第一篇:新編大學(xué)英語第一冊翻譯答案
Translation
Unit 1
1)I’m tired.I shouldn’t have gone to bed so late last night.2)I don’t/didn’t know bob very well, but we go/went out for an occasional drink together.3)We’re supposed to meet her at the train station.4)You could clearly see people drowning, but/and yet you took no action to save them.5)Including weekends, there are only twelve more days to buy Christmas presents.6)Without immediate action, many kinds of wild animals would die from hunger.Unit 2
1.That song always reminded her of the night spent in Chicago.2.There happened to be a policeman on the corner, so I asked him the way.3.All flights to New York today are/were delayed because of the bad weather.4.Whoever is responsible will have to pay for the damage.5.I can’t find my checkbook.I must have left it at home.6.By the time the football match was going to start, the storm had already stopped.Unit 3
1.You won’t get the job unless you’ve got the experience.2.Most of my time is spent studying the differences between Chinese and American cultures.3.The statement/sentence is so clear that it can’t cause any misunderstanding.4.He wished he could give her more help than he does.5.Put on your coat or you’ll catch cold.6.She has added a Picasso to her collection.7.I am not aware of ever having been here before.8.You will soon find yourself without any friends at all if you keep on being so rude to everybody.Unit 4
1.It’s far too hot in the room;open the window, please!
2.The noise woke us up in the middle of the night.3.He shouldn’t have been angry at what I said.It was nothing more than a joke.4.We invited all our friends to the picnic but it rained and only five of them showed up.5.She views marriage as a serious matter.6.To my disappointment, the movie didn’t live up to my expectations.Unit 5
1.I used to go to the cinema/movies a lot, but I never have the time now.2.The two workers cooperated with each other to fix the broken pipe.3.This is a cruel practice which should be stopped immediately.4.What aspect of your job/work is(the)most difficult, and what aspect is(the)most rewarding?
5.Some people think he is rude, but that’s not the case.6.I’ll help as much as I can, but there is a limit to what I can do.
第二篇:大學(xué)英語第一冊u1-u4 翻譯答案
U1 1.背離傳統(tǒng)需要極大的勇氣。
It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.2.湯姆過去很靦腆,但這次卻非常勇敢能在大庭廣眾面前上臺表演了。Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.3.很多教育家認(rèn)為從小培養(yǎng)還自動創(chuàng)新精神是很可取的
Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.4.假設(shè)那幅畫確實是名作,你覺得值得購買嗎? Assuming this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think its worthwhile to buy it?
’ 如果這些數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計上是站得住腳的,那它將會幫助我們認(rèn)識正在調(diào)查的問題。
If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating Unit 2 1)該公司否認(rèn)其捐款有商業(yè)目的。(deny,commercial)
The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.2)每當(dāng)他生氣的時候,他說話就有一點結(jié)巴。(stammer)Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.3)教育是我們家庭最看重的傳統(tǒng),這就是為什么我父母從不帶我到昂貴的飯店吃飯,卻送我到最好的私立學(xué)校上學(xué)。(cherish)
Education is the most cherished tradition in our family.That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.4)手術(shù)康復(fù)后不久,他失業(yè)了,因此經(jīng)歷了人生的又一個困難階段。(shortly after,go through)
Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life.5)與我們的富裕鄰居相比,我們的父母就相當(dāng)窮了,但是他們總是努力滿足我們最起碼的需求。(affluent,minimal)In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.Unit3 1)科學(xué)家們找到火星上有水的證據(jù)了嗎?(proof)Have scientists found proof of water on Mars? 2)計劃委員會已經(jīng)將建核電廠的可能地點縮小到了兩個沿海城鎮(zhèn)。(location,narrow down)
The planning committee has narrowed down the possible locations for the nuclear power plant to two coastal towns.3)山姆不僅失去了工作,而且還失去了雙腿,他只好靠社會救濟(jì)度過余生。(welfare)
Sam not only lost his job but also both legs;he had to live on welfare for the rest of his life.4)有十二人組成的陪審團(tuán)(jury)一致表決認(rèn)為瑪麗有罪(guilty)。(consist of,in unison)
A jury consisting of 12 members voted in unison that Mary was guilty.5)聽到有人質(zhì)疑他的才能,肖恩覺得受了奇恥大辱。(talent,humiliate)Sean felt humiliated to hear his talent being questioned.Unit4 1)
研究表明,笑能夠帶來許多健康上的好處。(laughter)Research shows that laughter can bring a lot of health benefits.2)
互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接速度慢真讓人心煩。(connection,annoy)A slow Internet connection speed is really annoying.3)
法律規(guī)定,幫助他人自殺是犯罪。(suicide,crime)As the law stands, helping someone commit suicide is a crime.4)
瑪麗在她的報告中試圖從一個完全不同的角度來解釋這些數(shù)據(jù)。(interpret,angle,data)
In her report, Mary tries to interpret the data from a completely different angle.5)
蘇是一個很有天份的女孩,她那驚人的記憶力使她在同班同學(xué)中顯得格外突出。(of great talent,set apart)
Sue is a girl of great talent.Her amazing memory sets her apart from her classmates.
第三篇:新編大學(xué)英語第一冊漢譯英練習(xí)
新編大學(xué)英語第一冊漢譯英練習(xí)1)我累了,昨晚我不該那么晚睡覺
I’m tired.I shouldn’t have gone to bed so late last night.2)我和鮑勃不是很熟,不過我們偶爾一起出去喝一杯
I don’t/didn’t know Bob very well ,but we go/went out for an occasional drinking together
3)我們應(yīng)該到火車站接她We are supposed to meet her at the railway/train station4)你可以清楚地看到有人快要淹死,而你卻沒有采取行動救他們
You could clearly see(some)people drowning,but/and you didn’t take any action/took no action to save them.5)包括周末在內(nèi)僅僅還有12天時間可以用來買圣誕禮物
Including weekends,they are only 12 more days to buy Christmas’gifes.6)如果不立即采取行動,許多種野生動物就會因饑餓而死亡。
Without immediate action ,many kinds of wild animals would did from hunger.1)那首歌總是使她回想想在芝加哥過的那個夜晚
That/The song always reminds/reminded her of the night spent in Chicago 街角處有一位警察,我便向他問路。
2)There happened to be a policeman on the corner, so I asked him the way.3)由于天氣惡劣,今天所有去紐約的航班都延誤了。
All flights to New York today have been delayed because of the bad weather.4)誰有責(zé)任誰就必須賠償。
Whoever is responsible must/will have to pay for the damage.5)我找不到我的支票簿,我準(zhǔn)是把它留在家里了。I can`t find my check book;/.I must have left it at home.6)到足球比賽快開始時,暴風(fēng)雨已經(jīng)停了。
By the time the football match was going to start ,the storm had already stopped.1)除非你有經(jīng)驗,否則你得不到這份工作。
You won`t get the job unless you have/have gotthe experience.2)我把大部分時間花在研究中美文化的差異上了。
I spend most of my time on the differences between Chinese and American cultures./ Most of my time spent studying the differences between Chinese and American cultures.3)這句話意思極清楚,決不會引起誤解。
The stentence/statement is so clear that it can`t cause any misunderstanding.4)他希望能夠給與她比現(xiàn)在更多的幫助。
He hopes to give her more help than he does./ He wishes he could give her more help than he does.5)穿上外套,否則你會感冒。Put on your coat or you will catch cold.6)她的手藏品中增加了一張畢加索的畫。She has added a Piasso to her collection.7)我沒意識到以前曾來過這兒。I am not aware of ever having been here before.8)如果你繼續(xù)對每個人這么粗魯,你很快機(jī)會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己什么朋友都沒有了。
You will soon find yourself without any friends at all if you keep on being so rude to everday.1)房間里熱極了,請把窗戶打開。It’s far too hot in the room.Open the window, please!2)半夜里拿嘈雜聲把我們弄醒了。
The noise woke us up in the middle of the night/ at the midnight.3)他不應(yīng)該對我說的話表示生氣,那僅僅是玩笑而以。
He shouldn’t have been angry at what I said(my words).It was nothing more than(just,only)a joke.4)我們邀請了所有的朋友去野餐,但是由于下雨之來了一位。
We invited all our friends to the picnic,but only five of them showed up(arrived)because of the rain.=but it rained and only five of them showed up(arrived).5)她視婚姻為嚴(yán)肅的事。She views marriage as a serious thing(matter).6)令我失望的是,這部電影并不像我期望的那么好。
To my disappointment,the movie(film)didn’t live up to my expectations.1)我過去常去看電影,但現(xiàn)在再也沒時間了。
er have the time.2)兩個工人互相合作修理破裂的管子。
The two workers cooperated with each other to repair/fix the broken pipe.3)這是一種殘忍的做法,應(yīng)該馬上停止。
This is a cruel practice which should be stopped immediately.4)你的工作的那一方面最困難,那一方面最有益。
Which aspect of your work/job is the most difficult,and which aspect(of your work/job)is the most rewarding?
