第一篇：新托福IBT綜合寫作六大誤區解讀+TPO22實例寫作

新托福IBT綜合寫作六大誤區解讀+TPO22實例寫作

一直覺得綜合寫作是托福IBT考試中在短時間里最容易練出成果練到最高水準的。然而很多同學的習作，以及考試最后的判分，卻發現結果卻并不如人意。說綜合寫作能短時間上手原因如下：聽力材料相比listening section要容易，閱讀材料相比reading section要容易，所考查的組織語言要求相比independent writing也要容易。唯一要做的就是先聽聽力記下筆記，然后聯系閱讀材料，組織成一篇文章。

很多版友在準備綜合作文時候陷入了一些誤區，收集總結如下：誤區一：字數超了扣分。

建議：查閱了最新版的OG，里面關于字數的描述如下：Suggested length is between 150 and 225 words.You will not be penalized if you write more，so long as what you write answers the question.也就是說只要你是在回答問題，多寫是不會扣分的。而什么叫做回答問題呢？是不是整合聽力和閱讀材料呢？

有趣的是，緊接著我又看到了這樣一條

CAUTION： You will receive a score of zero if all you do is copy words from the reading passage.You will receive a score of 1 if you write ONLY about the reading passage.To respond successfully，you must do your best to write about the ways the points in the lecture are related to specific points in the reading.可以理解成ETS很不待見抄襲閱讀材料么？至少在how the task is phrased這部分ETS要求的只有聽力材料，以及聽力材料與閱讀材料的關系這兩點。我相信，既然沒有要求，既然caution里面有關于只側重閱讀材料的嚴重后果，回答問題就是緊抓聽力材料，加以邏輯性的復述，并明確指出與閱讀材料的關系。誤區二：模板。

這幾乎是托福、GRE考試中TOP10常出現的詞。不可否認，模板在初期教會我們最基本的文章組織方面確實有著很重要的作用。然而，在綜合作文中應用模板并不是一個明智的選擇。

建議：都知道綜合寫作的閱讀材料和聽力材料有著千絲萬縷的聯系，所以常見的模板幾乎都是這樣：一開頭、一結尾、中間整齊的三段以及需要填充的blank.應用這樣的模板導致的結果是，寫出來的綜合作文每段，幾乎只是敘述一下閱讀材料和聽力材料中的主要觀點。說嚴格地說，這樣的東西不能算是綜合作文，只能算是summary.誤區三：差不多。

遇到了很多差不多先生，聲稱自己在“聽力差不多能聽懂，要點差不多能答全”。然而作文拿出來一看，聽力材料的態度是有的，最主要的內容也是有的。但是做成了summary，邏輯方面干癟。

建議：綜合寫作的聽力確實比listening section材料要簡單，但是要求卻有著本質的區別。我自己的理解是，listening section中的內容只要像上課那樣聽懂了，理解老師的意思就行，記下來的筆記是為了自己理解，所做的題目是檢測是否理解，除了理解二字，別無它用。然而綜合寫作的材料要求更進一步。這里的聽力材料考核的是短時間聚集材料整合成有邏輯文章的能力，需要理解并記錄聽到的內容，然后進一步消化成自己的東西并輸出成作文。

一言以蔽之，綜合寫作的聽力需要細聽！精聽！完全突破！基于這種不同，為了不漏聽，跟上lecture的思路，listening section的筆記我幾乎不記，而綜合寫

作的聽力我是猛記，多多益善。

誤區四：summary。

在誤區一中已經提到了，很多版友在寫作中只是答出了要點，并未組織成一片令人信服的文章。要記住，integrated writing再簡單也是writing，而不是integrated summary，請讓rater看到，你是在總結論述，而不是歸納大意！

建議：就個人感覺來說，造成這個誤區的理由有兩個，一個是沒有認清誤區二，一個是聽力沒有練到家。按常理來說，一個能把聽力材料內容把握，并理解其中邏輯關系的考生是不可能把綜合寫成summary的。照搬總會吧？把聽力材料內容，論述簡單改寫照搬到作文里面，這是最簡單的方法。高級一點的方法，根據材料刪繁從簡，找到側重組織語言。

