第一篇:物理專業英語緒論
Introduction
Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime(時空), as well as all applicable concepts, such as energy and force.More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the world and universe behave.Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines(學科), perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.Over the last two millennia(一千年), physics had been considered synonymous with philosophy, chemistry, and certain branches of mathematics and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 16th century, it emerged(顯現)to become a unique modern science in its own right.However, in some subject areas such as in mathematical physics and quantum chemistry, the boundaries of physics remain difficult to distinguish.Physics is both significant and influential, in part because advances in its understanding have often translated into new technologies, but also because new ideas in physics often resonate(共鳴)with other sciences, mathematics, and philosophy.For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism(電磁學)or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society;advances in thermodynamics(熱力學)led to the development of motorized transport;and advances in mechanics(力學)inspired the development of calculus.Scope and aims
Physics covers a wide range of phenomena,from the smallest sub-atomic particles, to the largest galaxies.Physics aims to describe the various phenomena that occur in nature in terms of simpler phenomena.Thus, physics aims to both connect the things observable to humans to root causes, and then to try to connect these causes together in the hope of finding an ultimate reason for why nature is as it is.For example, the ancient Chinese observed that certain rockswere attracted to one another by some invisible force.This effect was later called magnetism, and was first rigorously studied in the 17th century.A little earlier than the Chinese, the ancient Greeks knew of other objects such as amber, that when rubbed with fur would cause a similar invisible attraction between the two.This was also first studied rigorously in the 17th century, and came to be called electricity.Thus, physics had come to understand two observations of nature in terms of some root cause(electricity and magnetism).However, further work in the 19th century revealed that these two forces were just two different aspects of one force – electromagnetism.The scientific method
Physicists use the scientific method to test the validity(認可)of a physical theory.Theories which are very well supported by data and have never failed any competent empirical(以實驗為依據的)test are often called scientific laws, or natural laws.Of course, all theories, including those called scientific laws, can always be replaced by more accurate, generalized statements if a disagreement of theory with observed data is ever found.
第二篇:物理專業英語
物理專業英語(專業任選課)
Professional English of physics
【課程編號】RZ26232
【學分數】1.5
【學時數】32
【適用專業】物理學
