第一篇：新編大學英語第三冊作文大全

Unit 10Reflections on Life

The Virtues of Being Young and Being Old

Being young is a wonderful thing.We are always trying to find ways to keep ourselves young for as long as possible.When we compliment someone on their young appearance, they will feel proud and happy.Why is youth so preferred or favored? It's because youth is the bright and colorful scenery of life.Young people have glorious ideas and are full of dreams.They have energy, time and optimism.Youth is a time for realizing dreams.Looking back on one's youth will bring the finest memories.Being old is also wonderful.The aged are respected by society.They have experience so people turn to them when they are in trouble or when they need advice.Old people are a source of knowledge and experience for the young.Although they dream less than before, they're more confident about themselves thanks to their knowledge and experience.Those who worked hard when young will be able to appreciate their achievements and keep good memories of their past.Being young, we must take every opportunity to improve ourselves so that when we are old, we will have no regrets about our youth.Unit 9 Music

The Power of Music

Music is the universal language of mankind.Music is everywhere.We can hear it in restaurants, airports, railway stations, supermarkets, department stores, banks, hospitals, and many other public places.Music of all kinds is now available, and tapes and CDs are not very expensive.Music plays an important role in our everyday lives.Music can express emotions that are beyond speech and give us a better feeling about ourselves and about everything around us.It can change our attitudes towards many things.When we feel sad, music is moonlight in the gloomy night of life which can cheer us up;when we are tired and bored, music can make us relaxed, it has charms to soothe the savage breast, to soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak.When we are working or studying, music can provide us with a pleasant environment so that we can work or study more efficiently.Music can make people work faster and with more energy.The best, most beautiful, and most perfect way that we have of expressing a sweet concord of mind to each other is by music.Music can also lull the babies to sleep and can even make cows produce more milk.In a word, music is irresistible and life without music would be boring and monotonous.Unit 8Nature or Nurture

“Which Has Had More Influence on You, Heredity or Environment?”

I both benefit and suffer much from heredity.A short stout figure, an introverted personality, and unimaginative but rational mind: all of these traits come from the genes passed on to me from my parents.But family, schools, and society work together to shape what I am today.My parents are both sport lovers, which makes me fond of physical exercises and turns my frame into a strong body.My honest parents punish me severely whenever I lie or make empty promises, thus I've learned the importance of personal integrity.At school I've learned to help others, to care for others and also to improve my reasoning and understanding skills.Learning about various positive and negative examples of behavior from the media and other sources of information, I have set my own moral standards regarding what to do and what not to do, what to like and what to hate.Environment can change a person completely no matter where he was born and what he genetically inherited from his parents.Unit 7 The Joy of Travel

Traveling Is Wonderful

In school we always study hard and rarely have time for play and relaxation.During our vacation, we can do what we like.Some students go swimming, watch TV, go to the cinema, etc.But all I want to do is to travel.Traveling is interesting.You can see a lot of fascinating things and you can learn about history.Three years ago, I went to Beijing.When I was in the Summer Palace, I walked through the famous Long Corridor, admiring the beautiful pictures drawn on it.In the Imperial Palace, I saw a lot of rare treasures I had never seen before.I went to the Great Wall as well as the Ming Tombs.After visiting these famous places, I can’t help feeling proud of my great motherland.I think it is important to travel to different countries, if possible, so that you can learn about different cultures and customs.It can widen your knowledge of the world.In addition to learning new things, you can also discover the beauty of nature by yourself.When you are on the top of a mountain, you can breathe fresh air, you can see green scenery below and you can hear the sounds of nature.It is a very wonderful feeling.Now I’d like to invite you to go on a trip with me.Can you refuse?

Unit 6 Animals

Animals Should Be Trained

There are a wide variety of animals in the world.And many of them are highly intelligent.So if we train some animals to work for human beings, we can save a lot of money and manpower.First, some kinds of animals can be trained based on their capacity to do certain types of jobs better than humans.For example, since dogs have a superior ability to track down odors, we can train them to find illegal drugs, earthquake victims, or even ancient tombs.Second, some animals can even lend us their hands.The monkey is a good example.Monkeys can be trained to learn to open doors, fetch tools, bring books, etc.So they can help those who cannot move about freely because of some physical problems.Monkeys make the lives of these people happier and more comfortable.Finally, in some cases, using animals not only saves money but also trouble.Using dolphins as underwater guards can be better and cheaper than any man-made tracking devices.In a word, animals should be trained to help humans.If we train animals in the proper way, both humans and animals can get along very well.Unit 5 Language

Should Learners Aim to Speak English with a Native-Speaker Pronunciation?

In my opinion, there is no point in aiming to speak English with a native-speaker pronunciation.For most people, it is a waste of time.First, language is a tool for communication among human beings.If people we meet understand what we are saying, that is all that is necessary.We do not need to imitate native speaker's pronunciation.In any case, there are many types of accents, so which one should we choose to imitate?

Second, the most important thing is how well we organize what we want to

express.Our ideas should be clear and easy to understand.To do so, we should be able to use right words and correct grammar.Third, given the fact that we live in China, it seems a little bit pointless for us to try desperately hard to get rid of our national accent in order to speak BBC English.Finally, each of us has our own style when we speak.If we can give free rein to personal style, the English-speaking world will become more colorful and more interesting.In a word, I prefer to speak with my characteristic and recognizable pronunciation, so long as listeners can understand me.Unit 4 Career Planning

Application Letter

Sample One

May 5, _____

Apartment 2E

3465 Boulevard East

Dallas, TX 75221

Fidelity National Bank

P.O.Box 42B

Dallas, TX 75221

Dear Sir or Madam:

I would like to be considered as an applicant for the teller trainee position listed in today's Dallas Tribune.I am 18 years old.I will graduate from North High School in June.Since my sophomore year, I have been taking business courses.I have taken Accounting 1 and 2, Business Law, Economics, and Word Processing.During my junior year, I participated in the Co-op Program in which I attended school one week and worked the alternate week.My work placement was at the Western Insurance Company, where I learned basic accounting procedures.I am currently employed part-time as acashier at a Pathway Supermarket.These positions helped me to develop skills and confidence for handling large sums of money.I would be glad to come for an interview at your convenience.My telephone number is 775-2684.I look forward to hearing from you.Sincerely,Thomas Gupton

Unit One Personality

“My Advice to Pessimists”

It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure, while optimism usually brings happiness, good health and success.Pessimists also make those around them very miserable.Therefore, pessimists should change their way of thinking and overcome the negative aspects of their personalities.Here are a few tips for them:

1.Try to smile more often.A smile has great power.It can chase sadness away.It will make you and other people feel happy.And it may even make things easier and better.Smiling in the morning makes a good beginning for the day.A smile is the most important sign of optimism.2.Build up your self-confidence.Try to discover as many of your personal strengths as you can.Then write them all down.Read them several times when you are getting ready to do something or when you are facing difficulties.Your list will help you see your abilities.3.Change your way of thinking.Don't always think that things will go wrong or that if they do there will be terrible results.Instead, convince yourself that things will improve and that you can work hard to help improve them.If you fail, think about what you have learned from the failure.If you succeed, praise yourself.Don't be too modest!There is nothing more encouraging than self-praise.Try your best to become an optimist.

第二篇：新編大學英語3課后作文

9The Power of Music

Music is the universal language of mankind.Music is everywhere.We can hear it in restaurants, airports, railway stations, supermarkets, department stores, banks, hospitals, and many other public places.Music of all kinds is now available, and tapes and CDs are not very expensive.Music plays an important role in our everyday lives.Music can express emotions that are beyond speech and give us a better feeling about ourselves and about everything around us.It can change our attitudes towards many things.When we feel sad, music is moonlight in the gloomy night of life which can cheer us up;when we are tired and bored, music can make us relaxed, it has charms to soothe the savage breast, to soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak.When we are working or studying, music can provide us with a pleasant environment so that we can work or study more efficiently.Music can make people work faster and with more energy.The best, most beautiful, and most perfect way that we have of expressing a sweet concord of mind to each other is by music.Music can also lull the babies to sleep and can even make cows produce more milk.In a word, music is irresistible and life without music would be boring and monotonous.Unit 8 Nature or Nurture “Which Has Had More Influence on You, Heredity or Environment?”

I always believe that a person can succeed in doing anything he feels interested in.Your environment provides all sorts of opportunities and the things necessary for your personal

pursuit and achievement.Which has had more influence on you, heredity or environment? This is a difficult question to answer.First, let us examine the influence of heredity.All my classmates call me “Fat Yu” because I am fat.My father is also fat, so I can't help connecting my fatness with his!Although I can't be absolutely sure that it comes from my father, I do think that I probably have a gene which he passed on to me and which determines my body build or shape.Aside from that gene, my father gave me many excellent qualities.For example, I think I am good at abstract thinking.My father is an engineer and he often tells me that he was very good at Math and Physics at middle school and college.So thanks to these genes of his I got into this university.However, I have many other characteristics, which may come from the environment I grew up in.For example, my father and mother are conservative and traditional.They lack a spirit of adventure and they have a hard time understanding many of the new things in China today.I, on the contrary, have the desire to explore and I hope I can become a pioneer of reform.I often have many original thoughts and ideas.All changes taking

place around me whet my appetite for exploration.In conclusion, I think both heredity and environment have influenced me greatly.Heredity created me, but environment has improved me.Unit 7 The Joy of Travel Traveling Is Wonderful

In school we always study hard and rarely have time for play and relaxation.During our vacation, we can do what we like.Some students go swimming, watch TV, go to the cinema, etc.But all I want to do is to travel.Traveling is interesting.You can see a lot of fascinating things and you can learn about history.Three years ago, I went to Beijing.When I was in the Summer Palace, I walked through the famous Long Corridor, admiring the beautiful pictures drawn on it.In the Imperial Palace, I saw a lot of rare treasures I had never seen before.I went to the Great Wall as well as the Ming Tombs.After visiting these famous places, I can’t help feeling proud of my great motherland.I think it is important to travel to different countries, if possible, so that you can learn about different cultures and customs.It can widen your knowledge of the world.In addition to learning new things, you can also discover the beauty of nature by yourself.When you are on the top of a mountain, you can breathe fresh air, you can see green scenery below and you can hear the sounds of nature.It is a very wonderful feeling.Now I’d like to invite you to go on a trip with me.Can you refuse?