5)有些人認(rèn)為他很粗野,但情況并非如此。
Some people think he is rude,but that is not the case=true.6)我會盡我的所能幫忙,但我所能做的也有限。
I will help as much as I can,but there is a limit to what I can do.1)她的努力工作,使她得到了一大筆獎金Her hard work resulted in a big bonus for her.2)孩子們正在觀看飛機(jī)起飛和著
陸。The children are/were watching the plane(s)take off and land.3)我總是一上船就暈。As soon as I am on board a ship,I always feel sick.、4)博物館的公眾開放的第一天,總共有20,000人參觀。
On the first day when it was open to the public, a total number of 20,000 people visited the museum.5)委員會由科學(xué)家和工程師組成。
The committee consists of(is made up of)scientists and engineers.6)工作沒有完成我不剛回家。
With the job/work unfinished,I dare not go home /I did not dare to go home.1)我們正在考慮賣房子。We are considering selling the house.2)我建議先把它等一會兒,然后再作決定。
I suggest(that)he(should)wait a while(moment)before he makes the decision.3)明天約翰很可能來參加聚會。John is very likely to come to the party tomorrow.4)我們想知道她不接受這份工作的原因。
We’d like to know the reason why she didn’t accept the job(work)
5)你本不應(yīng)該再回到那棟還在燃燒的大樓,你有可能會被嚴(yán)重?zé)齻?.You shouldn’t have gone to the burning building,for you might have been seriously(badly)burnt.6)我從來沒有想過會有問題。
The thought/It never crossed my mind that there might be a problem.1)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)發(fā)生于1945World War II took place in 1945.2)我爺爺喝酒喝得厲害My grandfather drinks a great deal.3)到65歲的時候,他仍在工作He was still working by the age of 65.4)這個老師知道他所有學(xué)生的名字The teacher knows all his students by name.5)警察最終成功破解了這個疑案
The police have finally succeeded in solving the mystery.6)他喜歡各種體育運動,特別是籃球
He like all kinds of sports,but most of all, baskeball.7)打電話和面對面說話不一樣
Talking on the phone is different from talking face to face/.8)他們因為有共同的興趣愛好而相愛
They fell in love with each other because they had common interests.1)The topic of the speech is announced a week in advance,but the name of the speaker is not.2)It seemed incredible that some students still played football before the exams.3)Mr.Auden is a happy man who derives pleasure from helping others.4)Two Americans shared last year’s Nobel Prize for Medicine.5)First of all I’d like to welcome you to the meeting.6)I’m not accustomed/used to such luxury.It’s a waste of money.7)The results of the exam will be put up on Friday afternoon.8)Some cruel experiments on animals are carried out in the name of science.1)The best way to lose weight is to avoid eating fatty foots.2)One of the main causes of hunger used to be lack of transportation.3)Wasterful packaging will add to the price of food/food price.4)Economic reform would not have been successful without the development of agriculture.5)The farmers will grow more cash crops next year instead of grains.6)At present,there are still places in the world where farmers make use of animal labour.
第四篇:新視野大學(xué)英語第一冊課后翻譯答案
新視野大學(xué)第三版英語課后翻譯原文及答案
Unit 1 原文:
Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited with laying the fundamentals(基礎(chǔ))of modern Western philosophy.He is a mysterious figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his most famous student Plato.Socrates has become well known for his contribution to the field of ethics.His method of teaching, known as the Socratic Method, by asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to explain ideas remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions.He also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology(認(rèn)
識論)and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a strong foundation for Western philosophy that followed.Socrates was the most colorful figure in the history of ancient philosophy.His fame was widespread in his own time, and his name soon became a household word although he constructed no philosophical system, established no school, and founded no sect(宗派).翻譯:
蘇格拉底是古希臘哲學(xué)家,被譽為現(xiàn)代西方哲學(xué)的奠基人。他是一個謎一般的人物,人們主要通過后來的一些古典作家的敘述,尤其是他最著名的學(xué)生柏拉圖的作品去了解他。蘇格拉底以他對倫理學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)而聞名。他的教學(xué)法亦稱為蘇格拉底法,即通過提問和回答來激發(fā)批判性思維以及闡述觀點。該方法在各種討論中仍被普遍使用。他還在認(rèn)識論和邏輯領(lǐng)域做出了重大而深遠(yuǎn)的貢獻(xiàn)。他的思想和方法所帶來的影響一直是后來的西方哲學(xué)的堅實基礎(chǔ)。蘇格拉底是古代哲學(xué)史上最豐富多彩的人物。他
在他那個時代已威名遠(yuǎn)揚。雖然他未曾建立什么哲學(xué)體系,未曾設(shè)立什么學(xué)派,也未曾創(chuàng)立什么宗派,但他的名字很快就變得家喻戶曉了。
原文:
孔子是中國歷史上著名的思想家、教育家,是儒家(Confucianism)的創(chuàng)始人,被尊稱為古代的“圣人”(sage)。
他的言論和生平活動記錄在《論語》(The Analects)一書中?!墩撜Z》是中國古代文化的經(jīng)典著作,對后來歷代的思想家、文學(xué)家、政治家產(chǎn)生了很大影響。不研究《論語》,就不能真正把握中國幾千年的傳統(tǒng)文化??鬃拥暮芏嗨枷?,尤其是其教育思想,對中國社會產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。在21世紀(jì)的今天,孔子的學(xué)說不僅受到中國人的重視,而且也越來越受到整個國際社會的重視。翻譯:Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history.He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”.His words and life story were recorded in The Analects.An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analects has had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius.Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years' traditional Chinese culture.Much of Confucius' thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society.In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community.Unit 2 Christmas is a widely observed cultural holiday, celebrated on December 25 by millions of people around the world.It commemorates(紀(jì)念)the birth of Jesus Christ.The festival dated from as early as 336 AD.Gradually it evolved into a religious as well as secular(非
宗
