第一篇：淺析英文商務(wù)合同的句式特征及其翻譯

淺析英文商務(wù)合同的句式特征及其翻譯

作者：馬 群時間：2009-2-18

【論文關(guān)鍵詞】英文商務(wù)合同 句式特征 翻譯

【論文摘要】商務(wù)合同是當事人之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事法律關(guān)系的協(xié)議。英文商務(wù)合同在句式上體現(xiàn)出表意縝密、邏輯嚴謹、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的文體特征。本文基于實例分析，探討了商務(wù)英文合同中含有情態(tài)動詞的句式以及復(fù)雜句式的特點及其翻譯方法。

根據(jù)《民法通則》第85條規(guī)定，合同是當事人之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事法律關(guān)系的協(xié)議。

作為法律文書，商務(wù)合同規(guī)定各方當事人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。商務(wù)合同一經(jīng)依法訂立，就成為一種法律文件而對締約各方具有法律約束力，成為商務(wù)活動中解決爭議的法律依據(jù)。合同的這一性質(zhì)影響著其文字載體的風格。合同文字表達必須完整、明確、肯定，英文商務(wù)合同在句式上因而也體現(xiàn)出表意縝密、邏輯嚴謹、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的特征。具體表現(xiàn)為商務(wù)英文合同中大量使用含有情態(tài)動詞的句式，以及大量使用復(fù)雜句式。本文以實例分析為基礎(chǔ)，從英漢語言差異的比較出發(fā)，從以上兩個角度闡述英文商務(wù)合同的句式特征及其翻譯技巧。

一、含有情態(tài)動詞的句式

權(quán)利義務(wù)的約定部分構(gòu)成了商務(wù)合同的主體，情態(tài)動詞的準確使用旨在明確約定當事人的權(quán)利（可以做什么），當事人的一般義務(wù)（應(yīng)當做什么），強制性義務(wù)（必須做什么）和禁止性義務(wù)（不得做什么）。may旨在約定當事人的權(quán)利（可以做什么），shall約定當事人的義務(wù)（應(yīng)當做什么），must用于強制性義務(wù)（必須做什么），may not(或shall not)用于禁止性義務(wù)（不得做什么）。與商務(wù)合同英語特別相關(guān)的情態(tài)動詞主要是shall和may。

shall在商務(wù)合同英語中表述各項具體的規(guī)定和要求，表示強制性地要求承擔責任或履行義務(wù)，含有“本條款具有法律規(guī)定的指令性和強制性”之意。根據(jù)Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English，shall 解釋為(formal or old-fashioned)used in official documents to show a law，command，obligation or compulsion。這一用法的shall 的主語一般以第三人稱居多，且此時shall 必須重讀。shall這一用法的否定形式shall not表示“禁止”或“不得”。例如(1)：If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions of this agreement，then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution，provided，however，that any change of this agreement shall be subject to the approval by the government of both parties.(譯文：若須對本協(xié)議的條款進行任何修改，雙方須經(jīng)協(xié)商妥善解決，但本協(xié)議的任何修改須經(jīng)協(xié)議雙方政府的批準。)

在商務(wù)合同文體中，通過may提出的要求通常不帶強制性，有時為實現(xiàn)要求還準許附加條件；也可在一定條件下表示允許或許可。may not可表示根據(jù)特定規(guī)定或要求而“不得”或“不可以”，語氣不及shall not強烈，使用也不及shall not普遍。

例如(2)：The Buyers may，within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination，lodge a claim against the sellers for shortweight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.(譯文：貨物抵達目的港15 天內(nèi)，買方可以憑有信譽的公共檢驗員出示的檢驗證明向賣方提出短重索賠。)

二、復(fù)雜句式

與普通英語相比較，商務(wù)合同英語中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)就其長度和使用從句的連續(xù)性而言要復(fù)雜得多。商務(wù)合同文體中的完整長句的使用可以準確界定合同當事人的有關(guān)權(quán)利與義務(wù)，排除被曲解、誤解或出現(xiàn)歧義的可能性。句子的狀語(從句)和定語(從句)等附加成分不僅多，而且常居于明顯的位置，對主句意義進行解釋、限制或補充，一則可以體現(xiàn)這種文體莊嚴的風格、嚴謹?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)和清晰的邏輯條理；二則可以對履行權(quán)利與義務(wù)的條件、方式、地點以及時間等進行限制，從而避免漏洞，防止今后可能發(fā)生的爭端，維護雙方的合法利益。

1.定語從句

在商務(wù)合同中，為了使條款明確清晰，排除被誤解的可能性，經(jīng)常使用大量的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的定語從句，來精確地說明一些名詞。定語從句與中心詞分離的現(xiàn)象十分普遍，一個名詞帶有多個并列的定語從句，或者一個定語從句修飾多個中心詞(公共定語)的情況也很常見。例如(3)：A reply to any offer，which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions，limitations or other modifications，is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counteroffer.which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾reply，可譯為：對發(fā)價表示接受，但載有添加、限制、或其它更改的答復(fù)，即為拒絕該項發(fā)價并構(gòu)成還價。

又如(4)：The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity，quality and descriptions required by the contract and which are contained or packed in the manner required by the con tract.句中兩個which引導(dǎo)的定語從句是對名詞goods的規(guī)定，而不是描繪與形容，句子的深層結(jié)構(gòu)是“Goods must be”，如譯成：“賣方必須交付……的貨物”，則顯得翻譯腔很濃，語義也含混不清。因此可以按照句子的深層結(jié)構(gòu)譯成漢語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：賣方交付的貨物必須與合同所規(guī)定的數(shù)、質(zhì)量和規(guī)格一致，并按照合同所規(guī)定的方式裝箱或包裝。

再如(5)：A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance.句中有兩個連環(huán)定語，第一個修飾offer，第二個修飾terms，前者譯成前置定語，后者譯成條件分句：對發(fā)價表示接受但載有添加或不同條件的答復(fù)，如所載之添加或不同的條件在實質(zhì)上并不更改該項發(fā)價之條件，乃構(gòu)成接受。