Unit 6 Animals

Animals Should Be Trained

There are a wide variety of animals in the world.And many of them are highly intelligent.So if we train some animals to work for human beings, we can save a lot of money and manpower.First, some kinds of animals can be trained based on their capacity to do certain types of jobs better than humans.For example, since dogs have a superior ability to track down odors, we can train them to find illegal drugs, earthquake victims, or even ancient tombs.Second, some animals can even lend us their hands.The monkey is a good example.Monkeys can be trained to learn to open doors, fetch tools, bring books, etc.So they can help those who cannot move about freely because of some physical problems.Monkeys make the lives of these people happier and more comfortable.Finally, in some cases, using animals not only saves money but also trouble.Using dolphins as underwater guards can be better and cheaper than any man-made tracking devices.In a word, animals should be trained to help humans.If we train animals in the proper way, both humans and animals can get along very well.Unit 4 Career Planning Application Letter May 5, _____ Apartment 2E 3465 Boulevard East Dallas, TX 75221 Fidelity National Bank P.O.Box 42B Dallas, TX 75221 Dear Sir or Madam:

I would like to be considered as an applicant for the teller trainee position listed in today's Dallas Tribune.I am 18 years old.I will graduate from North High School in June.Since my sophomore year, I have been taking business courses.I have taken Accounting 1 and 2, Business Law, Economics, and Word Processing.During my junior year, I participated in the Co-op Program in which I attended school one week and worked the alternate week.My work placement was at the Western Insurance Company, where I learned basic accounting procedures.I am currently employed part-time as a cashier at a Pathway Supermarket.These positions helped me to develop skills and confidence for handling large sums of money.I would be glad to come for an interview at your convenience.My telephone number is 775-2684.I look forward to hearing from you.Sincerely, Thomas Gupton

Directions: Write an article entitled “My Advice to Pessimists”.Your writing must cover the following two points:

1）disadvantages of pessimism

2）way(s)of overcoming pessimism It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure, while optimism usually brings happiness, good health and success.Pessimists also make those around them very miserable.Therefore, pessimists should change their way of thinking and overcome the negative aspects of their personalities.Here are a few tips for them:

1.Try to smile more often.A smile has great power.It can chase sadness away.It will make you and other people feel happy.And it may even make things easier and better.Smiling in the morning makes a good beginning for the day.A smile is the most important sign of optimism.2.Build up your self-confidence.Try to discover as many of your personal strengths as you can.Then write them all down.Read them several times when you are getting ready to do something or when you are facing difficulties.Your list will help you see your abilities.3.Change your way of thinking.Don't always think that things will go wrong or that if they do there will be terrible results.Instead, convince yourself that things will improve and that you can work hard to help improve them.If you fail, think about what you have learned from the failure.If you succeed, praise yourself.Don't be too modest!There is nothing more encouraging than self-praise.Try your best to become an optimist.

第三篇：大學英語第三冊翻譯答案

Unit1

1.發言人明確表示總統在任何情況下都不會取消這次旅行。

The spokesman made it clear that the President would not cancle the trip under any circumstances..杰克對書架上那些書一本也不了解，所以他的選擇是很隨意的。

Jack didn't know anything about any of the books on the bookshelf, so his choice was quite arbitrary.3.隨后發生的那些事件再次證明了我的猜疑是對的。

The subsequent events once again confirmed that my suspicions were right.4.我認為我們應該鼓勵中學生在暑假找臨時工作。

I think we should encourage high school students to find temporary jobs / employment during their summer holidays.5.令我們吃驚的是，這位常被贊為十分正直的州長竟然是個貪官。

To our surprise ,the governor, who had often been praised for his honesty ,turned out to be a corrupt official.6.只有少數工人工人得到提升，在這同時卻有數百名工人被解雇。

A few workers were promoted ,but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed.7.如果有機會，約翰也許成為一位杰出的畫家了。

Given the chance, John might have been an excellent painter.8.數小時后，有人看見那個男孩在林子里瞎轉。

Several hours later, the boy was found wandering around in the woods.Unit3

1.許多美國大學生申請政府貸款交付學費。

Many American students apply for government loans to pay for their tuition.2.除閱讀教材外，使用電影和錄像會激發學生學習的興趣。

In addition to reading materials ,the application of films and videotapes can stimulate students’ interest in their study.3.這位律師試圖?服陪審團他的當事人是無辜的。

The attorney tired to convince the jury that his client is innocent.4.提問常常會引發創造的火花。

Asking questions often generates the spark of creativity.5.我已經把我的簡歷寄往幾家公司，但尚未收到回復。

I have sent off my resume to a few companies, but haven’t received a reply yet.6她的結論是建立在對當前國際情況進行了認真的分析的基礎上的。

Her conclusion is built / based on a careful analysis of current international affairs.7.我們滿懷希望地來參加會議，離開時卻大失所望。

We came to the meeting with great expectation, but we left very disappointed.8.暫時他只得接受了一份給一家化妝品公司發促銷傳單的活兒。

At the moment he has to take the job of distributing leaflets to promote products for a cosmetic company.0920123班英語復習材料

Unit 5

1.就能力而言,我肯定他能勝任這件工作。

As far as ability is concerned, I am sure he will qualify for the job.2.認為約翰會因為他的失禮而向他們正式道歉，那就錯了。

It is wrong to assume that John will formally apologize to them for the impoliteness.3.這一丑聞對正在力爭贏得大選的工黨來?，無疑是一件尷尬的事。

The scandal is certainly an embarrassment to the Labour Party aiming at winning the election.4.我正在認真地寫學期論文的時候，我的小妹妹連蹦帶跳地上了樓。

I was working carefully on my term paper when my little sister bounded upstairs and rushed into my room.5.我問她數次，可她拒絕回答我的問題。

I asked her several times ,but she refused to respond to my questions.6.在西方，人們常常郵購商品，這可以節省許多時間。

In the west,people often send away for goods, which can save them a lot of time.7.抱歉, 時間不多了，我建議我們跳到最后一章。

Sorry time is running out;I suggest we skip to the last chapter.8.既然你決定盡快完成碩士課程，那就別讓你的社交生活妨礙你的學習。

Don’t let your social life stand in the way of your studies, since you’ve set your mind to finishing the master’s program as soon as possible.Unit 6

1.裝了假肢，他起初走路走不穩，但經過鍛煉他的步子穩了。

Fitted with the artificial leg, he walked unsteadily at first,but with practice his steos became steady.2.醫生說我得了重感冒，她給我開了四種藥，三種是藥片，飯后服，另一種藥水，睡前服。

The doctor said I had caught a bad cold and she prescribed me four kinds of medicine.Three of them are pills to be taken aftermeal, and theother is liquid tobe taken before bedtime.3.我妹妹的愛犬被人偷走后，她心里難受了好幾個星期。

My sister felt miserable for weeks after she had her pet dog stolen.4.汽車早已開走看不見了，珍妮還站在大門口凝視著路的盡頭。

The car long being out of sight ,Jenny was still standing at the door ,gazing toward the end of the road.5.就我所知，他們相互感情上已有一些時間。

As far as I know, they have been emotionally detached from each other for quite some time.0920123班英語復習材料

6.一般地說，通過增加供給或減少需求可以減低物價。

Generally speaking, increasing supply or decreasing demand can bring down prices.Unit7

1.就像平常一樣，他在開始洗漱前，將收音機調至早晨7點的新聞廣播。

As usual, he tuned his radio for the 7 a.m news broadcast before he began to get washed.2.有許多文件要簽，但緊急的只有這份合同。

There are a lot of papers to sign, but the only urgent one is this contract.3.在該市，因吸毒和賭博而引發的罪行在發展，當地政府似乎找不出對付這一問題的辦法。

In that city,crime born of drug abuse and gambling is on the rise and the local government seems unable to figure out a way to cope with it.4.在那些日子里，我能弄到什麼就看什麼，只要是有英文寫的。

In those days , I would read everything I could get my hands on so long as it was weitten in English.5.我敢肯定那座樓在空襲中一定被完全炸毀了。

I bet that building must have been completely destroyed in the air raid.6.她被這突如其來的打擊嚇得好幾分鐘講不出一句話來。

She was so scared by the unexpected blow that she could not speak a word for several minutes.Unit8

1.我們不贊成他認為自己應得到特殊待遇的態度。

We didn't like his attitude that he deserved special treatment.2.即使你是班上最好的學生之一，要保住成績也得常常溫習功課才行。

Even if you are one of the best students in the class, in order to maintain your grades you must review your lessons often.3.過去有關太空時代的某些幻想已經成為現實。

Some of the old fantasies about the space age have come true.4.情況確實如此，有些人一生中很早就獲得成功，而另一些人則要工作很長時間方能實現自己的目標。

It is true that some people achieve success very early in life, while others must work a long time before attaining their goals.5.他堅持認?這次實驗的失敗主要是由於準備不足。

He maintained that the failure of the experiment wsa largely due to inadequate preparations.6.如今研究人員提倡我們應該每天花些時間將自己想要達到的目標投射到心靈的屏幕上。

0920123班英語復習材料

Researchers now recommend that we take time off every day to project our desired goals onto the screen in our minds.Unit10 1.事實上，對于這次海難（shipwreck）報紙上的說法不一。

In fact, there are different accounts of the shipwreck in the newspapers.2.據說這一地區早在兩千年前農業就很先進。

It is said that the area was well advanced in agriculture as early as 2,000 years ago.3.瞧他是如何操作這機器的，然后就照著做。

Watch how he operates the machine and then do likewise.4.孔繁森體現了一位共產黨人的全部優秀品質。

Kong Fansen embodies all the fine qualities of a communist.5.在那些國家的職業婦女中，有三十多歲才生育的趨勢。

Among the professional women in these countries, there is a trend towards having children in their thirties.6.圣誕節和元旦相隔一周時間。

There is an interval of a week between Christmas and New Year's Day.Appenix 1

1.一位剛從前線回來的下級軍官證實了該邊界城鎮失陷及許多衛戌部隊被俘的傳聞.A junior officer who had just returned from the front confirmed the rumor that the border town had been captured by the enemy and that many garrison troops were taken prisoner.2.即使在最有利的條件下,公司也很難改產較為適銷的產品而不冒暫時損失一些利潤的風險.Even under the most favorable circumstances, it won't be easy for the firm to switch to a more marketable line of products without risking some temporary losses in profits.3.一定要爭辯說你的解決辦法勝過我的或是她的是沒有意義的.事實上,各種解決辦法都有其優點和缺點,現在就說我的解決辦法沒有成功的希望未免武斷.there is no piont arguing that your solution is better than mine or hers.As a matter of fact , each has its strengths and weaknesses and at this piont it is arbitrary to say that mine does not stand a chance of success.4.湯姆自己承擔了全部責任.從為抱怨過別人.他把過去的不愉快拋在一邊.現已團結了周圍所有的人,勉力使公司渡過危機.Tom took all the blame on himself and never complained about others.And brushing aside past unpleasantness , he has now united all those around him in an effort to bring the company through the crisis.5.我們家的房子年久失修.需要馬上修繕.與此同時,我們還得積起總夠的錢,償還明年底到期的貸款.0920123班英語復習材料

Our house has fallen into disrepair and needs immediate renovating.Meanwhile we have to save up enough money to repay the loan that is due by the end of next year.6.他一心撲在他的改革計劃上.不久他就成為了一個婆負盛名的充滿活力的社會改革家.He worked hard at his reform programs and before long he established his reputation as an energetic social reformer.Appenix 2

