第一篇:英語語法系列復習專題一-----名詞(寫寫幫整理)
英語語法系列復習專題一-----名詞
名詞的分類
HongKong, China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross
個體名詞:表示某類人或東西中的個體,如 student,book
名 普可數名詞
詞通集體名詞:表示若干個體組成的集合體,如:family,school,group, people
名
詞不可數名詞cotton,air,tea
:work,happiness,news
2.名詞的復數
可數名詞有單、復數形式,其復數的構成規則如下:
1)絕大多數在詞尾加s。如:book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.2)以ch,sh,s,x,o結尾的名詞加es。如:
watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;
下列以o結尾的詞加s構成復數:piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo
3)以輔音字母+y結尾的名詞,將y改為i,再加es。例如:baby,babies;family,families;
以元音字母+y結尾的名詞,直接加s。例如:boy,boys;key,keys
4)以f或fe結尾的名詞,先將f或fe改為v,再加es構成復數形式,如:leaf,leaves;
wife,wives.但有些以f結尾的名詞,是在f后加s構成復數,常見的有:
roof,chief,belief,gulf等。個別的兩種方式都可以,如:handkerchief,’s,handkerchieves
5)少數名詞的復數形式是不規則的,要一一背記:
man→men;woman→women;Englishman→Englishmen;foot→feet;
tooth→teeth;child→children;mouse→mice
少數名詞的單、復數形式相同,如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish,means(注:fishes表不同種類的魚)
6)復合名詞:
A.含man或woman的復合名詞,兩部分都變為復數形式。如:two men teachers,four women doctors
B.將復合名詞中的主體名詞變為復數形式,如:
lookers-on旁觀者,editors-in-chief總編輯, passers-by過路人
C.如果沒有主體名詞,就在詞尾后加s。如:
grown-ups 成年人,go-betweens 中間人
7)以復數形式出現的名詞:trousers,glasses眼鏡,scales天平,savings儲蓄,findings 調查結果,doings行為,surroundings環境,arms武器,fireworks煙火,remains殘余,thanks感謝,riches財富,ashes灰燼,stairs 樓梯
8)有些名詞在一定的詞組中要用復數形式。例如:
take pains下功夫,made preparations作準備,give regards to 問候
2.名詞的所有格 1
1)名詞的所有格一般用于有生命的名詞。其構成多在詞尾加上“’s”,如:Tom’s bike,Marx’s works
以s結尾的專有名詞,在詞尾后加“’”或“’s”。如:Engels’/Engels’s works
以s結尾的復數名詞,只在詞尾加“’”。如:students’ homework,a workers’ nightschool 一所工人夜校,不以s結尾的復數名詞,仍在詞尾加“’s”。如:men’s clothes男士衣服 children’s books 兒童讀物
2)如果一個事物為兩個人共有,只在后一個名詞的詞尾加“’s”,如果不是共有,就要在兩個
名詞的詞尾分別加上“’s”。例如:Tom and Mike’s room湯姆和邁克合住的房間 Tom’s and Mike’s rooms湯姆、邁克各自的房間
3)表示店鋪或某人的家時,常在名詞所有格后省去shop,house等名詞。
如:the tailor’s裁縫店,the barber’s理發店,go to the doctor’s上診所,at my uncle?s在我叔叔家
4)表示時間、距離、國家、城市等無生命的名詞,可以在詞尾加“’s”或“’”來表示 所有
格。如:today’s newspaper,half an hour’s rest,two weeks’ work,ten minutes′walk,China’s
population,Shanghai’s industry
5)表示無生命的名詞一般用of短語表示所有關系。如:
the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 2
6)表示所屬物的名詞前如果有不定冠詞、數詞、不定代詞,常用“of+所有格”來表示所屬
關系。例如:
He is an old friend of my father’s.This is a picture of Mary’s.考點分析
1.He gained his _______by printing _______of famous writers
A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.weaths;workD.wealth;works
析:此題答案D。因為wealth 是不可數名詞故可排除B、C兩個選項;work既可作不
可數名詞表“工作”意,又可作可數名詞表“作品”意,常用復數形式。根據題目意思,此處work應作可數名詞用,于是又可排除A。
2.Many people agree that_______ knowledge of English is a must in ______
international trade today.A.a;×B.the;anC.the;theD.×;the
析:knowledge 是抽象名詞,一般不與不定冠詞連用,但指具體“一門學問”或“一
門學問的掌握了解”可與不定冠詞連用,這可稱之為抽象名詞具體化。類例如:a strong character 堅強的性格;a bright future 光明前途;a waste of time 浪費時間;a pressure on sb.對某人的壓力;have a good time玩得痛快;He is a failure /a success as a leader 他當領導不行/很出色。抽象名詞不與冠詞連用是泛指一般概念、意義。如:what fun!fine weather;common knowledge 常識;Knowledge begins 因此international trade前不用冠詞。
由以上兩點可確定答案為A。
3.Oh, John _____you gave us!