2.狀語從句

多個狀語同時修飾一個動詞，或者一個狀語中包含另一個狀語的現(xiàn)象十分常見。

例如(6)：Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract，the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30，000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export port.此句的主干為……the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price……to the Seller，其中含有一個時間狀語within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract。從語用的角度來看，商務(wù)合同中許多時間狀語表示的是某一締約方必須在何時何地承擔某一義務(wù)和享有某一種權(quán)利，即時效性。因此整個句子的重心不是句子的動詞，而是發(fā)生動作的時間。在譯成中文時，為了突出行為的時效性，時間狀語應(yīng)盡量靠近表示義務(wù)責任的關(guān)鍵詞“須”。此句中還含有一個較為復(fù)雜的方式狀語by opening an irrevocable L/ C…，其中含有三個介詞短語作定語修飾an irrevocable L/ C。按照漢語的行文規(guī)范，方式狀語一般應(yīng)位于動詞之前。因此本句可譯成：買方須于本合同簽字并生效后30天內(nèi)通過出口地銀行開立以賣方為收益人的不可撤銷信用證支付全部貨款計30000美元。

3.條件從句

商務(wù)合同主要約定合同各方應(yīng)享有的權(quán)利和應(yīng)履行的義務(wù)，但由于這種權(quán)利的行使和義務(wù)的履行均附有各種條件，所以條件句的大量使用成為商務(wù)合同的一個特點。條件句多由下列連接詞引導(dǎo)：if，in the event of，in case(of)，should，provided(that)，subject to，unless otherwise

等。

例如：(7)Either side may replace the representative it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other side.(任何一方都可更換自己指派的代表，但需書面通知對方。)

(8)Either Party may terminate the contract in case of failure on the part of the other Party to fulfill or perform any of its obligations hereunder and in the event that such failure remains unremedied sixty(60)days after the service of a written notice as described in Article X below by the non-defaulting Party to the other Party specifying the failure in question and requiring it to be remedied.(譯文：如果一方未完成或未履行其在本合同項下的任何義務(wù)，而且未按照下述第X條規(guī)定在另一方向其送達書面通知，指出其違約行為并要求其予以改正后六十(60)天內(nèi)，其仍未予以改正，另一方則可以終止本合同。)

(9)Should the Sellers fail to effect delivery on time as stipulated in this Contract owing to causes other than Force Majeure as provided for in Clause X of the Contract，the Buyers shall have the right to cancel the relative quantity of the contract.(譯文：除本合同第X款規(guī)定的不可抗力的因素之外，如賣方?jīng)]能及時按合同要求交貨，買方有權(quán)取消相應(yīng)的部分合同數(shù)額。)

(10)In case no amicable settlement can be reached between the two parties，the case in dispute shall be submitted to arbitration which shall be held in the country where the defendant resides.(譯文：如雙方達不成友好的協(xié)議，爭議可提交仲裁。仲裁在被訴方所在國進行。)

(11)Unless otherwise agreed，delivery of the goods and payment of the price are concurrent conditions，that is to say，the seller must be ready and willing to give possession of the goods to the buyer in exchange for the price and the buyer must be ready and willing to pay the price in exchange for possession of the goods.(譯文：除非另有協(xié)議，貨物的交付和價款的支付應(yīng)是同時履行的條件，換言之，賣方必須樂意讓出占有將貨物交至買方以交付價款；同時，買方須樂意支付價款以交換對貨物的占有。)

綜上所述，商務(wù)合同英語正是為了準確嚴密地規(guī)約當事人的權(quán)利、義務(wù)和責任而采用的一種文體形式，其措辭準確嚴密，條理清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹。準確理解商務(wù)合同英語的句式特征并靈活運用其翻譯技巧，可以幫助廣大經(jīng)貿(mào)工作者準確有效的翻譯和起草合同，避免不必要的糾紛與爭端，從而促進我國國際貿(mào)易的交流與合作。

參考文獻：

[1]車麗娟.商務(wù)英語翻譯教程[M].北京：對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學(xué)出版社.[2]胡庚申.國際商務(wù)合同起草與翻譯[M].北京：外文出版社，2001.[3]周振邦.商務(wù)英語翻譯[M].青島：青島海洋大學(xué)出版社，1997.

第二篇：商務(wù)英文合同的句式特點及翻譯

[摘要] 在合同中較多使用復(fù)合句能夠?qū)⒏鞣降臋?quán)利和義務(wù)在有限的條款中完整明確地體現(xiàn)出來，確保合同句子結(jié)構(gòu)的嚴謹性，以及文意的嚴密、細致，但也增加了合同翻譯的難度。本文分析了英文合同法律文件中復(fù)雜句的特點，提出了在分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)、成分的基礎(chǔ)上，采用順序法、逆序法及分譯法翻譯進行翻譯的策略。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 合同法律文件復(fù)雜句翻譯

我國與世界各國雙邊貿(mào)易日趨頻繁，使得合同翻譯成為一項必不可少的工作程序。合同是當事人之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事法律關(guān)系的協(xié)議。因此，合同翻譯至關(guān)重要，其內(nèi)容直接影響合同雙方的利益。如何做好合同法律文件的翻譯，保證中方的利益不因合同文本的翻譯而招致?lián)p失越發(fā)具有現(xiàn)實的意義。其中，由于合同的嚴肅，嚴謹，嚴密性，導(dǎo)致復(fù)合句的應(yīng)用較多，而結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句的翻譯恰是保證整體翻譯效果和準確性的關(guān)鍵。

一、要翻譯好結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句，首先要了解商務(wù)英文合同的句式特點

商務(wù)合同作為一種實用文體，在詞匯使用方而具有與其他文體不同的特，如用詞正式規(guī)范，大量使用商務(wù)術(shù)語、法律術(shù)語及其他具有法律語言特點的正式詞語。因而商務(wù)合同的翻譯要求譯者具有一定的專業(yè)知識。在句式結(jié)構(gòu)方面，商務(wù)合同也與其他文體迥異。商務(wù)合同英語常不以易于理解為目的，大量使用復(fù)合句。究其根源，還是源于商務(wù)合同英語的文體屬性。作為法律文書，商務(wù)合同規(guī)定各方當事人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，合同文字的表達必須完整、細致、嚴謹、明晰。而英語的復(fù)合句，可以包含多個從句。從句之間的關(guān)系可能包容、限定，也可能并列平行，因此，在合同中較多使用復(fù)合句能夠?qū)⒏鞣降臋?quán)利和義務(wù)在有限的條款中完整明確地體現(xiàn)出來，確保合同句子結(jié)構(gòu)的嚴謹性，以及文意的嚴密、細致。但是復(fù)合句中往往包含若干從句、修飾語等等，有時會顯得臃腫、晦澀，無疑會增加理解英文合同的難度，與此同時也增加了合同翻譯的難度。