一、教學目的、任務 【課程類別】專業選修課 【編寫日期】2010.3.30 【先修課程】物理各課程、大學英語
物理專業英語是高等院校物理專業一門專業任選課程。在大學英語的基礎上進一步拓展物理專業詞匯,掌握科技英語語法和科技英語特點。為進一步學習、研究中獲取和理解最新科技知識打下良好基礎。重點分析并使學生掌握理科英語詞句結構的特點,特別是長的句子結構和被動語態等的廣泛應用。訓練學生提高閱讀理科書籍、文章和文獻的速度和理解能力。為將來畢業論文中的查閱英文文獻打下基礎。訓練學生練習用英語寫作(專業內容寫作)。使學生基本掌握撰寫論文摘要的要點,以便將來撰寫畢業論文的英文摘要。
二、課程教學的基本要求
1.閱讀有關物理專業的英文材料課文(包括熱、力、學、電和原子)
2.掌握相當數量(七佰到八佰)的有關專業單詞或詞組。
3.要求在完成專業英語學習之后,平均每小時可筆譯一干到二干五百個字符的物理專業內容的材料(英譯漢)。
三、教學內容和學時分配1 + 6 + 6 + 8 + 3 + 8 = 32
總論(或緒論、概論等)1 學時(課堂講授學時+課程實驗學時)
主要內容:
總體介紹物理專業英語這門課程的主要內容和課程結構;介紹該門課程的基礎和該課程所學知識的應用領域及發展前景。
教學要求:
了解該課程的主要內容、課程結構及應用領域
其它教學環節(如實驗、習題課、討論課、其它實踐活動):
第一章科技英語特點(6)
主要內容:
科技英語分類
科技英語的語法特點
科技英語的詞匯特點
物理專業英語的語法和詞匯特點;
教學要求:
掌握科技英語、物理專業英語語法和詞匯特點
其它教學環節(如實驗、習題課、討論課、其它實踐活動):
第二章 科技翻譯技巧概論(6)
主要內容:
翻譯的要求和標準及步驟
詞義的引伸
增減詞語
詞的重復
巧用漢語的外位成分巧用動賓結構
反譯
拆譯
緊縮原則
數詞的英語表示及譯法
常用數學符號及度量衡的英語表示
常用英語構詞法
物理、工程及與數學的關系英語文章閱讀翻譯。
教學要求:
掌握物理專業英語和一般科技英語的翻譯方法和技巧。
其它教學環節(如實驗、習題課、討論課、其它實踐活動):
第三章 力、熱 聲、光、電、磁等學科有關專業基礎文獻閱讀(8)
主要內容:
精選15篇力、熱 聲、光、電、磁等學科有關專業基礎文獻
教學要求:
其它教學環節(如實驗、習題課、討論課、其它實踐活動):
第四章常用儀器、儀表、說明書有關文獻閱讀(4)
主要內容:
3-5種物理測量的常用儀器 儀表說明書
教學要求:
掌握常用儀器、儀表、說明書的閱讀和翻譯技巧。
其它教學環節(如實驗、習題課、討論課、其它實踐活動):
第五章 現代科技前沿學科有關文獻閱讀(6)
主要內容:
3-5篇現代科技及物理相關前沿學科有關文獻閱讀
教學要求:
教學要求:
掌握代科技及物理相關前沿學科有關文獻閱讀和翻譯技巧。
其它教學環節(如實驗、習題課、討論課、其它實踐活動):
四、教學重點、難點及教學方法
教學重點是科技英語的語法特點和構詞特點、物理專業英語的翻譯技巧 教學難點是翻譯技巧的把握和專業英語中長句語法把握。
五、考核方式及成績評定方式考查
六、教材及參考書目
推薦教材:
《物理專業英語》,南京大學外文系公共英語教研室編, 北京,商務印書館,1981主要參考書:
1、《科技英語翻譯技巧》,嚴俊仁,北京,國防工業出版社,2000.8。
2、《科技英語的文體寫作與翻譯》,高永照,程勇學苑出版社,1999。
修(制)訂人:審核人:
2010年3月30日
第三篇:材料物理專業英語
《材料物理專業英語》課程教學大綱
一、課程基本信息
課程編號:13103208
課程類別:專業選修課程
適應專業:材料物理
總學時:36學時
總學分:2
課程簡介:
本課程以大學英語、大學物理、材料物理等相關課程為基礎,包含了專業英語的聽說和寫譯兩個部分。通過對本課程的學習,以求達到提升學生專業論文的閱讀能力,具備一定的寫、譯能力,以適應在材料物理相關領域研究中國外文獻的查閱和對外交流的需求。
授課教材:《專業英語》(材料物理)自編講義。
參考書目:
[1] 《物理學專業英語基礎》,葉謀仁注釋,上海外語教育出版社,2000年。
[2] 《材料專業英語譯寫教程》,張軍,機械工業出版社,2001年。
[3] 《新世紀理工科英語教程·材料科學與工程》,楊福玲,上海外語教育出版社,2006年。
二、課程教育目標
專業英語是材料物理專業的一門重要選修課程,通過這門課程的教學,達到以下目標:
(1)提高學生的英語應用能力,逐步適應和掌握科技英語書面語體的特點和表達形式,掌握一些基本的專業科技詞匯和科技英語寫作方法,為進一步高層次的學習奠定基礎。
(2)使學生能順利地閱讀所學專業的英語資料并對難度較高的英語科技文獻具有一定的理解能力和分析能力。
三、教學內容與要求
Part 1Fundamentals of Physics: Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics,Modern Physics, and Material Physics.教學重點:物理現象的描述、物理學定理(定律)的表達,掌握材料物理相關的專業英語詞匯,學會常用數學公式的表達方式,提高對專業詞匯的理解、運用能力。
教學難點:物理學概念、定理(定律)的閱讀與表達,數學公式的表達,材料物理相關的專業詞
匯與表達方式。
教學時數:14學時
教學內容:
(1)Mechanics
(2)Thermodynamics
(3)Electromagnetism
(4)Optics
(5)Modern Physics
(6)Material Physics related words and phrases
教學方式:課堂講授(可結合多媒體教學)
教學要求:
(1)講授物理學基本概念、原理。
(2)講授物理學方面的守恒定律,鞏固學生的物理專業思想,熟悉物理類專業文獻的表達方
式,強化對此類文章的理解。
(3)使學生學會部分數學公式的表達與閱讀,掌握正確的翻譯方法。
Part 2Reading and Translation of Scientific Materials
教學重點:科技英語的常用表達方式的理解與翻譯,現代科技文獻特別是材料物理專業文獻的閱
讀與翻譯,提高閱讀科技文獻的速度和翻譯英文科技文獻的能力。
教學難點:專業性較強的科技文獻翻譯,提高文獻閱讀速度。
教學時數:8學時
教學內容:
(1)Nanotechnology and Application
(2)Superconductivity and Application
教學方式:課堂講授(可結合多媒體教學)
教學要求:
(1)講授理工類科技英語的常用表達方式和句型。
(2)結合材料物理相關的現代科技文獻,講授各種典型句型的翻譯技巧。
(3)訓練學生科技英語閱讀與理解能力。
Part 3Writing of Scientific Articles
教學重點:基本物理量、數學公式、倍數、比較關系等常用句式的表達與寫作,科技英語常用句
式與寫作技巧的總結與練習。