1.老人懇求紅衛兵不要砸塑像,它是一件塑雕杰作.The old man pleaded with the Red Guards not to destory the statue, which was a masterpiece of sculpture.2.路燈亮起時,我看見一個男人搖搖晃晃地向市政廳方向走去.When the street lights went on, I saw a man walking unsteadily in the direction of the City Hall.3.是希臘人塑造了西方人的思想模式.It was the Greeks who shaped the thinking of Western man.4.你能夠想象2050年的生活是個什么樣兒嗎? Can you picture to youself what life will be like in the year 2050? 5.瑪麗一定是發瘋了.她不時無緣無故地哈哈大笑.Marry must have gone crazy.She burst into laughter now and then for no reason at all.6.盡管她的膝蓋嚴重擦傷,她還是趕上了大多數其他長跑者.Despite the fact that she had her knee severely bruised.she still managed to overtake most of the other long distance runners.7.我知道在我們抽簽時我顯得很沉著,但骨子里卻是緊張急了.I knew I seemed calm when we drew the lots , but underneath it all I was terribly nervous.8.聚會午夜散場.彼得和我又喝了幾杯,而后回到宿舍.The party broke up at midnight.Peter and I had a few more drinks and returned to our dorm afterwards.0920123班英語復習材料

第四篇：大學英語精讀第三冊

Passage One A couple of years ago I spent the day at an elementary school in New Jersey.It was a nice average school, a square and solid building, full of reasonably well-behaved kids from middle-class families.I handled three classes, and by the time I staggered out the door I wanted to lie down for the rest of the day.Teaching's the toughest job there is.In his new memoir, “Teacher Man,” Frank McCourt recalls telling his students, “Teaching is harder than working on docks and warehouses.” Not to mention writing a column.I can stare off into the middle distance with my chin(下巴)in my hand any time.But you go mentally south for five minutes in front of a class of fifth graders, and you are sunk.The average new teacher today makes just under $30,000 a year, which may not look too bad for a twenty-something with no mortgage(抵押貸款)and no kids.But soon enough the new teachers realize that they can make more money and not work anywhere near as hard elsewhere.After a lifetime of hearing the old legends about cushy(舒適安逸的)hours and summer vacations, they figure out that early mornings are for students who need extra help, evenings are for test corrections and lesson plans, and weekends and summers are for second and even third jobs to try to pay the bills.According to the Department of Education, one in every five teachers leaves after the first year, and almost twice as many leave within three.If any business had that rate of turnover, someone would do something smart and strategic to fix it.This isn't any business.It's the most important business around, the gardeners of the landscape of the human race.Unfortunately, the current way of dealing with problems in education is taken directly from business practice, and it's a terrible fit.Instead of simply acknowledging that starting salaries are woefully low and committing to increasing them and finding the money for reasonable recurring raises, politicians have wasted decades talking about something called merit pay(獎勵工資).It's a concept that works fine if you're making toys, but kids aren't toys, and good teaching isn't an assembly line.26.What can we infer from the first paragraph about teachers? 1“>They have to teach three classes at a time.2”>They have a very rewarding job.3“>They prefer to teach children from middle-class families.4”>They have a very hard job to do.27.Why does the author say teaching is tougher than writing a column? 1“>Teaching is like working on docks and warehouses.2”>Teaching demands full attention.3“>Teachers have to work with children.4”>Teachers have no chance to go traveling.28.What do new teachers find out after some practice? 1“>Their starting salary is lower than offered by other occupations.2”>They have to work during vacations to make ends meet.3“>They have to plan their time well to get everything done.4”>They can take a second or even a third job besides teaching.29.We can infer from the fourth paragraph that the author thinks __________.1“>measures should be taken to keep teachers in their jobs 2”>the rate of turnover in teaching is low compared to other occupations 3“>it's natural for a number of teachers to quit in three to five years 4”>it's fair to call teachers the gardeners of the landscape of the human race 30.What does the author think of merit pay? 1“>It will make up for teachers' low starting salaries.2”>It will bring down the turnover rate of teachers.3“>It is a good fix for current educational problems.4”>It is not suitable for the teaching profession.幾年前,我花了一整天在新澤西的一所小學。這是一個很好的學校,平均一個正方形和堅實的建筑,充滿了合理行為端正的來自中產階級家庭的孩子。我處理了三個類,我交錯的時候出了門我想躺下休息的一天。教學是最艱難的工作。在他新出版的回憶錄中寫道,“老師的人,”弗蘭克?麥考特回憶說告訴他的學生,“教學是比在碼頭和倉庫工作。“更不用說寫一個專欄。我可以用我的下巴凝視到中間的距離(下巴)在我的手。但你精神上南走五分鐘前的五年級學生,你沉沒了。新老師今天讓平均每年不到30000美元,這可能不是太糟糕了尋找一個二十來歲,沒有抵押貸款(抵押貸款),也沒有孩子。但很快新教師意識到他們可以賺更多的錢,而不是工作接近其他地方一樣硬。一生的聽證會后老傳說輕松(舒適安逸的)時間和暑假,他們指出,早期的早晨是學生需要額外的幫助,晚上為測試修正和教案,周末和暑假是第二個,甚至第三個工作來支付賬單。根據教育部,每五個老師離開后第一年,幾乎兩倍在三個之內離開。如果任何業務,周轉率,有人會做一些聰明的和戰略來解決它。這不是任何業務。這是最重要的業務,人類的景觀的園丁。不幸的是,當前的處理問題方式在教育是直接取自商業實踐,這是一個可怕的健康。而不是簡單地承認,可悲的是起薪低且致力于增加他們,找到錢合理的重復提出,政客們已經浪費了幾十年談論所謂績效工資(獎勵工資)。這是一個概念,如果你制作玩具沒問題,但是孩子不是玩具,良好的教學并不是一個生產線。

26歲。第一段,我們能從中推斷出什么老師? 1 “ >他們教三個類。” >他們有一個很有成就感的工作。3 >他們喜歡教來自中產階級家庭的孩子。4 “ >他們有一個非常困難的工作要做。27。為什么作者說教學是比寫專欄嗎? 1 ” >教學是在碼頭和倉庫工作。2 “ >教學要求充分重視。3 >老師和孩子們工作。4 ” >教師沒有機會去旅行。28。新教師一些練習后發現什么? 1 “ >他們的起薪低于其他職業提供的。2 ” >他們必須工作在假期來維持生計。3 >他們必須計劃時間完成一切。“ >他們可以接受第二個甚至第三個工作除了教學。29。我們可以推斷出從第四段作者認為__________。1 ” >應采取措施使教師在他們的工作 2 “ >教學周轉率低比其他職業 ” >很自然的教師在三到五年內辭職 4 “ >公平打電話給老師的園丁的人類 30。作者認為績效工資什么? 1 ” >將彌補教師低起薪。2 “ >會降低教師的流動率。” >這是一個很好的解決當前教育問題。4 “ >它是不適合教學工作。

Passage Two Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: I was born with a disability that affects my sense of balance, causing me to walk with a limp.Not only does it affect the function of the legs, but it also has an impact on the kidneys.The disability has had its ups and downs.As a young child, I can remember the way other children would stare at me because of the way that I walked.There were many times that my schoolmates would laugh at me and call me names simply because of their lack of understanding, especially back in the mid 70s and early 80s.Children then were just unwilling to take the time to learn why one of their classmates might walk, speak or seem noticeably different from themselves.Now that I am an adult, I have noticed that the stares and names have begun to fade, and judgments that once were negative have begun to turn toward acceptance.The signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act(ADA)has played a great part in breaking down some of those barriers(障礙)that, as a child, left me to fight a war that seemed to have no end.Now I look beyond what I can't do and focus on what I can.I have learned that limitations open doors that have been closed, showing other ways to meet our needs.I have always looked at life as a challenge, grasping each obstacle with open arms.There is nothing in this world that comes easy.I must stand tall and look forward, to be ever so ready for what still lies ahead.People often feel sorry for those who were born with some type of disability.But their compassion(憐憫)is misplaced.Yes, I may not be able to run as fast or perform certain tasks, but my disability gives me a better look at life and all that's around me.I want to be seen not as a disability but as a person who has, and will continue to, bloom(成長).So I decided to become an advocate(倡導者)on behalf of disabled Americans, to fight for our rights that for so long have been ignored.I feel that it only takes one powerful voice to change the minds of many nations, and as long as I have a mouth to use and a mind to think I will continue to work to bring peace upon the disabled community.31.Why did children stare at the author when he was young? 1”>He walked in an uneven way.2“>He often lost his balance and fell to the ground.3”>He had an appearance quite different from others.4“>He spoke in a different way from others.32.It can be inferred from the passage that in the 1970s, disabled children ________.1”>were not accepted by their peers 2“>received different treatment at school 3”>had frequent fights with their classmates 4“>had ups and downs in their life 33.Being disabled, the author ________.1”>has lost many a battle in his life 2“>looks at life as a challenge 3”>focuses on the limitations he has to suffer 4“>is angry for the many opportunities he has lost 34.According to the author, his disability ________.1”>has given him a better understanding of life 2“>aroused sympathy from people around him 3”>is a constant barrier between him and the community 4“>has prevented him from growing up to a full person 35.Why did the author decide to become an advocate for the disabled? 1”>He still has a mouth to use and a mind to think.2“>He has got a powerful voice to change people's minds.3”>The signing of the ADA has failed to change a thing in their life.4“>Their rights are still being ignored.我出生與一個殘疾,影響我的平衡感,讓我走路一瘸一拐。它不僅影響腿的功能,但它也有一個對腎臟的影響。殘疾人都有其跌宕起伏。作為一個年輕的孩子,我記得別的孩子會盯著我,因為我走的方式。有很多次,我的同學們會嘲笑我,說我的名字只是因為缺乏了解,尤其是在70年代中期和80年代早期。孩子只是不愿意花時間去學習他們的一個同學為什么會走路,說話或看起來明顯不同于自己。現在,我是一個成年人,我已經注意到,凝視著,名字已經開始褪色,和判斷,一旦被負已經開始轉向接受。簽署《美國殘疾人法案》(ADA)發揮了很大一部分在打破這些障礙(障礙),作為一個孩子,讓我打一場戰爭,似乎沒有盡頭。現在我超越我不能做什么,關注什么。我知道限制打開大門已經關閉,顯示其他方法來滿足我們的需求。我一直看著的生活挑戰,把握每個障礙張開雙臂。在這個世界上沒有什么是容易的。我必須忍受高和向前看,所以準備過的日子還在前頭。人們常常感到抱歉對于那些天生就有某種類型的殘疾。但是他們的同情心(憐憫)是錯誤的。是的,我可能無法或執行某些任務跑得一樣快,但我的殘疾使我的生活變得更好看,我周圍的所有。我想被視為一種殘疾,但作為一個人,并將繼續,布魯姆(成長)。所以我決定成為一個倡導者(倡導者)代表殘疾人的美國人來說,爭取我們的權利,長久以來被忽視了。我覺得只需要一個強有力的聲音改變許多國家的想法,只要我有一個口使用和心靈思考我將繼續工作在殘疾人社區帶來和平。31日。為什么孩子盯著作者年輕時? 1 ” >他走以不均勻的方式。“ >他經常失去平衡,摔倒在地。3 ” >他出現完全不同于其他人。4 “ >他說別人的方式不同。