二、要掌握商務(wù)英文合同復(fù)合句的翻譯方法

商務(wù)合同中英文復(fù)合句的出現(xiàn)頻率高，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，邏輯性強，無疑給譯者增添了許多困難，但是，無論多長的句子，多么復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)，它們都是由一些基本的成分組成的。只要弄清了合同原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu)，找出整個句子的中心內(nèi)容及各層意思，然后分析各層意思之間的邏輯關(guān)系，再按漢語的特點和表達方式組織譯文就可以保證合同翻譯的準確性。合同復(fù)合句的分析方法具體要遵循以下步驟：首先，譯者要找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語，即句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，其次，要找出句子中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞，然后再分析從句和短句的功能，即：是否是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句或狀語從句等，以及詞、短語和從句之間的關(guān)系。最后，分析句子中是否有固定搭配，插入語等其他成分。例１：

If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or underApplicableLaws,itshallindemnifyandkeep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.分析：

第一步，拆分句子：

此長句可拆分為四個意義段，分別是

1)If a Party breaches …in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.22)then in addition to …Applicable laws

3）it shall indemnify and …costs,expenses,liabilities and claims

4)that such Party or …as a result of suchbreach.第二步，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析：

1.句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語（It）+（情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形）（shall indemnify and keep indemnified…against）+賓語（the other Party and the Company）。

2.“if”引導(dǎo)的是條件從句，條件句的賓語部分跟隨后置定語（given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2）。

3.“in addition to”引導(dǎo)的是增補成分，其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語（available to the otherPartyunderthiscontract orunderApplicablelaws）。

4.而“that”引導(dǎo)的則是后置定語修飾緊鄰的五個名詞。

5.固定結(jié)構(gòu)“indemnify sb.Against …”使某人不受……

根據(jù)以上分析，以及漢語的行文習(xí)慣（條件在前.結(jié)果在后，以及定語在所修飾的核心詞之前），以上條款可翻譯為:如果一方違反任何其根據(jù)第18．1條或18．2條所做的陳述及擔保或重述，則另一方除根據(jù)本合同或相關(guān)法律尋求任何可能的救濟之外，違約方應(yīng)當賠償另一方或合營公司因此種違反而招致的任何損失、損害、費用、開支、責任或索賠。

在對長句進行分析的基礎(chǔ)上，商務(wù)合同長句具體翻譯方法又可細分為二種:即，順序法、逆序法和分譯法。

(1)順序法。所謂順序法就是按照原文的順序組織譯文。在商務(wù)合同中，當英語長句陳述的是一連串的動作并按發(fā)生的時間安排或邏輯關(guān)系排列時，此類長句與漢語的表達方式較一致，可按原文的順序譯出。

例2：

In the event that the Company's operations are reduced substantially from the scale of operation originally anticipated by the parties,or the Company experience substantial and continuing losses resulting in negative retained earnings not anticipated by the Parties in the agreed Business Plan, or in any other circumstance permitted under Applicable Laws or agreed by the Parties,the Parties may agree to reduce the registered capital of the Company on a pro rata basis.上述句子的邏輯關(guān)系非常清楚，即：三個假設(shè)條件，一個結(jié)論，表達順序與漢語一致。因此，可按照原文的語序進行翻譯。參考譯文:如果合營公司的經(jīng)營規(guī)模比雙方原來預(yù)期的規(guī)模有大幅度縮減，或合營公司持續(xù)遭受嚴重虧損，導(dǎo)致雙方商定的業(yè)務(wù)計劃中所未預(yù)期的盈余保留負數(shù)，或在任何相關(guān)法律允許或雙方一致同意的情況下，雙方可以協(xié)議按原有出資比例減資。

(2)逆序法。所謂逆序法就是逆著原文的順序翻譯。在商務(wù)合同中，有些英語長句的表達次序與漢語習(xí)慣不同，甚至語序完全相反。因此，根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣，譯者必須從原文句子的后面譯起。由于譯文句子的前后與原文句子的前后相比，有倒置現(xiàn)象，因此，逆序法又稱為“倒置法”。

例3：

The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due toForceMajeure,whichmightoccurduringtheprocess of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit。

這里原文的行文方式是把信息的重心放在句首，先表明賣方的免責事項（The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods)，接著再規(guī)定由于什么原因引起的不能交貨或延遲交貨才會免責(due to Force Majeure)。而對不可抗力又做了限定

（which might occurduringtheprocessofmanufacturingorinthecourse of loading or transit）。而按照漢民族的思維習(xí)慣往往是先談原因再講結(jié)論。因此翻譯時譯者應(yīng)采用逆序的方法將原文表示免責條件的“duetoForceMajeure,whichmight…ofloadingortransit” 移到句首。再者, 英語中的非限制性定語從句（即本句中的which might occur...of loading or transit）翻譯成中文時要么仍翻譯成定語放在所修飾的詞之前，要么處理為別的成分。根據(jù)以上分析，原文可翻譯為：凡在制造或裝船運輸過程中，因不可抗力致使賣方不能或推遲交貨時，賣方不負責任。

(3)分譯法。分譯法就是將原文一個句子分成幾個句子來翻譯，或者將其中某個較長的修飾成分單獨翻譯成一句或幾句。這是由于在商務(wù)合同中有些句子過長，又含有多層意思，而主句和從句或主句與修飾語之間的關(guān)系又不十分緊密，如果采用一個漢語句子對原文進行翻譯，容易導(dǎo)致句義混亂，這種情況下，譯者可以把長句中的從句或短語化為句子分開來翻譯。這樣做也符合漢語多用短句的習(xí)慣，同時也可以使句子意思表達得更清楚明了。例4:

EitherPartymayterminate thecontract incase of failure on the part of the other Party to fulfill or perform any of its obligations hereunder and in the event that such failure remains unremediedsixty（60）days after the service of a written noticeas described in Article X below by the non-defaulting Party to the other Party specifying the failure in question andrequiring it to be remedied.原文是商務(wù)合同中有關(guān)期限和終止的條款，按照先講結(jié)論，即合同任一方具有的權(quán)利（Either Party may terminate the contract）然后再列舉實施此權(quán)利的條件（in case of failure...and in the eventthat...）的順序行文，而漢民族的行文習(xí)慣往往是先條件后結(jié)論，所以譯文在整體上應(yīng)采用逆序法。但，即：違約行為60天內(nèi)未改正，60天是從無責任方書面通知送達之日算起，書面通知中無責任方已指出對方違約行為并要求其改正等等。如不對內(nèi)容進行分解，則可能導(dǎo)致句義混亂。因此，翻譯此句時應(yīng)采用拆譯法，以期將原文意思表述清楚。參考譯文:如果一方未完成或未履行其在本合同項下的任何義務(wù)，而且未按照下述第Ｘ條規(guī)定在另一方向其送達書面通知，指出其違約行為并要求其予以改正后六十(60)天內(nèi)，其仍未子以改正，另一方則可以終止本合同。