教學難點:科技論文寫作技巧,專業性較強的詞匯應用,科技英語常用句式的應用。
教學時數:10學時
教學內容:
(1)Characteristics and typical Sentences in Scientific English expression
(2)Scientific English Writing Skills
(3)Experimental reports
(4)Scientific Articles: Title and Authors, Abstract, Body, Conclusion, Appendix,References, and Acknowledgement.教學方式:課堂講授(可結合多媒體教學)
教學要求:
(1)從詞匯、句型入手,分析科技英語寫作技巧,掌握基本物理量、數學公式、倍數、比較
關系等的表達。
(2)了解與掌握科技論文基本結構與形式、物理實驗報告等的寫作方法。
Part 4Oral Presentation and International Conference
教學重點:口頭報告的寫作與表達重點、表達要求、表達技巧和方式,國際會議的組織結構、參
加程序,會議論文投稿與寫作。
教學難點:口頭報告的表達和寫作,國際會議的參加和論文寫作。
教學時數:4學時
教學內容:
(1)Preparation of Oral presentation and its expression skills.(2)International conference registration and Paper submission
教學方式:課堂講授(可結合多媒體教學)
教學要求:
(1)介紹口頭報告的表達需求和準備重點。
(2)介紹國際會議的參加程序,會議論文的寫作與投稿。
四、作業
每周布置作業,作業內容為對專業詞匯的搜集,閱讀及物理、材料科學相關規律的專業術語表達。
五、考核方式與成績評定
考核方式:考查。
成績評定:總評成績=平時成績(80%)+出勤(20%)。
執筆人:
責任人:
2013年8月
第四篇:高一物理緒論教案
首先祝賀同學們升入高中階段學習。你們的人生又展開了一個新的篇章。接下來,介紹一下我自己,我叫張麗麗,你們的物理老師。
一、什么是物理
所謂三句不離本行,既然教物理的,我當然要和你們談談物理,同學們在初中階段已經學過兩年的物理,那么,你能告訴我什么是物理?或者你對物理的理解有哪些?(提問學生)師:通俗一點說,物理就是客觀事物的道理。比如說“孤掌難鳴”,我們知道道理在于。。。(學生答)再比如高壓鍋煮東西熟得快道理在于。。。(學生答)為什么地球繞著太陽轉,月球繞著地球轉,扔出去的東西最終會落回地面?道理是。。。(學生答)這些都叫物理
二、為什么要學習物理
首先對于“為什么要學習”,很多同學的認識是模糊的。我在剛教書的時候也有過這樣的疑惑,但隨著年紀的增長,閱歷的增長,我對于這個問題的認識也發生了變化,我引用了一些名人的說法,高考不是非得考上重點不可,但通過高考,會決定你四年以及多年后你朋友圈里都有哪些人,你想讀本地大學 你就會遇見一群和你一樣想法的人,你努力考上重點,你就會遇見一群和你一樣努力的人,大學只是一個地點,同學才是影響你未來的環境 高考不是為家長或者老師 而是為遇見和自己一樣的人——光線傳媒 劉同 龍應臺寫給兒子安德烈的一段話
孩子,我要求你讀書用功,不是因為我要你跟別人比成績,而是因為,我希望你將來會擁有選擇的權利,選擇有意義、有時間的工作,而不是被迫謀生。
當你的工作在你心中有意義,你就有成就感。
當你的工作給你時間,不剝奪你的生活,你就有尊嚴。
成就感和尊嚴,給你快樂。
這些屬于心靈雞湯
再來看看通俗的流行網絡語
“生時何必久睡 死后自會長眠” “沒有高考 你拼得過富二代嗎” “考過高富帥 戰勝官二代”
但是如果我們的人生都已經被設定好了,就沒有樂趣。人生最大的樂趣,在于“答案沒有正式揭曉”前,什么都是可能的。如果說的更直白些:
15歲覺得游泳難,放棄游泳,到18歲遇到一個你喜歡的人約你去游泳,你只好說“我不會耶”。18歲覺得英文難,放棄英文,28歲出現一個很棒但要會英文的工作,你只好說“我不會耶”。人生前期越嫌麻煩,越懶得學,后來就越可能錯過讓你動心的人和事,錯過新風景。——《蔡康永,給殘酷社會的善意短信》
希望你們能從這些話語中找到你坐在這間教室學習的目的和意義 談完了學習,我們再來具體談談為什么要學習物理,1、從現實生活來看,學習物理的目的不是為了以后進一步研究物理,而是在于提高人的素養。學了物理,你不僅知其然,更會知其所以然,例如路口轉彎鏡是凸面鏡而不是平面鏡;汽車前窗為什么是傾斜的而不是豎直的;再有,例如電動汽車充電技術的基本原理,等等。
2、從學習上來看,不容否認的是很多大學理工科招生時都會把物理成績高低作為錄取與否的重要依據,大學中大多數專業的學習都要以一定的物理知識作為基礎。這是因為物理學的研究內容最為廣泛,應用范圍也最為普遍。提到大學物理,不得不提“趙凱華”,大學里的很多物理教材都是他編的,就是教材第一頁“走進屋里課堂之前”的作者。
三、怎樣學好高中物理
關于物理的學習,我來揣測一下你們的心態,可能是這樣的“聽師哥師姐說物理很難學”
“物理難、化學繁,數學習題做不完” “聽得懂,但自己不會做”
“我到底該怎樣做才能學好物理呢?”
在解答這個疑惑之前我們先來了解一下高中物理的主要內容
1、高中物理的主要內容
高中物理的主要內容可分為力學、熱學、電學、光學、原子物理五個部分。力學主要研究力和運動的關系。重點學習牛頓運動定律和機械能。(必修
一、必修二)熱學主要研究分子動理論和氣體的熱學性質。(選修3-3)電學主要研究電場、電路、磁場和電磁感應。重點學習閉合電路歐姆定律和電磁感應定律。(選修3-
1、3-2)光學主要研究光的傳播規律和光的本性。(選修3-4)原子物理主要研究原子和原子核的組成與變化。(選修3-5)
2、初中物理和高中物理的區別 很多同學會發現,這些我們初中都已經學過了,還學了干嗎?這里就要說說初中物理和高中物理的區別的,雖然在大的體系上是一樣的,但在學習內容、側重點方面均有不同。簡單說來初高中物理學習的差異呈現為: 第一、感性理解與理性推導的差異;
初中物理大多數問題是以形象思維為基礎,以生動的自然現象和直觀的實驗為依據,讓學生可以看到、感受到,從而獲得知識。如:光沿直線傳播形成日食、月食現象;融化、升華過程吸收熱量,使人們感覺到下雪過后比正在下雪時寒冷等等。而高中物理則將生活現象加以提取,抽象為可以計算的物理模型。如:冰面抽象為絕對光滑水平面,運動的汽車抽象為質點等等。這些轉變就要求學生將此前直觀理解的認知能力,轉變為通過邏輯推導、計算,而獲得知識的能力。
第二、簡單計算與數學技巧的差異; 初中物理多定性了解物理規律,高中物理多定量求解物理問題。初中物理對于數學的運用不多,即便需要定量計算,也僅僅停留在加減乘除,四則運算的層次。然而高中物理要求嚴格求解,故而對同學們數學知識的考察也相應增高。如在函數圖象,三角函數,平面幾何,數學極限思想等方面的知識,同學們都應有所加強。第三、單純知識點考察與堆積知識點命題的差異。