教的)celebration, celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians.Today Christmas is observed as an important festival and public holiday around the world.Christmas customs differ in different countries.Popular modern customs of the holiday include an exchange of Christmas cards and gifts, Christmas singing, church attendance, the display of various Christmas decorations and trees, family gatherings, and a special meal preparation.To small children, the festival is full of fantasy and surprise.Legend(傳說)has it that Santa Claus will enter each house through the chimney and bring gifts to well-behaved children on Christmas Eve.Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival heighten economic activity among both Christians and non-Christians, the holiday has also become a significant event and a key sales period for businesses.翻譯: 圣誕節(jié)是一個被廣泛慶祝的文化節(jié)日,全世界有許許多多的人在1 2月2 5日慶祝這一節(jié)日。它是為了紀(jì)念耶穌基督的誕辰。該節(jié)日最早可追溯到公元3 3 6年。漸漸地,這一節(jié)日演變?yōu)橐粋€既是宗教又是非宗教的節(jié)日,越來越多的非基督徒也慶祝圣誕節(jié)。如今,圣誕節(jié)在全球被作為一個重大的節(jié)日和公共假日來慶祝。不同國家的圣誕節(jié)風(fēng)俗也各不相同?,F(xiàn)代流行的圣誕節(jié)風(fēng)俗包括交換圣誕賀卡和圣誕禮物、唱圣誕歌曲、參加教堂活動、擺放各種圣誕裝飾品和圣誕樹、舉行家庭聚會以及準(zhǔn)備一頓特別的大餐。對小孩子們來說,這個節(jié)日充滿了幻想和驚喜。據(jù)傳說,圣誕老人會在圣誕夜從煙囪進(jìn)入每戶人家,給乖巧聽話的孩子帶來禮物。由于圣誕節(jié)送禮物以及許多其他方面推動了基督徒和非基督徒的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動,圣誕節(jié)也因此成為商家的一個重大活動和主要銷售季。原文:
每 年 農(nóng) 歷(Chinese lunar calendar)八 月 十 五 是我 國 的 傳 統(tǒng) 節(jié) 日 —— 中 秋 節(jié)(the Mid-Autumn Festival)。這時是一年秋季的中期,所以被稱為中秋。中秋節(jié)的一項重要活動是賞月。夜晚,人們賞明月、吃月餅,共慶中秋佳節(jié)。中秋節(jié)也是家庭團(tuán)圓的時刻,遠(yuǎn)在他鄉(xiāng)的游子,會借此寄托自己對故鄉(xiāng)和親人的思念之情。中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗很多,都寄托著人們對美好生活的熱愛和向往。自2008年起,中秋節(jié)成為中國的法定節(jié)假日 翻譯:
According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival — the Mid-Autumn Festival.This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn.One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon.On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes.The festival is also a time for family reunion.People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival.There are many customs to celebrate the festival, all expressing people's love and hope for a happy life.Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.Unit 3 原文:
he London Underground is a rapid transit(交
通
運
輸
系統(tǒng))system in the United Kingdom, serving a large part of Greater London.The underground system is also known as the Tube, due to the characteristic shape of the subway tunnels.It all started in the mid-1800s.The Tube wasthe world's first underground train system, with the first section opening in 1863.Since then it has grown to an underground masterpiece(杰作)of 12 lines, 275 stations, and over 250 miles of rail track, 45% of which is underground.It is the fourth largest metro system in the world in terms of route miles.It also has one of the largest numbers of stations.As an affordable and easy way to get around London, the Tube remains the first choice for millions of commuters each day, as well as tourists visiting the city on holidays.The Tube has been an international icon for London.The London Underground celebrated its 150 years of operation in 2013, with various events marking the milestone(里程碑).翻譯:
倫敦地鐵是英國的一個快速交通運輸系統(tǒng),服務(wù)于大倫敦的大部分地區(qū)。地鐵系統(tǒng)因其地鐵隧道的典型形狀也被稱為地下管道。倫敦地鐵始建于19 世紀(jì)中期,是世界上最早的地下鐵路系統(tǒng)。它的第一段地鐵于1863 年開始運營。自此,倫敦地鐵不斷延伸,發(fā)展成為一個包括12條線路、275個車站、鐵軌總長超過250 英里的地鐵杰作,其中有45%在地下運行。就路線長度而言,它是世界上第四大地鐵系統(tǒng),也是車站數(shù)量最多的地鐵系統(tǒng)之一。作為一個走遍倫敦的經(jīng)濟(jì)便捷的途徑,倫敦地鐵一向是每天數(shù)百萬通勤者以及在節(jié)假日游歷倫敦的游客的首選。倫敦地鐵已成為倫敦的一個國際標(biāo)志。2013 年倫敦舉辦了各種各樣的活動,慶祝地鐵運營150 周年,紀(jì)念這一里程碑。原文:
中國航天業(yè)開創(chuàng)于1956年。幾十年來,中國航天事業(yè)創(chuàng)造了一個又一個奇跡。1970年,中國成功發(fā)射了第一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星,成為世界上第五個獨立自主研制和發(fā)射人造地球衛(wèi)星的國家。1992年,中國開始實施載人航天飛行工程(manned spaceflight program)。2003年,中國成功發(fā)射了“神舟五號”載人飛船,使中國成為第三個發(fā)射載人飛船的國家。2007年發(fā)射了“嫦娥一號”,即第一顆繞月球飛行(lunar-orbiting)的人造衛(wèi)星。2013年,第五艘載人飛船“神舟十號”發(fā)射成功,為中國空間站的建設(shè)打下了基礎(chǔ)。翻譯:
China's space industry was launched in 1956.Over the past decades, China's space industry has created one miracle after another.In 1970 China launched its first man-made earth satellite, ranking China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch man-made earth satellites.In 1992 China began to carry out the manned spaceflight program.In 2003 China launched Shenzhou-5, a manned spaceship.The successful launch made China the third country to launch manned spaceships.In 2007 Chang'e-1, the first lunar-orbiting man-made satellite, was sent to space.In 2013 Shenzhou-10, the fifth manned spaceship, was launched successfully, laying the foundation for building the Chinese Space Station.Unit 4 原文:
As one of the first Europeans to travel across Asia through China, Marco Polo is perhaps the most well-known foreign merchant and voyager to the Chinese people.He traveled extensively(廣
泛地)with his family, journeying from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295.He remained in China for 17 of those years.His book The Travels of Marco Polo depicts his journeys throughout Asia, giving Europeans their first comprehensive look into the Far East, including China, India, and Japan.From his written accounts the Westerners learned of porcelain, coal, gunpowder, printing, paper money, and silk for the first time.The wealth of new geographic information recorded by Polo was widely used in the late 15th and the 16th centuries duringthe age of the European voyages of discovery and conquest(征服).In the centuries since his death, Marco Polo has received the recognition that failed to come his way during his lifetime.Marco Polo's story has inspired countless other adventurers to set off and see the world.譯:
作為通過中國游歷亞洲的首批歐洲人之一,馬可?波羅可能是中國人最熟知的外國商人和航海家。從1271 年到1295 年,他和他的家人游歷廣泛,遍及歐洲和亞洲。期間,他在中國留居了17 年。他的著作《馬可?波羅游記》描述了他游歷亞洲的旅程,讓歐洲人首次全面領(lǐng)略了包括中國、印度和日本在內(nèi)的遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)的情況。從他的文字?jǐn)⑹鲋?,西方人第一次了解到瓷器、煤炭、火藥、印刷術(shù)、紙幣以及絲綢。在15 世紀(jì)末和16 世紀(jì)歐洲發(fā)現(xiàn)與征服的大航海時代,馬可?波羅所