A.How a great surpriseB.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise 析:正確答案為C?!癮/an+形容詞+抽象名詞”是抽象名詞具體化的常見形式。又如:
an advanced culture 一種先進文化;a great interest 極大的興趣;do him a good kindness幫了他一個大忙。
4.She broke a _______ while she was washing up.A.glass wineB.wine glassC.wine’s glassD.glass of wine析:根據broke一詞及四個選項,可確定空白處應選“酒杯”故可排除A、D;C不是表達“酒杯”的正確形式,只有B才是正確答案。英語中用名詞作定語修飾名詞的情況很多,這些作定語用的名詞可表①分類意義②表時間、地點、稱呼③表目的、手段、原料、來源、所屬等意義。
①例: woman driver ,telephone number ,school education ,research work ,coffee cup ,English teacher ,air pollution
②例:book store ,winter sleep ,country life ,college student ,South China
③例:milk bottle ,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room ,tooth brush
5.________terrible weather we’ve been having these days!
A.WhatB.What aC.HowD.How a
析:這是一個感嘆句,how修飾形容詞,副詞或動詞,what修飾名詞。weather是不可數名詞,其前不可加不定冠詞a。因此這題正確答案是A。
6.Shortly after the accident ,two _______police were sent to the spot to keep order.A.dozens ofB.dozensC.dozens’ ofD.dozen
析: 正確答案是D。dozen, score ,hundred, thousand ,million等名詞前面有數詞或many ,several等詞,且表示具體數目時,這些名詞一般不用復數形式,但在下列短語中卻加S,并與of連用:dozens of(許多的),scores of(好幾十的),hundreds of(成百的),thousands of(上千的),millions of(數百萬的)
7.I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible.Just have a little ______.A.waitB.timeC.patienceD.rest
析:由題干第一句意“我會盡快調查那件事”,可知下句是要對方不要著急,故答案應為C。這是由情景,語境確定答案題目。
8.If by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a _________.A.messageB.letterC.sentenceD.notice
析:答案為A。道理同第7題。
專題練習
1._________from Beijing to London!
A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way it is
2.We’veworked out the plan ,and now we must put it into________.A.factB.practiceC.realityD.deed
3.Electrcity , like other forms of ________ ,has greatly increased in price.A.pressureB.forceC.strengthD.energy
4.That fellow is clever;he has ___________.A.brainB.a brainC.the brainD.brains
5.Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.A.shoes storeB.shoe’s storeC.shoe storeD.shoes’ store
6.Those ______ took lots of ______ in the Summer Palace.A.Germen;photoesB.Germen;photos
C.Germans;photosD.Germans;photoes
7.All possible means __________ to save the hero.A.has triedB.have triedC.has been triedD.have been tried
8.——Whose car is it ?
——It’s________.A.Tom and MaryB.Tom’s and Mary’s
C.Tom’s and MaryD.Tom and Mary’s
9.There are 5____ in th fields.A.heads of cattlesB.heads of cattle
C.head of cattlesD.head of cattle
10.He is the very thief the police ________ looking for.A.isB.areC.hasD.have
11.All but Jack __________ here just now.A.isB.areC.wasD.were
12.He knows almost everything.So we sayhe is a man of many _________.A.knowlegesB.presentsC.giftsD.rewards
13.Carelessness is the usual __________ of fire.A.wayB.excuseC.causeD.reason
14.The girl is quite ________to her mother now.A.a helpB.helpsC.helpD.helpness
15._______is coming to give us a lecture.A.A manager and an expertB.A manager and expert
C.Manager and expertD.Manager and an expert
16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of __________.A.stoneB.the stoneC.a stoneD.the stones
17.If you hurt her _________ ,you should apologize.A.feelingsB.feelC.feelsD.feeling
18.I’ll go and call at __________ right after school.A.the doctorB.the SmithsC.SmithD.my uncle’s
19.The shop will be closedduring_________.A.repairsB.a repairC.repairD.repairing
20.The________we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while.A.mouseB.deerC.dogD.cow
21.My brother didn’t find army life to his __________.A.likeB.tasteC.qualityD.favour
22.Though they hadn’t met for long ,he recognized her ___________.A.voiceB.noiseC.soundD.laughter
23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _______.A.the high spiritB.high spirits
C.a high spiritD.high spirit
24.After _______ silence ,they began to write letters to each other.A.three-yearB.a three-yearC.three yearsD.three years?s
25.If these trousers are too big ,buy a smaller__________.A.copyB.pairC.pieceD.set
26.That daughter of Jack’s is ______.A.a good funB.good runsC.good funD.good funny
27._______will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.(93年上海高考題)
A.The Evenses’B.The Evens’C.The EvensesD.The Evens
28.He is one of the most successful_______ in the city.A.newspaper’s writerB.newspaper writers
C.nesapapers’writerD.newspaper writer
29.——Where is your brother?