32。從文章中可以推斷,在1970年代,殘疾兒童________。1 ” >沒有同齡人所接受 2 “ >在學校接受不同的治療 3“>經常與同學打架 ” >在他們的生活跌宕起伏 33。被禁用,作者________。“ >已經失去了很多在他的生活中 2 ” >看著生活的挑戰 3 >關注他遭受的局限性 “ >憤怒的他已經失去了很多機會 34。根據作者,他的殘疾________。1 ” >給了他一個更好的理解生活 2 “ >引起了周圍人的同情 ” >是一個常數他和社區之間的障礙 4 “ >已經阻止了他成長為一個完整的人 35。為什么作者決定成為一個倡導殘疾人? 1 ” >他仍然有一個口使用和思維去思考。2 “ >他有一個強大的聲音,改變人們的想法。>簽署《美國殘疾人法》未能改變生活中的一件事。4 ” >他們的權利仍然被忽視。

Passage Three Questions 36-40 are based on the following passage: I'm coming off this plane, and landing at London airport.I'm looking around for a middle-aged woman, my Aunt Penn, who I've seen in pictures.The photographs are out of date, but she looked like the type who would wear a big necklace(項鏈)and flat shoes, and maybe some kind of narrow dress in black or gray.But I'm just guessing since the pictures only showed her face.Anyway, I'm looking and looking and everyone's leaving and there's no signal on my phone and I'm thinking, “Oh great, I'm going to be abandoned at the airport so that's two countries they don't want me in,” when I notice everyone's gone except this kid who comes up to me and says, “You must be Daisy.” And when I look relieved he does too and says, “I'm Edmond.” “Hello Edmond,” I say, “nice to meet you.” I look at him hard to try to get a feel for what my new life with my cousins might be like.Now let me tell you what he looks like before I forget because it's not exactly what you'd expect from your average fourteen-year-old what with the cigarette and hair that looked like he cut it himself with a knife in the dead of night, but aside from that he's exactly like some kind of mutt, you know the ones you see at the dog shelter who are kind of hopeful and sweet and put their nose straight into your hand when they meet you with a certain kind of dignity and you know from that second that you're going to take him home? Well that's him.Only he took me home.I'll take your bag, he said, and even though he's about half a mile shorter than me and has arms about as thick as a dog leg, he grabs my bag, and I grab it back and say “Where's your mom, is she in the car?” And he smiles and takes a drag on his cigarette, which, even though I know smoking kills and all that, I think is a little bit cool, but maybe all the kids in England smoke cigarettes? I don't say anything in case it's a well-known fact that the smoking age in England is something like twelve and by making a big thing about it I'll end up looking like an idiot when I've barely been here five minutes.Anyway, he says,“ Mum couldn't come to the airport because she's working, and everyone else seemed to be somewhere else, so I drove here myself.” 36.Daisy flew to London to ________.1“>see England 2”>live with her aunt 3“>meet Edmond 4”>visit a friend 37.Before Edmond greeted her, Daisy felt ________.1“>anxious 2”>curious 3“>relieved 4”>excited 38.Edmond waited till everyone was gone before greeting Daisy because _______.1“>he did not want to talk to a girl before others 2”>he did not get Daisy's phone call 3“>he had never seen Daisy before 4”>he was looking for a middle-aged woman 39.What did Edmond look like in Daisy's eyes? 1“>An average 14-year-old.2”>A lost dog.3“>An old friend.4”>A man with dignity.40.Daisy did not make any comment about Edmond smoking because _______.1“>she knew all children in England smoke cigarettes 2”>she thought smoking did harm to one's health 3“>the smoking age in England is about twelve 4”>she did not want to make a fool of herself

51.Large-scale studies are needed to ________ the encouraging results we have obtained so far.1“>conduct 2”>confirm 3“>contract 4”>commit 52.Dr.Smith is starting the first training program himself, and his methods of teaching will be used in all ________ training programs.1“>subsequent 2”>temporary 3“>fruitful 4”>energetic 53.Whoever disobeys the company's safety regulations shall be ________ on the spot.1“>dismissed 2”>switched 3“>interrupted 4”>revealed 54.This is a very formal occasion.It is not appropriate to wear ________ pants or skirts.1“>messy 2”>frantic 3“>casual 4”>jealous 55.All the questions the police asked ________ what she had been doing on the night of the robbery.1“>brought up 2”>revolved around 3“>built on 4”>singled out 56.The noise ________ to be just the dogs fighting for a bone in the courtyard.1“>made out 2”>worked out 3“>rang out 4”>turned out 57.Our system has been designed to give the user quick and easy ________ to the required information.1“>accent 2”>access 3“>response 4”>approach 58.So far only a dozen people who had direct contact with live chickens have ________ the bird flu.1“>distributed 2”>displayed 3“>contracted 4”>constituted 59.Many young women do aerobics(增氧健美操)every day in their ________ to achieve the perfect body.1“>quest 2”>strain 3“>temptation 4”>campaign 60.The official ________ of the events is that the police were attacked and were just trying to defend themselves.1“>issue 2”>illusion 3“>version 4”>perspective 61.________ the warning that smoking kills, the number of smokers does not seem to drop in our country.1“>With 2”>For 3“>As 4”>Despite 62.Why did you have to ________ the subject of religion since you know the guests are sharply divided on it? 1“>bring up 2”>leave out 3“>turn against 4”>call up 63.If schoolchildren are allowed to work at their own ________, their performance will generally improve.1“>version 2”>pace 3“>evolution 4”>system 64.Clara was ________ to sell her late husband's paintings to pay her debts.1“>qualified 2”>assumed 3“>compelled 4”>racked 65.To attract foreign investors, you have to ________ them that their investment will have profitable returns.1“>confirm 2”>stimulate 3“>grab 4”>convince 66.I don't think I can ever ________ my teachers for their devoted work, but I can in my turn do my best for my students.1“>repay 2”>interrupt 3“>respond 4”>witness 67.The conference was an attempt to ________ discussion of the problem of widening gaps between the rich and the poor.1“>stimulate 2”>conduct 3“>intend 4”>uncover 68.The lawyer outlined the case to him, being careful not to ________ anything important.1“>save up 2”>cut through 3“>leave out 4”>take out 69.The clerk held my passport four inches from his face and ________ to read it.1“>affected 2”>flipped 3“>strained 4”>giggled 70.The wounded woman got to her feet and made a ________ at the kitchen knife at the sink.1“>grab 2”>click 3“>comment 4”>pat 71.The designers made the most ________ water gardens to match the houses, with canals, fountains and cascades(小瀑布).1“>casual 2”>elaborate 3“>fruitful 4”>frantic 72.Suggesting something which he or she can do ________ the child's sense of achievement.1“>makes up 2”>pass on 3“>brings up 4”>adds to 73.If these problems are not ________ early in their training, they can be a real danger to themselves and to their instructors.1“>skipped 2”>contracted 3“>spotted 4”>responded 74.In order to reach ________ physical fitness for the coming match, he cut out all social activities and concentrated on his training.1“>maximum 2”>temporary 3“>extensive 4”>detached 75.We can't ________ the suspects to be guilty simply because they've decided to remain silent.1“>interpret 2”>assume 3“>grant 4”>arrest 76.The professor ________ the whole chapter, saying it was not difficult for us to study it by ourselves.1“>dismissed 2”>covered 3“>skipped 4”>explored 77.Tourism authorities ________ quickly to reports of the attack, claiming that it was accidental and that crime against tourists was quite rare in the scenic areas.1“>added 2”>fastened 3“>skipped 4”>responded 78.It is rarely useful to try and adjust fully to the time-zone transition(轉變)before the journey, since this will ________ your life-style too much.1“>interrupt 2”>flip 3“>renovate 4”>decay 79.To ________ for the position, applicants would need to have a PhD degree and 3 years' working experience.1“>strain 2”>qualify 3“>register 4”>campaign 80.We must come to a decision and take action quickly, for time is ________ faster than we think.1“>catching on 2”>running out 3“>stepping up 4”>revolving around

我從這架飛機,降落在倫敦機場。我找了一位中年婦女,我姑姑潘,我看過照片。照片是過時了,但她看起來像誰會穿一個大類型的項鏈(項鏈),平底鞋,也許一些狹窄的穿黑色或灰色。但我只是猜測因為圖片只顯示了她的臉。不管怎樣,我想,和每個人的離開,我的電話沒有信號,我想,“哦,太好了,我要放棄在機場這是兩國在,他們不希望我”當我注意到每個人都去除了這孩子過來對我說,“你一定是黛西。“當我看他做太松了一口氣說,“我是愛德蒙。”“你好,愛德蒙,”我說,“很高興見到你。“我看著他努力嘗試了解我和我的表親們可能會喜歡的新生活。現在讓我告訴你他是什么樣子在我忘記之前,因為它不是你希望從你的平均14歲的香煙和頭發的樣子他自己切了用刀在夜深人靜的時候,但是除了他就像某種雜種狗,你知道的你看到狗庇護所的希望和甜,把他們的鼻子直接進入你的手當他們見到你的某種尊嚴和你知道,第二,你要帶他回家?這就是他。只有他帶我回家。我接受你的包,他說,盡管他的大約半英里比我短,手臂一樣粗的狗腿,他抓住我的包,我抓住它,說:“你的媽媽,她在車里嗎?”,他笑著將拖累他的香煙,即使我知道因吸煙而死亡,我覺得有點涼,但也許在英國所有的孩子抽煙嗎?我不會說任何情況下這是一個眾所周知的事實是英國吸煙年齡之類的十二個,通過做一件大事,我看起來像個白癡當我幾乎在這里五分鐘。不管怎樣,他說,“媽媽不能來機場,因為她的工作,而其他人似乎在別的地方,所以我開車我自己。” 36。黛西飛往倫敦________。1 “ >看到英格蘭 2 ” >姑姑住在一起 3 >滿足愛德蒙 4 “ >拜訪一位朋友

37歲。愛德蒙前迎接她,黛西感到________。1 ” >焦慮 2 “ >好奇 >松了一口氣 4 ” >興奮

38。愛德蒙等到所有人都走了之前問候黛西因為_________。1 “ >他不想跟一個女孩在別人 2 ” >他沒有得到黛西的電話 3 >他從來沒有見過黛西 4“>他尋找一位中年婦女