翻記錄的大量新的地理信息得到了廣泛使用。在他去世后的這幾個世紀(jì)里,馬可?波羅獲得了他在有生之年未曾獲得的贊譽。馬可?波羅的故事鼓舞了其他無數(shù)的探險者去踏上征程,發(fā)現(xiàn)世界。原文: 鄭和是中國歷史上最著名的航海家(maritime explorer)。公元1405 年,明朝的統(tǒng)治者為了穩(wěn)固邊防(border defense)和開展海上貿(mào)易,派鄭和下西洋(the Western Seas)。在此后的28 年里,鄭和帶領(lǐng)船隊七下西洋,前后出海的人員有10 多萬人,訪問了30 多個國家和地區(qū)。船隊縱橫南亞、西亞,一直到非洲大陸。鄭和下西洋是世界航海(navigation)史上的壯舉,它展現(xiàn)了鄭和卓越的航海和組織才能,同時展現(xiàn)了明朝的國力和國威(national strength and prestige),加強了明朝和海外各國之間的關(guān)系。翻譯:
Zheng He was the most famous maritime explorer in Chinese history.In 1405 AD, the ruler of the Ming Dynasty sent Zheng He on a voyage to the Western Seas in order to strengthen border defense and develop trade by sea.In the following 28 years, Zheng He led his fleet, made seven voyages to the Western Seas with over 100,000 crew members in total, and visited more than 30 countries and regions.The fleet traveled far into South Asia and West Asia, and made all the way to the continent of Africa.Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas were a great feat in the world's navigation history.It showed Zheng He's outstanding navigation and organization talents;meanwhile, it exhibited the national strength and prestige of the Ming Dynasty, and strengthened the relationships between the Ming Dynasty and the overseas countries.Unit 5 原文:
The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776 BC.The ancient Olympics were held every four years between August 6 and September 19 during a religious festival honoring Zeus(宙斯).The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896.The Olympic symbol consists of five interlaced rings of equal dimensions, representing the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games.The Olympics truly took off as an international sporting event after 1924, when the 8th Olympic Games were held in Paris.Some 3,000 athletes from 44 nations competed that year, and for the first time the Games featured a closing ceremony.The Winter Olympics debuted(問世)that year, including such events as figure skating, ice hockey, bobsledding and the biathlon.Eighty years later, when the 2004 Summer Olympics returned to Athens for the first time in more than a century, nearly 11,000 athletes from 201 countries competed, breaking the then record of participating countries.翻譯:
有關(guān)古代奧林匹克運動會的最早文字記載可追溯至公元前776年。古代奧運會每4年舉辦一次,在8月6日與9月19日之間的一個紀(jì)念宙斯的宗教節(jié)日期間舉行。第一屆現(xiàn)代奧運會于1896年在希臘雅典舉辦。奧運會的標(biāo)志由五個大小相同的套環(huán)組成,代表著五大洲的聯(lián)合和來自世界各地運動員的大聚會。奧運會真正騰飛、成為一項國際體育盛會是在1924年之后,即第8屆奧運會在巴黎舉辦之后。這一年,來自44個國家約3,000名運動員同場競技,并且第一次在奧運會上增加了閉幕式這一儀式。同年,冬季奧運會首次亮相,比賽項目包括花樣滑冰、冰球、雪橇和冬季兩項運動。80年后,2004年夏季奧運會在相隔一個多世紀(jì)后再次在雅典舉辦,來自201個國家的近11,000名運動員展開競技,創(chuàng)下參賽國數(shù)量之最。原文: 太極拳(Tai Chi)是一種武術(shù)(martial arts)項目,也是一種健身運動,在中國有著悠久的歷史。太極拳動作緩慢而柔和,適合任何年齡、性別、體型的人練習(xí)。太極拳既可防身,又能強身健體,因而深受中國人的喜愛。太極拳在發(fā)展的過程中,借鑒并吸收了中國傳統(tǒng)哲學(xué)、醫(yī)術(shù)、武術(shù)的合理內(nèi)容(element),成為特色鮮明的一項運動。作為中國特有的一種運動形式,太極拳也越來越受到眾多外國朋友的喜愛。翻譯:
Tai Chi is a kind of martial arts, and a fitness exercise as well.It has a long history in China.With slow and gentle movements, Tai Chi is suitable for people of any age, sex, or body type to practice.It can be used to provide self-defense as well as build the body.Therefore, it has become very popular among Chinese people.During its development, Tai Chi borrowed and absorbed desirable elements from traditional Chinese philosophy, medicine, and martial arts, and it has developed into a sport with unique features.As a unique sport in China, Tai Chi is also gaining increasing popularity among many foreign friends.Unit 6 原文: Gap year(間
隔
年)refers to a period of time
—not necessarily a year — in which students take time off and do something other than schooling, such as travel or work.The year out is most commonly taken after high school and before going to university.During this time, a student might travel, engage in volunteer work or undertake(承擔(dān))a working holiday abroad.A new trend is to participate in international education programs that combine language study, home stays, cultural exchange, community service, and independent study.The practice of taking a year out developed in the United Kingdom in the 1960s.It has grown very popular among students in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.In the United States, however, the practice of taking a year off remains the exception(例外).But in recent years, taking a year out has become slightly more common for Americans.Some 40,000 American students participated in 2013 in gap year programs, an increase of almost 20% since 2006.Universities such as Princeton University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology have formal policies allowing students to defer(期)admission.翻譯:
延間隔年指的是學(xué)生休假不去上學(xué)而去旅游或工作等的一段時間,但不一定是一年。間隔年通常選在高中畢業(yè)和進(jìn)入大學(xué)之前的一段時間。在這段時間里,學(xué)生可以旅游、參加志愿者工作或者在國外邊打工邊度假。一種新潮流是參加集語言學(xué)習(xí)、住家、文化交流、社區(qū)服務(wù)和自主學(xué)習(xí)于一體的國際教育活動。間隔年的做法于20世紀(jì)60年代興起于英國。它在英國、澳大利亞、新西蘭和加拿大已經(jīng)變得非常流行。但是在美國,間隔年的做法仍然只是個別現(xiàn)象。不過近年來,間隔年對美國人來說變得稍微普遍起來。2013年有大約四萬美國學(xué)生參加了間隔年活動,比2006年增加了近20%。普林斯頓大學(xué)、哈佛大學(xué)、麻省理工學(xué)院等大學(xué)都有明文規(guī)定允許學(xué)生延遲入學(xué)。原文:
改革開放以來,中國的教育事業(yè)得到了快速發(fā)展,取得了引人矚目的成就。中國政府把教育擺在優(yōu)先發(fā)展的地位,堅持科教興國(revitalize the country),全
面
提
倡
素
質(zhì)
