclusion.Firstly, the thesis proposes a rough idea of linguistic features of English political speech.There are rhetoric features, religious features and sentence features in English political speech.Furthermore, by the differences and similarities of English political speeches and Chinese political speeches, we could use some translation methods such as interpretation, borrowing, omission and amplification in order to convey and understand the English political speech better.The discussion about the E-C translation of English political speech is not complete.It is only my own stance and there are still some points in this thesis that need to be further proved.At the very start, the materials collected in this thesis are far from abundant.Besides, because of the limitation of energy and time, this thesis only gives a general view on English political speech translation and has not specific explanation for each translation method.In brief, since great efforts have been contributed to this thesis, the author expect that this dissertation can catch more attention of researches and translators in this area.貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1]David.Public Speaking Strategies for Success [M].Boston: Ally&Bacom, 1999.[2]Newmark.Approaches to Translation [M].Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 1991.[3]Roberts.Rhetoric [M].北京交通大學出版社，1924: 281-286.[4]魏芳.政治演講語言的特點分析與翻譯方法[J].北京：印刷學院大學英語部, 2005.[5]胡錦濤.堅持改革開放，推進合作共贏[J].新華網，2008:129-131.[6]勃朗特譯.影響你一生的名人勵志演講[M].海豚出版社,2011:11.[7]馬丁·路德著，劉植榮譯.美國20世紀經典演講100篇[M].江西人民出版社，07:12.[8]劉植榮.美國21世紀最震撼的聲音[M].江西人民出版社，2010:23.[9]任憲寶.奧巴馬演說—跨越族的聲音[M].中國言實出版社，2014：7.貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The completion of this essay would not have been possible without the encouragement, the guidance, and the support of many other people.First of all, I would extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my supervisor Professor Yang Dingting who has given me valuable suggestions and insightful comments in the essay writing.She has also spent much time going through brainstorming with me, put my work on the right track, read in great details every draft of every section of this essay, and helped improve the appropriateness of English used.My gratitude to Miss Yang knows no bound.Special thanks also go to my family for their unfailing support and love throughout my university study.貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）

補充說明：

1.論文使用英語撰寫，不少于3000字。

2.頁碼：目錄用羅馬數字(Ⅰ、Ⅱ┄┄)單獨編頁碼，頁碼位于頁面底端居中。畢業論文（設計）主體部分與后置部分的頁碼從畢業論文（設計）的摘要開始，至附錄結束，用阿拉伯數字連續編排，頁碼位于頁面底端居中。頁碼為5號Times New Roman。

3.數字和字母：Times New Roman 字體；中文：仿宋字體（摘要、參考文獻等處）

4．封面及Declaration頁單面打印、其余頁雙面打印。

頁邊距：上2cm，下2cm，左2.5 cm，右1.5 cm，裝訂線0.5cm，頁眉1.2cm，頁腳1.5cm。

5．頁眉以小五號宋體字鍵入“貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計），居左。” “貴州師范學院畢業論文（設計）” 從摘要頁開始，下面應有一條橫線。

第五篇：“模擬聯合國”活動演講的語言特點分析

“模擬聯合國”活動演講的語言特點分析

摘要：本文通過對“模擬聯合國”活動現場演講的觀察統計，分析了“模擬聯合國”活動中演講的語言組織和運用，總結出該活動中演講的語言特點。旨在為各高校“模擬聯合國”團隊的培訓提供指導。另一方面，有助于深化國內高校對該活動中演講語言特點的認識，促進“模擬聯合國”活動在中國進一步發展。

關鍵詞：模擬聯合國；演講；語言特點

“模擬聯合國”是一項國際性的大學院校的學生活動，由“聯合國”，“聯合國世界聯邦組織”及各個國家的“聯合國協會”共同指導和管理，其最主要的活動是每年召開國際“模擬聯合國大會”。其具體形式為：各國的各院校成立各自的模擬聯合國團隊――作為“模擬聯合國”的成員國，在大會上模擬“聯合國”會議全過程，模擬履行“聯合國”會議的職責。在模擬會議上，學生們扮演成所代表國的外交官，探討并決策世界首要問題。活動自2002年正式被引進中國大陸，已在中國發展近八年時間，在此期間，“模擬聯合國”活動猶如雨后春筍般在中國各高校蓬勃發展。會議上代表們圍繞給定議題，以聯合國演講辯論的方式闡述各自國家立場。“模擬聯合國”會議上，各國代表演講使用的語言特點與真正的聯合國語言有相似之處，但又不盡相同，在其不斷發展的過程中，形成了獨有的語言選取和運用特點。下面，筆者以模擬聯合國會議中實地記錄的語料為素材，就“模擬聯合國”演講的語言特點作詳細解析。

一、演講過程的邏輯性強

“模擬聯合國”會議演講作為一種政治性演講，要求其具備政治性演講的基本特點：1.深刻的思想政治性；2.嚴密的邏輯性；3.強烈的說服性。嚴密的邏輯要作為演講的線索貫穿始終，尤其是在“模擬聯合國”會議上，這一點特別明顯。因為模擬討論的議題可能代表們之前從未接觸過，只有兩三個月甚至一個月的時間來進行調研；加之扮演各個國家的代表們來自不同國家，其中包括英語為母語的代表，也包括英語作為第二外語的代表，他們所講的英語口音不同，在不同程度上會造成理解上的困難。因此，嚴密的邏輯性顯得尤為重要。在2009年由香港模擬聯合國協會HKMUNC舉辦香港理工大學承辦的香港國際模擬聯合國會議社會與人文委員會上，代表們討論的第一個議題為：世界饑餓。因為參加活動的學生來自15個國家的不同地區，在討論由西北工業大學所扮演的德國代表提出的生物燃料種植問題時，部分代表未調研此議題，因此會議陷入僵局。但是西北工業大學德國代表利用正式磋商的時間，首先介紹了生物燃料的定義以及它和普通燃料的區別，再次說明生物燃料對亞非拉國家糧食生產的影響，最后闡明德國對生物燃料種植的態度和措施。具有嚴密邏輯的演講附加明確的關系副詞使在場的代表對生物燃料有了一定的了解，從而使得會議繼續順利進行。