39歲。愛德蒙在黛西的眼睛看起來像什么? 1 “ >平均14歲。2 ” >一個走失的狗。3 >一個老朋友。“ >一個有尊嚴的人。

40。黛西并沒有做出任何評論愛德蒙吸煙因為_________。1 ” >她知道在英國所有的孩子抽煙 2 “ >她認為吸煙危害健康 3 ” >英國吸煙年齡大約是十二 4 “ >她不想欺騙自己

51。大規模研究需要________迄今為止我們取得的令人鼓舞的結果。1 ” >行為 2 “ >確認 3 >合同 4 ” >提交

52歲。史密斯博士開始第一個培訓計劃,和他的教學方法將用于所有培訓項目。1 “ >后續 2 ” >臨時 3 >富有成果 4 “ >精力充沛

53歲。誰不服從公司的安全條例應當______。1 ” >了 2 “ >切換 3 >打斷 4 ” >透露

54。這是一個非常正式的場合。不適合穿在褲子或裙子。1 “ >混亂 2 ” >瘋狂 3 >休閑 4 “ >嫉妒

55。警察問的所有問題——她一直做什么晚上的搶劫。1 ” >長大 2 “ >圍繞 3 ” >建立在 4 “ >挑出

56。噪聲在只是骨頭在院子里的狗打架。1 ” >了 2 “ > 3 ” >響起 4 “ > 57。我們的系統被設計給用戶快速和容易________到所需的信息。1 ” >口音 2 “ >訪問 3 ” >響應 4“>的方法 58歲。到目前為止,只有十幾個人活著的雞有直接接觸禽流感。1 “ >分布式 2 ” >顯示 3 >合同 4 “ >構成

59。許多年輕女性做有氧運動(增氧健美操)每天________來達到完美的身體。1 ” >追求 2 “ >應變 3 >誘惑 4 ” >活動

60。官方在警察遭到襲擊的事件,只是想保護自己。1 >問題 2 “ >錯覺 3 ” >版本 “ >的角度來看

61年。________因吸煙而死亡的警告,吸煙者的數量似乎并沒有下降。1 ” > 2 “ > 3 ” > 4 “ >盡管

62年。你為什么要從宗教的主題因為你知道客人是嚴重分歧嗎? 1 ” >彈出 2 “ > 3 ” >反對 4 “ >打電話

63年。如果學生被允許在自己的工作______,他們通常會提高性能。1 ” >版本 2 “ >速度 3 >進化 4 ” >系統

64年。克拉拉是________出售她已故丈夫的作品支付債務。1 “ >合格 2 ” >假定 3 >強迫 4 “ >折磨

65年。吸引外國投資者,你必須立刻停止他們的投資會有豐厚的回報。1 ” >確認 2 “ >刺激 3 >抓住 4 ” >說服

66年。我不認為我能______老師對他們的投入工作,但我可以在我將為我的學生做我最好的。1 “ >償還 2 ” >中斷 3 >回應 4 “ >見證

67年。會議是企圖在討論問題的富人和窮人之間的差距不斷擴大。1 ” >刺激 2 “ >行為 3“>意愿 4 ” >發現

68年。列出的律師對他而言,小心不要在什么重要。1 “ >保存 2 ” >穿過 3 >離開 4 “ >取出

69年。店員舉行我的護照4英寸從他的臉,在閱讀它。1 ” >的影響 2 “ >翻 3“>緊張 ” >咯咯直笑

70年。受傷的女人有她的腳,________在水槽的菜刀。1 “ >抓住 2 ” >點擊 3“>評論 4 “ >帕特

71年。設計師作出了最______的水花園與房屋、運河、噴泉和瀑布(小瀑布)。1 ” >休閑 “ >精心制作的 3 >富有成果 4 ” >瘋狂

72年。表明他或她可以做的事情在孩子的成就感。1 “ >組成 2 ” >轉嫁 3 “ >提出 4 ” >增加了

73年。如果這些問題不從早在他們的訓練,他們可以是一個真正的危險,自己和他們的教練。1 “ >跳過 2 ” >合同 3 >發現 4 “ >回應

74年。以達到______身體健康為即將到來的比賽,他把所有的社會活動和集中培訓。1 ” >最大 2 “ >臨時 3 >廣泛 4 ” >分離

75年。我們不能從嫌疑人有罪,因為他們已經決定保持沉默。1 “ >解讀 2 ” >假設 3 >格蘭特 4 “ >逮捕

76年。教授在整個一章,說對我們來說并不難自己研究。1 ” >了 2 “ >覆蓋 3 >跳過 4 ” >探索

77年。旅游部門______迅速襲擊的報道,聲稱這是偶然的,犯罪對游客在風景區是相當罕見的。1 >說: 2 “ >系 3 >跳過 4 ” >回應

78年。很少有用的嘗試和調整充分的時區轉換(轉變)在旅程之前,因為這將在你的生活太多。1 “ >中斷 2 ” >翻轉 3 >更新 4 “ >衰變

79年。________的位置,申請者需要有一個博士學位,3年的工作經驗。1 ” >應變 2 “ >資格 3 >注冊 4 ” >活動

80年。我們必須作出決定和采取行動迅速,時間是在比我們想象的更快。1 “ > 2 ” >耗盡 3 “ >加大 4 ” >圍繞

81．不打算努力工作的人就沒有可能取得成功。

No one who does not intend to work hard stands a chance of success.82．看來你從因特網上下載的這個故事是原文的簡寫本。

It seems the story you downloaded from the Internet is a simplified version of the original.83．我相信如果財富以更為合理的方式分配，世界上就沒有人會挨凍受餓。

I am convinced that if wealth is distributed in a more reasonable manner, no one will suffer from cold and hunger in the world.84．瑪麗加到她網站上的圖片確實吸引一些訪客的注意。

The pictures Mary added to her website did catch the eye of a number of visitors.85．薩拉沒有讓她身體的殘疾擋住她想當棒球評論作家的路。

Sarah did not allow her physical disability to stand in her way to becoming a baseball editorialist.Passage One Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: I don't know why we are here.Ever since we came here, we have been treated very badly, and all I have heard since we have been here are people yelling in a language I don't understand, or people screaming as they were separated from loved ones.I have been made to lie on this hard, cold table, while strange men have taken away my crutches(拐杖).When I don't come when they call, they beat me repeatedly with a thick stick, and they laugh when I cry out for help.On bare skin it hurts so horribly, and I am so covered with bruises(瘀傷)and cuts it's a wonder I have any skin left!They call me an “undesirable”, and they keep telling me that they have “plans” for me.Whenever I ask what they are going to do, they just laugh and tell me to shut up and to mind my own business.I have had to have my hair shaved off, and I wear ill-fitting clothes;and I also have had to go around naked;and with other people looking at me, it makes me very unhappy.It is very cold here in these camps, and people have gotten sick;and disease has run rampant(猖獗).There is typhus about, and I am scared that I will get it next!I have eaten but very little, and what I ate tasted nasty.Life has been very hard for all of us, and every day, I see more and more bodies piling up.It is during these times when I wish I could see my mama or papa again, and I wish I were still at home in Warsaw!I wish I were still at home in my little bed or safe in mama's arms;I still can remember her telling me that she loved me so much, and that I was her angel(天使)!I also remember papa's strong arms and his big, booming laugh;but then the War came, and it changed everything;and now I am here, and I don't know what I may have done to deserve being here at Auschwitz!I am only a little boy who can't walk, and I didn't ask to be captured by the Germans or taken to this awful place!I didn't ask to be born a Jew, and I certainly didn't ask to be born handicapped!Now it seems that is exactly why I am here at this camp, and I am so scared！26．We can learn from the first two paragraphs that the author of this passage was ________.1“>an unpleasant person 2”>an intelligent child 3“>a disabled person 4”>a German citizen 27.The author was scared because ________.1“>he had little to eat and might be starved to death 2”>he didn't know the language used in the place 3“>he had to walk around naked before others 4”>he was afraid of catching typhus 28.According to the author, at Auschwitz ________.1“>children were taken care of by their parents 2”>death was a daily occurrence 3“>children were treated like angels 4”>people laughed at the Germans 29.The author thought he was taken to Auschwitz because ________.1“>he was a handicapped Jew 2”>his parents no longer cared for him 3“>he had said something that annoyed the Germans 4”>his home in Warsaw had been destroyed by the war 30.It can be inferred from the passage that ________.1“>anyone who dared to cry in Auschwitz would be beaten up by the Germans 2”>many children were left without a family after the war in Warsaw 3“>members of a family were separated from each other at Auschwitz 4”>Auschwitz was only one of the many camps where the Germans tortured the Jews 我不知道為什么我們在這里。自從我們來到這里,我們一直非常糟糕,我們一直以來我聽到這里有人們叫喊的語言我不懂,或者人們尖叫當他們與所愛的人分離。我已經躺在這,冷表,而陌生男人已經拿走了我的拐杖(拐杖)。當我不他們叫的時候,他們打我反復用杠子,笑當我哭出來幫忙。在裸露的皮膚疼得這么慘,我滿傷痕(瘀傷)和削減懷疑我有任何皮膚了!他們叫我“不良”,他們告訴我,他們對我有“計劃”。每當我問他們要做什么,他們只是笑,告訴我閉嘴,管好我自己的事。我不得不把頭發剃掉,我穿不合身的衣服,我也不得不去裸體;和別人看著我,這讓我很不高興。在這些營地,這里很冷,人生病了,和疾病已泛濫成災(猖獗)。有斑疹傷寒,我害怕我接下來會得到它!我吃過但很少,我吃的味道的。我們所有人的生活非常艱難,每一天,我看到越來越多的尸體堆積如山。正是在這些時候,我希望我能再次見到我的媽媽或爸爸,和我希望我仍在華沙在家!我希望我仍在家里在我的小床或安全在媽媽的懷里,我還能記得她告訴我,她非常愛我,我是她的天使(天使)!我還記得爸爸的胳膊和他的大強,蓬勃發展的笑,但戰爭來了,它改變了一切,現在我在這里,我不知道我可能做的應該是在奧斯維辛集中營!我只是一個小男孩不能走路,我不要求被德國人或被這個可怕的地方!我沒有問出生一個猶太人,我當然沒有問出生殘疾!現在看來,就是為什么我在這里在這個營地,和我很害怕！26.我們可以借鑒前兩個段落,這篇文章的作者是________。1 “ >一個不愉快的人 2 ” >一個聰明的孩子 3 “ >一個殘疾人 4 ” >德國公民

27。作者很害怕因為________。1 “ >他幾乎沒有吃會餓死 2 ” >他不知道所使用的語言 3 >他不得不在別人面前裸體走動 4 “ >他怕感染斑疹傷寒

28。根據作者在奧斯維辛________。1“>的孩子被他們的父母照顧 2 ” >死亡是家常便飯 >孩子們像天使一樣對待 4 >人嘲笑德國

29。作者認為他被送往奧斯維辛集中營,因為________。1 “ >他是一個殘疾人猶太人 2 ” >他的父母不再照顧他 >他說的話惹惱了德國人的東西 4 “ >在華沙被戰爭摧毀了