教育(quality-oriented education)。同時,積極推進(jìn)教育公平,保障人人有受教育的機(jī)會。中國的教育成就反映在兩個不同的層面:一個是全面普及了九年義務(wù)教育(nine-year compulsory education),另一個是實現(xiàn)了高等教育大眾化(mass higher education)。教育的發(fā)展為中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會進(jìn)步作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。近年來,為適應(yīng)社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要,中國政府不斷加快培養(yǎng)各領(lǐng)域的急需人才。翻譯: Since its economic reform and opening-up to the world, China's education has gone through rapid development and made remarkable achievements.The Chinese government gives top priority to the development of education, persists in revitalizing the country by science and education, and fully advocates quality-oriented education.Meanwhile, it actively promotes equality in education to guarantee everyone access to education.China's achievements in education can be reflected in two different layers: One is the popularization of the nine-year compulsory education;the other is the realization of mass higher education.The development of education has made significant contributions to China's economic development and social progress.In recent years, to satisfy the needs of social and economic development, the Chinese government has sped up the training of qualified personnel urgently needed in various fields.Unit 7 原文:
The belief in the freedom of the individual is probably the most basic and most strongly held of all American beliefs.The most important thing to understand Americans is probably their devotion(深愛)to “individualism”.They have been trained since very early in their lives to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own situations in life and their own destiny.Americans view themselves as highly individualistic in their thoughts and actions.They resist being thought of as representatives of any homogeneous(由同類組成的)group.When they do join groups, they believe they are special, just a little different from other members of the same group.Closely associated with the value they place on individualism is the importance Americans assign privacy.Americans assume people “need some time to themselves” or “some time alone” to think about things or recover their spent psychological energy.Americans have great difficulty understanding foreigners who always want to be with another person and who dislike being alone.翻譯:
在所有美國人的信念中,最基本、最強烈的信念可能就是崇尚個人自由。要理解美國人,最重要的也許就是了解他們對“個人主義”的熱愛。生活中他們很早就開始受到教育,把自己看成獨立的個體,對人生中自己的處境以及自己的前途命運負(fù)責(zé)。美國人認(rèn)為自己的思想和行為高度個性化。他們不愿被視為任何同質(zhì)群體的代表。如果確實加入了群體,他們也認(rèn)為自己有特別之處,與同一個群體中的其他成員有著些許的差別。與美國人對個人主義賦予的價值緊密相關(guān)的是他們對個人隱私的重視。美國人認(rèn)為,人“需要有自己的時間”或者“有時間獨處”,用來思考事情,或者恢復(fù)他們所消耗的心理能量。美國人很難理解那些總想與人結(jié)伴、不愛獨處的外國人。原文:
為人誠信,以和為貴是中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美德?!昂汀钡乃枷塍w現(xiàn)在很多方面。在處理人與人的關(guān)系上,中國傳統(tǒng)思想主張“和為貴”以及“家和萬事興”,從而創(chuàng)造一個和諧的社會環(huán)境。在人與自然的關(guān)系上,人類應(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)會認(rèn)識自然,尊重自然,保護(hù)自然。人與人、人與社會、人與自然都需要“和諧”。如今,和諧發(fā)展依然是我們的治國之本和管理人才之道。隨著我國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化的發(fā)展,“和”的思想更加深入人心。中國正在向構(gòu)建社會主義和諧社會的目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)。翻譯: Integrity and harmony are traditional Chinese virtues.“Harmony” is demonstrated in various aspects.In regard to interpersonal relations, traditional Chinese thoughts hold that “Harmony is most precious” and “A family that lives in harmony will prosper”.A harmonious social environment can be created based on these principles.As for relations between human beings and nature, people should learn to understand, respect and protect nature.Harmony is essential to interpersonal relations, relations between human beings and society, as well as between human beings and nature.Nowadays, harmonious development is still the way of running the country and managing talented personnel.With the development of China's society, economy and culture, the idea of “harmony” goes even deeper into people's hearts.China is on its way toward the goal of building a harmonious socialist society.Unit 8 原文:
As the world's only truly universal global organization, the United Nations(UN)has become the foremost forum to address issues that transcend(超越)national boundaries and cannot be resolved by any one country acting alone.The initial goals of the UN are safeguarding(保護(hù))peace, protecting human rights, establishing the framework for international justice and promoting economic and social progress.In recent years, the UN has been faced with new challenges, such as climate change, international terrorism and AIDS.While conflict resolution and peacekeeping continue to be among its primary efforts, the UN, along with its specialized agencies, is also engaged in a wide range of activities to improve people's lives around the world — from disaster relief, through education and advancement of women, to peaceful uses of atomic energy.The UN and its specialized agencies have helped the world become a more hospitable(熱
情
友
好的)and livable place and brought great benefits to people around the world.翻譯:
作為世界上唯一一個真正具有普遍性的世界組織,聯(lián)合國已經(jīng)成為處理超越國界、而且任何一個國家都無法獨立解決的問題的首要論壇。聯(lián)合國最初的宗旨是維護(hù)和平、保護(hù)人權(quán)、建立國際公平正義的框架以及促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會進(jìn)步。近年來,聯(lián)合國又面臨著新的挑戰(zhàn),諸如氣候變化、國際恐怖主義和艾滋病等?,F(xiàn)在,解決爭端及維護(hù)和平仍然是聯(lián)合國最主要的任務(wù)。除此之外,聯(lián)合國及其專門機(jī)構(gòu)還致力于各種旨在改進(jìn)世界人民生活的活動,從賑災(zāi)到教育和婦女進(jìn)步,再到原子能的和平使用。聯(lián)合國及其專門機(jī)構(gòu)推動世界成為一個更加友好、更加宜居的地方,為全世界人民帶來了福祉。原文:
新中國成立后,中國堅持(persist in)獨立自主的和平外交政策,在外交領(lǐng)域取得了巨大成就。截至2011年,中國已與172個國家建立了外交關(guān)系(diplomatic relations)。近年來,隨著中國綜合國力的提升(enhancement),中國在國際事務(wù)中的作用越來越重要,中國的國際地位得到進(jìn)一步提升。在地區(qū)性事務(wù)中,中國積極推動各種區(qū)域合作,為維護(hù)地區(qū)和平、促進(jìn)地區(qū)發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。中國外交(diplomacy)將高舉“和平、發(fā)展、合作、共贏”的旗幟(banner),在和平共處五項原則的基礎(chǔ)上,通過全面發(fā)展同各國的友好合作,為建設(shè)持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界作出不懈的努力(make unremitting efforts)。翻譯:
