第一篇：新編大學(xué)英語 Book I Unit 7 教案

UnitSevenChoices in Life

Useful Information

Each day we all make many choices;most of these choices are small---what to wear, what to eat, what to do with any leisure time we might happen to have, to name just a few, still, there are many important choices that we make in life---which university to attend, what to study, what type of job to seek, whom to marry, etc.Sometimes we may become tired of making choices, but we always know that we will continue to make them as long as we live, because that is better than having them made for us.We may sometimes ask for advice about a choice we must make, but ultimately most of the decisions as to which choices are best will be made by ourselves, both important an unimportant.We also know that we will undoubtedly have to suffer the consequences of making poor choices and that we will often rejoice in the many fortunate choices we make.It is not surprising that one of the most common old sayings in English is, “you pay your money and make your choices”, meaning that you can do what you want to when it comes to making a choice but then you will have to live with the outcome.Many writers have written about the important of choices throughout our lives.One of the most popular and beloved poems in the English language has “choice” as its subject matter.In this poem, “The Read Not Taken”, Robert Frost describes walking along a path through the woods and coming to a fork in the path.He must choose which fork to take, that is, which way to go, knowing that he will probably never be able to come back and try the other way.He ends his poems by saying, “I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.” This poem is seen as a metaphor for the important choices in life which do, indeed, make “all the difference” for us.In Frost’s case, the choice is often interpreted as his choice of career, to take the risk of becoming a poet, knowing that thousands of poets never really succeed.Some choices bring risk with them.“Risk” may be defined as “the possibility of loss or injury”.In this sense, we may want to avoid taking a risk, but sometimes it is necessary to do so if we are to move forward and develop ourselves to our full potential.As Boris Pasternak the 20th century Russian Nobel prize-winning writer stated, “Art is unthinkable without risk.” Also, the American psychologist William James wrote, “It is only by risking our persons from one hour to another that we live at all”, stressing that in order to have to have a full life we must take risks.He stated further that “There if no more miserable human being than one in whom nothing is habitual but indecision”, stressing that we must constantly make decisions which, of necessity, involve choice and risk if we are to lead full and happy lives.We may all think of the term “risk” in different ways, but it can be interesting to come to a decision as to what we mean by “risk” and then think about the important choices and/or risks that have thus far been involved in our lives.Part One Preparation

1.Decision Making

Many decisions:

(1)choose a good wife/ husband.(2)Find a well-paid and suitable job.(3)Choose a good university and appropriate major.(4)Choose what kind of people to make friends with.(5)Choose what to eat on a day-to-day basis.(6)Should I skip the English class since I’m not feeling well today?

(7)Should I go to school by bike or on foot.(8)Where should I study tonight, in the dorm or classroom?

2.Some phrases and expressions

range from…to…from…to…plan to do sth.manage to do sthpick…upget ready for

complain aboutbreak downyell at

stop…from…h(huán)ave a mealpay for

ask…to do sthsoap operaturn up

in a…voiceleave forturn off

take outinsist onday and night

report…to…plead with(懇求)…not to do sth

offer to do sthget admission to some place

dream aboutin this waygive up

have more trust in sbsacrifice…for…pull through(度過難關(guān))

Part Two Reading-Centered Activities

New words and expressions

1.expression

1)verbalization;articulation(表示，表達(dá))

e.g.The scenery was beautiful beyond expression.2)appearance(神色，表情)

e.g.“I don’t understand,” he said, with an expression of complete surprise on his face.3)meaning, feeling(感情)

e.g.She puts great expression into her violin playing.4)statement(陳述)

e.g.“shut up” is not a polite expression.2.used to和be used to

used to意思為：過去常常……,后跟原形動(dòng)詞.e.g.I used to live in London.People used to burn candles in order to get light.人們在過去常點(diǎn)蠟燭用來照明。

It used to be said that…常言道…

Be used to 意思為：習(xí)慣于… 后跟動(dòng)名詞或名詞

e.g.He is used to working hard/hard work.I am not used to being spoken to like that.像那樣的態(tài)度對(duì)我說話，我是看不慣的。

Get used to…弄慣become used to習(xí)慣于

e.g.You will soon get/become used to our ways.你不久會(huì)習(xí)慣于我們的方式。

3.instead of, instead

兩者的區(qū)別：instead of后跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞，instead是副詞，后面跟詞語。e.g.We should do something instead of just talking about it.Could I have tea instead of coffee?

If Tom can’t attend the meeting, I could instead.I don’t want to go home.Let’s go to a movie instead.4.suggest 表示“建議”時(shí)，有下列常見用法：

e.g.Mary suggested that we order pizza for lunch.“I suggest buying the green bag,” said Linda.I suggest a tour of the museum.Whom would you suggest for the job?

What did you suggest to the manager?

Other phrases and expressions

Take risksinstead oftake caretake…as a jokegrow upfall to pieces

color: affect, influenceinhibit: hold backfalse alarm(虛驚)Be likely to do sthconfuse…with…in front of

By the thought ofat the thought ofon thinking

Instead ofthrow…at sbdevelop into

Tear one’s fleshbe faced withseparate…from… Tell…from…think aboutput…into practice Be certain abouttake actiontake steps/measures As soon asin some waystay away from(避開)

Be about to dowalk away frommistake…for… Be mixed upone thing at a timeend in

Inhibit…from…prevent…from…stay in bed

In relation toeven ifget angry

Get injuredtake the riskput in danger(使遭受危險(xiǎn))Take the chance of(冒…的危險(xiǎn))be faced with

Cross sb’s mind(突然想起，掠過腦際)deal with: handle [take action about 處理，對(duì)付]

Be eager to do sthblow up: explodecolor vt.influence Earn one’s livingswitch ontear one’s flesh(肉體受到嚴(yán)重傷害)Free of/frommatch…with…be willing to do Lead to(success)prevent…from…laugh at sb

Be ready to do sthdeal withagree with sb

Share with sbfire into sb(向…開槍)confuse…with…

Throw a brick at…develop into…make out(理解，證明)On the top ofcarry off(奪去搶走，獲得獎(jiǎng)品等)

At sunriseadvise sb to doin the first place In the second placein the third placetake…away from Instead ofsucceed in doingmake an effort Most important of allno sooner…than…on the other side Arrive attell ofa great deal of Rejoice to do sth(高興/欣喜做…)for nothing(徒勞無功)For no purpose(徒勞無功，沒有好結(jié)果)wage against(向…開戰(zhàn))in jest as a joke(開玩笑地，不嚴(yán)肅地)agree to sth

succeed in doing sthlater on(以后，后來)break into

be fond ofadd up(加在一起)allow sb to doshare withrun out ofin return for(換得/來)meet face to faceat the end ofend with

decline to do sth(拒絕做…)pay back(償還)belong to sb/sth at the age ofstrike a deal(達(dá)成協(xié)議)go through

talk…over(商議/量)invite sb to…

第二篇：新編大學(xué)英語 2 Unit 12 教案

Unit 12

Time Teaching Aims:

In this unit students are required to : 1)get to know some useful information concerning the topic of the reading passages in this unit and to know more about English culture;2)do some preparation activities such as discussion, group work, etc.to practice their spoken skill and communicative skills;3)grasp some new words and try to use these words which help them to enrich their vocabulary;4)read the in-class reading passage in a limited time and grasp some expressions and grammatical points in the in-class reading passage to improve their reading comprehension;5)do some post-reading exercises and some after-class reading to practice what they have got to know in class to improve their English comprehensive skills.;6)translate some typical sentences into Chinese or English by using some expressions learned in the reading passages to acquire some translating skills and better their translating abilities.I.Preparation 1．Proverb about time ?Time is money.?Time is life.?Time and tide wait for no man.?To idle away one’s time amounts to killing oneself.?Everything can be bought except time.?Money lost, little lost;time lost, everything lost.Idioms ?arrange one’s time

kill time ?have a good time ?afford the time ?make up time ?run out of time ?save time ?spare time ?take one’s time ?waste time ?value time ?make up lost time ?at a time ?ahead of time ?behind time ?for the time being ?from time to time ?in no time ?against time(爭分奪秒，盡快地）