二、演講內容的立場性強

19世紀英國首相帕麥斯頓有句名言：英國沒有永遠的朋友，也沒有永遠的敵人，只有永遠的利益。國家利益要求“模擬聯合國”會議中的演講必須遵循現實國際社會中國家的真實立場。在會議開始前代表收到會議國家分配的時候，就應該意識到在“模擬聯合國”會議上沒有“世界人”，只有“國家人”。同時也應該拋開作為一個中國人的立場，站在所代表國家的立場上考慮問題。因此，在隨之而來的模擬會議上進行演講時務必遵循各國立場。比如2010年西安交通大學模擬聯合國會議大會第六委員會巴西代表在演講中這樣說道：Brazil has complied with its obligation to boost sustainable development under international law.Brazil agrees to meet and maintain the emission level set by the Kyoto Protocol.上述話語表明巴西承認京都議定書對于在減少碳排放量方面對于巴西的要求，同時巴西同意在國家法律范圍內履行關于減排應盡的義務。這明確肯定了巴西在節能和控制氣候變化方面愿意承擔的義務和責任――按照京都議定書中1990年國家炭元素排放量的相關規定進行減排。這是巴西關于減排的最低底線和能夠承擔的最重義務，超過這條線將會逾越巴西的國家立場。此外，許多發展中國家的代表在“模擬聯合國”會議上經常將國家主權作為與發達國家和工業化國家進行合作的底線。例如，朝韓合作中，韓國同意對朝鮮進行糧食和經濟援助，但是涉及到韓國專家能夠深入援助到何種程度時，朝鮮會限定援助領域，并規定糧食援助的區域，超過這個區域則認為是僭越國家主權的行為，不但援助不會被接受，還會引起矛盾爭端，甚至戰爭，帶有很強的立場性和原則性。

三、演講態度明確，語氣堅定

“模擬聯合國”會議的演講屬政治演講，要求態度必須明確，不能吞吞吐吐，模棱兩可。在真正的國際政治舞臺上，國家的政治立場都是堅定的。在2008年西北工業大學舉辦的模擬聯合國會議大會第三委員會獲得最佳立場文件獎的荷蘭代表在立場文件的首段中論述說：Netherlands strongly believes that the further cooperation between all member states to balance the economic development and environmental protection has become ever so important.上句論述中的strongly，all和so重讀，語氣堅定地表明荷蘭代表的國家立場是要求所有國際成員之間應該在平衡經濟發展和保護環境的問題上進行合作，而且合作十分之必要。而這一類的詞匯還有很多，如definitely，absolutely，strictly等，也可達到同樣效果。

另一方面，態度明朗還要善于區別分寸。“由于客觀事物是千變萬化的，因而對某一事物的肯定或者否定態度不會都是等量的。應該善于從中找出細微差別，區分它們的分寸，絕不要一律肯定或者一律否定，把問題絕對化。”在“模擬聯合國”會議中，不同國家對于議題往往首先有自己國家既定的立場和底線，隨著會議的一步步深入，只有通過不同國家代表之間進行磋商、妥協和讓步，會議才能達成一定的共識，從而解決國際問題。因此，代表在進行國家立場的演講時，往往會在一些特定問題上保持模糊態度或者直接不表明本國在該問題上的立場，從而為以后的磋商讓出空間。

四、具有一定的重復性

“模擬聯合國”會議上代表們輪流進行發言演講，并且大部分時間以演講的方式闡明國家立場，展現個人魅力。但是有時會場上國家眾多，個人演講的機會不多，且每次演講的時間有限。例如2011年北京大學舉辦的亞洲模擬聯合國會議大會（General Assembly）會場上共有代表90個國家的180位代表，正式的會期不到三天，加之會議流程較復雜，動議失敗又會造成時間上的浪費，能夠分配給代表們進行個人演講的時間很少。所以，國家代表進行立場演說時對于演講的頭尾盡量不斷重復國家立場，以加強其他國家代表對本國立場的印象。比如，2011年北京大學亞洲模擬聯合國中，糧食計劃署（WFP）的伊拉克代表在演講的首段中說道：Thus，Iraq strongly believes that addressing FFA through the cooperation among international society members has ever become so significant.在最后一段中，重復說道：Iraq calls on all member states to have further cooperation to carry out the Food for Assets Projects in extreme poor countries under the arrangement of World Food Programme.Moreover，Iraq emphasizes the vital role of the United Nations and believes the UN can formulate an ideal universal standard for all countries in need，especially conflicts occur.最后又再次強調說：Only when all member countries work together，can the cycle of hunger be broken and bring a golden future for all human.首段伊拉克提出建議，希望國際社會成員加強合作，推進食品換資產項目（Food for Assets Programme），體現出伊拉克對饑餓問題的立場。而尾段再次提出：只有當國家社會各個國家進行合作，世界饑餓圈才能被打破，最終消除饑餓問題。伊拉克代表通過重復，達到了加強語氣的效果，吸引了其它國家代表的注意力，能夠幫助其它國家了解和關注伊拉克的立場和觀點。