初中課程的問題多是單因素的因果邏輯關系,高中課程的問題則涉及多因素的復雜邏輯關系。該差別主要體現在題目角度,初中考題每道問題重點考察一個知識點,學生只需要熟練掌握知識點,準確判斷考點即可。高中考題可能一題涉及多個知識點,因此在具體解題之前,學生必須先進行考點的拆分與識別。
3、怎樣才能學好高中物理 1.認真閱讀,學會自學: 學好物理,要認真閱讀物理課本。物理知識全在課本中。重要的概念和規律都用黑體字標出,其中每個詞語都經過科學家的反復推敲,必須逐字逐句加以理解。閱讀課本時,要抓住關鍵詞語,弄清語句間的邏輯順序和因果關系,領會文章段落所表達的物理內容,掌握課本敘述物理問題的表達方法。學習物理不能滿足于閱讀課本,還要自學大量的課外讀物與科普期刊。自學能力是人的素養的重要組成部分。也是一個人能獲得知識、能理解與運用知識的基本保證。同學們上高中要增強自學意識,學會自學,對學好高中各門學科都非常有利。2.認真聽講,獨立思考:
學好物理,上課要認真聽講。課堂獲取知識是至關重要的。我請你們珍惜每一節課。我將盡量讓我的課不那么枯燥乏味。但水平和精力加上課的特點,有時難免平淡。這時希望你們能一如既往的認真聽課。還有我這個人也會在課堂上犯錯,一般情況下,我的錯誤有兩種:一種叫“真錯”,這種錯誤我自己都沒有意識,也不知道錯在哪里。一種叫“假錯”,是想搞一些錯誤讓你們來發現,這種錯誤我心里明白。無論我是“真錯”還是“假錯”,都希望你們挑出我的錯誤。誰發現,我佩服誰。俗話說:“師傅領進門,修行在個人。”這個“修行”的功夫要下在“獨立思考”上。要在老師的引導下,積極思考問題,主動參與教學過程。教得好不好,主要在老師;學得好不好,主要在自己。獨立思考就是要善于發現問題和解決問題。提出一個問題比解決一個問題更重要。
3.做好實驗,做好練習:
學習物理,要認真做實驗、認真做練習。實驗是學習物理的出發點;做好實驗不僅有利于掌握基本的實驗技能和方法,還能清晰認識物理現象,深刻理解物理規律和模型。練習是學習物理的落腳點。“要勤奮地去做練習,只有這樣,你才會發現,哪些是你理解了的,哪些你還沒有”。
第五篇:物理專業英語知識點總結
目錄
1.kinematic 2.mechanical motion 運動學
3.vector 機械運動 4velocity and speed 向量
5.acceleration 速度和速率 6.laws of conservation 加速度
7.quantities 8.conservation obeying the 守恒定律laws of量
符合守恒定律的9.kinetic energy 10.work 動能11.conservative forces 功
12.potential 保守力external energy inan 的勢能
force field 在外力場中13.mechanics of a rigid body 體力學
剛14.motion of a body 15.motion 物體運動 of a bodyof the center of mass 16.rotation 物體質心的運動fixed of a body about
a 動
axis 繞固定軸的物體的運17.molecular 學
physics分子物理18.statistical thermodynamics physics and 19.mass 分子的質量和大小and size 熱動力學
of molecules 20.state 統運動狀態of a
system process 系21.internal 系統內能 energy of a system 22.the thermodynamics first law of 律
熱力學第一定23.work changes 變體積做功in done
volomeby a 物體通過改body upon 24.temperature 25.equation gas of state 溫度
of an ideal 26.statistical physics 理想氣體狀態方程27.information 統計物理
of probability28.nature of the thermal motion 概率原理form the
theory of molecules29.number 分子熱運動的本質molecules 密度
with ofa wall collisions 分子碰撞of 30.pressure of a opticsgas on a wall 31.interference 光學
涉
of light 光的干32.interference 光波干涉
of light waves 33.coherence34.ways interference of 相干的的方法
of lightobserving 觀察光干涉the 35.diffraction of light 36.introduction 37.huygens-fresnel 前言光的衍射 更斯-菲涅爾原理 principle
惠38.fresnel zones39.electricity 區域
學和磁學
and magnetism 電40.electric 空中的電場field
in a vacuum真41.electric charge42.coulomb43.system of untis ’s law庫侖定律電荷44.rationalized 單位體系 formulasform of writing 形式
正規性合理化的書寫45.potential 46.electric stbengthfield 電勢
電場。field 47.interaction
system 用的能量of
charges energy 電荷相互作of a 48.relation between electric field strength and potential 勢的關系
電場和電49.dipole 50.magnetic field in a vacuum電偶極子
空中的磁場
真51.interaction 的相互作用
of currents 電流52.magnetic field 53.field of a moving charge磁場的區域的電荷的場
移動 54.the 法爾定律biot-savart
law 比奧-薩55.the loreniz force 56.ampere洛倫茲力 57.vortex electric field ’s law 安培定律
58.displacement 渦旋電場 流
current 位移電59.maxwell韋方程式
’s equations 麥克斯60.modern pyisics 61.relativity 62.the background相對性近代物理 63.the ether64.the 太空、以太背景experimentmichelson-morley65.the special theory of relativity邁克爾遜實驗