2.Discuss the following questions 1.Are you often late for an appointment or for class? If so, for what reasons? ?(No.I am always on time for appointments.I think it shows respect for other people.It’s rude to be late.If I am going to be late, I will try to let other person know.)?(Yes.But I am only a few minutes late.The reason may be that I don’t like to wait for someone else.Sometimes I’m late for class.That’s because I find getting up early in the morning really difficult.)2.Have you any suggestions for people who are always late? ?(For people who are always late.I think first they should realize that it is impolite to keep others waiting.You are wasting other people’s time and you are giving them a bad impression.You should always pretend that the appointment is five or ten minutes earlier than it actually is.You can find someone such as a roommate to remind you of the appointment or class so that you won’t forget the time.If you find it difficult to get up in the morning, you should have an alarm clock.You might also get into the habit of getting up early to do morning exercises.II.Passage-Reading Activities 1.Finishing reading the passage within 16 minutes, and point out the main idea of the passage.2.Filling the blanks in the reading comprehension exercises.3．Language Points 1)to interact with sb/sth: to act on each other;to have an effect on each other or sth else ?相互影響/作用/交流

?a scientist studying the complex way in which people interact with each other at parties(研究人們在聚會(huì)中互相交往的復(fù)雜方式的社會(huì)學(xué)家）

?All things are interrelated(相互關(guān)聯(lián)的)and interacted with each other.?Help parents interact with their babies ?（幫助父母與幼兒一起活動(dòng)和溝通）

2)to insist on: to declare firmly(when opposed)堅(jiān)持說，強(qiáng)調(diào)

?I insisted to everyone that he was wrong.?I insisted on my correctness.?to insist on: to order(sth.to happen)堅(jiān)持要求，一定要 ?I insisted on him going.?He insisted on her staying in London.?Then she insisted on John keeping silence.?to insist that…(should)do/be… ?I insisted that he go with us.3)synchonize with(cause to)happen at the same time, speeds etc.使…同步

?The sound on a film must synchronize with the action.影片中的聲音必須與動(dòng)作配合一致。?The voyages of discovery synchronized with the emergence of capitalist economy.發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸的航海與資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)的出現(xiàn)同時(shí)發(fā)生。

4)in unison with sb/sth;in the same pitch ?acting together in close agreement齊奏，齊唱，一致，協(xié)調(diào)

?The banks have acted in unison with the building societies in lowering interest rates.銀行降低利率來配合房屋建筑協(xié)會(huì)的行動(dòng)。

?The feet of marching soldiers move in unison.?When people sing in unison they sing the same tune at the same time---ie.They don’t sing in pairs.5)to bring back ? return or cause to return ?All the library books must be brought back before June 20.?Bring us back our books.[same as return] ? obtain and return with 帶回來

?When you go to the post office, will you please bring me some stamps back? ?You bring something back from somewhere.? cause to return to the mind使回想起

?Something brings back memories if it reminds you of past times.?The place brought back memories of happier times.? cause to return(to health, existence etc)使恢復(fù)

?to bring back to life/health使復(fù)生/恢復(fù)健康

?And anyway he was dead, I couldn’t bring him back to life.If you say that a dead person cannot be brought back you mean they cannot be made to live again.6)to differ from…(in): to be unlike

? Things or people differ if they are unlike each other.? The twins look alike ,but differ in personality.? Wisdom differs from cunning.? John differs from his brothers in any ways.? to differ: disagree(持不同意見，有分歧）? People differ about something when they disagree.? He differed with his brother about/on a political question.7)to frown on/upon sth.: disapprove of sth不贊同，不同意，不許可

? People frown on or upon something if they disapprove of it.Smoking is frowned on at most public gatherings.? Gambling is frowned on by some church authorities.? My parents always frown on late nights out.to frown at sb./sth.: bring the eyebrows together皺眉

? You frown when you draw your eyebrows together in worry, disapproval or deep thought.? He frowned angrily at me.? She read through the letter, frowning at its contents.她把信看完一遍，從頭到尾雙眉緊鎖。

? She was frowning with concentration.8)priority(over):right to do/have sth.before others優(yōu)先（地位），更大重要性 ? This project has priority over all others.? Military personnel often have priority over civilians.? The badly wounded take priority for medical attention over those slightly hurt.? One person or thing has priority when they have the right to be dealt with or be put first to get your priorities right: to understand what is most important and should be dealt with first ? The health service should get its priorities right and concentrate on making people better, rather than trying to save money.9)to summon up ? If you summon up your courage, your strength or the energy to do sth, you make a great effort to be courageous or have enough strength or energy to it.? I couldn’t summon up the courage to tell him.? to summon up: to gather /call together召喚，召集

? The shareholders were summoned to a general meeting.已召集股東開全體大會(huì).10)in harmony with sb/sth.: in agreement with 和…一致，協(xié)調(diào)一致，相配 ? His tastes are in harmony with mine.? He lives in harmony with his neighbors.他與鄰居和諧相處。

? We must ensure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment.? My cat and dog never fight---they live together in perfect harmony.? [the opposite out of harmony]

III.Post-Reading Activities 1． Finish the reading comprehension exercises on page 2000 and 2001.2． Finish the vocabulary exercises on page 2002 and 2003.3． Translation ? He insists/insisted on driving her home.? I am also aware of the importance of completing the task on schedule.? All things are interrelated and interact with each other.? I think of him as someone who will always help me.? The twins look alike, but differ in personality ? We must ensure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment.? I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them.? Does it never occur to you that I might like to be on my own occasionally? 4.Writing Write a description of an event when time seemed to pass extremely fast or slow.Try to focus on your perceptions of time.Your composition should be no less than 120 words.Sample

Time Flies

There is nobody but realizes the value of time.An old Chinese proverb says,” Every second counts.” Indeed when time is lost, we can not get it back.From this we know that time is a thing of immeasurable value.Many young men and women waste their time in indulging themselves in gambling, smoking, drinking, and dancing.They do not know the value of time, but idle it away carelessly.To be sure, such people will suffer the consequences.Life is short and art is long.We must devote our time and energy to our studies, so that we may be of service to our country.We regret being unable to acquire enough knowledge on the grounds that time is limited.We have to develop a habit of saving time, instead of spending time uselessly.If it is necessary for us to do our work today, let us do it today, and not leave it till tomorrow.Laziness is the thief of time.It not only brings us failure, but does us harm as well.Remember that if a man in youth does not do his best, he will feel sorry when he is old.Time Is Money The old saying “Time is money” means that time is a very valuable thing.Many things we can obtain more than once, but wasted time can never be gained again.Thus we may say that value of time exceeds that of money.Nothing can be done without time just as no one can live without air.But time is often neglected by men, since time is invisible thing.They often waste their time unconsciously.Without anything to do, they gossip from morning till night.This is a great loss to themselves as well as to the community.Man can only live one hundred years at most.It is a very short time , and time and tide wait for no man.Hence we should use our valuable time properly to do our tasks.Never waste a bit of it!6

第三篇：新編大學(xué)英語說課教案3（精選）

《新編大學(xué)英語》說課教案（課文）

各位評(píng)委老師，大家好！今天我要說課的內(nèi)容是：《New College English》(Book Two)Unit One。本課的主題是Food and Culture（飲食與文化）。

一、教材分析

1、教材的地位和作用

這套由浙江大學(xué)編著的《新編大學(xué)英語》可以稱之為我國第一套合理兼顧學(xué)生技能訓(xùn)練和應(yīng)試能力的教材。整套教材采用了“以學(xué)生為中心的主題教學(xué)模式”。“以學(xué)生為中心”旨在理解和體現(xiàn)學(xué)生在知識(shí)、智力、情感、個(gè)性等方面的需求。所謂的“主題教學(xué)”即每個(gè)單元圍繞一個(gè)主題展開聽、說、讀、寫、譯等活動(dòng)，旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言綜合應(yīng)用能力。我今天說課這一單元的教學(xué)主題是“Food and Culture（飲食與文化）”。通過對(duì)這個(gè)話題的學(xué)習(xí)，使學(xué)生能夠了解各國不同的飲食文化和習(xí)俗，養(yǎng)成合理和開放的跨文化意識(shí)，為日后的學(xué)習(xí)做好鋪墊，進(jìn)一步提高學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語的綜合能力。本單元共需6課時(shí)完成：Preparation 和Listening-Centered Activities 2 課時(shí)，Reading-Centered Activities 2 課時(shí)，F(xiàn)urther Development2 課時(shí)。今天我抽取的是第四課時(shí)所講授的內(nèi)容Reading-Centered Activities（課文）。