商務(wù)英文合同為了在有限的條款中完整、明確地表達合同各方的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，大量使用信息包涵量大的復(fù)雜長句，給譯者造成一定困難。但不管遇到何種類型的長句，譯者都可在對原句進行分析的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)漢語行文習(xí)慣，采用順序法、逆序法，以及分譯法或同時采用幾種方法的方式，準確翻譯原文。

參考文獻:

[1]張新紅等:商務(wù)英語翻譯(英譯漢)［M］.北京:高等教育出社，2003

[2]傅偉良:合同法律文件翻譯談[J].中國翻譯，2002,(5)

[3]肖石樞:英漢法律術(shù)語的特點、詞源及翻譯[J].中國翻譯，2001，(3）

[4]陳建平:經(jīng)貿(mào)合同英語的語言特征及其翻譯[J].中國翻譯,2005,(7)

第三篇：商務(wù)英文合同的詞匯特征及其翻譯

【摘 要】商務(wù)合同是商業(yè)法人之間為實現(xiàn)一定的經(jīng)濟目的、明確相互權(quán)利義務(wù)的一種文體。商務(wù)合同英語屬半法律性語言，用詞準確、正式、嚴謹，具有鮮明文體意義。本文基于典型實例分析，探討了商務(wù)英文合同的詞匯特征及翻譯方法。

【關(guān)鍵詞】商務(wù)英文合同 詞匯特征 翻譯

商務(wù)合同是商品經(jīng)濟的產(chǎn)物，它隨著商品經(jīng)濟的產(chǎn)生而產(chǎn)生，也隨著商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展而發(fā)展，是商品交換關(guān)系在法律上的體現(xiàn)，受到國家法律的承認和保護。在世界經(jīng)濟全球化和一體化的今天，國際商務(wù)活動日益頻繁，貿(mào)易國法人之間為實現(xiàn)一定的經(jīng)濟利益而簽訂的明確規(guī)定了貿(mào)易雙方的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，具有法律效力的文件——國際商務(wù)合同的重要性也越來越突出。商務(wù)合同英語既具有商務(wù)英語的特點，同時也具有法律英語的特點。本文擬從莊重正式、準確嚴謹和簡潔明了三個角度闡述分析商務(wù)英文合同的詞匯特征及其翻譯方法。

一、莊重正式

Martin Joos按照語言使用的正式程度提出了英語的五種變體，即莊重文體(frozen style)，正式文體(formal style)，商議文體（consultative style），隨便文體(casual style)和親密文體(intimate style)。一般認為商務(wù)合同英語屬莊重文體，即五種變體英語中正式程度最高的一種。商務(wù)英文合同的莊重正式的詞匯特征體現(xiàn)在專業(yè)術(shù)語和外來詞古體詞的使用上。

1.商務(wù)專業(yè)術(shù)語

專業(yè)術(shù)語(technical term留學(xué)生論文網(wǎng)http://s)具有鮮明的文體特色。其意義精確、單

一、無歧義，且不帶有個人感情色彩。為了準確描述商務(wù)活動中的各個交易環(huán)節(jié)以及與此相關(guān)的各類單據(jù)，商務(wù)合同英語文體中使用了大量表意清楚的商務(wù)專業(yè)術(shù)語。例如，policy（保險單），negotiable（可轉(zhuǎn)讓的），liability（責任、義務(wù)），right of recourse（追索權(quán)），factoring（保理）等。這些專業(yè)術(shù)語可避免冗長的解釋，簡化交易過程，提高工作效率。

2.法律專業(yè)術(shù)語

為了準確描述商務(wù)活動中交易雙方各自的權(quán)利與義務(wù)，商務(wù)合同英語中也使用了較多的法律專業(yè)的術(shù)語。狹義的法律術(shù)語指僅出現(xiàn)在或大多數(shù)情況下出現(xiàn)在法律文件中的法律科學(xué)的特有術(shù)語，此意義上的法律術(shù)語在商務(wù)合同文體中的數(shù)量不多，如：imputed negligence(轉(zhuǎn)嫁的過失責任)特指可向與行為人有利害關(guān)系的人或有合同關(guān)系的另一方追究責任的過失。商務(wù)合同中這類狹義的法律專業(yè)術(shù)語不以大眾是否理解或接受為轉(zhuǎn)移，它是商務(wù)合同語言準確表達的保障，是其獨有的現(xiàn)象。而廣義的法律術(shù)語則包括在法律文體中被賦予特定法律意義的常用詞語，如action(訴訟)，party(當事人)，financial responsibility(經(jīng)濟責任，指違約責任，具體可指“賠償損失”、“支付違約金”和“支付遲延支付金額的利息”)。這類詞語把握不準確的話很容易導(dǎo)致翻譯和理解當中的模糊性，因此要格外留意。如，“The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer.”很容易譯為“提議一旦接受，合同隨即訂立。”而實際上，“acceptance”與“offer”是合同法中兩個重要的法律術(shù)語，其規(guī)范的譯文分別為“承諾”、“要約”，前者是指受要約人對要約內(nèi)容表同意，而后者則指一方希望與另一方訂立合同。

3.外來詞和古體詞

商務(wù)合同英語中使用的商務(wù)類專業(yè)術(shù)語有不少源于拉丁語或法語，有些則是由其詞根派生或合成，許多術(shù)語都有相同的前綴或后綴。它們的意義比較穩(wěn)定，利于精確地表達概念，例如：ad valorem duty(拉丁語)從價(關(guān))稅，bona fide holder(拉丁語)匯票的善意持票人，pro rata tax rate比例稅率(拉丁語，即proportional tax rate)，insurance premium per capita(拉丁語)人均保險費，force majeure(法語)不可抗力，pro forma(拉丁語)估算表。