——At_____.A.Mr Green’sB.GreensC.the Mr Green’sD.the Greens
30.——Are you _______ ,Mr Black?
——Yes ,I speak______.A.English;the English languageB.the English;English
C.an Englishman;on English languageD.an English;English
答案
1-5DBDDC6-10CDDDB
11-15DCCAB16-20AADAB
21-25BABBB26-30CCBAA
第二篇:二。名詞和主謂一致(高考英語語法復習)
二.名詞和主謂一致
1.名詞的數
(1).常見的不可數名詞:advice.news.progress.money.furniture.fun.equipment.weather.luck.homework.housework.information.bread.medicine.clothing.wealth.sope.rice這些詞在使用中不可亂套漢語而使用復數或加不定冠詞(2).有些名詞通常只用作復數。如:glasses.clothes.trousers(褲子).ashes(灰塵).congrstulations.in high spirit(以很高的熱情).It is good manners to do sth.(做某事有禮貌)
(3).有些名詞既可以作可數名詞,也可作不可數名詞,但意義不同。Workun.工作 cn.作品,著作
roomun.空間 cn.房間
Experience un.經驗
cn.經歷
paperun.紙 cn.論文、試卷、文件(4).名詞的修飾詞
只能修飾可數名詞的有:each,either,neither, another, these, Those,both,(a)few, several, many, agreat/good many, dozens of等 只能修飾不可數名詞的有:(a)little, much, a bit of, a great dealof, a large amount of 等。
既可修飾可數又可修飾不可數的有:some, any, half, most, all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities of 等。2.名詞的單復數
(1).絕大多數的可數名詞的復數形式,是在該詞末尾加上后輟-s。friend→friends;cat→cats;style→styles;sport→sports;piece→pieces(2).凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh結尾的詞,在該詞末尾加上后輟-es構成復數。
bus→buses;;fox→foxes;match→matches;flash→flashes box →boxes;watch →watches;actress →actresses;class →classes;dress →dresses;sandwich →sandwiches;toothbrush →toothbrushes;waitress(女侍者)→waitresses
(3).以輔音字母+y結尾的名詞,將y改變為i,再加-es。candy→candies;lady→ladies;story→stories strawberry →strawberries;baby →babies;library →libraries;dictionary →dictionaries;activity →activities
(4).以-o結尾的名詞,加-es,或加-s構成復數。-es:黑人英雄在回聲中吃土豆、西紅柿。Negroes.heroes.echoes.potatoes.Tomatoes zero既可加-s,也可加-es(5).以-f或-fe結尾的名詞,一般直接加-s,但下列詞需要將-f或-fe去掉,加-ves 為了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和樹葉站在架子上,把狼劈成兩半
Self-selves, life-lives, thief-thieves, wife-wives, knife-knives, leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves, wolf-wolves, half-halves *staff(員工)→staves;scarf(圍巾)→scarves(6).常見單復同形的名詞 Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, series, means, fish, fruit(其中fish,fruit表示種類是,可加復數詞尾,即fishes, fruits)(7).集合名詞
a.形式為單數,但意義可以用為單數或復數
這類集合名詞包括family(家庭),team(隊),class(班),audience(聽眾)等,其用法特點為:若視為整體,表示單數意義;若考慮其個體成員,表示復數意義。
His family is large.他的家是個大家庭。
His family are all waiting for him.他的一家人都在等他。This class consists of 45 pupils.這個班由45個學生組成。This class are reading English now.這個班的學生在讀英語。
c.形式為單數,但意義永遠為復數
這類集合名詞包括cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等,其用法特點為:只有單數形式, 但卻表示復數意義,用作主語時謂語用復數;不與 a(n)連用,但可與the連用(表示總括意義和特指)。People will laugh at you.人們會笑你的。The police are looking for him.警察在找他。
Many cattle were killed for this.就因為這個原因宰了不少牲畜。注:表示牲畜的頭數,用單位詞 head(單復數同形)。如: five head of cattle 5頭牛,fifty(head of)cattle 50頭牛 c.形式為復數,意義也為復數 這類集合名詞包括goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)等,其用法特點是:只有復數形式(當然也表示復數意義,用作主語時謂語也用復數),但通常不與數詞連用。
Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season.衣服在雨季不易干。Such clothes are very expensive.那樣的衣服很貴。3.名詞的所有格
表示人或物所屬關系時,我們就需要使用名詞所有格。如:“奶奶的房子”表示為“grandma's house”。名詞所有格的構成有以下規則:(1).一般情況下,在名詞的末尾加“'s”構成。如:Mike's bike邁克的自行車,Tom's books湯姆的書.(2).以s結尾的復數名詞的所有格,只在其末尾加’如:my parents' car我父母的車,our teachers' books我們老師的書。