相對論66.theradioactivitynucleusand 67.the 68.nuclearatomic nucleus 原子核和放射性原子核 isotopes 法
原子和同位素的表示方notation and69.the nuclear force 70.radioactivity 核力 關鍵詞放射性 1.Vector
quantity quantity magnitude that has 矢量。both a direction.examples:force,velocitand y,acceleration,and momentum 2.Scalar quantity that has magnitude,but quantity 標量。A no Examples:mass,volume,and direction.speed.3.Vector to 向量。An arrow drawn vector quantity.scale used to represent a 4.Motion position.運動 a change of 5.Speed traveled per time 速率thedistance 6.Velocity change position and the direct of 速度
the rate of the quantity.motion.velocity is vector 7.Acceleration of 加速度in change.velocity/time velocty:acceleration=change time rate it takes for 8.Force producing 力in motion motion a quantity capable of ora change 9.Net or force
合力more forces.resultant force the of equivalent two or 10.Newton牛頓第一定律’s first an object remains law of motion at with rest or in uniform motion acted upon by a net a constant velocity unless force.unbalanced 11.Inertiaif motion.matter that 慣性.theproperty inertia.Mass resists in a measure changes in of 12.Newtonmotion ’s second law of F=ma.relates 牛頓第二定律 acceleration.force to13.Friction that 摩擦力.the force of contacting media.opposes the relative motion 14.Mass matter 質量。specifically,it in an The object.more quantity of measurement sluggishness of the is inertia the or exhibits in response to any effort that an object made any way its state of motion.to start it , or change in 15.Weight due to gravity on an object.重力.the force 16.Free object fall自由落體.an acting on it.falling with only gravity 17.Terminal 度.the maximum velocity constant 末速velocity that a non-freely object reaches when a retarding falling force force balances acceleration is zero.and the the gravitation object’s 18.Momentum product of the mass of an object 動量.the and its velocity.19.Impulse of 沖量.the and the force acting on an product object acts.the time during which it 20.Elastic collision collision objects in which 彈性碰撞colliding.a deformation or the generation of rebound without lasting heat.21.Inelastic 撞.a collision collision in which 非彈性the 碰colliding distorted objects becomeduring the collision.and generated heat 22.Power work 功率.the time rate of 23.EnergyP=W/t.of能量 to do work.a systemthat.the enables property it24.Rotational that inertia 轉動慣量 resist property of an object torotation:if at rest the boby tends any change in its state of to tendsto remain rotating and will remain at rest;if rotating ,it continue upon by a net external torque.to do so unless acted 25.Torqueof 轉矩.the product distance,which tends to force and lever-arm ratation.produce 26.Center average of mass 質心 the single object point position of mass or the considered to be concentrated.where associated all its mass with canbe an 27.Center average position of weight or the of gravity 重心the single object where the force of gravity point associated with an canbethe mass.same considered to act.usually place as the