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China has persisted in the independent foreign policy of peace, and made tremendous progress in foreign affairs.By 2011, China had established diplomatic relations with 172 countries.Over recent years, with the enhancement of its comprehensive national strength, China has been playing an increasingly important role in international affairs, and China's international status has been further enhanced.In regional affairs, China actively promotes all kinds of regional cooperation.It has made important contributions in maintaining regional peace and promoting regional development.China's diplomacy will hold high the banner of “peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit”.On the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and through all-round and friendly cooperation with various countries, China will make unremitting efforts to build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.
第五篇:新編大學(xué)英語4翻譯
新編大學(xué)英語4課文翻譯及課后答案
Unit 1
享受幽默—什么東西令人開懷? 聽了一個有趣的故事會發(fā)笑、很開心,古今中外都一樣。這一現(xiàn)象或許同語言本身一樣悠久。那么,到底是什么東西會使一個故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢? 我是第一次辨識出幽默便喜歡上它的人,因此我曾試圖跟學(xué)生議論和探討幽默。這些學(xué)生文化差異很大,有來自拉丁美洲的,也有來自中國的。我還認(rèn)真地思考過一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。為什么聽我講完一個笑話后,班上有些學(xué)生會笑得前仰后合,而其他學(xué)生看上去就像剛聽我讀了天氣預(yù)報一樣呢?顯然,有些人對幽默比別人更敏感。而且,我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)有的人很善于講笑話,而有的人要想說一點有趣的事卻要費好大的勁。我們都聽人說過這樣的話:“我喜歡笑話,但我講不好,也總是記不住?!庇行┤吮葎e人更有幽默感,就像有些人更具有音樂、數(shù)學(xué)之類的才能一樣。一個真正風(fēng)趣的人在任何場合都有笑話可講,而且講了一個笑話,就會從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛,而且在任何聚會上也往往是人們注意的焦點。這么說是有道理的。甚至有些動物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經(jīng)常來我們家,并能住上很長一段時間。通常她不喜歡狗,但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養(yǎng)過的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且,她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時候就常常戲弄外祖母,當(dāng)外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時,布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室,并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來跳去,一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來,布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子,從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過一絲拉布拉多式的微笑,無疑是在說:“啊哈,你又上了我的當(dāng)?!?典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構(gòu)成。第一部分是鋪墊(即背景),接下來是主干部分(即故事情節(jié)),隨后便是妙語(即一個出人意料或令人驚訝的結(jié)尾)。如果這個妙語含有一定的幽默成分,這個笑話便會很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分,而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說笑話的人使用聽眾都熟悉的手勢和語言,則有助于增強效果。我們可以對幽默這種娛樂形式,進(jìn)行分析,從而發(fā)現(xiàn)究竟是什么使一個有趣的故事或笑話令人發(fā)笑。舉例來說,最常見的幽默有以下幾種,包括了從最顯而易見的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默?!盎鼊 笔亲蠲黠@的幽默。它語言簡單、直截了當(dāng),常常以取笑他人為樂。說笑打鬧這種形式過去是、現(xiàn)在仍然是滑稽說笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛。幾乎本世紀(jì)的每個講英語的滑稽說笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說過下面這則笑話。一位男士問另一位男士:“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰?”那位男士回答道:“那可不是什么貴婦,那是我老婆。”這個笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說他的妻子不是一位貴婦,也就是說她不是一個高雅的女人。這個笑話并沒有因為經(jīng)常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個經(jīng)典笑話,觀眾都知道要說什么,而且因為大家對這個笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛它。中國的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國喜劇演員幽默地談?wù)撝T如官僚主義者、家庭問題或其他一些有關(guān)個人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽到,無論是在鄉(xiāng)村的小舞臺上,還是在北京最大的劇院里,抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國人家喻戶曉的一種傳統(tǒng)的幽默形式?!扒纹ぴ挕辈幌窕鼊∧菢訙\顯,它是因語言的誤用或誤解而引人發(fā)笑。我特別喜歡的一個例子是三位年長的紳士在英國乘火車旅行的故事。當(dāng)火車慢慢停下來時,第一位紳士問道:“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎?”“不,”第二位紳士說:“是Thursday(星期四)?!薄拔乙彩?,”第三位說道,“讓我們下車喝杯啤酒吧。”我們知道上了年紀(jì)的人往往耳背,因此會把Wembley(溫布利)聽成了Wednesday(星期三),把Thursday(星期四)聽成了thirsty(渴了),這樣一來就為第三位老人的妙語做好了鋪墊。著名的中國漫畫家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫中,一位老師說:“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業(yè)?”那位年輕的學(xué)生回答道:“我沒有一字不改地抄。我把作業(yè)上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聰?shù)牧硪环?jīng)典漫畫里,一位生氣的父親問道:“告訴我,1加2等于幾?”兒子說:“我不知道?!边@位不耐煩的父親接著說道:“比方說,你、你媽媽和我,我們加起來一共是幾個,傻瓜?”兒子得意地回答道:“是三個傻瓜。” 這些故事無論是漫畫還是笑話,是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說還是由搭檔的相聲演員講,都為各地人們所喜愛。人們喜愛這些有趣的故事,因為它們貼近現(xiàn)實生活,而且里面那些出人意料的妙語十分有趣。雙關(guān)語是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發(fā)音相似的詞或同一個詞的不同意思。有些批評家認(rèn)為雙
關(guān)語是最低級的幽默,但我不同意這種觀點。雙關(guān)語與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細(xì)微、更巧妙的語言技巧;然而,簡單的雙關(guān)語甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如,謎語或腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎問題常使用雙關(guān)語做鋪墊、制造故事情節(jié),而且更多地是用在妙語部分。雙關(guān)語是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時我聽到了下面這個謎語。一個人問:“什么東西整個兒是黑的、白的和紅的?”另外一個人通常猜不出來,于是問道:“我不猜了。是什么呀?”出謎語的人回答:“是報紙。”如果你知道在英語中“red(紅色)”和“read(讀)”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同,答案就很明顯了。12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES(法語中的“一語雙關(guān)”)是雙關(guān)語的特殊形式, 其中的詞或短語有雙重意思。兩個意思往往很不相同,一個比較恰當(dāng),另一個往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個關(guān)于一位中學(xué)教師和校長因看見學(xué)生在學(xué)校操場上接吻而感到擔(dān)心的故事。故事并不過火。那位教師對學(xué)生們說;“我和校長已經(jīng)決定停止在學(xué)校操場上接吻。”聽到笑聲,她意識到她沒有把意思表達(dá)清楚,于是補充說:“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發(fā)生接吻這樣的事了?!碑?dāng)然,這個解釋并沒有糾正她的第一句話,反而使這個笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。一些專業(yè)的幽默家認(rèn)為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧,不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語言,而且覺得大多數(shù)幽默家缺乏創(chuàng)造性。的確,現(xiàn)在有些幽默令人震驚,但我認(rèn)為這不是幽默的過錯。幽默本身是活潑健康的,它還會繼續(xù)生存下去,只因為每天都有有趣的事情發(fā)生。一些有幽默感的人會看到聽到這些有趣的事情,并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開心的笑話和故事。
Unit 2