(3).表示幾個人共同擁有的東西時,只在最后一個名字上加所有格。如:Jenny and Joan's bedroom詹妮和瓊共同擁有的臥室;但如果是分別擁有的東西就要在每個名字上加所有格.如:Tim's and Jack's toy cars提姆和杰的玩具車。
(4).名詞所有格后面有指地點等的名詞時,有的習慣上可以省去不用。如:The doctor's(office)醫生診所;my uncle's(house)我叔叔的家;The barber's(shop)理發店。
(5).“of+名詞”屬格。
The window of the classroom教室的窗戶 the capital of China中國的首都 The weather of ShangHai上海的天氣.(6).雙重所有格
即’s屬格和of屬格結合起來表示所有關系 A book of my friend’s.4.名詞作定語
作定語的名詞往往是說明中心名詞的材料、用途、時間、地點、內容、類別等。
作定語的名詞有以下三種形式:
(1).一般用單數形
a meeting room 會議室 morning exercise早操 a story book 故事書a shoe shop 鞋店
(2).man, woman要與所修飾的名詞的單復數一致。a woman teacher 一位女教師
two women teachers 兩位女教師
(3).sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等只用復數形式。a sports meet 運動會 a goods train 貨車
customs house 海關 a sales manager 營業主任 *名詞作定語和所有格作定語的區別;所有格表示所屬關系 The girl friend 女朋友
The girl’s friend那位女孩的朋友 5.主謂一致(1)就近原則 a.由并列結構或連詞(either…or,neither…nor,not…but,not only…but also,or等)連接的并列主語,謂語動詞與靠近的那個名詞或代詞保持一致。
Neither his parents nor Tom is at home.Tom和他的父母都不在家。
b.在倒裝句和there be句型中,謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語保持一致。
There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本書和幾支鋼筆。
There comes the bus.汽車來了。
c.在定語從句中,關系代詞作主語,其謂語動詞應與它所指代的先行詞保持一致。
I know the man who is talking to my father.我認識那個正在和我父親談話的人。
d.在強調句(It’s ….that/who….)中,who/that又在句中作主語,這時它應與被強調的主語保持一致。
It is Mary's brother who was injured in the car accident.是Mary的哥哥在車禍中受傷了。
(2).意義一致原則
a.”every/each/no+名詞+and every/each/no+名詞”作主語時,謂語用單數。Every boy and every girl is having sports now.b.”one+單數名詞+and a half”作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。One apple and a half was on table.c.”more than one +單數名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。More than one student has failed the exam.d.”many a+單數名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。Many a child was playing there.(3)。語法一致原則
只要確定主語時單數意義,則謂語用單數,主語是復數意義,則謂語用復數。
a.不可數名詞作主語,一律視為單數
b.“one, either, neither, each of+復數名詞或代詞”作主語時,謂語通常用單數形式。
Either of the stories is very funny.c.表示時間、金錢、距離、重量、數量的復數名詞作主語,通常看做一個整體,謂語動詞用單數形式。Ten pounds was missing from the box.d.a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of等量詞修飾名詞,通常以量詞的單復數形式來確定謂語的單復數。This pair of glasses is very expensive.Two series of new stamps have been ordered, e.”a number of+復數名詞意思是“許多…”,表示復數意義;“the number of+復數名詞意思是“…的數目”,表示單數概念?!皌he population of…”意思是“...的人口數量,”作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式,但是如果有分數、百分數等修飾,指具體的其中多少人,表達復數意義,謂語動詞常用復數形式?!皌he average of…”意思是“...的平均數量”,作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。
The number of the student in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard.The population of China ia large and most of the population are famers.f.主語后有with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as等修飾時,謂語動詞的數要和這些詞匯前面的名詞的數保持一致 Mr.Greentogether with his children goes to the park every Sunday.g.“the+adj.”表示一類人時,謂語動詞用復數,如果個別人或表示抽象的概念,謂語動詞用單數。
The disabled are well taken care of in this country.The dead in the accident was 20, a girl from Nanjing University.h.分數、百分數或all, some, the rest, , half of, most of, part of 等作主語時,謂語動詞的單復數根據其指代的含義來確定。The rest of the workers are still very tired.練習