30。從文章中可以推斷出來,________。1 ” >誰敢哭在奧斯維辛集中營被德國人 “ >后,許多孩子都沒有一個家庭戰爭在華沙 3”>的家人分開在奧斯維辛 ” >奧斯維辛集中營的只有一個營的德國人虐待猶太人

Passage Two Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: One of the first productive daydreamers may have been Archimedes.In the third century BC, the Greek scientist and inventor was taking a bath when he suddenly grasped a method for determining whether a gold crown was mixed with a cheaper metal.More recently, Sigmund Freud wrote extensively about the psychological importance of dreams, including daydreams.Scientists began investigating daydreaming as an invention and problem-solving tool about 40 years ago after they noticed famous inventors often reported making key discoveries while their minds wandered in relaxed states.Daydreaming is appreciated as a valuable tool in other areas as well.Visualization, for instance, in which athletes essentially daydream their own top performances, is widely used by athletes before important contests.Despite its history, however, daydreaming is in poor reputation today.They are often seen by many as a waste of time.Yet many of us daydream, and productively, too.A lot of people say they have their best ideas at night, when they get up in the morning, or during a long taxi ride.Basically when people are in a semi-trance(半催眠)state, their mind is free to wander and come up with new ideas.You can also daydream successfully while exercising, walking or bathing.In fact, it's a good idea to occupy at least part of your mind with something else while letting your daydreams spin(旋轉).A typical exercise of the daydreamer is to imagine he or she is in various settings such as a tropical beach or preparing to dive into a pool of water.The idea is to provide the daydreamer with an experience that will help his or her real-world performance.For example, if a salesman has been rejected 20 times and is afraid of cold-calling(向素不相識的人打電話或上門推銷商品), he can use daydreaming to help himself relax, so that he will experience a call with less stress and become open to learning new skills.Writing down or otherwise recording a dream session is vital.One of the problems is that you have a great idea and it pops out of your head before you can record it.You also must carefully evaluate the real value of your ideas.At some point, you have to step back from the daydream and figure out what's reality.Daydreams aren't going to show you what's practical.That's not their job.Daydreams can even be dangerous if you fail to distinguish fantasy from reality.The risk is expecting too much and taking your daydreams too seriously.31.According to the author, Archimedes was the first man in history ________.1“>to appreciate daydreaming as a problem-solving tool 2”>to make a gold crown mixed with a cheaper metal 3“>to study the role of daydreaming in solving problems 4”>to solve a scientific problem while daydreaming 32.According to some scientists, many discoveries were made when the inventors ________.1“>worked at night 2”>dreamed a lot 3“>concentrated their attention on their work 4”>were in a relaxed state of mind 33.According to the passage, daydreaming is viewed by many today as ________.1“>dangerous to a driver's safety 2”>a waste of time 3“>an athlete's way to top performance 4”>valuable to success 34.To benefit from daydreaming, the most important thing is ________.1“>to take daydreams seriously 2”>to imagine oneself in various beautiful settings 3“>to be open to learning new techniques and skills 4”>to write down the ideas that pop up in your mind 35.Daydreams can be dangerous if __________.1“>you can't tell what is practical and what is not 2”>you step back and try to figure out what is reality 3“>you let them spin during a long drive 4”>you let them pop out of your mind Passage Three Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: We live in an era when modern technology has relieved us of almost every task our grandparents once performed – from chopping wood to carrying water.Technology is not the only reason for this, however: attitudes to children and work have changed dramatically in the last hundred years, and to many children physical work is a wholly foreign idea.In many homes, parents simply do not expect their children to work, even to make their own beds, wash the dishes, or mow the lawn.A friend recently wrote to me: I'm not sure my generation ever really grew up.We don't know what it is to make sacrifices, to give unselfishly in ways that won't ever be recognized.Many of us are still seeking the perfect partner, the perfect car, or some other kind of elusive(難以捉摸的)happiness.While no one in his right mind could desire a return to the days of child labor, sometimes it seems that the pendulum(鐘擺)has swung too far the other way, that we have forgotten the value of work as an important tool of education.Physical work will not harm children;in fact, it usually does wonders for them.When you give a child a chore to do, you develop his or her ability to follow instructions.In helping to see it through to completion, you help the child build initiative and perseverance.Afterwards, you can praise him or her and instill(灌輸)pride in a job well done.Where I grew up, hard physical work was part of daily life.I used to complain about the never-ending work, but my parents had no pity: “Good, hard work makes a man,” they always said.On looking back, I am grateful for every chore I did.I see now how work taught me self-discipline and concentration and prepared me for the responsibilities of fatherhood.Learning to work hard means far more than learning to sweat: it means building character.Our children need to grow up loving work, not avoiding it.Let us teach them to find inspiration in the face of challenges and difficulties, not frustration.And let us instill in them the desire to carry out everything they do with joy.36．By saying “to many children physical work is a wholly foreign idea”, the author means ________.1“>physical work is often assigned to children 2”>many children do not like physical work at all 3“>physical work is too hard for many children 4”>many children are not familiar with physical work 37.What does the author's friend mean by saying “I'm not sure my generation ever really grew up”? 1“>The younger generation wants everything perfect.2”>The younger generation does not know what happiness is.3“>The younger generation grew up quite selfish.4”>The younger generation is idealistic about life.38.What does the author mean by saying “the pendulum has swung too far the other way”? 1“>Too many children today find physical work boring.2”>Physical work has gained importance as a tool of education.3“>Children do too little physical work nowadays.4”>Too little physical work is now needed in our daily lives.39.How did the author's parents react to his complaints about never-ending work? 1“>They disciplined him.2”>They showed sympathy for him.3“>They said it could not be helped.4”>They took no pity on him.40.What does the author think of children doing physical work? 1“>It helps children build up their character.2”>It is becoming unnecessary as technology develops.3“>It is too great a challenge for children growing up today.4”>It means nothing but sweat and brings back memories of child labor.第一批生產的空想家可能是阿基米德。在公元前三世紀,希臘科學家和發明家正在洗澡時,他突然抓住一個方法判斷一個金冠和更便宜的金屬。最近,西格蒙德·弗洛伊德寫了大量有關心理的夢想的重要性,包括白日夢。科學家開始調查白日夢作為一項發明和解決問題的工具后約40年前他們注意到著名的發明家通常報道做出關鍵發現雖然他們的思想在放松狀態。白日做夢是欣賞作為一個有價值的工具在其他領域。可視化,例如,運動員基本上遐想自己的表演,被廣泛使用之前,運動員重要的比賽。然而,盡管其歷史白日做夢是當今聲譽不佳。他們通常被視為浪費時間。然而,許多人遐想,也有效。很多人說他們晚上最好的想法,早晨起床時,或在長時間乘坐出租車。基本上是當人們semi-trance(半催眠)狀態,他們的思想是自由漫步,想出新點子。你也可以做白日夢成功運動時,走路或洗澡。事實上,它是一個好主意至少占據你的大腦的一部分與其他東西而讓你的白日夢旋轉(旋轉)。空想家的典型運動想象他或她是在各種設置如熱帶海灘或準備跳進一個水池。這個想法是提供的空想家經驗會幫助他或她的真實性能。例如,如果一個推銷員已經拒絕了20倍,害怕不請自來的(向素不相識的人打電話或上門推銷商品),他可以用白日夢來幫助自己放松,所以,他將經歷一個電話更少的壓力,成為學習新技能。寫下或記錄一個夢想會話是至關重要的。其中一個問題是,你有一個偉大的想法,你的頭,你可以記錄它。你也必須仔細評估你的想法的真正價值。在某種程度上,你必須退一步從白日夢和算出的現實。白日夢不會告訴你什么是實用。這不是他們的工作。白日夢甚至可以是危險的,如果你不能區分幻想與現實。風險是期待太多,認真對待你的白日夢。

31日。根據作者,阿基米德在歷史上是第一個男人________。1”>欣賞白日夢作為一個解決問題的工具 2 “ >金冠和更便宜的金屬 >研究白日夢在解決問題中的作用 4 ” >解決一個科學問題,做白日夢

32。一些科學家表示,許多發明家________時發現的。1 “ >晚上工作 2 >夢想很多 >集中注意力集中在他們的工作 4 ” >是一個放松的心態

33。根據短文,白日做夢是今天被很多________。1 “ >危險駕駛安全 2 ” >浪費時間 “ >一個運動員的最高性能的方法 4 ” >有價值的成功

34。受益于白日夢,最重要的是________。1 “ >認真對待白日夢 ” >想象自己在各種美麗的設置 3 >開放學習新技術和技能 4 “ >寫下的想法出現在腦海中

35。如果__________白日夢可能是危險的。1 ” >你不能告訴什么是實用的,什么不是 2 “ >你退后一步,試圖找出什么是現實 3 ” >你讓他們自旋在長期開車 4 “ >你讓他們從你的頭腦

我們生活在一個時代,現代技術緩解我們幾乎每個任務的執行我們的祖父母一次——從劈柴攜帶水。技術并不是唯一的原因,但是對孩子的態度和工作有了顯著的變化在過去的幾百年里,和許多孩子體力勞動是一個外商的主意。在許多家庭,父母不希望他們的孩子工作,甚至自己鋪床、洗盤子,或者割草坪。一個朋友最近寫信給我:我不確定我這一代真的長大了。我們不知道它是什么做出犧牲,給無私的方式不會被認出來。我們中的許多人仍在尋找完美的伴侶、實現完美的汽車,或其他類型的難以捉摸(難以捉摸的)幸福。雖然沒有人就想要回到過去的童工,有時似乎擺(鐘擺)搖擺得太遠了,我們忘記了工作的價值教育的一個重要工具。物理工作不會傷害孩子;事實上,它通常是奇跡。當你給一個孩子一件苦差事,您開發遵循指示他或她的能力。在幫助將它完成,幫助孩子建立計劃和毅力。之后,你可以贊美他或她和灌輸(灌輸)驕傲的工作做得很好。我長大的地方,重體力工作是日常生活的一部分。我曾經抱怨永無止境的工作,但是我的父母沒有遺憾:“好,努力工作使人,”他們總是說。回首過去,我感激每一個苦差事。我現在看到的工作教會了我如何自律、濃度和準備我做父親的責任。學習努力工作意味著遠遠超過學習汗:這意味著建筑性格。我們的孩子需要愛成長的工作,而不是避開它。讓我們教他們面對挑戰和困難的找到靈感,而不是沮喪。讓我們灌輸他們的欲望進行他們所做的一切快樂。

36.說“許多孩子體力勞動是外商的主意”,作者指的是________。1 ” >體力勞動通常是分配給孩子 2 “ >很多孩子不喜歡體力勞動 3 >體力勞動為許多孩子太硬 4 ” >很多孩子不熟悉體力勞動

37歲。作者的朋友是什么意思,說“我不確定我這一代真的長大了”? 1 “ >年輕一代希望一切完美。2 ” >年輕一代不知道什么是幸福。3 “ >年輕一代長大很自私。” >年輕一代對生活是理想主義的。38。作者是什么意思,說“鐘擺轉到另一個極端”? 1 “ >太多孩子今天在物理工作很無聊。” >體力勞動獲得了教育的重要性作為一種工具。3“>孩子做體力勞動太少了。“ >太少現在需要體力勞動在我們的日常生活中。39歲。作者的父母怎么對他無休止的抱怨工作嗎? 1 ” >他們處罰他。“ >他們顯示同情他。3 >他們說它不能幫助。4 ” >他們不同情他。

40。作者認為孩子做什么體力勞動嗎? 1 “ >它幫助孩子建立他們的個性。2 ” >它變得不必要的隨著科技的發展。3 “ >它是太大的挑戰今天對孩子成長。4 ” >這意味著除了汗水和帶回童工的記憶。

101.如果我們將這些奇妙的主意付諸實施，我們就會在工作中取得給人以深刻印象的進步。

If we put these fantastic ideas to work, we will make impressive progress in our work.102．如果你作此讓步，你不久就會為此付出代價。

If you make the concession, you'll soon have to pay for it.103．他視力不好，致使他沒有能看到遠處的小孩。His poor vision contributed to his failure to spot the child in the distance.104．我們正在設法想出解決這些緊迫問題的辦法。

We are trying to figure out a solution to these urgent problems.105．政府正在采取這些措施，希望將飛漲的房價降下來。

The government is taking these measures in hopes of bringing down the soaring price of houses.