便箋的力量 我當(dāng)體育編輯,最早是為蒙比利埃(俄亥俄州)的《企業(yè)導(dǎo)報》工作,當(dāng)時我很少收到體育迷的來信。因此,一天早晨放在我桌上的一封來信把我吸引住了。打開來信,我看到了下面的話:“關(guān)于老虎隊的述評很不錯,再接再厲。”簽名的是體育編輯堂?沃爾夫。當(dāng)時我只是一個十幾歲的小伙子(為每一豎欄寫一英寸文字,稿酬總計達(dá)15美分),因此他的話最鼓舞人心了。我把這封信一直放在書桌的抽屜里,后來它的邊角都卷起來了。每當(dāng)我懷疑自己不是當(dāng)作家的料時,重溫一下堂的便箋,就又會樹起信心來。后來,我逐漸對堂有所了解,知道給各行各業(yè)的人寫快捷而鼓舞人心的便箋是他養(yǎng)成的習(xí)慣。他告訴我說:“當(dāng)我使別人充滿信心時,我也感覺好極了。” 因此毫不奇怪,他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了,享年75歲。電話與悼函像潮水般涌向報社,都來自于曾經(jīng)得到過他激勵(文字)的人們。多年來,我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友,他們關(guān)心別人,常寫一些鼓舞人心的話語,因為我覺得,他們這樣做是很有意義的。在這樣一個慣于冷漠、無動于衷的世界上,這種便箋給人們帶來了溫暖和安慰。我們都時不時地需要鼓勵,大家知道幾行贊揚的話會改變一個人的一天,甚至一生。那么,這些激勵人心的便箋的作者為什么寥若晨星呢?我猜想很多人回避寫,是因為他們太看重人們的看法。他們擔(dān)心會被誤解,怕別人覺得他們自作多情或者言不由衷。還有,寫也要花時間,遠(yuǎn)不如打電話方便。當(dāng)然打電話的缺點是:說過的話留不住。而一張便箋使我們的良好意愿顯得更加珍貴。便箋是白紙黑字記錄在案的東西,而且我們寫下的字可以反復(fù)閱讀,細(xì)細(xì)品味并珍藏起來。盡管寫便箋會多花一些時間,但一些非常忙的人也在這么做,其中包括喬治?布什。有人說,他政治上的成功在很大程度上歸功于他那枝隨時準(zhǔn)備寫字的筆。這是怎么回事呢?在他整個職業(yè)生涯中,每次與人們接觸之后,他幾乎都隨后寫封信,內(nèi)容親切——一句贊美之辭,一行表揚的話,或一段感謝語。他不僅寫給朋友和同事,還寫給萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借傘給他的人,后來收到他熱情的贊揚信,感到很驚訝。那些通常做作的公司高層經(jīng)理們,其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作風(fēng)只能被形容為強硬、冷漠、脫離群眾。甚至這些人也開始學(xué)習(xí)寫便箋去鼓舞人心,且從中獲益匪淺。唐納德?彼得森,福特公司的前主席,把每天寫便箋鼓勵同事當(dāng)作一件日常工作。該公司在80年代時走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功勞?!拔抑徊贿^匆匆地在備忘錄或信的角上寫一些鼓舞人心的話,然后傳遞出去,”他說道?!懊刻熳钪匾囊欢螘r間,就是鼓舞那些為你工作的人的那10分鐘?!?“太多的時候,”他發(fā)表自己的看法說,“那些我們真正喜歡的人并不知道我們是怎么看待他們的。太多的時候,我們會以為,我并沒有說過什么批評的話,為什么非得去說好話呢?我們忘了,人類需要正面的肯定或鼓勵——事實上,我們靠這個取得進(jìn)步,獲得成功!” 怎樣才能寫出振奮精神、溫暖人心的信呢?只要我們懷有要表示感激之情的心愿。寫這種便箋的高手都具有我所謂的 “4S”技巧。1)真誠(sincere)。沒人要聽虛假的贊美。2)簡短(short)。如果不能用三句話表達(dá)出你的意思,你很可能過火了,寫得太長。3)具體(specific)。贊揚一位業(yè)務(wù)伙伴 “演講精彩”太籠統(tǒng)含糊;告訴他“關(guān)于沃倫?巴菲特的投資策略講得很精彩”才是一語中的。4)自然(spontaneous)。這使得便箋充滿了生氣,洋溢著熱情,并使讀者的心靈長久地感受這種生氣和熱情。16 當(dāng)你非得到處找寫信用品時,寫出來的東西就難以自然,因此我總是把紙、信封和郵票放在手邊,甚至在旅行時也是如此。信封信箋不需要很花哨,重要的是要表達(dá)的思想。17 那么,你周圍又有誰值得你寫便箋表示感謝或鼓勵呢?一位鄰居?為你服務(wù)的那位圖書館管理員?一位親戚?你的市長?你的伙伴?一位教師?你的醫(yī)生?你不必富有詩意。如果你需要一個寫的理由,就找一個生活中的重要事件,例如你們共同參加的某個特殊事件的周年紀(jì)念日、生日或者節(jié)日。例如,過去的25年里,我總是為遠(yuǎn)方的朋友每年準(zhǔn)備一張圣誕卡,而且常常在上面親筆寫上一句感謝或祝賀的話。鑒于圣誕節(jié)的氛圍,就一年來所取得的成功與得到的好運特意表示謝忱似乎是最恰到好處的。不要吝嗇你的贊美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聰明的”、“最漂亮的”這種最高級的表達(dá)法——使大家都感到高興。即使你的贊美之詞稍稍超前了一點也沒關(guān)系,記住,夢想的實現(xiàn)往往孕育于期望之中。今天,我收到了以前的老板和精神導(dǎo)師諾曼?文森特?皮爾的一封溫暖的贊揚信。這張小小的便箋上滿是鼓舞人心的詞句,這促使我坐到了打字機(jī)前來完成幾封我早就該寫的信。我不知道這些信會不會使別人的一天別有意義,但是,對我自己確實如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃爾夫所說的:使別人充滿信心,也就使我自己感覺很好。
Unit 3
從文化角度看性別角色 在過去的幾十年里,已經(jīng)無數(shù)次地證實了這樣一個事實:構(gòu)成男子陽剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類型的行為、情感、和興趣都既是遺傳又是文化熏陶的結(jié)果。在成長的過程中,每個孩子學(xué)會了細(xì)微的行為舉止,數(shù)量之多數(shù)以百計,這一切都帶有文化的烙印,成了他們性別特征的一部分。有些行為舉止是直接學(xué)到的。也就是說,別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規(guī)矩, 女有女的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。另一些跟性別有關(guān)的具體舉止是無意識地或間接地學(xué)會的,因為文化為女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目標(biāo)以及成人的榜樣各不相同。例如,最近對美國公立學(xué)校的一項研究顯示,在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛的文化偏見。據(jù)研究人員反映,這種偏愛是無意的、不知不覺的,但它確實存在,并每年都在影響著數(shù)百萬計學(xué)生的生活。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛,戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。他們的研究顯示,許多自認(rèn)為無性別偏愛的教師驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn),從錄像帶上看他們竟是那么偏心。從幼兒園到研究生課程,都可以看到教師們請男生回答問題的次數(shù)遠(yuǎn)比女生多。這對學(xué)習(xí)過程有著巨大的影響,因為總的來說,那些積極的課堂活動參與者對學(xué)習(xí)更加樂觀有信心,并能在今后取得更大的成就。事實上,在20世紀(jì)60年代末期,當(dāng)美國東北部多所最好的女子學(xué)院向男生開放之后,教授們和女學(xué)生們都發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論,而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。近年來,在法學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)院的課堂上也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的情況:與男生相比女生處于次要的地位。賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示,教師有時候會按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務(wù),這樣便不知不覺地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。例如,有位教師在給幼兒園的孩子上自然科學(xué)課時,不斷地讓小男孩去操作科學(xué)“實驗”,而讓女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用課堂材料動手操作是早期教育的一個重要方面,這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷,這會影響到她們今后的整個人生。美國教師中一個具有代表性的想法是,男孩擅長數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué),這些學(xué)科都是“難懂的”、“適合于男性的”,而女孩會在語言和閱讀技能上比男孩強。這是教育中性別偏見的另一種表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果美國的男孩們確實在閱讀上出了問題,而在數(shù)學(xué)方面女孩盡管在九歲以前一直比男孩強,但此后卻落在了他們后面。這成了預(yù)言自我應(yīng)驗的一個例子。然而這些特征是文化造成的,而非遺傳的原因。例如,在德國,讀書學(xué)習(xí)都被看作是“適合于男性的”,于是在閱讀上有問題的便是女孩子了。而在日本,由于早期教育似乎不分性別,女孩和男孩在閱讀上就旗鼓相當(dāng)。在教育過程中對女孩和男孩的不同態(tài)度始于家庭。例如,有一項研究顯示了這樣一種情況:讓學(xué)齡前兒童看一幢房子的圖片,然后要他們說出家里允許他們走開多遠(yuǎn),這時男孩所指的范圍要比女孩大得多,女孩指出的范圍很有限,而且離家很近。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵去發(fā)展求知欲和動手能力,盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時有用的;對女孩灌輸?shù)慕Y(jié)果是:對自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼,且期望別人對自己的優(yōu)良品格和循規(guī)蹈矩的服從精神加以認(rèn)可。這類教誨從家庭一直延續(xù)到課堂。于是,在課堂里我們常??梢钥吹脚兏蕾嚱處?,更注重作業(yè)的形式和整
潔而非內(nèi)容,更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨立自主以及分析能力和創(chuàng)造能力的提高。教育過程占據(jù)了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分時間,社會則通過這一過程加強了它固有的價值觀,并按其傳統(tǒng)的、期望的模式造就了不同性別的人。
Unit 4