2、教學(xué)目標(biāo)

a）知識(shí)目標(biāo)

① 根據(jù)教學(xué)大綱的要求，使學(xué)生能夠分析文章的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和特點(diǎn)，并弄懂課文中出現(xiàn)的一些較長、難懂的定語從句。② 根據(jù)教學(xué)大綱的要求，使學(xué)生對(duì)不同國家和地區(qū)的飲食文化、習(xí)俗和禁忌有一定的了解。

b）能力目標(biāo)

① 通過對(duì)課文的學(xué)習(xí)，使學(xué)生獲取大量的可理解的語言輸入，提高語言能力。

② 通過對(duì)飲食文化的學(xué)習(xí)，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的跨文化交際意識(shí)與能力。

c）文化滲透目標(biāo)

通過對(duì)飲食文化的學(xué)習(xí)，讓學(xué)生了解不同地區(qū)和國家的飲食文化習(xí)俗及禁忌，在以后的跨文化交際中應(yīng)大方的接受并予以足夠的重視，以免造成交際上的障礙。

3、重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)

① 重點(diǎn)：根據(jù)教學(xué)大綱要求及教材的特點(diǎn)，我把分析文章的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和特點(diǎn)作為本節(jié)的重點(diǎn)。

② 難點(diǎn)：根據(jù)學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平，我把理解課文中出現(xiàn)的一些較長、難懂的定語從句作為本節(jié)教學(xué)的難點(diǎn)。

二、學(xué)生情況分析

所教授的學(xué)生為全日制大學(xué)本科一年級(jí)學(xué)生。根據(jù)學(xué)生的年齡特點(diǎn)，他們對(duì)于具有時(shí)代性、知識(shí)性、趣味性、可思性的新鮮事物有著濃厚的興趣，本課教學(xué)的內(nèi)容選材新穎，趣味性強(qiáng)，可以激起學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，會(huì)主動(dòng)地參與到課堂活動(dòng)之中。但由于學(xué)生知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)差別較大，我采取了分級(jí)教學(xué)，開設(shè)快、慢兩個(gè)班級(jí)，并對(duì)講授內(nèi)容進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的增加和刪減。在對(duì)慢班的本課教學(xué)中，可以增加一些定語從句等語法內(nèi)容的知識(shí)，使其基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)更加地扎實(shí)。

三、教學(xué)方法

根據(jù)語言知識(shí)的教學(xué)特點(diǎn)，為了更好地突出重點(diǎn)，突破難點(diǎn)，提高學(xué)生的語言綜合運(yùn)用能力，按照學(xué)生的認(rèn)識(shí)規(guī)律，我將采用的教法是啟發(fā)式和講授式的教學(xué)方法，以技能訓(xùn)練教學(xué)為主，語言講授為輔，提高學(xué)生分析問題、解決問題的能力。并運(yùn)用多媒體等教學(xué)手段，以達(dá)到最佳教學(xué)效果。

四、學(xué)生學(xué)法

因?yàn)椤缎戮幋髮W(xué)英語》提倡以學(xué)生為主體，讓學(xué)生在教師引導(dǎo)下，通過體驗(yàn)、合作、參與學(xué)習(xí)過程來感受成功；又根據(jù)本課的主題是“飲食文化”，并且學(xué)生已具備一定的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備、搜集資料和運(yùn)用學(xué)習(xí)工具的能力，我確定本課采用提倡的以學(xué)生為中心、以小組為形式的“合作學(xué)習(xí)，自主探究”的學(xué)習(xí)方法。

五、教學(xué)過程

1、課堂導(dǎo)入（5分鐘）

在本節(jié)課中，我會(huì)采用交互式的方法，以教師提問、學(xué)生自由討論回答的方式引入。我提出的問題是：如果你看到有人吃你不喜歡的食物時(shí)你有何反應(yīng)？對(duì)于不同國家和地區(qū)的飲食文化禁忌，你都知道哪些？這樣引入可以使學(xué)生結(jié)合自身經(jīng)歷有感而發(fā)，一下子激發(fā)起學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)本課的學(xué)習(xí)熱情和興趣。

2、新課講授（30分鐘）

① 首先我會(huì)利用多媒體幻燈片給學(xué)生展現(xiàn)兩篇簡短的與飲食有關(guān)的文章，一篇為說明文，一篇為議論文。采用啟發(fā)式的教學(xué)方法給學(xué)生講解這兩種不同文體的寫作特點(diǎn)，以及在同樣的主題下如何區(qū)分這兩種文體。然后讓學(xué)生打開課本，閱讀課文內(nèi)容，分析課文的文體特點(diǎn)并劃出文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，限時(shí)10分鐘。這樣讓學(xué)生在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)帶著任務(wù)有意識(shí)地閱讀文章，可以提高其閱讀的速度和理解能力。接下來，找學(xué)生說明自己分析的文章結(jié)構(gòu)和文體特點(diǎn)，其他同學(xué)提出不同意見，予以更正。

② 在掌握文章的寫作特點(diǎn)和結(jié)構(gòu)之后，找學(xué)生分段朗讀課文，老師可以在中間校正發(fā)音，這一遍的目的就是讓學(xué)生能讀準(zhǔn)單詞的發(fā)音并注意語調(diào)。在同學(xué)朗讀的同時(shí)，讓學(xué)生劃出自己認(rèn)為不容易理解和掌握的詞匯和語言點(diǎn)。

③ 接著老師將這些問題呈現(xiàn)到黑板上，讓學(xué)生四人一小組合作討論解決，互相幫助，哪些解決不了的再由老師幫助解決，這樣不僅能注意到個(gè)體差異，而且能充分調(diào)動(dòng)每個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)的主觀能動(dòng)性，以及充分發(fā)揮小組合作的力量。

3、課堂練習(xí)（10分鐘）

在學(xué)生弄清文章的結(jié)構(gòu)及語言上的難點(diǎn)之后，讓學(xué)生做書中課后的翻譯練習(xí)，復(fù)習(xí)鞏固課文中出現(xiàn)的一些句型和表達(dá)法，達(dá)到了檢測學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)效果的目的。

4、歸納總結(jié)（3分鐘）

根據(jù)本節(jié)課知識(shí)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行小節(jié)，并對(duì)學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估（以鼓勵(lì)表揚(yáng)為主）。總結(jié)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)的情況，強(qiáng)調(diào)練習(xí)中易出現(xiàn)的問題，并對(duì)學(xué)生下一步學(xué)習(xí)提出更高要求。5.布置作業(yè)（2分鐘）

六、板書設(shè)計(jì)

Unit One Food and Culture 左板：Structure

1.Para.1~3: Introduction: People from one culture often think the foods that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating.2.Para.4~6: The food taboos

India: cow

United States: dog

Ancient Egypt & Israel: pork 3.Para.7: Conclusion: Most food likes and dislikes are a result of the ways of life of different people.右板：Key points:

1.be sick, vomit, nauseate

2.make: be good enough to be or become…

3.twice as many…as /twice as much…as

4.sacred cow

七、小結(jié)