請用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。
1.Three years _______(have)passed since they met last time, and for them, three years_______(be)really a long time.2._______(be)everybody going to take part in the game this afternoon? 3.My family _______(be)the largest one in our village.Besides, my family ______(be)all party members.4.The whole class ________(be)now listening to the teacher attentively.5.The news ______(be)very exciting.6.To learn one or two foreign languages _______(be)very important nowadays.7.The last and most difficult lesson _______(be)Lesson 14.8.I, who _______ your friend, will try my best to help you.9.The scientist and engineer _______(have)invented a new machine.10.Alice,together with her friends,_______(be)punished for having broken the school rules.11.Every girl and every boy _______(have)the right to join the club.12.—_______(be)either she or you to go and attend the meeting?—Neither she nor I________(be).13.Ancient and modern history _____(be)the subjects we are studying.14.Many a scientist _______(have)devoted their lives to science.15.The old _______(be)respected in our country.16.We each _____(have)strong points and each of us on the other hand ______(have)weak points.17.A library with five thousand books ______ to the nation as a gift.(offer)
18.The police _______(be)determined to bring back the missing boy when his family ______(have)almost given up all hope.19.Only one of the students who ______ present______ to speak at the meeting.(be)
20.When and where to build the new factory ________ yet.(not decide)
21.Reading magazines and novels ________ helpful.(be)
22.It's not you but Mr.Anderson who _______ to answer for the incident.(be)
23.The number of people invited ______fifty, but a number of them ______ absent for different reasons.(be)24.I don't think the poor _________ always poor.(be)25.At the meeting each man and each woman _______ praised by the manager yesterday.(be)
26.One and a half days ________ what I need.(be).27.Sixty percent of the work______.(do)
28.______ neither you nor your brother interested in swimming ?(be)29.Such films as _____ shown yesterday ______ not worth seeing again.(be)
30.Three fourths of the earth's surface ______ covered with water..(be)31.About 85 percent of the students _______ good , and part of them _____ interested in biology.(be)
32.Politics ______ now taught in all schools..(be)33.Our headmaster and secretary ______ kind and strict.(be)
34.More than one girl _______ late for class this morning.(be)
35.Many a student ______ in the exam.(fail)36.No boy and no girl ______ waiting for the bus.(be)37.Great quantities of fish __________________ in the river in the past few days(catch)38.This is the one of the books on the subject that ______ ever been written in Chinese(have)
39.The world's supplies of oil ________ gradually _______ up with the development of industry and the increase of cars(use)(現在進行時)40.The population of China______over 12 million and eighty percent of them _______peasants.(be)41.All but one ______ here just now.(be)42.More than 60 percent of world’s radio programs _______ in English.(be)43.A large number of students of this school ______ fond of playing football(be)44.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China now.(study)