誤區五：聽力材料和閱讀材料的內容比例到底是多少。

這也算是一個特色的faq了，為此特別查閱了OG，并未發現類似的要求。建議：摘錄OG第三版對5分作文的要求如下，select the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading.答案很明顯，聽力內容絕對是最重要的，閱讀材料不作要求，但是需要對兩個材料中的觀點relation做出明確的解答。我個人的觀點是，閱讀材料無須出現在最后的essay中，畢竟OG中并未要求。如果想豐滿文章，或者湊字數，writing材料絕對不應該成為突破口，真正需要突破的是聽力材料，你是否把它徹底挖掘了？

以TPO22的綜合寫作題ethanol為例示范一下自己寫綜合作文的方法。Reading notes：

①global warming

②reduce the amount of plants available for uses other than fuels

③compete with gasoline on price

PS：閱讀材料只看了90多秒，掃到關鍵詞就OK了。

Listening notes：

A good alternative

①convincing ；not add to ；the increase use ；release CO2 ；made from plants such as corn ；counteract the release ；plants absorb CO2 ；remove CO2②reduce the food for animals ；not eaten for animals

③will be able to ；3倍40% ；cheaper subsidy ；production increase→price drop

以上是我對閱讀和聽力部分做的筆記。其中第二點比較少，因為我在聽的時候沒有聽出來cell wall這個名詞，我本意是想用一個special chemical代替這個沒聽出來的東西，然后寫進文章的。但是思考了一下我覺得還是不讓這個詞出現 了，我考慮用a part of plants that is not eaten by animals.PS：我現在覺得自己的筆記記得有點少，為什么最后寫出來的內容還是挺多的。才想起來我當時一部分的內容是記在腦子里面了。比如②中的植物某部分是動物不吃的，乙醇恰好從其中獲取，所以不會影響動物的食物來源，這條邏輯是放在腦子里的。③中的更多人買乙醇之后，價格會下降這條邏輯也是記在腦中的。

第二篇：tpo綜合寫作26

綜合寫作26

Reading

The zebra mussel, a freshwater shellfish native to Eastern Europe, has long been spreading out from its original habitats and has now reached parts of North America.There are reasons to believe that this invasion cannot be stopped and that it poses a serious threat to freshwater fish populations in all of North America.First, the history of the zebra mussels’ spread suggests that the invasion might be unstoppable.It is a prime example of an invasion made possible by human transportation.From the zebra mussel’s original habitats in Eastern Europe, ships helped spread it out along new canals built to connect Europe’s waterways.The mussel can attach itself to a ship’s bottom or can survive in the water—called “ballast water“—that the ship needs to take on to properly balance its cargo.By the early nineteenth century, the mussel had spread to the whole of Europe.It was later carried to the east coast of North America in the ballast water of ships traveling from Europe.The way ships have spread the zebra mussel in the past strongly suggests that the species will soon colonize all of North America.Moreover, once zebra mussels are carried to a new habitat, they can dominate it.They are a hardy species that does well under a variety of conditions, and they have a high rate of reproduction.Most important, however, zebra mussels often have no predators in their new habitats, and species without natural predators are likely to dominate their habitats.Finally, zebra mussels are likely to cause a decline in the overall fish population in habitats where they become dominant.The mussels are plankton eaters, which mean that they compete for food with many freshwater fish species.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they support/contradict specific points made in the reading passage.Listening

Narrator

Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.Professor

Contrary to what you just read, there are ways to control the zebra mussels’ spread.What's more, it is not so clear that the mussel is a serious threat to fish populations.True, the spread of zebra mussels couldn't be controlled in the past, but that's because people didn't have enough knowledge.In fact, there are effective ways to stop ships from carrying the mussels to new locations.Here's an

example.The way zebra mussels usually travel across the ocean is that a ship takes on some fresh ”ballast water" in Europe and then empties that water into American waterways when it arrives.Full of zebra mussels, but the ship can be required to empty out the freshwater and refill with ocean water while still out in the ocean.Saltwater will kill the mussels.Second, it's true that zebra mussels often don't have predators in their new habitats, but that's only in the beginning.What's been happening in Europe is that local aquatic birds sooner or later notice there's a new food source around and change their habits to exploit it.They switch from whatever they were eating before to eating zebra mussels.And birds can eat a lot of mussels.So zebra mussels aren't so likely to dominate their new habitats after all.Finally, even in habitats where zebra mussels become dominant, is the overall fish population likely to decrease.It's true that zebra mussels may have a negative impact on fish that eat plankton.But on other fish, they can have a positive impact.For example, the mussels generate nutrients that are eaten by fish that feed near the bottom of the lake or river.So bottom-feeding fish populations may increase, even if plankton-eating fish population decrease.一、閱讀聽力要點概括