總之，本節(jié)課我會(huì)充分發(fā)揮以學(xué)生為主體，注重全員參與，同時(shí)包括老師，給學(xué)生創(chuàng)造一個(gè)民主、平等、信任的空間，充分與學(xué)生互動(dòng)，一塊兒進(jìn)行新知識(shí)的探索、情感交流與體驗(yàn)，使學(xué)生從書上學(xué)，從老師身上學(xué)，從同學(xué)之間學(xué)，通過各種渠道學(xué)，達(dá)到資源共享。在合作學(xué)習(xí)中形成互動(dòng)、交流、協(xié)作的良好人際氛圍和團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作精神。同時(shí)，在新知識(shí)的不斷學(xué)習(xí)中，增強(qiáng)跨文化交際的意識(shí)與能力，學(xué)會(huì)與來自不同文化背景的各國人民友好相處。

第四篇：新編大學(xué)英語期末考試試卷

新編大學(xué)英語A2期末考試試卷

Part I Listening Comprehension(20%)Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations.At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C)and D), and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Section A.A.An advertisement B.A newspaper C.Their work D.A dream A.On foot B.By car C.By bus D.By bike A.Three B.Four C.Five D.Six A.The restaurant provides good food B.She enjoys her part-time job C.The restaurant offers cheap food D.There are several cooks in the restaurant.A.The movie was disappointing B.The movie was expensive to see.C.He wants to see the movie again.D.He should have seen the movie at home.A.$ 64 B.$ 86 C.$96 D.$140 A.To stay at home B.To go to bed immediately C.To see a movie D.To go to a party.A.Tom is unable to hear well.B.Tom didn’t say anything at the meeting.C.Tom doesn’t listen to him.D.Tom went out before the meeting was over.A.She bought something for her aunt.B.She was there only briefly.C.She missed it.D.She went to it on her way to the hospital.A.One hour and a half.B.Half an hour.C.45 minutes.D.40 minutes.Section B.Compound Dictation.Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times.During the first reading, you should listen carefully for a general idea of the whole passage.Then listen to the passage again.When the first part of the passage is being read, you should fill in the missing word during the pause at each blank.After listening to the second part of the passage you are required to write down the main points according to what you have just heard.Finally, when the passage is read the third time you can check what you have written.In many ___11___ of the world people clap hands to show that they like or __12___ of something.In the theater, at a concert, or at a football game, people ____13____ hands after they see something they like.In Russia the actors, ___14___, and athletes clap ____15_________ the audience.In most countries, however, the performers are happy to receive the applause.They don’t clap back to their fan.A very long time ago clapping meant the ___16____of what it means now.When people did not like an actor or a performer they clapped.They were trying to make as much noise as possible.They continued to clap until the actor left the ___17_____.At some time in history the ___18___of clapping changed.It became a compliment instead of an insult.Now when an audience wants to show great admiration for a performer, they not only clap but they ____19____.That is called a standing ovation.A standing ovation is the dream of every performer._________________20___________________________!Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)(40%)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum，professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker(黑客)and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer.The hackers are so involved with designing their programs, making it more and more complex and bending it to their hill, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.They rarely keep recorders of their programs for the benefit of others, and they take rarely time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be.Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t about the shape of things to come.“ That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multi-millionaire of the computer industry,” says MIT Professor Michael Dertouzos.“ And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successful Apple home computer company.”

When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all.If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments.Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “ intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are.She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.21.The Passage tells about_____.what has caused the emergence of computer hackers the strange behavior of the computer hackers the importance of bringing up computer hackers different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenon 22.Professor Weizenbaum believes the hackers’ strange behavior is caused by_____.their deliberate attempts to make their problems complex and impracticable their incompetence in making new computer programmes their ignorance of the responsibility they should assume their strong desire to control the computer 23.In Professor Bertouzos’ opinion, which of the following is true?___ The hackers are likely to be very successful business man.Only a few hackers will be successful in their later life.The hackers probably have better insight into the future than other people.The computer industry will certainly make the hackers millionaires.24.The phrase“to develop an identity”(Line7, Para.4)probably means_________.to cultivate creativity to seek an answer to become distinguished to form a habit 25.The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that______.perhaps the hacker phenomenon is a welcome development the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry.The computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidance The hackers may prove indispensable to the computer industry.Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Within about 50 million years, one of the mammals that lives in a marine environment, the whale, has developed into the largest of all animals forms.However, at least for the last 150 years, trouble has closed in on whales from humans.Whales have been hunted since about the eleventh century.Certain types of whales have been hunted too much.Recently, their number has been reduced so greatly that they are in danger of becoming extinct.People are worried about the fact that the number of whales is getting smaller and smaller.They are working to save them.There are reasons why people want to protect the whales.One reason is that whales help to keep a balance between plants and animals.People have been throwing their wastes into the oceans and seas, and these wastes increase the amount of salt in ocean and seawater.The increased salt helps some plants and some very small creatures to grow but these plants and small creatures are harmful to fish.However, whales are eating large numbers of plants and animals that grow in very salty water.In this way, whales are doing a good job as they keep the ocean water clean enough for the fish.In addition, because fish supply necessary food for many people, whales become our good friends which we want to save.Some people are now working to save whales by using the law.They hold meeting to ask fishermen to reduce the number of whales which can be killed in a year.They also work within countries to persuade law makers to make whaling against the law and to make the use of whale products against the law too.Now this struggle to save whales is going on in many places in the world.Some governments will not let people sell whale products in their countries.Other governments have changed the law about whaling.Many people believe that since the number of whales is regarded as a serious world problem, the remaining whales will be saved.26.The passage mainly discussed ________.the protection of whales the strange behaviors of whales the mysterious life of whales the advantages of too many whales 27.From the passage we know that during the last 150 years humans have______.returned to nature learned how to swim threatened the existence of some marine mammals begun to harvest certain plants from the ocean as food 28.According to the passage, certain kinds of whales will soon _______.kill most of the plants and small creatures find some other places to live in die out die from pollution 29.Salt in the oceans usually ______.decreases the plants which are harmful to fish gets rid of harmful plants and creatures removes the wastes thrown into them increases the plants and small creatures that do harm to fish 30.Whales are helpful to humans because______.they eat a large quantity of plants and creatures harmful to fish they make the oceans more and more salty they often save sailors lost in a storm they can communicate with humans Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.What should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others.These may show strengths that you can use in your work.A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career.A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work.So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school.On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard.Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value.A knowledge of history is not required for most jobs but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details.This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs.Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work.You may be good at mental work or cookery and look for a job where you can improve these skills.If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in the summer, think what you gained from it.If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers.You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example.Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part-time job.Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself.You may be all thumbs when you handle tools, perhaps you are a poor speller of cannot add up a column of figures.It is better to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist.Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background.You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work.31.Which of the following best sums up the first paragraph? The importance of doing well at school.Using school performance to help to choose a career.The importance of being good at all subjects.The indirect value of school work.32.The writer thinks that for a student to have a part-time job is probably______.a waste of time that could have been spent on study useful for his future work a good way to earn extra money a good way to find out his weak points 33.According to the passage, if a student’s school record is not good, he______.will be a complete failure in his future work will not be able to find a suitable job will regret not having worked harder at school may do well in his future work 34.Which subject is supposed to have no direct value for job hunting? Mathematics English

Technical Drawing History 35.The whole passage centers on _____.choosing a career according to what one is skilled in acquiring knowledge by working hard at school finding one’s strong and weak points developing one’s abilities useful in school work Part III Vocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C.and D..Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.36.The general strike is a means of _______________ the total authority of the government.A.incorporating

B.reinforcing

C.challenging

D.transforming 37.They work hard to ________ a barren landscape into an area of beautiful pastureland.A.transform

B.transition

C.transit

D.transport 38.George took _________ of the fine weather to do a day’s work in his garden.A.chance

B.interest

C.advantage

D.charge 39.I’d rather you ________ make any comment on the issue for the time being.A.don’t

B.wouldn’t

C.didn’t

D.shouldn’t 40.The new shopping center will not be ________ until next year.A.useful

B.available

C.avail

D.using

41.Shall we _______ girl ________ roses?

compare … for

B.compare … like

C.compare … with

D.compare … to 42.Please _____________ me if you feel sick.A.turn down

B.turn to

C.turn up

D.turn toward 43.____________ the teacher last night, I would have asked him about.A.Had I seen