45.Ten dollars ______a big sum for a small child, and they will go a long way.(be)
46.Apples of this kind _______ good.(taste)
47.The Olympic Games _______ held every four years.(be)48.No one but her parents ______ it.(know)
49.The paper for books and newspapers _____ made of wood.(be)
50.It is she who _______ wrong.(be)51.Twenty of us are old.The rest _______ young.52.The Smiths ______ to move into the new building(be)53.Bread and butter ______ a kind of food.(be)54.The watch and chain ______ of gold(make)55.Half the eggs ______ bad.(be)
56.There ______ a map of the world and some pictures on the wall.(be)57.A large quantity of water pipes ______ needed.(be)58.Nobody except Bill and Johnny ______entered the second round of the interview.(have)59.My driving license, rather than my credit cards, ______lost.(be)60.Every hour and every minute ______ important.(be)
答案與解析:
1.have;is。表示時間、金錢、距離、重量的復數名詞表示單位數量用作主語時,通??醋髡w,謂語動詞用單數形式(第二空);若強調數目,謂語動詞用復數形式(第一空)。
2.Is。不定代詞anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, nobody, nothing等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。
3.is;are。集體名詞family, class等作主語時,如果強調整體(第一空),謂語動詞用單數形式;如果強調個體(第二空),則用復數形式。4.are。
5.is。某些名詞以-s結尾,表面看是復數形式,實際上是單數概念,如physics, news等,它們作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。6.is。當主語是不定式短語,-ing形式短語或主語從句時,謂語動詞一般用單數形式。
7.is。一個單數名詞同時被兩個不同的形容詞修飾,如果表示的是同一概念,謂語動詞一般用單數。該句意為“最后一課十四課是最難的一課?!? 8.am。
9.has。兩個名詞或代詞由and連接作主語時,當and不表示并列意 義,而連接兩個在意義上表示同一人、物或概念或由兩個部件配成的物品時,謂語動詞用單數。
10.was。主語后面接說明主語的修飾語,如用with,along with,as well as, like, rather than, but, except, besides, including等與修飾語連接,謂語動詞不受修飾成分的影響,仍保持同主語一致的關系。11.has。兩個并列的名詞由each,every,no等修飾時,謂語動詞一般用單數。
12.Is;am。當用作主語的兩個名詞或代詞由or,either...or, neither...nor或 not only...but also等連接時,謂語通常與鄰近的名詞或代詞保持一致。
13.are。一個單數名詞同時被兩個不同的形容詞修飾,表示兩個不同的概念時,謂語動詞一般用復數。
14.has?!癿any a + 單數名詞”作主語時,表達的是復數意義,但謂語動詞要用單數。
15.are?!皌he+形容詞 / 過去分詞”表示一類人時,謂語動詞用復數。16.have, has
17is offered 18are, have are ,is is not decided 21 is is, 23was, were 24 are 25 was 26 is has been done 28 Are were, are 30 is 31 are, are
is 33 is
was 35 has failed
is
have been caught
38.has
39.are being;used 40is;are
41were
are 43.are
studies
45is
taste 47 are…four
knows
has50 is 51 are
are
is
54.is made 55 are
is
are 58 has59 is
is
第三篇:英語語法---名詞、代詞和冠詞
英語語法---冠詞 冠詞基本用法 【速記口訣】
名詞是禿子,常要戴帽子,可數名詞單,須用a或an,輔音前用a,an在元音前,若為特指時,則須用定冠,復數不可數,泛指the不見,碰到代詞時,冠詞均不現?!久钫Z詮釋】
冠詞是中考必考的語法知識之一,也是中考考查的主要對象。以上口訣包括的意思有:①名詞在一般情況下不單用,常常要和冠詞連用;②表示不確指的可數名詞單數前要用不定冠詞a或an,確指時要用定冠詞the;③如復數名詞表示泛指,名詞前有this,these,my,some等時就不用冠詞。英語語法---名詞
(一)可數名詞的復數構成 A.規則變化 1.單詞后加S 2.單詞后加ES(以CH等結尾的單詞)3.以F或FE結尾,變為VE加S B.不規則變化
1.單復同形
deer sheep
fish
Chinese
Japanese
means 2.只有復數形式
people
police
cattl
clothes
trousers,glasses 3.不規則變化
man----men
woman----women
foot-----feet
tooth-----teeth mouse------mice
child-----children
German------Germans 4.復合名詞的復數 1)將后一部分變成復數
Englishman---Englishmen gentleman---gentlemen policewoman----policewomen 2)將主要成分變成復數
looker-on----lookers-on
son-in-law----sons-in-law
3)如果前一詞是man, woman,將兩部分都變成復數 men doctors
women 小結
grown-up----grown-ups
名詞單數變復數規則 【速記口訣】
單數變復數,規則要記住,一般加s,特殊有幾處: 【妙語詮釋】