center of 28.Equilibrium state of an object when not acted平衡狀態the upon torque.an by a net force or net may uniform be at object rest in or equilibrium moving accelerating.velocity;that is not at 29.Centripetal center-seeking an force force that 向心causes 力a path.object to follow a circular 30.Angular a about measure an momentum object’s rotation 角動量specifically a particular rotational inertia the product axis;more of its velocity.for small an object and rotational that is distance compared mass,speed,and ,it is the to product the radial of of rotation.radial distance 31.Temperatureof 溫度permolecule the average kinetic a measure erenge substance,measure in Celsius kelvins.or Fahrenheit in degrees a or in 32.Absolute lowest possible temperature that zero 絕對零度.the a temperature substance at which may molecules have-the of minimum kinetic energy.a substance have their 33.Heatflows from a substance of higher 熱能.the energy that temperature lowertemperature,commonly to a substance of measured in calories or joules.Internal molecular energy.the potential energies,kinetic total of plus all substance.energy,internal to a 34.Specific 容.the quantity of heat per unit heat capacity比熱mass temperature of a substance by 1 required to raise the Celsius degree.35.First 熱力學第一定律law of thermodynamics a restatement of conservation,usually the law of energy applies as it changes in temperature.the to systems involving added increase to heat external in a internal system equals an system.work done energy by plus the 36.Adiabatic 程.a process,usually process絕熱過of expansion compression,wherein or enters or leaves a system.no heat 37.Second thermodynamicslaw of 律heat will never spontaneously 熱力學第二定flow from a cold object to a hot object.also,no completely machine can be converting energy to work;some efficient in input heat.and energy is dissipated as to disordered as time goes by.become finally,all systems tend more and more 38.Heat enginechanges 熱機a device that mechanical work.internal energy to 39.Entropydisorder 熵a energy of a system.measure of the one direction form freely transforms Whenever to another,the from toward of transformation is disorder a one of greater entropy.and state therefore of greater toward 40.Huygens 理the theory principleby which 惠更斯原light waves point source can be regarded as spreading out from a the secondary wavelets.superposition of tiny 41.Interferencesuperposition 干涉the producing of waves reinforcement regions of cancellation.constructive
and regions of interference reinforcement;destructive
refers to regions of interference cancellation.the refers selected interference to regions of of produces wavelengths interference colors.colors known of light as 42.Diffraction
of 衍射the bending through light around way a an obstacle or dark that narrow slit in such a produced.or fringes colored of bands light and are 43.Polarizationalignment 偏振the that of the electric vectors radiation.such make up electromagnetic vibrations polarized.are waves said of aligned to be 44.Hologramtwo-dimensional 全息照相a diffraction microscopic three-dimensional pattern that shows images.optical 45.Electrostaticsstudy 靜電學the relative to one another