關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)——鼓勵孩子思考 教育界和商業(yè)界的專家們說, 具有創(chuàng)造性是通向光明前程的關(guān)鍵。本文將介紹一下學(xué)校和家長如何才能鼓勵孩子發(fā)展這一至關(guān)重要的能力。如果1925年迪克?德魯聽從了他老板的意見,也許我們就不會有遮護(hù)膠帶這種用品 了?,F(xiàn)在我們幾乎離不開它。德魯當(dāng)時就職于“明尼蘇達(dá)制造和礦業(yè)公司”,通常稱為3M公司。在工作中,他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質(zhì),黏性很強,能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進(jìn)一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時間改進(jìn)了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現(xiàn)已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來工作過的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓(xùn):現(xiàn)在該公司鼓勵員工抽出15%的工作時間專門用來開動腦筋搞創(chuàng)新?,F(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用,而且全國各地的專家認(rèn)為,對待孩子也應(yīng)仿效這種做法,無論是在家里還是在學(xué)校。他們認(rèn)為,如果我們教育孩子進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性思維,他們就能在明天的社會中更好地發(fā)揮作用。受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂和藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。能取得成功的學(xué)生和成人都是那些會尋求各種辦法解決問題的人。5 創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來,也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個人智力高并不意味著他必然能創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮才智。創(chuàng)造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點子,而這些點子有助于解決某方面的問題。遺憾的是,學(xué)校還沒有想到要促使學(xué)生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分?jǐn)?shù),強調(diào)閱讀、寫作和數(shù)學(xué)能力,往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)。其結(jié)果是,孩子們能夠反饋所學(xué)的知識,卻不知道如何靈活地應(yīng)用知識。比如,他們可能熟記乘法表,卻不會用它來解決數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用題。然而,在有些學(xué)校里,教育者們正逐漸認(rèn)識到這一問題,并致力于研究能啟發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性的新的教學(xué)方法。一些教師把基礎(chǔ)知識和要求學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象力的活動結(jié)合起來。比如,教師不再簡單地問學(xué)生哥倫布何時發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸,他們可能讓學(xué)生思考如果哥倫布首先到達(dá)的不是加勒比地區(qū)而是紐約,情況會是如何。要回答這一問題,學(xué)生必須應(yīng)用自己掌握的關(guān)于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區(qū)的知識。教師們認(rèn)為即便學(xué)生的回答會很可笑,也毫無關(guān)系,這也許是通向創(chuàng)造性的重要一步。專家認(rèn)為,在課堂以及在家里,必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長和教師們則有責(zé)任和孩子共同努力,使那些念頭成為切實可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過提問來鼓勵孩子,同時對他們的想法和新點子表示贊賞。專家認(rèn)為必須創(chuàng)造一個可以自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的氛圍,一個尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會荒誕想法的環(huán)境。8 在家里,家長可以做一些鼓勵孩子發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問題,家長可以就該問題征求孩子的意見,讓他們參與決策。家長可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會帶來的各種后果。家長還應(yīng)鼓勵孩子大聲談?wù)撍麄冋谧龅氖虑椤K季S能力和語言能力是緊密相關(guān)的。大聲地談?wù)撚兄谔岣哒Z言能力和思維能力。具有幽默感對于開發(fā)孩子的創(chuàng)造力也非常重要。當(dāng)家長表現(xiàn)出幽默時,孩子們就看到了最地道的創(chuàng)造性。從本質(zhì)上看,幽默跨越了常規(guī)界限,打破了固有模式。要創(chuàng)造往往也得如此。給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應(yīng)該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果,要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開始這樣做。做決定有助于培養(yǎng)思維能力,即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長大,家長應(yīng)讓孩子自己做主支配時間或金錢;當(dāng)他們作出錯誤的決定時,不要不假思索地給予過多的幫助。這種做法可能會使孩子迷惑不解,但這沒有關(guān)系。因為富有創(chuàng)造力的人有很強的動力,使他們能夠從混亂中創(chuàng)造秩序。這是他們的一個最重要的特點。
Unit 6
風(fēng)險與你 在說不定的某個時候,我們大家都曾充當(dāng)過疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽說一種新的疾病,就會去檢查,看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而,對疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣,患病的危險也并非我們唯一會遇上的危險。現(xiàn)代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅,諸如對我們生命的威脅,對我們平和心境的威脅,對我們家人的威脅,對我們未來的威脅。從而產(chǎn)生了好些問題,我們不得不問自己:我買的食品安全嗎?給孩子們的玩具會傷害他們嗎?我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉?我度假時會不會遭搶劫?我們的疑
慮就無休止地增加。對生活中風(fēng)險的擔(dān)憂與疑病癥有相似之處;二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通??梢郧笾卺t(yī)生,以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病,要么你沒得。但當(dāng)涉及到其它形式的風(fēng)險時,事情就要困難得多,因為對許多風(fēng)險來說,情況并不那么簡單。風(fēng)險幾乎總是一個可能性的問題而無確定性可言。你也許會問:“我該不該系安全帶?”如果你坐的車要與其它車正面相撞,那當(dāng)然該系安全帶。倘若你的車側(cè)面被撞,結(jié)果你被困在車?yán)铮忠虬踩珟аb置遭破壞而無法掙脫,那怎么辦呢?這是否意味著你該再花些錢在車內(nèi)安一個保險氣袋呢?同樣,在正面相撞的情況下,保險氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是,萬一正當(dāng)你在高速公路上開車時,保險氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹,從而導(dǎo)致了本來絕不會發(fā)生的事故,那又該如何是好? 上面說的這一切,只是從另一角度說明我們所做的事沒有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風(fēng)險——常常是潛在的重大風(fēng)險——與我們的每個業(yè)余愛好、所做的每項工作、所吃的每種食物有關(guān),換句話說,與所進(jìn)行的任何活動有關(guān)。但我們又不能,也不該因危險存在于我們將要做的每件事,而變成戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的神經(jīng)癥患者。有些活動是比其它活動更危險。關(guān)鍵在于要讓自己了解相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險,然后相機(jī)行事。例如,兩車相撞時,大車總的說來要比小車安全些??删烤鼓馨踩嗌倌兀看鸢甘沁@樣:在一起嚴(yán)重的車禍中坐小車喪生的可能性是坐大車的兩倍左右。然而,大車通常比小車貴(并且消耗更多的汽油,由此給環(huán)境帶來了更大的風(fēng)險?。?。那么我們該怎樣確定什么時候值得為降低風(fēng)險增加花費呢?例如,避免風(fēng)險最保險的做法也許是去買一輛坦克或裝甲車,從而把撞車時死亡或受傷的風(fēng)險降到最小。然而,即便你買得起,這筆額外的費用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車所帶來的不便是否值得呢? 在我們尚不知所涉及的風(fēng)險程度之前,我們還無法回答這些問題。那么,我們該如何去衡量風(fēng)險程度呢?有些人似乎認(rèn)為答案只不過是一個簡單的數(shù)字。例如,我們知道每年大約有25,000 人死于車禍。相比之下,每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災(zāi)難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車要比采礦危險得多嗎?未必。事實是,在美國每年大約有兩億人經(jīng)常性地以車代步;而大概只有70萬人從事采礦作業(yè)。我們評估一種風(fēng)險時,所需要的有關(guān)數(shù)字是一個比率或分?jǐn)?shù)。該分?jǐn)?shù)的分子告訴我們在某個特定時期由于從事某種特定活動而喪生或受傷的人數(shù);其分母告訴我們在這一時期從事這種活動的總?cè)藬?shù)。這樣,所有的風(fēng)險程度都是由比率或分?jǐn)?shù)表示,其大小介于0(無風(fēng)險)到1(完全風(fēng)險)之間。7 通過把所有風(fēng)險都簡化為這種比率或分?jǐn)?shù),我們便可以開始比較不同種類的風(fēng)險,如比較采礦與乘坐汽車。這個比率越大,也就是說它越接近1,那么有關(guān)活動的風(fēng)險就越大。在剛才討論的例子中,我們可以用每一活動中死亡的人數(shù)除以參與該活動的總?cè)藬?shù),從而找出汽車旅行與采煤的相對安全性。此處,我們可以很清楚地看到,乘坐汽車旅行的風(fēng)險是每一萬人中大約有一人喪生;而就采礦而言,其危險程度是每一萬礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以,盡管在車禍中喪生的人遠(yuǎn)比采礦要多,其實后者的風(fēng)險是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠?qū)敛幌喔傻幕顒踊蚯樾蔚奈kU性加以比較,即便差別如蘋果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對冒險,你就會選擇風(fēng)險比率較小的活動。如果你無所畏懼,那么你往往會對高比率不太在乎,除非它們大得令人難以承受。我們一旦明白了風(fēng)險是永遠(yuǎn)無法從任何情況中完全去除的,因而就沒有絕對安全的事,我們也就會明白問題的關(guān)鍵不是要徹底避免風(fēng)險,而是要理智地管理風(fēng)險。風(fēng)險管理需要兩大要素:常識以及與我們可能要承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險的性質(zhì)和程度相關(guān)的信息。