Reading Passage

Main points: The invasion of zebra mussel to North America is unstoppable and puts a threat to freshwater fish.Sub point 1: History suggests invasion might be unstoppable.Sub point 2: Mussels can dominate their new habitat.Sub point 3: Mussel threats fish population after they dominate the area.Lecture

Attitude: Contrary.Unsure mussels’ threat to fish population.Sub Point 1: There are effective ways to stop mussels in today’s knowledge.(Salt water)

Sub Point 2: Birds can be predators and eat mussels.Sub Point 3: Bottom-feeding fish may increase while plankton-eating fish decrease but overall fish population only likely to decrease.Answers

二、范文逐段賞析

Paragraph 1

Contrary to what is argued in the passage, the lecture demonstrates how zebra mussels are not likely to become an imperative threat to freshwater fish populations in North America.此段功能：

(Listening passage后文提到用L代替)

(Reading passage后文用R代替)

以L的觀點為主要觀點，mussels不會對淡水魚群造成危害。首段一句話即確定全文邏輯為相反，contrary。

此段結構：

作者用一句話總結了全文討論的問題，并告訴大家全文邏輯為相反。極其單刀直入。大家發現論點很簡明時大可不必費心湊兩句話再起下一段。

Paragraph 2

First of all, recently uncovered knowledge of zebra mussel has shed light on new ways to prevent their invasion.Even though people in the past have not been able to stop the spread of zebra mussels, knowledge and technology may help abate their spread in the future.For example, although a large amount of zebra mussels spread to America by staying in the ballast water that is emptied halfway on the journey across the Atlantic and replenished with sea water, the zebra mussels can be exterminated as soon as they are directly exposed to salt water.此段功能：

以L的觀點起頭，談sub topic 1，說明現代科技相比舊時代科技有機會阻止mussels spreading.隨后舉聽力中的具體例子為證明。

此段結構：

此段為總分結構。第一句陳述L的觀點(可以阻止spreading)，第二句陳述R中的事實(過去的人確實未能阻止mussel spreading)，第三句呈現L中的事實(咸水可以消滅mussels)反駁R中的事實。

Paragraph 3

Furthermore, zebra mussels do not often dominate a new habitat for a long period of time.The lecture agrees that although zebra mussels may have no predators and reproduce rapidly in the beginning, it would not be long before predators take notice of this new source of food, and develop a taste for it, thus preventing its domination.此段功能：

還是以L觀點出發，談sub topic 2, 說明mussels不會經常統治它的棲息地。L中同意短時期內mussels沒有天敵，但沒過多久掠食者就會發現這些新的美味從而結束mussels的統治。

此段結構：

總分結構。第一句總結L觀點說明mussels完全統治是不成立的。第二句陳列L中同意R的證據。第三句陳列L反駁R的補充理由證據。

Paragraph 4

Finally, zebra mussels alone would not cause the decline of overall fish populations.Although zebra mussels may perhaps cause the decline of plankton eaters, as the passage suggests, they would also provide nutrients for bottom-feeding fish and ultimately cause the population of those fish to increase.此段功能：

討論sub topic 3, 說明mussels不會造成總體魚群數量的下降。L說雖然他同意R的觀點(mussels造成plankton eaters下降)，但是伴隨而來的bottom-feeding fish的數量上升從而導致總體魚群數量上身。

此段結構：

總分結構。第一句總結L觀點。第二句依然是陳列L同意R部分的證據。隨后第三句陳列L中補充的證據來反駁R的觀點。

三、范文全篇總評

1、邏輯結構

全文遵從總分結構，開頭段直接一句話總結+邏輯，展開全文反駁基調。隨后三段依照3個分論點依次展開。在分論點的論證中，作者闡明了L的態度，先小幅度同意R的觀點，隨即立刻補充新證據，反駁R的觀點。作者利用R的證據，補充新證據后證明了R原來觀點的片面性，從而達到一一駁倒的效果。

2、語言表達

全文十分緊湊，并啟用了一些新詞語賦予色彩。

其中值得借鑒的詞語和句式有：

1.Recently uncovered knowledge of zebra mussel has shed light on new ways to prevent their invasion

Recently uncovered:最近新發現的

/Newly discovered/ It is recently found out/

Shed light on: 給與了希望

/Shown/ Given/ Illuminated

2.The lecture agrees although………….(R的觀點)………..，….…(L的觀點會抵消R的觀點)….。

3.Ultimately：最終的，終極的

/Finally/ At last/ In the end/ After all/

Ultimately, the success of his company depends on good marketing.