B.I had seen

C.If I saw

D.If I have seen 44.Stop making so much noise, for you are _______ me from my work.A.attracting

B.distracting

C.contracting

D.contacting 45.The forest was ________ to few trees by the great fire.A.reduced

B.lessened

C.decreased

D.restricted 46.Let’s think of a situation _________ this idiom can be used.A.where

B.which

C.that

D.what 47.People will not believe those who always ________.A.argue

B.exaggerate

C.quarrel

D.tell truth 48.When _________ the evidence of his guilt, he confessed at once.A.faced up with

B.met with

C.opposed by

D.confronted with 49.His plan was rejected, ______ of its merits.A.regardless

B.countless

C.because

D.involving 50.Any country in the world should always be _______ with other countries.A.on peace

B.at peace

C.at ease

D.in case 51.________ it’s raining heavily, we’ll have to put off the picnic.A.Now that

B.Unless

C.If

D.If only 52.He looks _______ young, in fact he is in his fifties.A.apparently

B.evidently

C.plainly

D.clearly 53.The failure in the experiment _______ the carelessness of the young assistant.A.results in

B.results from

C.leads to

D.as a result 54.His younger brother is _______________________ he.A.ten centimeters tall than

B.ten centimeters taller than C.ten centimeters as taller than

D.ten centimeters taller as 55.He __________ works in that University.A.no longer

B.no more

C.longer than

D.no more than 56.Speech difficulties may sometimes be ________ if a person is shown where to place the tongue and teeth to make sounds.A.overpaid

B.overstated

C.overturned

D.overcome 57.His position is _______ to hers.A.inferior

B.high

C.low

D.good 58.He seems to __________ criminals.associated into

B.associated in C.associated with

D.associated to 59.I’m sure Harry will remember, but why not give him a ring _______ he forgets? A.in the case

B.in case of C.in case

D.in the case of 60.Only under special circumstances __________ to take make-up tests.A.freshmen are permitted

B.are freshmen permitted C.permitted are freshmen

D.are permitted freshmen 61.He is a very ________ secretary.So the boss wants to promote him.A.unless

B.effective

C.adequate

D.efficient 62.Generally, most of the people in world are not willing to __________ force to solve the dispute.A.ask for

B.like

C.resort to

D.get 63.The new arrival was ______ the famous scientist.A.none but

B.nothing but C.none other than

D.nothing other than 64.Human beings have _______ themselves to very diverse environments with the help of fire, agriculture and machines.A.adapted

B.adopted

C.adepted

D.addicted 65.It’s necessary ___________ the dictionary immediately.A.that he returned

B.that he return C.that he will return

D.that he has to return Part V Cloze(10%)Directions: For each of the following blanks four choices are given, choose the most appropriate one.The first man who cooked his food, instead of eating it raw, lived so long ago that we have no idea who he was or where he lived.We do know, however, that(66)thousands of years, food was always eaten cold and(67).Perhaps the cooked food was heated accidentally by a(68)fire or by the melted lava from an erupting(69).When people first tasted food that had been cooked, they found it tasted better.However,(70)after this discovery, cooked food must have remained a rarity(71)man learned how to make and light(72).Primitive men who lived in hot regions could depend on the heat of the sun(73)their food.For example, in the desert(74)of the southwestern United States, the Indians cooked their food by(75)it on a flat(76)in the hot sum.They cooked piece of meat and thin cakes of corn meal in this 77).We surmise that the earliest kitchen(78)was a stick(79)which a piece of meat could be attached and held over a fire.Later this stick was(80)by an iron rod or spit which could be turned frequently to cook the meat(81)all sides.Cooking food in water was(82)before man learned to make water containers that could not be(83)by fire.The(84)cooking pots were reed or grass baskets in which soups and stews could be cooked.As early as 166 B.C., the Egyptians had learned to make(85)permanent cooking pots out of sandstone.Many years later, the Eskimos learned to make similar pans.66.A)in

B)on

C)through

D)of 67.A)raw

B)crude

C)man-made

D)fresh 68.A)forest

B)cooked

C)kitchen

D)lightning 69.A)volcano

B)cave

C)mountain

D)valley 70.A)through

B)since

C)soon

D)even 71.A)when

B)which

C)until

D)as 72.A)food

B)a fire

C)himself

D)it 73.A)to cook

B)cooking

C)cooked

D)cook 74.A)places

B)realms

C)areas

D)domains 75.A)beating

B)frying

C)drying

D)placing 76.A)stone

B)board

C)table

D)plate 77.A)zone

B)sector

C)method

D)fashion 78.A)utensil

B)instrument

C)tool

D)equipment 79.A)by

B)over

C)on

D)to 80.A)supported

B)replaced

C)changed

D)switched 81.A)by

B)on

C)over

D)at 82.A)incapable

B)unavoidable

C)impossible

D)unpopular 83.A)broken

B)destroyed

C)spoiled

D)pierced 84.A)newest

B)latest

C)first

D)worst 85.A)stronger

B)better

C)more

D)longer Part V Writing(15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic “A Job-Applying Letter ” You should write at least 100 words and your composition should be based on the following : 1)Reason for writing(including how you found out about the job)2)Relevant information about yourself 3)How to contact you 4)Closing Keys: 聽力答案：

１－５ ＡＣＣＡＡ

６－１０ ＣＡＣＣＤ

11.parts 12.approve

13.clap

14.performers 15.together with 16.opposite

17.stage 18.meaning 19.not only clap but they stand up and clap 20.Many actors say that is what they work so hard for----Applause!Applause!21-25 D D C B A