of electric changes at rest 46.Capacitorelectrical form device,in 電容its 器.an conducting plates separated by a a pair of simplest paralled small electric charge.distance,that stores 47.Coulombrelationship ’s law庫侖定律.the force,charge,and among electrical F=kq1q2/d2 alike repelling;if are in if the charges distance are unlike,the force is attractive.the sign,the charges force are is 48.Coulomb of electrical charge.one coulomb 庫侖.the SI unit is 6.25*10 equal 18 tothe total charge of 49.Conductor electrons.that easily through 異體external electrical force.flows when which any material subject charge to an 50.Insulator material that resists charge flow 絕緣體any through external electrical force.it when subject to an 51.Semiconductor poorly conducting material,such 半絕緣體a as germanium,that crystalline better-conducting can silicon be made or the impurities or energy.addition material a of certain by 52.Charging 電.the transfer by contactof charge 接觸起from one physical substance to another by substances.contact between 53.Charging 起電.the change in charge of a by induction 感應grounded electrical influence object,caused of enectric by the charge contact.close by but not in 54.Electrically 化.term applied to an atom or polarized 電極molecule are in which the charges slightly aligned negative than the opposite side.more so that positive one side or is 55.Electric energetic field電場.the surrounding region of space object.about a charged point,the a charged field according decreases with distance law,like to field a the inverse gravitational square charged.between oppositely electric parallel plates,the charged region object field placed is uniform.a in the experiences a force.of an electric field 56.Electric potential energy能the energy a charge possesses 電勢by electric field.virtue of its location in an 57.Electric electric potential電勢amount volts,and of potential charge,measured energy per the voltage:voltage=electric often called in energy/amount of charge
58.Magnetic force magnets,between and a moving charge.magnets 磁力between field 59.Magnetic region field around of 磁場.the moving charged particle.a magnetic magnetic pole influence or a 60.Electromagnet magnet 電磁體a by an electric whose field is produced the current.usually in piece of iron inside the coil.form of a wire coil with a 61.Ether medium for propagation of light 以太.a hypothetical waves.62.Michelson-morley