商務(wù)合同英語具有古體特點，這種古體特點的一個主要標志是古體詞語的使用。古體詞(archaism)是一種具有鮮明文體色彩的詞匯成分。盡管古體詞在現(xiàn)代英語口語和一般書面語中極少使用，但在商務(wù)合同等法律文體中，古體詞卻大量出現(xiàn)，充分體現(xiàn)出其莊重嚴肅的文體風格。合同英語最具特色的古體詞形式當數(shù)自由詞素where、here和there與in、by、with和after等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合副詞：(1)here +介詞：如，hereto，hereof，herein，hereinafter等。這里here相當于this，指本文獻、合同或有關(guān)文件，因此，“hereto”（本合同）相當于to this，依此類推。(2)there +介詞：這類詞由thereto，thereon，therein，thereof等。其中there相當于that，指句子前面已出現(xiàn)的某個名詞或名詞詞組，因此，“thereto”（根據(jù)那一點）即為to that。

(3)where+介詞：whereby，wherein，whereof，whereupon中where相當于which或者what，“whereof”（關(guān)于它）也就是of which。如，payment in respect thereof（關(guān)于此項的付款）。古體詞語的使用除了體現(xiàn)其莊重嚴肅以外，還可避免不必要的重復(fù)，使意義更加清楚、簡明。例如：“依照本合同相關(guān)規(guī)定”在英文商務(wù)合同中幾乎見不到“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”這種表達方式，常見的表達方式是“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等。對“合同任何一方當事人不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本合同”，西方工商界一般會選擇使用“Neither party hereto may assign this contract.”，而較少使用“Neither party to the contract may assign this contract.”。

4.復(fù)雜介詞短語

商務(wù)合同英語正式性還體現(xiàn)在傾向使用較復(fù)雜的介詞短語來代替非正式語體中常見的簡單介詞與連詞。例如，用with regard to和prior to分別代替about和before。又如：All disputes in connection with this contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by way of amicable negotiation.在此句中，用“in connection with”就比用“of”要顯得更為正式。

二、準確嚴謹

1．情態(tài)動詞

合同英語中各情態(tài)動詞意義界限非常明確，體現(xiàn)了合同語言的嚴謹性。“shall”在商務(wù)合同英語中使用率最高，含有“本條款具有法律規(guī)定的指令性和強制性”之意，其含義相當于“must”，但合同中不能使用“must”。如，“The seller shall present the following shipping documents to the bank for negotiation of L/ C”中的“shall”表明“賣方在向銀行議付信用證時，必須履行遞交所要求的裝運單據(jù)這一法律義務(wù)，而且應(yīng)做到單據(jù)相符、單單相符，否則銀行即可拒付。”“will”則只表示對合同一方的某種建議或合同雙方之外第三方的行為的說明，不構(gòu)成法律約束。“should”意為“應(yīng)該”，帶有主觀意思，表示“這樣做最好”。若用于條件句中，則表示較低的可能性。“may”表示“可以”、“可能”。這兩個意思在日常用語中都可用“can”來表達，但是在合同中幾乎只用“may”而不用“can”，因為前者比后者語氣更正式。例如：Unless otherwise agreed，delivery of the goods and payment of the price are concurrent conditions，that is to say，the seller must be ready and willing to give possession of the goods to the buyer in exchange for the price and the buyer must be ready and willing to pay the price in exchange for possession of the goods.譯為：除非另有協(xié)議，貨物的交付和價款的支付應(yīng)是同時履行的條件，換言之，賣方必須樂意讓出占有將貨物交至買方以交付價款；同時，買方須樂意支付價款以交換對貨物的占有。

第四篇：英文商務(wù)信函常用句式

As the season is rapidly approaching,```由于季節(jié)很快來臨，·······

We shall be very much obliged ```原義是“我們將非常感激”。在商業(yè)信函中，意思相同的套語有好幾個，目前多傾向于用We shall appreciate it very much```.There is a brisk demand for these goods.對這些的需求很旺盛

詢盤與請求有用句型

1.Could you please``` This company specializes in student exchanges between Europe and China.Could you please send us a copy of your summer calendar of forthcoming cultural and educational events? 本公司專門舉辦中歐學(xué)生的交流活動，敬請寄送暑假文化教育活動日程表一份。

You have previously supplied us with cotton piece goods.Could you please now quote for the supply of the items listed on the enclosed form? 貴公司曾向我們提供過棉匹布，現(xiàn)在請?zhí)峁┧奖砀裆狭信e的貨物的報價。

2.Will you please```

Will you please quote inclusive of transportation and insurance, and inform us the delivery time.煩請貴公司提供包括運輸和保險在內(nèi)的報價，并告知裝運時間。

Will you please send us your completed/general/latest/current catalogue and price-list? 請寄送貴公司總的、普通的、最新的、最近的目錄和價格表。

3.We will be interested in```

We will be interested in discussing terms with you.When the final decision has been made, would you please tell us what discounts you offer on bulk purchased？請告知貴公司對批量購買提供的折扣率，待我方做出最終決定后與貴方洽談具體事宜。

We will be interested in importing American furniture and would be pleased to know the specifications or details of your display cabinets together with prices and the terms of payment.我公司愿意進口美國家具，請寄送有關(guān)鬼子的價格和付款條件的詳情。

4.```we are interested in```

We have been importers of shirts for many years.At present, we are interested in extending our range and appreciate your catalogues and quotations.多年來，本公司經(jīng)營襯衫進口生意，現(xiàn)欲擴展業(yè)務(wù)范圍，盼能惠賜商品目錄和報價單。

Please send us your keenest quotation for snooker tables.We are interested in purchasing them but we need to have further details of the costs before making a final decision.請寄給我們貴公司臺球桌的最優(yōu)報價，我們有興趣購買，但需要進一步

了解有關(guān)價格的詳細情況才能作出最后決定。

5.```interest us```

Your ad in today’s China Daily interests us, and we will be glad to receive samples with your lowest prices FOB Huston.我們對你方刊登在今天的《中國日報》上的廣告很感興趣。如能寄來樣品并附上最低的休斯頓離岸價格，我們將不勝欣慰。

Your corduroy cap in assorted colors interests us very much, and we confirm the order we placed with you by telephone this morning.我方很喜歡你方的雜色燈芯絨帽子，現(xiàn)確認今天早晨與您電話聯(lián)系的訂單。

6.We intend to/ want to/would like to ```

We intend to purchase two Sony TV sets before the end of the fiscal year, and we should appreciate your offering us the best price.我們有意在本財政購買2太索尼電視機，敬請貴方報出最優(yōu)價格。We would like to inform you that we will be accepting orders for the new 100A and 101A models beginning March and expect to e-mail you new prices within this week.我方從三月起接受新型100A和101A的訂單，并將于本周內(nèi)將新價格電郵給你方，特此告知。