26-30 ACCDA

31-35 BBDDA 36~ 40 CACCB

41~45 DBABA 46~ 50 ABD A B

51~55 A ABB A 56~60 D A CCB

61~ 65 DCCA B 66----70.DAAAD

71---75.CBACD

76---80.ACADB

81-85.BCBCC

第五篇：新編大學(xué)英語4翻譯

新編大學(xué)英語4課文翻譯及課后答案

Unit 1

享受幽默—什么東西令人開懷？ 聽了一個(gè)有趣的故事會(huì)發(fā)笑、很開心，古今中外都一樣。這一現(xiàn)象或許同語言本身一樣悠久。那么，到底是什么東西會(huì)使一個(gè)故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 我是第一次辨識(shí)出幽默便喜歡上它的人，因此我曾試圖跟學(xué)生議論和探討幽默。這些學(xué)生文化差異很大，有來自拉丁美洲的，也有來自中國的。我還認(rèn)真地思考過一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。為什么聽我講完一個(gè)笑話后，班上有些學(xué)生會(huì)笑得前仰后合，而其他學(xué)生看上去就像剛聽我讀了天氣預(yù)報(bào)一樣呢？顯然，有些人對(duì)幽默比別人更敏感。而且，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)有的人很善于講笑話，而有的人要想說一點(diǎn)有趣的事卻要費(fèi)好大的勁。我們都聽人說過這樣的話：“我喜歡笑話，但我講不好，也總是記不住。”有些人比別人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音樂、數(shù)學(xué)之類的才能一樣。一個(gè)真正風(fēng)趣的人在任何場合都有笑話可講，而且講了一個(gè)笑話，就會(huì)從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個(gè)缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個(gè)真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛，而且在任何聚會(huì)上也往往是人們注意的焦點(diǎn)。這么說是有道理的。甚至有些動(dòng)物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經(jīng)常來我們家，并能住上很長一段時(shí)間。通常她不喜歡狗，但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養(yǎng)過的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且，她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時(shí)候就常常戲弄外祖母，當(dāng)外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時(shí)，布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過一絲拉布拉多式的微笑，無疑是在說：“啊哈，你又上了我的當(dāng)。” 典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構(gòu)成。第一部分是鋪墊（即背景），接下來是主干部分（即故事情節(jié)），隨后便是妙語（即一個(gè)出人意料或令人驚訝的結(jié)尾）。如果這個(gè)妙語含有一定的幽默成分，這個(gè)笑話便會(huì)很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分，而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說笑話的人使用聽眾都熟悉的手勢和語言，則有助于增強(qiáng)效果。我們可以對(duì)幽默這種娛樂形式，進(jìn)行分析，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)究竟是什么使一個(gè)有趣的故事或笑話令人發(fā)笑。舉例來說，最常見的幽默有以下幾種，包括了從最顯而易見的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默。“滑稽劇”是最明顯的幽默。它語言簡單、直截了當(dāng)，常常以取笑他人為樂。說笑打鬧這種形式過去是、現(xiàn)在仍然是滑稽說笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛。幾乎本世紀(jì)的每個(gè)講英語的滑稽說笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說過下面這則笑話。一位男士問另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么貴婦，那是我老婆。”這個(gè)笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說他的妻子不是一位貴婦，也就是說她不是一個(gè)高雅的女人。這個(gè)笑話并沒有因?yàn)榻?jīng)常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個(gè)經(jīng)典笑話，觀眾都知道要說什么，而且因?yàn)榇蠹覍?duì)這個(gè)笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛它。中國的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國喜劇演員幽默地談?wù)撝T如官僚主義者、家庭問題或其他一些有關(guān)個(gè)人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽到，無論是在鄉(xiāng)村的小舞臺(tái)上，還是在北京最大的劇院里，抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國人家喻戶曉的一種傳統(tǒng)的幽默形式。“俏皮話”不像滑稽劇那樣淺顯，它是因語言的誤用或誤解而引人發(fā)笑。我特別喜歡的一個(gè)例子是三位年長的紳士在英國乘火車旅行的故事。當(dāng)火車慢慢停下來時(shí)，第一位紳士問道：“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎？”“不，”第二位紳士說：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位說道，“讓我們下車喝杯啤酒吧。”我們知道上了年紀(jì)的人往往耳背，因此會(huì)把Wembley（溫布利）聽成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）聽成了thirsty（渴了），這樣一來就為第三位老人的妙語做好了鋪墊。著名的中國漫畫家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫中，一位老師說：“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業(yè)？”那位年輕的學(xué)生回答道：“我沒有一字不改地抄。我把作業(yè)上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聰?shù)牧硪环?jīng)典漫畫里，一位生氣的父親問道：“告訴我，1加2等于幾？”兒子說：“我不知道。”這位不耐煩的父親接著說道：“比方說，你、你媽媽和我，我們加起來一共是幾個(gè)，傻瓜？”兒子得意地回答道：“是三個(gè)傻瓜。” 這些故事無論是漫畫還是笑話，是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說還是由搭檔的相聲演員講，都為各地人們所喜愛。人們喜愛這些有趣的故事，因?yàn)樗鼈冑N近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙語十分有趣。雙關(guān)語是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發(fā)音相似的詞或同一個(gè)詞的不同意思。有些批評(píng)家認(rèn)為雙

關(guān)語是最低級(jí)的幽默，但我不同意這種觀點(diǎn)。雙關(guān)語與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細(xì)微、更巧妙的語言技巧；然而，簡單的雙關(guān)語甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，謎語或腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎問題常使用雙關(guān)語做鋪墊、制造故事情節(jié)，而且更多地是用在妙語部分。雙關(guān)語是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時(shí)我聽到了下面這個(gè)謎語。一個(gè)人問：“什么東西整個(gè)兒是黑的、白的和紅的？”另外一個(gè)人通常猜不出來，于是問道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出謎語的人回答：“是報(bào)紙。”如果你知道在英語中“red（紅色）”和“read（讀）”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同，答案就很明顯了。12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法語中的“一語雙關(guān)”）是雙關(guān)語的特殊形式, 其中的詞或短語有雙重意思。兩個(gè)意思往往很不相同，一個(gè)比較恰當(dāng)，另一個(gè)往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個(gè)關(guān)于一位中學(xué)教師和校長因看見學(xué)生在學(xué)校操場上接吻而感到擔(dān)心的故事。故事并不過火。那位教師對(duì)學(xué)生們說；“我和校長已經(jīng)決定停止在學(xué)校操場上接吻。”聽到笑聲，她意識(shí)到她沒有把意思表達(dá)清楚，于是補(bǔ)充說：“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發(fā)生接吻這樣的事了。”當(dāng)然，這個(gè)解釋并沒有糾正她的第一句話，反而使這個(gè)笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。一些專業(yè)的幽默家認(rèn)為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語言，而且覺得大多數(shù)幽默家缺乏創(chuàng)造性。的確，現(xiàn)在有些幽默令人震驚，但我認(rèn)為這不是幽默的過錯(cuò)。幽默本身是活潑健康的，它還會(huì)繼續(xù)生存下去，只因?yàn)槊刻於加杏腥さ氖虑榘l(fā)生。一些有幽默感的人會(huì)看到聽到這些有趣的事情，并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開心的笑話和故事。

Unit 2

便箋的力量 我當(dāng)體育編輯，最早是為蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企業(yè)導(dǎo)報(bào)》工作，當(dāng)時(shí)我很少收到體育迷的來信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封來信把我吸引住了。打開來信，我看到了下面的話：“關(guān)于老虎隊(duì)的述評(píng)很不錯(cuò)，再接再厲。”簽名的是體育編輯堂?沃爾夫。當(dāng)時(shí)我只是一個(gè)十幾歲的小伙子（為每一豎欄寫一英寸文字，稿酬總計(jì)達(dá)15美分），因此他的話最鼓舞人心了。我把這封信一直放在書桌的抽屜里，后來它的邊角都卷起來了。每當(dāng)我懷疑自己不是當(dāng)作家的料時(shí)，重溫一下堂的便箋，就又會(huì)樹起信心來。后來，我逐漸對(duì)堂有所了解，知道給各行各業(yè)的人寫快捷而鼓舞人心的便箋是他養(yǎng)成的習(xí)慣。他告訴我說：“當(dāng)我使別人充滿信心時(shí)，我也感覺好極了。” 因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75歲。電話與悼函像潮水般涌向報(bào)社，都來自于曾經(jīng)得到過他激勵(lì)（文字）的人們。多年來，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他們關(guān)心別人，常寫一些鼓舞人心的話語，因?yàn)槲矣X得，他們這樣做是很有意義的。在這樣一個(gè)慣于冷漠、無動(dòng)于衷的世界上，這種便箋給人們帶來了溫暖和安慰。我們都時(shí)不時(shí)地需要鼓勵(lì)，大家知道幾行贊揚(yáng)的話會(huì)改變一個(gè)人的一天，甚至一生。那么，這些激勵(lì)人心的便箋的作者為什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避寫，是因?yàn)樗麄兲粗厝藗兊目捶āＫ麄儞?dān)心會(huì)被誤解，怕別人覺得他們自作多情或者言不由衷。還有，寫也要花時(shí)間，遠(yuǎn)不如打電話方便。當(dāng)然打電話的缺點(diǎn)是：說過的話留不住。而一張便箋使我們的良好意愿顯得更加珍貴。便箋是白紙黑字記錄在案的東西，而且我們寫下的字可以反復(fù)閱讀，細(xì)細(xì)品味并珍藏起來。盡管寫便箋會(huì)多花一些時(shí)間，但一些非常忙的人也在這么做，其中包括喬治?布什。有人說，他政治上的成功在很大程度上歸功于他那枝隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備寫字的筆。這是怎么回事呢？在他整個(gè)職業(yè)生涯中，每次與人們接觸之后，他幾乎都隨后寫封信，內(nèi)容親切——一句贊美之辭，一行表揚(yáng)的話，或一段感謝語。他不僅寫給朋友和同事，還寫給萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借傘給他的人，后來收到他熱情的贊揚(yáng)信，感到很驚訝。那些通常做作的公司高層經(jīng)理們，其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作風(fēng)只能被形容為強(qiáng)硬、冷漠、脫離群眾。甚至這些人也開始學(xué)習(xí)寫便箋去鼓舞人心，且從中獲益匪淺。唐納德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天寫便箋鼓勵(lì)同事當(dāng)作一件日常工作。該公司在80年代時(shí)走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功勞。“我只不過匆匆地在備忘錄或信的角上寫一些鼓舞人心的話，然后傳遞出去，”他說道。“每天最重要的一段時(shí)間，就是鼓舞那些為你工作的人的那10分鐘。” “太多的時(shí)候，”他發(fā)表自己的看法說，“那些我們真正喜歡的人并不知道我們是怎么看待他們的。太多的時(shí)候，我們會(huì)以為，我并沒有說過什么批評(píng)的話，為什么非得去說好話呢？我們忘了，人類需要正面的肯定或鼓勵(lì)——事實(shí)上，我們靠這個(gè)取得進(jìn)步，獲得成功！” 怎樣才能寫出振奮精神、溫暖人心的信呢？只要我們懷有要表示感激之情的心愿。寫這種便箋的高手都具有我所謂的 “４S”技巧。１）真誠(sincere)。沒人要聽虛假的贊美。２）簡短(short)。如果不能用三句話表達(dá)出你的意思，你很可能過火了，寫得太長。３）具體(specific)。贊揚(yáng)一位業(yè)務(wù)伙伴 “演講精彩”太籠統(tǒng)含糊；告訴他“關(guān)于沃倫?巴菲特的投資策略講得很精彩”才是一語中的。４）自然(spontaneous)。這使得便箋充滿了生氣，洋溢著熱情，并使讀者的心靈長久地感受這種生氣和熱情。16 當(dāng)你非得到處找寫信用品時(shí)，寫出來的東西就難以自然，因此我總是把紙、信封和郵票放在手邊，甚至在旅行時(shí)也是如此。信封信箋不需要很花哨，重要的是要表達(dá)的思想。17 那么，你周圍又有誰值得你寫便箋表示感謝或鼓勵(lì)呢？一位鄰居？為你服務(wù)的那位圖書館管理員？一位親戚？你的市長？你的伙伴？一位教師？你的醫(yī)生？你不必富有詩意。如果你需要一個(gè)寫的理由，就找一個(gè)生活中的重要事件，例如你們共同參加的某個(gè)特殊事件的周年紀(jì)念日、生日或者節(jié)日。例如，過去的25年里，我總是為遠(yuǎn)方的朋友每年準(zhǔn)備一張圣誕卡，而且常常在上面親筆寫上一句感謝或祝賀的話。鑒于圣誕節(jié)的氛圍，就一年來所取得的成功與得到的好運(yùn)特意表示謝忱似乎是最恰到好處的。不要吝嗇你的贊美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聰明的”、“最漂亮的”這種最高級(jí)的表達(dá)法——使大家都感到高興。即使你的贊美之詞稍稍超前了一點(diǎn)也沒關(guān)系，記住，夢想的實(shí)現(xiàn)往往孕育于期望之中。今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神導(dǎo)師諾曼?文森特?皮爾的一封溫暖的贊揚(yáng)信。這張小小的便箋上滿是鼓舞人心的詞句，這促使我坐到了打字機(jī)前來完成幾封我早就該寫的信。我不知道這些信會(huì)不會(huì)使別人的一天別有意義，但是，對(duì)我自己確實(shí)如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃爾夫所說的：使別人充滿信心，也就使我自己感覺很好。