①大部分單數可數名詞變為復數要加s,也就是單詞如果以ch,sh,s,x等結尾),則一般加es;②以o結尾的單詞除了兩人(negro,hero)兩菜(tomato,potato)加es外,其余一般加s;③以f或fe結尾的單詞一般是把f,fe變為ve再加s;④英語中還有些單詞沒有規則,需要特殊記憶,如child—children,mouse—mice,deer—deer,sheep—sheep,Chinese—Chinese,ox— oxen,man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth。
(二)名詞所有格
1.表示有生命的東西的名詞,所有格在名詞后加’s Mr Li’s house
The cat’s food
James’ dog
The dogs’ food 2.表示無生命的東西的名詞,用of+名詞的結構來表示 The leg of the desk
the cover of the magazine 3.在時間,距離,度量,價值等名詞后,可用名詞所有格。Two months’ time
Today’s newspaper
fifty pounds’ weight 4.表示店鋪或某人的家時,常在所有格后省去shop, home.The doctor’s
the tailor’s
my uncle’s
the barber’s 5.名詞前有冠詞,數詞,不定代詞或指示代詞時,用of詞組+所有格表示 a friend of John’s
that bike of Tom’s 6.某樣東西為兩人或多人共有,在后一個名詞尾+’s.Jane and Fred’s mother
Jane’s and Fred’s mother Tom and Tim’s car
Tom’s and Tim’s car 小結
名詞所有格用法 【速記口訣】
名詞所有格,表物是“誰的”,若為生命詞,加“’s”即可行,詞尾有s,僅把逗號擇;并列名詞后,各自和共有,前者分別加,后者最后加;若為無生命詞,of所有格,前后須倒置,此是硬規則。【妙語詮釋】
①有生命的名詞所有格一般加s,但如果名詞以s結尾,則只加“’”;②并列名詞所有格表示各自所有時,分別加“’s”,如果是共有,則只在最后名詞加 “’s”;③如果是無生命的名詞則用of表示所有格,這里需要注意它們的順序與漢語不同,A of B要翻譯為B的A(三)主謂一致
主語是復數,謂語用復數,主語是單數,謂語用單數。He is a student.We are students.1
and 連接兩個名詞,看有無the.The professor and writer is going to give us a lecture of writing.The professor and the writer are going to our school.2
主語單數+ with/as well as/ but/except/besides/including …+謂語單數
主語復數+ with/as well as/ but/except/besides/including …+謂語復數 A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.3.有些名詞復數形式作為一個整體,(如度量,距離,金額,時間,書名等)其謂語動詞用單數。Two weeks ___(be)not enough to finish the work.1000 dollars ___(be)a large amount of money.4.There be 句型就近原則。
There ____ a pair of glasses on the desk.There ____ two patients and a nurse in the hospital.5.某些集體名詞,如family ,team 等做主語時,若當一個整體看,謂語動詞就用單數,若就其中一個一個成員來看,謂語動詞就用復數,class , club, audience ,committee , crowd , government , party, public , team 等。其中population 的用法也類似
His family _____(be)a happy family.All the world ________(be)waiting for the good news.6.成雙成對構成的東西,如glasses, shoes, chopsticks, scissors等作主語,謂語動詞用復數形式,但與a pair一起構成作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。
7.each , every+名詞,謂語用單數。
Each boy and girl ________(want)to serve the people in the future.8.以 either …or , neither …nor , not only … but also,not…but…等連接兩個并列主語時,謂語動詞的單復數應按照就近原則。
Either you or he ______(be)to go.Not only he but also I ______(be)wrong.9.…幾分之幾/。。百分之幾+of +名詞單數 + 謂語單數
…幾分之幾/。。百分之幾+of +名詞復數 + 謂語復數 Three-fifths of money _____(have)been used up.10.…one of +復數名詞 +謂語復數
…the only/the very one of + 復數名詞 +謂語單數 He is one of the boys that have passed the maths test.
第四篇:小學英語語法-名詞復數
小學英語語法名詞的復數
一、名詞分可數名詞和不可數名詞。
1、可數名詞(可數),如:book ,dog ,apple ,school 等??蓴得~有復數。如: books ,dogs ,apples ,schools.2、不可數名詞(不可數),如:water ,milk , meat等。不可數名詞沒有復數,通常通過量詞來修飾。如:a cup of water ,a bottleof milk ,a plate of meat.這里我們重點說可數名詞的復數。
二、可數名詞的復數。
1.一般情況下,結尾直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds。
2.以s.x.sh.ch結尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ,match-matches
3.以“輔音字母+y”結尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries.4.以“f或fe”結尾,變f或fe為v, 再加-es,如:knife-kniveswolf-wolvesleaf-leaveslife-livesthief-thieves
5.不規則可數名詞的復數。
man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, child-children
policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice ,foot-feet,Japanese-Japanese tooth-teethfish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese,
第五篇:初中英語語法講解整理完整文件-名詞
名詞
1.1名詞的種類:
1)專有名詞——表示人名、洲名、國各、地名、山河名、組織機構、節日、月份、星期、稱呼、頭銜、書報名、(由
普通名詞構成的專有名詞)如:Michael(邁克爾),Asia(亞有些名詞既能用作可數名詞,又能用作不可數名詞,但意義不同。如:room—房間(可數);空間(不可數)fish—魚(可paper—試卷,報紙(可數);紙張(不可數)4.不可數名詞量的表達(2)詞尾加(r)en,如:child→(3)單、復數相同。如:sheep→sheep;deer→deer;fish→fish;(4)有些名詞只表示復數。如:people, trousers, scissors, glasses(眼鏡)。
(5)man 和woman作定語修飾另一個名詞時,兩部分都用數);魚肉(不可數)glass—玻璃杯(可數);玻璃(不可數)Chinese→;Japanese→。洲),China(中國),Hong Kong(香港),London(倫敦),the Yellow 不可數名詞的數量,要借助一個可數名詞來表達,其結構
River(黃河),WTO(世貿組織),Christmas Day(圣誕
節),January(一月),Monday(星期一),Dad(爸爸),Mr Brown(布
朗先生),President Obama(奧巴馬總統),Harry Potter(哈利·波
特),.the Great Wall(長城)
注意:1.專有名詞的第一個字母必須大寫2.由普通名詞
構成的專有名詞前一般要加定冠詞the。
2)普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞,如:
book,sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類:(1)個體名
詞:表示某類人或東西中的個體,如:pen, student, desk, book,bike。(2)集體名詞:表示若干個個體組成的集合體,如:
family, class, people, school。(3)物質名詞:表示無法分為個
體的實物,如:air, water, paper。(4)抽象名詞:表示動作、狀態、品質、感情等抽象概念,如:work, time, news。個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數目來計算,稱為可數名詞,物質名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數目計算,稱為不可數名詞。
1.2名詞的數和計量
考點一:不可數名詞
1.分類
不可數名詞分為物質名詞(表示無法分為個體的物質,如
rice,water,milk等)和表示動作、狀態、情
況、品質等抽象概念,如work,time,health等)。??嫉牟豢蓴得~還有:advice,ink,clothing,sugar,news,maths,physics,trouble,weather,traffic,information,homework,fun,progress,experience(經驗)等。
2.基本用法
不可數名詞在句子中作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。不
可數名詞前面不能使用a或 an。
3.既可數又不可數的名詞 為:基數詞+單位詞+of+不可數名詞。如: 復數。如:woman teacher→women teachers女教師;man 一塊面包doctor→men doctors男醫生。兩杯茶twocupsoftea3.可數名詞的計量一般直接在其前加 三杯橘汁threeglassesoforange考點二:可數名詞變復數 1.3 名詞所有 1.規則變化 1.構成(1)一般在詞尾加。如:lake→lakes;mouth→mouths;(1)有生命的名詞所有格的構成方法: month→months;arm→arms;key→keys;boy→boys;grown-①一般情況下在名詞后加's。如:邁克的汽車 up→grownups;pound→pounds;dollar→dollars。我媽媽的頭發Mymother’shair(2)以s,x,sh,ch結尾的名詞后加。如:bus→buses;②以s結尾的復數名詞只加'。如: 教師節 box→boxes;brush→brushes;sandwich→sandwiches;wish三個小時的步行threehours’walk→wishes;church→churches;glass→glasses;beach→beaches。③不以s結尾的復數名詞,直接在詞尾加's。如:婦女節(3)以輔音字母+y結尾的名詞,變為,再加如:兒童節factory→factories;library→libraries;city→cities;country(2)無生命的名詞所有格一般由“of+名詞”構成。如:我→countries;story→stories;family→families;strawberry→們教室的一張照片a picture of our classroomstrawberries; 一張中國地圖[注意] 表示時間、dictionary→dictionaries;party→parties;hobby→hobbies。距離、集體、國家、團體等無生命的名詞,也可用's構成(4)以o結尾的大多加s,少數加es。如:zoo→zoos;photo所有格。如:今天的報紙today's newspaper世界人口→photos;radio→radios;piano→pianos; kangaroo→kangaroos;hero→heroes;tomato→tomatoes;2.特殊用法 potato→potatoes。(1)表示兩者共同擁有的人或物時,只需在最后一個人的名(5)以f或fe結尾的詞,變如:knife字后加's;表示各自所有,則需在每個名詞后加's。如: →knives;leaf→leaves;shelf→shelves;half→halves;thief莉莉和露西共有的房間 Lily and Lucy's room莉莉和露西→thieves;wife→wives;wolf→wolves;life→lives。各自的房間2.不規則變化(2)表示“家”、“ 店鋪”等處所。如:at Li Lei's在李雷家在不規則變化的名詞的復數形式有三種情況: 醫生的診所(1)改變單數名詞中的元音字母。如:foot→feet;tooth→teeth;(3)雙重所有格表示整體中的一部分,結構為“of+名詞's” 或 man→men;woman→women;Englishman→Englishmen(但:“of+名詞性物主代詞”。如:我父親的一本書 a book of my German→Germans)。a friend of mine = one of my friends我的一個朋友