第五篇：新編大學英語4翻譯

新編大學英語4課文翻譯及課后答案

Unit 1

享受幽默—什么東西令人開懷？ 聽了一個有趣的故事會發笑、很開心，古今中外都一樣。這一現象或許同語言本身一樣悠久。那么，到底是什么東西會使一個故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 我是第一次辨識出幽默便喜歡上它的人，因此我曾試圖跟學生議論和探討幽默。這些學生文化差異很大，有來自拉丁美洲的，也有來自中國的。我還認真地思考過一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。為什么聽我講完一個笑話后，班上有些學生會笑得前仰后合，而其他學生看上去就像剛聽我讀了天氣預報一樣呢？顯然，有些人對幽默比別人更敏感。而且，我們也發現有的人很善于講笑話，而有的人要想說一點有趣的事卻要費好大的勁。我們都聽人說過這樣的話：“我喜歡笑話，但我講不好，也總是記不住。”有些人比別人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音樂、數學之類的才能一樣。一個真正風趣的人在任何場合都有笑話可講，而且講了一個笑話，就會從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛，而且在任何聚會上也往往是人們注意的焦點。這么說是有道理的。甚至有些動物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經常來我們家，并能住上很長一段時間。通常她不喜歡狗，但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養過的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且，她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時候就常常戲弄外祖母，當外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時，布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過一絲拉布拉多式的微笑，無疑是在說：“啊哈，你又上了我的當。” 典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構成。第一部分是鋪墊（即背景），接下來是主干部分（即故事情節），隨后便是妙語（即一個出人意料或令人驚訝的結尾）。如果這個妙語含有一定的幽默成分，這個笑話便會很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分，而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說笑話的人使用聽眾都熟悉的手勢和語言，則有助于增強效果。我們可以對幽默這種娛樂形式，進行分析，從而發現究竟是什么使一個有趣的故事或笑話令人發笑。舉例來說，最常見的幽默有以下幾種，包括了從最顯而易見的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默。“滑稽劇”是最明顯的幽默。它語言簡單、直截了當，常常以取笑他人為樂。說笑打鬧這種形式過去是、現在仍然是滑稽說笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛。幾乎本世紀的每個講英語的滑稽說笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說過下面這則笑話。一位男士問另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么貴婦，那是我老婆。”這個笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說他的妻子不是一位貴婦，也就是說她不是一個高雅的女人。這個笑話并沒有因為經常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個經典笑話，觀眾都知道要說什么，而且因為大家對這個笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛它。中國的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國喜劇演員幽默地談論諸如官僚主義者、家庭問題或其他一些有關個人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽到，無論是在鄉村的小舞臺上，還是在北京最大的劇院里，抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國人家喻戶曉的一種傳統的幽默形式。“俏皮話”不像滑稽劇那樣淺顯，它是因語言的誤用或誤解而引人發笑。我特別喜歡的一個例子是三位年長的紳士在英國乘火車旅行的故事。當火車慢慢停下來時，第一位紳士問道：“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎？”“不，”第二位紳士說：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位說道，“讓我們下車喝杯啤酒吧。”我們知道上了年紀的人往往耳背，因此會把Wembley（溫布利）聽成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）聽成了thirsty（渴了），這樣一來就為第三位老人的妙語做好了鋪墊。著名的中國漫畫家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫中，一位老師說：“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業？”那位年輕的學生回答道：“我沒有一字不改地抄。我把作業上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聰的另一幅經典漫畫里，一位生氣的父親問道：“告訴我，1加2等于幾？”兒子說：“我不知道。”這位不耐煩的父親接著說道：“比方說，你、你媽媽和我，我們加起來一共是幾個，傻瓜？”兒子得意地回答道：“是三個傻瓜。” 這些故事無論是漫畫還是笑話，是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說還是由搭檔的相聲演員講，都為各地人們所喜愛。人們喜愛這些有趣的故事，因為它們貼近現實生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙語十分有趣。雙關語是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發音相似的詞或同一個詞的不同意思。有些批評家認為雙

關語是最低級的幽默，但我不同意這種觀點。雙關語與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細微、更巧妙的語言技巧；然而，簡單的雙關語甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，謎語或腦筋急轉彎問題常使用雙關語做鋪墊、制造故事情節，而且更多地是用在妙語部分。雙關語是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時我聽到了下面這個謎語。一個人問：“什么東西整個兒是黑的、白的和紅的？”另外一個人通常猜不出來，于是問道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出謎語的人回答：“是報紙。”如果你知道在英語中“red（紅色）”和“read（讀）”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同，答案就很明顯了。12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法語中的“一語雙關”）是雙關語的特殊形式, 其中的詞或短語有雙重意思。兩個意思往往很不相同，一個比較恰當，另一個往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個關于一位中學教師和校長因看見學生在學校操場上接吻而感到擔心的故事。故事并不過火。那位教師對學生們說；“我和校長已經決定停止在學校操場上接吻。”聽到笑聲，她意識到她沒有把意思表達清楚，于是補充說：“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發生接吻這樣的事了。”當然，這個解釋并沒有糾正她的第一句話，反而使這個笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。一些專業的幽默家認為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語言，而且覺得大多數幽默家缺乏創造性。的確，現在有些幽默令人震驚，但我認為這不是幽默的過錯。幽默本身是活潑健康的，它還會繼續生存下去，只因為每天都有有趣的事情發生。一些有幽默感的人會看到聽到這些有趣的事情，并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開心的笑話和故事。

Unit 2

便箋的力量 我當體育編輯，最早是為蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企業導報》工作，當時我很少收到體育迷的來信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封來信把我吸引住了。打開來信，我看到了下面的話：“關于老虎隊的述評很不錯，再接再厲。”簽名的是體育編輯堂?沃爾夫。當時我只是一個十幾歲的小伙子（為每一豎欄寫一英寸文字，稿酬總計達15美分），因此他的話最鼓舞人心了。我把這封信一直放在書桌的抽屜里，后來它的邊角都卷起來了。每當我懷疑自己不是當作家的料時，重溫一下堂的便箋，就又會樹起信心來。后來，我逐漸對堂有所了解，知道給各行各業的人寫快捷而鼓舞人心的便箋是他養成的習慣。他告訴我說：“當我使別人充滿信心時，我也感覺好極了。” 因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75歲。電話與悼函像潮水般涌向報社，都來自于曾經得到過他激勵（文字）的人們。多年來，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他們關心別人，常寫一些鼓舞人心的話語，因為我覺得，他們這樣做是很有意義的。在這樣一個慣于冷漠、無動于衷的世界上，這種便箋給人們帶來了溫暖和安慰。我們都時不時地需要鼓勵，大家知道幾行贊揚的話會改變一個人的一天，甚至一生。那么，這些激勵人心的便箋的作者為什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避寫，是因為他們太看重人們的看法。他們擔心會被誤解，怕別人覺得他們自作多情或者言不由衷。還有，寫也要花時間，遠不如打電話方便。當然打電話的缺點是：說過的話留不住。而一張便箋使我們的良好意愿顯得更加珍貴。便箋是白紙黑字記錄在案的東西，而且我們寫下的字可以反復閱讀，細細品味并珍藏起來。盡管寫便箋會多花一些時間，但一些非常忙的人也在這么做，其中包括喬治?布什。有人說，他政治上的成功在很大程度上歸功于他那枝隨時準備寫字的筆。這是怎么回事呢？在他整個職業生涯中，每次與人們接觸之后，他幾乎都隨后寫封信，內容親切——一句贊美之辭，一行表揚的話，或一段感謝語。他不僅寫給朋友和同事，還寫給萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借傘給他的人，后來收到他熱情的贊揚信，感到很驚訝。那些通常做作的公司高層經理們，其領導作風只能被形容為強硬、冷漠、脫離群眾。甚至這些人也開始學習寫便箋去鼓舞人心，且從中獲益匪淺。唐納德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天寫便箋鼓勵同事當作一件日常工作。該公司在80年代時走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功勞。“我只不過匆匆地在備忘錄或信的角上寫一些鼓舞人心的話，然后傳遞出去，”他說道。“每天最重要的一段時間，就是鼓舞那些為你工作的人的那10分鐘。” “太多的時候，”他發表自己的看法說，“那些我們真正喜歡的人并不知道我們是怎么看待他們的。太多的時候，我們會以為，我并沒有說過什么批評的話，為什么非得去說好話呢？我們忘了，人類需要正面的肯定或鼓勵——事實上，我們靠這個取得進步，獲得成功！” 怎樣才能寫出振奮精神、溫暖人心的信呢？只要我們懷有要表示感激之情的心愿。寫這種便箋的高手都具有我所謂的 “４S”技巧。１）真誠(sincere)。沒人要聽虛假的贊美。２）簡短(short)。如果不能用三句話表達出你的意思，你很可能過火了，寫得太長。３）具體(specific)。贊揚一位業務伙伴 “演講精彩”太籠統含糊；告訴他“關于沃倫?巴菲特的投資策略講得很精彩”才是一語中的。４）自然(spontaneous)。這使得便箋充滿了生氣，洋溢著熱情，并使讀者的心靈長久地感受這種生氣和熱情。16 當你非得到處找寫信用品時，寫出來的東西就難以自然，因此我總是把紙、信封和郵票放在手邊，甚至在旅行時也是如此。信封信箋不需要很花哨，重要的是要表達的思想。17 那么，你周圍又有誰值得你寫便箋表示感謝或鼓勵呢？一位鄰居？為你服務的那位圖書館管理員？一位親戚？你的市長？你的伙伴？一位教師？你的醫生？你不必富有詩意。如果你需要一個寫的理由，就找一個生活中的重要事件，例如你們共同參加的某個特殊事件的周年紀念日、生日或者節日。例如，過去的25年里，我總是為遠方的朋友每年準備一張圣誕卡，而且常常在上面親筆寫上一句感謝或祝賀的話。鑒于圣誕節的氛圍，就一年來所取得的成功與得到的好運特意表示謝忱似乎是最恰到好處的。不要吝嗇你的贊美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聰明的”、“最漂亮的”這種最高級的表達法——使大家都感到高興。即使你的贊美之詞稍稍超前了一點也沒關系，記住，夢想的實現往往孕育于期望之中。今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神導師諾曼?文森特?皮爾的一封溫暖的贊揚信。這張小小的便箋上滿是鼓舞人心的詞句，這促使我坐到了打字機前來完成幾封我早就該寫的信。我不知道這些信會不會使別人的一天別有意義，但是，對我自己確實如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃爾夫所說的：使別人充滿信心，也就使我自己感覺很好。