Unit 3

從文化角度看性別角色 在過去的幾十年里，已經(jīng)無數(shù)次地證實(shí)了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：構(gòu)成男子陽剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類型的行為、情感、和興趣都既是遺傳又是文化熏陶的結(jié)果。在成長的過程中，每個(gè)孩子學(xué)會(huì)了細(xì)微的行為舉止，數(shù)量之多數(shù)以百計(jì)，這一切都帶有文化的烙印，成了他們性別特征的一部分。有些行為舉止是直接學(xué)到的。也就是說，別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規(guī)矩, 女有女的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。另一些跟性別有關(guān)的具體舉止是無意識(shí)地或間接地學(xué)會(huì)的，因?yàn)槲幕癁榕⒆雍湍泻⒆犹峁┑男蜗蟆⑾蛲哪繕?biāo)以及成人的榜樣各不相同。例如，最近對(duì)美國公立學(xué)校的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛的文化偏見。據(jù)研究人員反映，這種偏愛是無意的、不知不覺的，但它確實(shí)存在，并每年都在影響著數(shù)百萬計(jì)學(xué)生的生活。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛，戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。他們的研究顯示，許多自認(rèn)為無性別偏愛的教師驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，從錄像帶上看他們竟是那么偏心。從幼兒園到研究生課程，都可以看到教師們請男生回答問題的次數(shù)遠(yuǎn)比女生多。這對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)過程有著巨大的影響，因?yàn)榭偟膩碚f，那些積極的課堂活動(dòng)參與者對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)更加樂觀有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事實(shí)上，在20世紀(jì)60年代末期，當(dāng)美國東北部多所最好的女子學(xué)院向男生開放之后，教授們和女學(xué)生們都發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論，而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。近年來，在法學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)院的課堂上也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的情況：與男生相比女生處于次要的地位。賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示，教師有時(shí)候會(huì)按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務(wù)，這樣便不知不覺地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。例如，有位教師在給幼兒園的孩子上自然科學(xué)課時(shí)，不斷地讓小男孩去操作科學(xué)“實(shí)驗(yàn)”，而讓女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用課堂材料動(dòng)手操作是早期教育的一個(gè)重要方面，這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷，這會(huì)影響到她們今后的整個(gè)人生。美國教師中一個(gè)具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅長數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)，這些學(xué)科都是“難懂的”、“適合于男性的”，而女孩會(huì)在語言和閱讀技能上比男孩強(qiáng)。這是教育中性別偏見的另一種表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果美國的男孩們確實(shí)在閱讀上出了問題，而在數(shù)學(xué)方面女孩盡管在九歲以前一直比男孩強(qiáng)，但此后卻落在了他們后面。這成了預(yù)言自我應(yīng)驗(yàn)的一個(gè)例子。然而這些特征是文化造成的，而非遺傳的原因。例如，在德國，讀書學(xué)習(xí)都被看作是“適合于男性的”，于是在閱讀上有問題的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性別，女孩和男孩在閱讀上就旗鼓相當(dāng)。在教育過程中對(duì)女孩和男孩的不同態(tài)度始于家庭。例如，有一項(xiàng)研究顯示了這樣一種情況：讓學(xué)齡前兒童看一幢房子的圖片，然后要他們說出家里允許他們走開多遠(yuǎn)，這時(shí)男孩所指的范圍要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范圍很有限，而且離家很近。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵(lì)去發(fā)展求知欲和動(dòng)手能力，盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時(shí)有用的；對(duì)女孩灌輸?shù)慕Y(jié)果是：對(duì)自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼，且期望別人對(duì)自己的優(yōu)良品格和循規(guī)蹈矩的服從精神加以認(rèn)可。這類教誨從家庭一直延續(xù)到課堂。于是，在課堂里我們常常可以看到女孩們更依賴教師，更注重作業(yè)的形式和整

潔而非內(nèi)容，更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨(dú)立自主以及分析能力和創(chuàng)造能力的提高。教育過程占據(jù)了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分時(shí)間，社會(huì)則通過這一過程加強(qiáng)了它固有的價(jià)值觀，并按其傳統(tǒng)的、期望的模式造就了不同性別的人。