7.We will appreciate it very much if```

We will appreciate it very much if you’ll send us the recent ‘US Retail Trade Report’ with regard to the major trends and changes in the US retail industry.敬請貴方寄一份有關(guān)美國零售業(yè)總趨勢和主要變化的《美國零售業(yè)報告》

It will be very much appreciated if you will quote your lowest prices with quantity rebate in Deutschmarks.如能報出貴方的最低價及以馬克計算的批量購買折扣，將非常感謝。

8.Please inform of```

Please inform of your best prices, C.I.F.Qingdao and send us a catalogue of your product range.請您將最低青島到岸價格報給本公司，同時將貴方所經(jīng)營產(chǎn)品的目錄提供給我方。

Please inform of your best delivery dates and the terms of payment.We would like to pay on the usual trade terms, i.e.cash 30 days after monthly statement received.請告知我們貴公司最方便的交貨期和支付方式。我們愿意用通通常的貿(mào)易條件付款，即收到銀行結(jié)算單后30天付款。

9.We are in the market for```

We are in the market for household linen and shall be glad to receive your best possible quotation, indicating origin, detailed specifications, packing, and quantity available.我們正欲家用亞麻制品，如蒙貴方寄來最優(yōu)惠價格，注明原產(chǎn)地、詳

細規(guī)格、包裝和可供數(shù)量等，將不勝感謝。

If you are in the market for the above mentioned products, please let us know.We shall be pleased to send you our latest catalog, together with a list of our quotations, on CIF Dalian basis.如你放需購上述產(chǎn)品，請告知。我方將寄送最近的目錄連同大連到岸報價

10.We are prepared to ``` We are prepare to purchase substantial quantity of polyester cotton blended fabrics of the following specifications, and shall appreciate your quoting us your rock bottom prices and acceptable terms of payments.蹦公司需購大量聚酯棉混紡纖維，詳細規(guī)格如下。請蒙貴公司報以最低價格和可接受的付款條件，不勝感激。We are prepared to allow you a 4 % quantity discount if your order exceeds 1,000 dozen.如你放訂貨超過1000打，我方將給予4 %的折扣。

2.回復(fù)函

①表達對對方來信詢問的感謝

⑴ Thanks for your inquiry of ```, requesting terms for bulk buying.謝謝貴方······來函詢問大量購買的條件。

⑵We are pleased to learn from your letter of``` that you are interested in our```我們很高興從你來信中得知你對我們的······很感興趣

⑶With reference to your inquiry of``` we shall be glad to supply``` at the price of ``` 關(guān)于貴方······的詢問，我方將樂于以······的價格供應(yīng)·······

⑷We have received your letter of ``` and noted with pleasure that you are interested in developing business with us in``` 貴方······的函悉，很高興貴公司愿與我方在······方面發(fā)展業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系。

⑸Your inquiry dated``` has obtained our best and immediate attention.貴方······的詢問，得到了我方迅速密切的關(guān)注。

②提供信息

⑴ Here are``` on ```現(xiàn)寄上我方有關(guān)······的·······

⑵ We take pleasure in enclosing a detailed quotation for```我方很高興附上·······的報價單

⑶ Enclosed please find our catalogue and price list.隨函附上我方目錄及價目表。⑷Enclosed is our latest catalogue together with a revised price list showing our best possible terms.隨函附上我方最新的目錄及修訂的價目表，從中貴方會看到我方可以提供的最佳條件。

⑸ To acquaint you with``` we handle, we are sending you a commodity list and several sample books for your reference.為使你方熟悉我方經(jīng)營的·······寄上商品目錄和一些樣品冊，供您參考。

③結(jié)尾

⑴ Please do not hesitate to write to us if you need further information.如果您需要進一步的信息，請寫信給我們。

⑵Await your favor.期待您的光顧。

⑶Many thanks for your inquiry, we look forward to receiving your order in the near future.非常感謝貴方的詢價函，我方期待不就收到您的訂單。

⑷ We assure you that your order, which we look forward to receiving, will have our immediate attention.我方期待收到貴公司的訂單，并保證將在第一時間處理貴公司的訂單。

⑸We hope you will be well pleased with the goods and that we can establish a pleasant and lasting business connection with you.我們希望您會對這些貨物滿意，并盼望能與你們建立起愉快而持久的業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系。

3.投訴與索賠

①.描述問題

⑴ On examination, we found all the goods were wetted.經(jīng)檢驗，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)左右的貨物都已受潮

⑵We checked some of the items and found they were in damaged condition.我們檢查了部分產(chǎn)品，發(fā)現(xiàn)它們已嚴重受損。

⑶ It contained articles different from what we have ordered.這批貨物與我們訂購的物品不符。

⑷The goods we ordered from you on June 6 haven’t arrived yet.我們6月6日訂購的貨物至今仍未到達。

⑸The quality of this lot of goods is so far below the standard that we cannot use them for our purpose.這批貨物的質(zhì)量遠遠低于標準，我們無法使用。

⑹We are disappointed to find that the items delivered don’t match the samples.我們遺憾地發(fā)現(xiàn)所運貨物與樣品不符。

⑺Your incorrect delivery has caused a great deal of trouble to us.你們的錯誤給我們帶來了巨大的麻煩

⑻Delivery of the goods ordered on March 3 is now considerably overdue.3月3日訂購的貨物的交付時間現(xiàn)已逾期甚久

⑼The goods are not up to the standard.貨物沒有到達標準。

⑽We regret that only 20 sets have been received to date whereas our order indicates

25.我方非常抱歉地通知您，迄今為止我們只收到了20臺貨物，而我們訂購的是25臺

②指出具體的行動來解決問題

⑴Would you please send someone to repair it today？您能今天就派人來修理嗎？ ⑵Please send us the replacement no later than June 20.請于6月20日之前將替換品送來

⑶We would like someone to come and fix it now.我們希望現(xiàn)在有人來進行修理 ⑷Please look into this matter at once and let us know the reasons for the delay.請立即對此事進行調(diào)查，盡早通知我們延遲的原因。

⑸We hope that the goods will be sent immediately.希望貨物即刻發(fā)運

③要求行動

⑴We shall be glad to learn from you that you are preparing to make some allowance for the damage.希望貴方能對我方造成的損失作出補償