Unit 3

從文化角度看性別角色 在過去的幾十年里，已經無數次地證實了這樣一個事實：構成男子陽剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類型的行為、情感、和興趣都既是遺傳又是文化熏陶的結果。在成長的過程中，每個孩子學會了細微的行為舉止，數量之多數以百計，這一切都帶有文化的烙印，成了他們性別特征的一部分。有些行為舉止是直接學到的。也就是說，別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規矩, 女有女的標準。另一些跟性別有關的具體舉止是無意識地或間接地學會的，因為文化為女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目標以及成人的榜樣各不相同。例如，最近對美國公立學校的一項研究顯示，在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛的文化偏見。據研究人員反映，這種偏愛是無意的、不知不覺的，但它確實存在，并每年都在影響著數百萬計學生的生活。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛，戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。他們的研究顯示，許多自認為無性別偏愛的教師驚奇地發現，從錄像帶上看他們竟是那么偏心。從幼兒園到研究生課程，都可以看到教師們請男生回答問題的次數遠比女生多。這對學習過程有著巨大的影響，因為總的來說，那些積極的課堂活動參與者對學習更加樂觀有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事實上，在20世紀60年代末期，當美國東北部多所最好的女子學院向男生開放之后，教授們和女學生們都發現男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論，而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。近年來，在法學院和醫學院的課堂上也發現了類似的情況：與男生相比女生處于次要的地位。賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示，教師有時候會按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務，這樣便不知不覺地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。例如，有位教師在給幼兒園的孩子上自然科學課時，不斷地讓小男孩去操作科學“實驗”，而讓女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用課堂材料動手操作是早期教育的一個重要方面，這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學習經歷，這會影響到她們今后的整個人生。美國教師中一個具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅長數學和自然科學，這些學科都是“難懂的”、“適合于男性的”，而女孩會在語言和閱讀技能上比男孩強。這是教育中性別偏見的另一種表現。結果美國的男孩們確實在閱讀上出了問題，而在數學方面女孩盡管在九歲以前一直比男孩強，但此后卻落在了他們后面。這成了預言自我應驗的一個例子。然而這些特征是文化造成的，而非遺傳的原因。例如，在德國，讀書學習都被看作是“適合于男性的”，于是在閱讀上有問題的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性別，女孩和男孩在閱讀上就旗鼓相當。在教育過程中對女孩和男孩的不同態度始于家庭。例如，有一項研究顯示了這樣一種情況：讓學齡前兒童看一幢房子的圖片，然后要他們說出家里允許他們走開多遠，這時男孩所指的范圍要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范圍很有限，而且離家很近。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵去發展求知欲和動手能力，盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時有用的；對女孩灌輸的結果是：對自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼，且期望別人對自己的優良品格和循規蹈矩的服從精神加以認可。這類教誨從家庭一直延續到課堂。于是，在課堂里我們常常可以看到女孩們更依賴教師，更注重作業的形式和整

潔而非內容，更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨立自主以及分析能力和創造能力的提高。教育過程占據了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分時間，社會則通過這一過程加強了它固有的價值觀，并按其傳統的、期望的模式造就了不同性別的人。

Unit 4

關于創造力的培養——鼓勵孩子思考 教育界和商業界的專家們說, 具有創造性是通向光明前程的關鍵。本文將介紹一下學校和家長如何才能鼓勵孩子發展這一至關重要的能力。如果1925年迪克?德魯聽從了他老板的意見，也許我們就不會有遮護膠帶這種用品 了。現在我們幾乎離不開它。德魯當時就職于“明尼蘇達制造和礦業公司”，通常稱為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質，黏性很強，能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時間改進了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來工作過的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓：現在該公司鼓勵員工抽出15%的工作時間專門用來開動腦筋搞創新。現在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且全國各地的專家認為，對待孩子也應仿效這種做法，無論是在家里還是在學校。他們認為，如果我們教育孩子進行創造性思維，他們就能在明天的社會中更好地發揮作用。受益于創造性的不只限于音樂和藝術領域。能取得成功的學生和成人都是那些會尋求各種辦法解決問題的人。5 創造性并非與生俱來，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個人智力高并不意味著他必然能創造性地發揮才智。創造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點子，而這些點子有助于解決某方面的問題。遺憾的是，學校還沒有想到要促使學生發揮創造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分數，強調閱讀、寫作和數學能力，往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對創造性的培養。其結果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學的知識，卻不知道如何靈活地應用知識。比如，他們可能熟記乘法表，卻不會用它來解決數學應用題。然而，在有些學校里，教育者們正逐漸認識到這一問題，并致力于研究能啟發學生創造性的新的教學方法。一些教師把基礎知識和要求學生發揮想象力的活動結合起來。比如，教師不再簡單地問學生哥倫布何時發現了新大陸，他們可能讓學生思考如果哥倫布首先到達的不是加勒比地區而是紐約，情況會是如何。要回答這一問題，學生必須應用自己掌握的關于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區的知識。教師們認為即便學生的回答會很可笑，也毫無關系，這也許是通向創造性的重要一步。專家認為，在課堂以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長和教師們則有責任和孩子共同努力，使那些念頭成為切實可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過提問來鼓勵孩子，同時對他們的想法和新點子表示贊賞。專家認為必須創造一個可以自由發揮創造力的氛圍，一個尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會荒誕想法的環境。8 在家里，家長可以做一些鼓勵孩子發揮創造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問題，家長可以就該問題征求孩子的意見，讓他們參與決策。家長可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會帶來的各種后果。家長還應鼓勵孩子大聲談論他們正在做的事情。思維能力和語言能力是緊密相關的。大聲地談論有助于提高語言能力和思維能力。具有幽默感對于開發孩子的創造力也非常重要。當家長表現出幽默時，孩子們就看到了最地道的創造性。從本質上看，幽默跨越了常規界限，打破了固有模式。要創造往往也得如此。給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果，要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開始這樣做。做決定有助于培養思維能力，即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長大，家長應讓孩子自己做主支配時間或金錢；當他們作出錯誤的決定時，不要不假思索地給予過多的幫助。這種做法可能會使孩子迷惑不解，但這沒有關系。因為富有創造力的人有很強的動力，使他們能夠從混亂中創造秩序。這是他們的一個最重要的特點。

Unit 6

風險與你 在說不定的某個時候，我們大家都曾充當過疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽說一種新的疾病，就會去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險也并非我們唯一會遇上的危險。現代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對我們生命的威脅，對我們平和心境的威脅，對我們家人的威脅，對我們未來的威脅。從而產生了好些問題，我們不得不問自己：我買的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時會不會遭搶劫？我們的疑

慮就無休止地增加。對生活中風險的擔憂與疑病癥有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通常可以求助于醫生，以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒得。但當涉及到其它形式的風險時，事情就要困難得多，因為對許多風險來說，情況并不那么簡單。風險幾乎總是一個可能性的問題而無確定性可言。你也許會問：“我該不該系安全帶？”如果你坐的車要與其它車正面相撞，那當然該系安全帶。倘若你的車側面被撞，結果你被困在車里，又因安全帶裝置遭破壞而無法掙脫，那怎么辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢在車內安一個保險氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬一正當你在高速公路上開車時，保險氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導致了本來絕不會發生的事故，那又該如何是好？ 上面說的這一切，只是從另一角度說明我們所做的事沒有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風險——常常是潛在的重大風險——與我們的每個業余愛好、所做的每項工作、所吃的每種食物有關，換句話說，與所進行的任何活動有關。但我們又不能，也不該因危險存在于我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰戰兢兢的神經癥患者。有些活動是比其它活動更危險。關鍵在于要讓自己了解相應的風險，然后相機行事。例如，兩車相撞時，大車總的說來要比小車安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是這樣：在一起嚴重的車禍中坐小車喪生的可能性是坐大車的兩倍左右。然而，大車通常比小車貴（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環境帶來了更大的風險！）。那么我們該怎樣確定什么時候值得為降低風險增加花費呢？例如，避免風險最保險的做法也許是去買一輛坦克或裝甲車，從而把撞車時死亡或受傷的風險降到最小。然而，即便你買得起，這筆額外的費用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車所帶來的不便是否值得呢？ 在我們尚不知所涉及的風險程度之前，我們還無法回答這些問題。那么，我們該如何去衡量風險程度呢？有些人似乎認為答案只不過是一個簡單的數字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000 人死于車禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車要比采礦危險得多嗎？未必。事實是，在美國每年大約有兩億人經常性地以車代步；而大概只有70萬人從事采礦作業。我們評估一種風險時，所需要的有關數字是一個比率或分數。該分數的分子告訴我們在某個特定時期由于從事某種特定活動而喪生或受傷的人數；其分母告訴我們在這一時期從事這種活動的總人數。這樣，所有的風險程度都是由比率或分數表示，其大小介于0（無風險）到1（完全風險）之間。7 通過把所有風險都簡化為這種比率或分數，我們便可以開始比較不同種類的風險，如比較采礦與乘坐汽車。這個比率越大，也就是說它越接近1，那么有關活動的風險就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動中死亡的人數除以參與該活動的總人數，從而找出汽車旅行與采煤的相對安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車旅行的風險是每一萬人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險程度是每一萬礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車禍中喪生的人遠比采礦要多，其實后者的風險是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠對毫不相干的活動或情形的危險性加以比較，即便差別如蘋果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對冒險，你就會選擇風險比率較小的活動。如果你無所畏懼，那么你往往會對高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。我們一旦明白了風險是永遠無法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒有絕對安全的事，我們也就會明白問題的關鍵不是要徹底避免風險，而是要理智地管理風險。風險管理需要兩大要素：常識以及與我們可能要承擔的風險的性質和程度相關的信息。