第三篇：求職信寫作六大誤區

求職信寫作六大誤區：-內容--在與一些經常來校園招聘的外企招聘經理座談心得時，我們經常向招聘經理打聽學生求職中的錯誤，以便我們在今后的工作中提醒學生；最希望聽到招聘經理表揚學生身上的優點，這證明了我們的學生在進步、在成熟。根據招聘經理提出的意見和建議，我總結了學生書寫求職信的六大誤區，希望同學們有則改之，無則加勉。

學生書寫求職信六大誤區 EK138。com網站

1、一封通函走天下：不量身定做，一封信打遍天下。

2、二次利用不修改：重復簡歷主要內容。

http:///cgmr/200810/31-1500.html3、三緘其口談奉獻：過于強調能從公司學到什么知識技能或得到什么好處，而不知道提出自己能為公司做出什么貢獻。EK138在線

4、四舍五入都從簡：對公司的描述過于空泛、過于淺薄。

5、五體投地對自己：熱情洋溢的長篇抒情和不著邊際的吹捧或自夸。

本內容由www.tmdps.cn推薦

6、六神無主亂陣腳：格式不夠工整，缺乏美感。

第四篇：托福 tpo26 綜合寫作

In terms whether the zebra mussel will exert negative influence on North American, the passage and lecture are contradictory to each other.The author believes that zebra mussel might do harm the local species as they arrived while the lecturer holds a different opinion.First of all, the author makes a point that the history events suggest the zebra mussel's invasion is unstoppable.In the past, human transportation makes it possible for zebra mussel spread around the whole Europe and it is likely to happen again in North American.However, the lecturer demonstrates a different idea that a change made in the “ballast water” will prevent the invasion of zebra mussel from continuing.He says that if we refill the “ballast water” with ocean water, the mussel will no longer survive because the saline water might probably kill them all.Second, contrary to the belief in the passage that zebra mussel is able to conquer the new habitat due to their high reproduction rates and adaptation ability, as well as lacking predator, the lecturer says that the hypothesis made by author is not true.He mentions that there are many local bird will eat the zebra mussel as a major prey.As a result, the zebra mussel is unlikely to dominate the new habitat.Finally, regarding whether the zebra mussel will cause the decline in the fish population since they may compete for food such as plankton with fish species.The author thinks it is a possible consequence brought by zebra mussel.However, the lecturer refutes it that the mussel can't reduce the fish population because they provide enough nutrient for bottom living fish.

第五篇：牛人經驗：托福iBT寫作27+完全攻略

考托者應記住的幾條公理

1，托福作文就是新八股文

2，托福作文只要練好了人人可以拿27+

3，托福作文得高分不意味著你英語水平有多高

4，提高英語水平靠多聽多讀多背多說多寫多練多譯

首先讓我們全面剖析新托福作文：（以下要求均為我自己的理解，非官方版本，官方要求請參照OG）

integrated writing/綜合寫作:要求考生在3分鐘內讀一篇文章，然后聽一個lecture，在20分鐘內根據文章和lecture內容寫一篇250字左右文章比較兩者的觀點。（注：文章內容和lecture內容注定是對立的，如果你考的不是對立的，那只有一種可能，你的RP次到了人神共憤的地步了。）

綜合寫作的八股在于：第一段指出reading passage和lecture內容是對立的；第二、三、四段從三個方面/點來說明他們的內容是怎樣對立的；第五段總結一下他們之間確實是對立關系。

independent writing/獨立寫作：給定一個題目，要求考生在30分鐘內寫出400字左右的文章，要求邏輯清晰，論述有力，無明顯的語法和詞法錯誤。

獨立寫作八股在于：第一段陳述你的觀點，支持哪一方；第二、三、四段從三個方面論述你的觀點；最后一段總結一下，綜上所述，某某觀點是正確的。綜合寫作：模板，套模板，一定要套模板！