⑵We would be much pleased that the case be settled on an amicable basis.誠望此事有好解決

⑶In view of our friendly business relations, we are sure that the matter will be settled appropriately.鑒于我們之間友好的業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系，我方相信此事定會得到妥善解決。⑷We are looking forward to a satisfactory conclusion of the matter.我方期待此事有一個令人滿意的結(jié)局。

⑸Your quick dispatch will be most appreciated.請盡快發(fā)運，我方不勝感激 ④強烈要求行動

⑴If you cannot deliver the goods within ten days, we’ll reluctantly turn this matter to our attorney.如果在10日內(nèi)不能送達貨物，我們不得不付諸法律。

⑵Unless your assignment reaches us no later than```, we will cancel our order.除非你們的貨物在······前到達，我們將取消訂單。

⑶If you cannot provide qualified goods within 3 days, we ’ll ask for a refundment.如果在3日內(nèi)不能提供合格產(chǎn)品，我們將要求退還貨款。

⑷You’ll have to make compensation for all our costs.你們要賠償我們的全部損失 ⑸I hereby inform you that I am lodging a formal complaint with your company.特此通知貴方，我公司將正式投訴貴公司。

4.理賠與拒絕函

①開頭

接受索賠：

⑴···should reach you in three days```

⑵The attached check for``` is Newton’s way of assuring you that your satisfaction is very important to us.⑶By```(time), your three Dove Bicycles should reach you at ```shop.拒絕索賠：

⑴We understand your concern about the ```As always, we are willing to do as much as we reasonably can to make things right.⑵You were right in assuming that ```We are always interested in doing whatever we can to make our sales satisfactory.⑶Your order and request are sincerely appreciated.We are always grateful for the opportunity of serving you in the best way we can.②間接拒絕索賠

⑴The best we can do is```

⑵```permit us to serve you only as a cash customer

⑶We feel at this time you will be acting in your own interest by```

⑷We must consider the sale final.⑸In view of this explanation, you will understand why we must sand by our guarantee policy in this case.③結(jié)束

第五篇：商務(wù)合同翻譯

1)為了便于甲方及時開展工作，乙方應(yīng)于2009年12月31日前將第一批寄售貨物運到甲方處。在2010年3月十五日左右，甲、乙雙方應(yīng)就剩下的寄售期限可能銷量達成共識。

In order to facilitate Party A’s work of starting the consignment sales on time, Party B should ship the first lot of consignment goods to Party A before Dec.31, 2009.On or about March 15, 2010, Party A and Party B shall meet to mutually determine on acceptable sales level for the remainder of the consignment period.2)在寄售合同到期后的一個月內(nèi)，甲方將按合同單價把已售出的貨物以美元形式全額匯給乙方。如果有銷售額總額超過15萬美元的情況，甲方應(yīng)在一月內(nèi)將銷售款以美元形式匯給乙方。

Within one month after expiration of the consignment period, Party A shall remit Party B the total sum in U.S Dollars based on the contracted unit price for those items which have been sold.If at any time the total value of goods sold exceeds the amount of U.S.Dollars 150000, Party A shall remit the total sum in U.S.Dollars to Party B within one month’s period of time.3)裝配所需的主要零件、消耗品及部件由甲方運至廣州。如有零部件短少或破損，甲方應(yīng)負責補充替換。

甲方應(yīng)于成品交運1個月前開出不可撤銷的信用證以支付全部裝配費和乙方在廣州購買零件、消耗品和部件的費用。

The main parts, consumption articles and components required for assembling will be sent in time to Guangzhou by Party A and if there is any shortage of , or damage to these parts and components , Party A shall be responsible for supplying replacements.Party A shall pay Party B by opening an irrevocable L/C covering the full amount of assembling charges and costs of parts , consumption articles and components purchased in Guangzhou by Party B , one month before the shipment of the finished products concerned.4）一切與本合同有關(guān)的進出口手續(xù)，均由乙方辦理。

乙方將所裝配的晶體管收音機運交甲方指定的外國買主。有關(guān)運費和保險費由甲方負擔。All import and export procedures in connection with this contract shall be taken care of by Party

B.All transistor radios assembled by Party B will be shipped to foreign buyers designated by Party A.The relevant freight and insurance premium shall be borne by Party A.5）晶體管收音機的商標由甲方供給，如有法律糾紛，甲方應(yīng)負完全責任。

如因裝配需要，由乙方在廣州購買的零部件必須達到品質(zhì)標準，并應(yīng)事先經(jīng)過甲方核準。The trade marks of transistor radios will be supplied by Party A and should there be any illegal involvement, Party A is to be held fully responsible.All parts and components purchased by Party B in Guangzhou, if necessary for assembling transistor radios, must measure up to the quality standards of, and be approved by Party A beforehand.6）本合同自受聘方到校之日起生效，到聘期屆滿時失效。如一方要求延長聘期，必須在合同期滿前一個月用書面向?qū)Ψ教岢觯?jīng)雙方協(xié)商同意后另簽延聘合同。

This Contract comes into effect on the first day of the engaged party’s arrival at the AA University and ceases to be effective at its expiration.If either party wishes to renew the Contract, the other

party shall be notified in writing one month before it expires.Upon agreement by both parties through consultation, a new contract may be signed between two parties.7）公司為一有限責任公司及在中華人民共和國法律下的法人，公司的所有活動應(yīng)遵守中華人民共和國頒布的法律、法令及條例，公司的所有合法權(quán)益及利益受中華人民共和國的法律管轄及保護。

The Company is a limited liability company and a legal person under the laws of the People’s Republic of China.All the activities of the Company shall comply with the laws, decrees and regulations promulgated by the People’s Republic of China.All the lawful rights and interests of the Company are subject to the jurisdiction and protection of the laws of the People’s Republic of China.8）合營的一方如不履行本合同或公司章程的義務(wù)，違約一方得賠償另一方因此而遭受的經(jīng)濟損失。

在合營期限內(nèi)，雙方都無權(quán)單方面宣布撤銷或終止本合同。

If either of the Parties fails to fulfil its obligations under this Contract , it shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses resulting therefrom.During the term of operation of the Company, neither Party has the right to announce unilaterally the cancellation or termination of this Contract.9）公司注冊資本為9000萬美元。由中方在簽約后30天內(nèi)提供土地使用權(quán)。外方在2001年3月1日以前提供辦公樓、廠房、必須的設(shè)備、設(shè)備、機器、工具、儀器、工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)、非專利技術(shù)、生產(chǎn)資金、流動資金等。