Unit 4

關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)——鼓勵(lì)孩子思考 教育界和商業(yè)界的專家們說, 具有創(chuàng)造性是通向光明前程的關(guān)鍵。本文將介紹一下學(xué)校和家長如何才能鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)展這一至關(guān)重要的能力。如果1925年迪克?德魯聽從了他老板的意見，也許我們就不會(huì)有遮護(hù)膠帶這種用品 了。現(xiàn)在我們幾乎離不開它。德魯當(dāng)時(shí)就職于“明尼蘇達(dá)制造和礦業(yè)公司”，通常稱為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質(zhì)，黏性很強(qiáng)，能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進(jìn)一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時(shí)間改進(jìn)了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現(xiàn)已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來工作過的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓(xùn)：現(xiàn)在該公司鼓勵(lì)員工抽出15%的工作時(shí)間專門用來開動(dòng)腦筋搞創(chuàng)新。現(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且全國各地的專家認(rèn)為，對(duì)待孩子也應(yīng)仿效這種做法，無論是在家里還是在學(xué)校。他們認(rèn)為，如果我們教育孩子進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性思維，他們就能在明天的社會(huì)中更好地發(fā)揮作用。受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂和藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。能取得成功的學(xué)生和成人都是那些會(huì)尋求各種辦法解決問題的人。5 創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個(gè)人智力高并不意味著他必然能創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮才智。創(chuàng)造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點(diǎn)子，而這些點(diǎn)子有助于解決某方面的問題。遺憾的是，學(xué)校還沒有想到要促使學(xué)生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分?jǐn)?shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)閱讀、寫作和數(shù)學(xué)能力，往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對(duì)創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)。其結(jié)果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學(xué)的知識(shí)，卻不知道如何靈活地應(yīng)用知識(shí)。比如，他們可能熟記乘法表，卻不會(huì)用它來解決數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用題。然而，在有些學(xué)校里，教育者們正逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到這一問題，并致力于研究能啟發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性的新的教學(xué)方法。一些教師把基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和要求學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象力的活動(dòng)結(jié)合起來。比如，教師不再簡單地問學(xué)生哥倫布何時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸，他們可能讓學(xué)生思考如果哥倫布首先到達(dá)的不是加勒比地區(qū)而是紐約，情況會(huì)是如何。要回答這一問題，學(xué)生必須應(yīng)用自己掌握的關(guān)于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區(qū)的知識(shí)。教師們認(rèn)為即便學(xué)生的回答會(huì)很可笑，也毫無關(guān)系，這也許是通向創(chuàng)造性的重要一步。專家認(rèn)為，在課堂以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長和教師們則有責(zé)任和孩子共同努力，使那些念頭成為切實(shí)可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過提問來鼓勵(lì)孩子，同時(shí)對(duì)他們的想法和新點(diǎn)子表示贊賞。專家認(rèn)為必須創(chuàng)造一個(gè)可以自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的氛圍，一個(gè)尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會(huì)荒誕想法的環(huán)境。8 在家里，家長可以做一些鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問題，家長可以就該問題征求孩子的意見，讓他們參與決策。家長可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會(huì)帶來的各種后果。家長還應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)孩子大聲談?wù)撍麄冋谧龅氖虑椤Ｋ季S能力和語言能力是緊密相關(guān)的。大聲地談?wù)撚兄谔岣哒Z言能力和思維能力。具有幽默感對(duì)于開發(fā)孩子的創(chuàng)造力也非常重要。當(dāng)家長表現(xiàn)出幽默時(shí)，孩子們就看到了最地道的創(chuàng)造性。從本質(zhì)上看，幽默跨越了常規(guī)界限，打破了固有模式。要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造往往也得如此。給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應(yīng)該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果，要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開始這樣做。做決定有助于培養(yǎng)思維能力，即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長大，家長應(yīng)讓孩子自己做主支配時(shí)間或金錢；當(dāng)他們作出錯(cuò)誤的決定時(shí)，不要不假思索地給予過多的幫助。這種做法可能會(huì)使孩子迷惑不解，但這沒有關(guān)系。因?yàn)楦挥袆?chuàng)造力的人有很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)力，使他們能夠從混亂中創(chuàng)造秩序。這是他們的一個(gè)最重要的特點(diǎn)。

Unit 6

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與你 在說不定的某個(gè)時(shí)候，我們大家都曾充當(dāng)過疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽說一種新的疾病，就會(huì)去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對(duì)疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險(xiǎn)也并非我們唯一會(huì)遇上的危險(xiǎn)。現(xiàn)代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對(duì)我們生命的威脅，對(duì)我們平和心境的威脅，對(duì)我們家人的威脅，對(duì)我們未來的威脅。從而產(chǎn)生了好些問題，我們不得不問自己：我買的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會(huì)傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時(shí)會(huì)不會(huì)遭搶劫？我們的疑

慮就無休止地增加。對(duì)生活中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的擔(dān)憂與疑病癥有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個(gè)明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通常可以求助于醫(yī)生，以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒得。但當(dāng)涉及到其它形式的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，事情就要困難得多，因?yàn)閷?duì)許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來說，情況并不那么簡單。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)幾乎總是一個(gè)可能性的問題而無確定性可言。你也許會(huì)問：“我該不該系安全帶？”如果你坐的車要與其它車正面相撞，那當(dāng)然該系安全帶。倘若你的車側(cè)面被撞，結(jié)果你被困在車?yán)铮忠虬踩珟аb置遭破壞而無法掙脫，那怎么辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢在車內(nèi)安一個(gè)保險(xiǎn)氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險(xiǎn)氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬一正當(dāng)你在高速公路上開車時(shí)，保險(xiǎn)氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導(dǎo)致了本來絕不會(huì)發(fā)生的事故，那又該如何是好？ 上面說的這一切，只是從另一角度說明我們所做的事沒有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——常常是潛在的重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——與我們的每個(gè)業(yè)余愛好、所做的每項(xiàng)工作、所吃的每種食物有關(guān)，換句話說，與所進(jìn)行的任何活動(dòng)有關(guān)。但我們又不能，也不該因危險(xiǎn)存在于我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的神經(jīng)癥患者。有些活動(dòng)是比其它活動(dòng)更危險(xiǎn)。關(guān)鍵在于要讓自己了解相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，然后相機(jī)行事。例如，兩車相撞時(shí)，大車總的說來要比小車安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是這樣：在一起嚴(yán)重的車禍中坐小車喪生的可能性是坐大車的兩倍左右。然而，大車通常比小車貴（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環(huán)境帶來了更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)！）。那么我們該怎樣確定什么時(shí)候值得為降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加花費(fèi)呢？例如，避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最保險(xiǎn)的做法也許是去買一輛坦克或裝甲車，從而把撞車時(shí)死亡或受傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降到最小。然而，即便你買得起，這筆額外的費(fèi)用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車所帶來的不便是否值得呢？ 在我們尚不知所涉及的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度之前，我們還無法回答這些問題。那么，我們該如何去衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度呢？有些人似乎認(rèn)為答案只不過是一個(gè)簡單的數(shù)字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000 人死于車禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災(zāi)難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車要比采礦危險(xiǎn)得多嗎？未必。事實(shí)是，在美國每年大約有兩億人經(jīng)常性地以車代步；而大概只有70萬人從事采礦作業(yè)。我們評(píng)估一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，所需要的有關(guān)數(shù)字是一個(gè)比率或分?jǐn)?shù)。該分?jǐn)?shù)的分子告訴我們在某個(gè)特定時(shí)期由于從事某種特定活動(dòng)而喪生或受傷的人數(shù)；其分母告訴我們在這一時(shí)期從事這種活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)。這樣，所有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度都是由比率或分?jǐn)?shù)表示，其大小介于0（無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）到1（完全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）之間。7 通過把所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都簡化為這種比率或分?jǐn)?shù)，我們便可以開始比較不同種類的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，如比較采礦與乘坐汽車。這個(gè)比率越大，也就是說它越接近1，那么有關(guān)活動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動(dòng)中死亡的人數(shù)除以參與該活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)，從而找出汽車旅行與采煤的相對(duì)安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車旅行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是每一萬人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險(xiǎn)程度是每一萬礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車禍中喪生的人遠(yuǎn)比采礦要多，其實(shí)后者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠?qū)敛幌喔傻幕顒?dòng)或情形的危險(xiǎn)性加以比較，即便差別如蘋果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)，你就會(huì)選擇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比率較小的活動(dòng)。如果你無所畏懼，那么你往往會(huì)對(duì)高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。我們一旦明白了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是永遠(yuǎn)無法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒有絕對(duì)安全的事，我們也就會(huì)明白問題的關(guān)鍵不是要徹底避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而是要理智地管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理需要兩大要素：常識(shí)以及與我們可能要承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的性質(zhì)和程度相關(guān)的信息。