理由：1，模板讓你的思路更加清晰，這是ETS要求的。

2，20分鐘！開玩笑，怎么湊到300字？當然要用模板！

3，閱讀聽力我都不怕，就怕作文，寫三句話錯兩句，我怎么得26+？當然還是用模板，既然是模板就意味著是你精挑細選的句子，保證了寫作的質量！

提醒：1，模板要富于變化，一篇只能用5句那你就要準備10句！

2，模板不能一味照搬別人的，避免重復！

3，保證模板里的句子沒有語法和用詞錯誤！

一般來說，大家把一下幾個句子稍微變形，即完成了綜合寫作第一步

1.The lecture discusses…which differs from the main idea in the reading that…（用于第一段）2.The professor made the point that …The reading , in contrast, held a different view.（用于第一或第二三四段）

3.Another important point showed in the listening material is that …but the reading presents a conflicting idea that…（用于第三四段）

4.Finally, the professor stated that...which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who said that...（用于第四段）

5.In general, the professor discussed the problem of …that the reading viewed in a contraryopposingdifferent angle.（最后總結段）

6.According to the lecture… on the other hand while the reading stated that …

7.The professor made the point that… on the contrary in contrast however, the writer demonstrated an ideathat…

8.The lecture supportsillustrates the idea that…

9.The lecture contradictsrefutes is contrary to is the opposite of the idea that…

10.Contrary to the belief in the passage that …the professor says that…

11.The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that… by saying that…（6-11均用于第二三四段）

大家可以把連接詞變化一下，把動詞變化一下或句式稍變，11句話靈活運用。

除了模板以外，綜合寫作我們還需要做什么？

做筆記，做聽力筆記！

99．9%的情況下，綜合寫作的主體內容是三個對立的觀點，所以大家只要把這個三個點記下來，然后把閱讀里相應的三點摳出來放到模板里面去，你的綜合寫作就做完了，就是這么簡單！獨立寫作怎么辦？

很遺憾，獨立寫作沒有固定的模板，起碼我沒用過。沒有模板怎么能叫八股文呢？獨立寫作的八股在于它的題目很固定，如果不信，請翻看OG上給出了那幾百道例題。絕大部分題目是：**和**相比，你覺得哪個更好/更合理？/你更支持哪個觀點？ 一部分題目是：*******，你怎么辦？/你是怎么看的？

還有極小部分發散性題目很少考，而前面兩種其實是一種題目，不信？你看個例子。

Q：Your school has received a gift of money.What do you think is the best way for your school to spend this money? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.這個題目沒有給你二選一的選項，我們要做的是把它轉化為二選一，捐款的用途無外乎這么幾種：建圖書館、體育館（還可細分籃球、**。。）、學生公寓、辦公大樓、買電腦。。這么多選項你只要從中挑選一個，然后把這個和其他的相比較這篇文章你就搞定了！

除了題目固定之外，寫作的手法同樣很固定。其實大家只要熟讀范文100篇，不會背書也能寫。而且能寫高分作文。具體的方法就是在論壇找到那誰誰誰的185篇滿分作文，挑選其中你覺得寫的不錯的把其中鋪墊的句型，轉換詞挑出來，背一背，背多了你會發現所有的滿分作文其實是一個套路出來的流水線作品（除極少數作文）。流水線作文誰不會寫呢？那滿分作文其實很簡單的 關于托福作文的幾個比較常見的問題：

1,多少字數合適？

ＯＧ上說綜合寫作１５０－２２５，獨立寫作３００。個人認為綜合２５０字，獨立３８０＋比較妥當，但是不用追求太多的字數，有字數沒質量的作文絕對不能得高分。但是有質量的作文字數肯定少不了，ＥＴＳ要求Use specific reasons and details to supportyour choice，你想想達到這個要求的作文字數能太少嗎？

2,要準備多少時間？

三到四周

第一周把***185范文看透，每個題目自己都分析一下，同時學習好的句子。后面兩周每天練一篇綜合一篇獨立，練手感，同時練打字速度。（用老鍵盤練，不能用筆記本鍵盤）

3，托福作文這么八股，考了高分其實不算什么，為了達到北美大陸以后我們寫起論文來杠杠的，我們一起為提高整體英語綜合實力努力吧。多聽多讀多背多說多寫多練多譯！相信能就一定能

相信能就一定能