experiment 驗.an experiment 邁克爾遜that 莫雷was 實designed through to detect the ether interference.no velocity addition and observed.effects were 63.Special theory of relativity義相對論einstein’s theory 狹of relativity non-accelerating that deals with systems.or inertial 64.Principle of relativity 原理all the laws of physics 相對論are the moving same with respect to one another.at a for constant all observers velocity 65.Constancy Charging speed of light in free space is the by光速不變原理 of light the same regardless for all observers source of the motion of the observer.or the motion of the 66.Time observation dilationmoving of a 時空膨脹clock in the slowly,according to the equation system running more a 67.Length the of observation contractionof a shortening 尺度收縮motion a lengh in the direction of system,according in a moving equation.to the 68.Twin paradox paradoxtwin returning to earth younger of a space-travelling 自相矛盾the than his earth-bound twin,which is theory of relativity.predicted by the general 69.Mass-energy 轉化方程the changing conversionof 質能mass into versa,according energy e=mc2
to the and equation vice 70.General 廣義相對論theory einsteinof ’s theory relativityof relativity accelerated systems.that deals with 71.Atomic central nucleus 原子核.the which the core of an atom are located.protons and neutrons of the atom in 72.Nucleon proton or neutron.核子a nuclear 73.Nuclide nucleus or nuclear species.核素a particular 74.Proton number of protons in a nucleus , number質子數the which defines its atoms as being a particular element.75.Mass numberof the protons and neutrons in a 質量數the sum nucleus.energy of a particle into visible light.76.Isotopesnuclides with of 同the 位same 素nuclei element or neutrons.different numbers of 77.Nuclear forceattractive between nucleons.interaction 核力the strong that acts 78.Radioactivity spontaneous 放射性.the isotopes energetic particles.with decay the emission of certain of 79.Alpha 子.a particle particle consisting 阿爾法粒of two neutrons,which protons helium nucleus.is the and same as two a 80.Beta 子.an electron.particle貝塔粒81.Gamma 子.a quantum particle or photon 伽馬粒of energy.82.Half-lifetakes for one half of the nuclei of 半衰期the time it a isotope to decay.sample of a given radioactive 83.Geiger a counter 蓋世計數器based common radiation.on the radiation ionizing nature detector of 84.Dead required timerecover for another detection or for 壽a 命detector the time to count.85.Scintillation 數器a radiation counter detector 閃光計 based phosphor on the material the ability to convert of a a unified field theory.fundamental interactions in 86.Elementary 子the fundamental particlesbuilding 基本粒blocks of nature
87.Exchange the responsible elementary particles交換粒子particles forces or interactions.for fundamental These strong are as follows.for the weak force,the particles;for the electromagnetic force,the gluon;for w and the z force,the gravity,the graviton.photon;and for 88.Hadron that 強子.any panicle force.interacts by the strong 89.Quarks with 夸克.subparticles charges fractional hadrons.thought to electronic make up 90.Electroweak the incorporate single force force弱靜電力electromagnetic both believed the to forces.and weak 91.Grand 原理a unified theory that theorycombines 同一性the forces into a single force.strong and electroweak 92.Superforceforce that would describe all.超級力a single 句子
1.Thus,the derivative velocity of timethe particle of the with position is the resect vector to 求導
速度是微小位移對時間的