The registered capital of the Company is USD 90 million.The Chinese Corp provides the right to use land within 30 days after signing the Agreement.The Foreign Co.provides the office building, factory premises, necessary facilities, equipment, machines, tools, instruments, industrial property rights, non-patent technology, production funds, operating funds, etc.before March 1, 2001.10）如因不可抗力事件使公司無法繼續(xù)營業(yè)時，本協(xié)議可通過雙方協(xié)商予以提前終止。如果中方或外方想要把本協(xié)議規(guī)定的權(quán)利和義務(wù)進行全部或部分轉(zhuǎn)讓，另一方有優(yōu)先購買權(quán)。轉(zhuǎn)讓必須得到審批機關(guān)的批準。

In case of Force majeure, which makes it impossible for the Company to continue its business, this Agreement may be terminated ahead of schedule through consultation between the two parties.If the Chinese or foreign party wishes to make an assignment of all or part of its rights and obligations prescribed in this Agreement, the other party shall have the preemptive right to purchase the same.The assignment must obtain the approval of the examination and approval authority.11)如果在保證期內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)運交的設(shè)備有缺陷，投資人必須按中方的要求，及時適當解決

In case defect of the delivered equipment is found within the warranty period.INVESTOR shall take appropriate action for settlement without delay ,upon SINO`s request

12)在上述情況下，該缺點經(jīng)鑒定是由于中方操作經(jīng)驗不足，搬運不當或某一物品的消耗所致，則投資人應(yīng)要求中方支付實際運輸費用

In the above instance investor shall request SINO for payment of the actual costs of transportation ,when such defect is judged to be due to inexperienced operation by sino or due to inappropriate handling ,or due to an article of consumption

13)在投資人派遣工程師的任務(wù)完成以后，中方如有必要仍可要求投資人繼續(xù)給以技術(shù)支持，但投資人應(yīng)要求中方為這種增加的合作支付費用，合作的條款由雙方將來討論約定。

Sino shall be able to request for continued technical support from investor , if necessary, even after completion of the above despatchofinvestor`sengineers.however ,in this instance.investor shall be able to request sino for the cost of such additional technological cooperation.terms and conditions shall be subject to mutual discussion and agreement between sino and investor ,in future

14)乙方確認由其所生產(chǎn)的許可證產(chǎn)品必須嚴格按照甲方所提供的設(shè)計，圖紙及規(guī)格生產(chǎn)，除依第C條第一款規(guī)定的修改內(nèi)容以外，在任何情況下許可證產(chǎn)品均具備與 所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品相同的質(zhì)量與運動性能。如果乙方未嚴格依照甲方的設(shè)計，圖紙及規(guī)格生產(chǎn)，則甲方對于乙方的許可證產(chǎn)品不承擔任何擔保責任。

15）GTT是中方和投資人之間的橋梁GTT應(yīng)協(xié)助中方用展銷會，研討會，技術(shù)培訓(xùn)等辦法在中國銷售產(chǎn)品GTT應(yīng)在產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)合格時考慮把這些產(chǎn)品銷往歐洲和非洲

1)GTT shall act as a bridge between SINO and INVESTOR

2)GTT shall assist SINO in marketing in china of products finished by SINO by means fo trade show ,seminar ,technical traning program ,ect

3)GTT shall consider marketing finished products to Europe and Africa when the quality turns out to be satisfactory

16）如果初次檢驗不合格應(yīng)進行第二次檢驗，如果第二次檢驗仍不合格，則投資人贏在2個月內(nèi)自費調(diào)換有關(guān)設(shè)備如果檢驗合格，雙方應(yīng)簽署檢驗證明書一式二份，雙方各執(zhí)一份

1)In case initial test is unsatisfactory ,a second test shall be carried out.if the second test is again unsatisfactory ,INVESTOR shall replace the equipment involved atits own cost ,within two months after the second text

2)in case text results are satisfactory ,SINO and INVESTOR shall sign a text certificate in duplicate and each party shall keep one copy

17）本合同的訂立，效力，解釋，執(zhí)行及由其引起爭議的解決均適用中華人民共和國頒布的法律，法令，和條例規(guī)定

The making ,validity ,interpretation and implementation of this contract and the settlement of disputes arising thereform shall shall be governed by laws ,decrees and regulations promulgated by the people`s republic of china

18）受聘方的工作時間每周5天，每天7小時，受聘方按照中國，澳大利亞兩國政府規(guī)定的節(jié)假日放假，寒假按本校校歷規(guī)定。

The engaged party works five days a week and seven hours a day ,the engaged party have legal holidays as prescribed by both Chinese and Australian governmentthe winter vacation is fixed by the school calenderf

19）聘方每月支付給受聘方工資2000澳元，并按照澳大利亞政府對在澳工作的外籍教師的規(guī)定提供各種福利待遇

The engaginfg party pays the engaged party a monthly salary of 2000 australian dollars and provides him with various benefits as prescribed by Australian government for foreign teachers working in Australia

20）受聘方在入境，離境，或過境時，必須遵守澳大利亞政府有關(guān)外國人居住，工資福利以及旅行等的法律，規(guī)章，并遵守聘方的工作制度。

The engaged party shall abide by the laws and regulations of the Australian government concerning residence ,wages and benefits ,and travel for foreigners when entering ,leaving and passing through the territory of the country ,and shall follow the working system of the engaging party

21）雙方均不得無故撤銷合同如果聘方要求中途終止合同，除按上述條款承擔工資福利待遇外，需給受聘方增發(fā)3個月的工資作為補償金，并于1個月內(nèi)安排受聘方及其家屬回國并承擔有關(guān)費用

若受聘方中途提出辭職，聘方自同意之日起即停發(fā)工資，受聘方不再享受各項福利待遇，受聘方及其家屬回國的一切費用均由本人自理

Neither party shall cancel the contract without reasonable causes ,if the engaging party finds it

22）乙方在簽約后15天內(nèi)，為加工設(shè)備開出以甲方為受益人的銀行承兌信用證，其金額不得少于2220萬日元，見票180天付款。這份信用證，只有在乙方收到甲方為蘆筍罐頭對開的信用證后才能生效，甲方在收到這份信用證后，應(yīng)及時裝運加工設(shè)備，提供本協(xié)議第七條所需的單證和180天到期的匯票，以便取得他的銀行承兌。

Party b shall within 15 days after signing this agreement establish in favour of party a an banker`s acceptance l/c in payment for the equipment ,for an account not less than J 22200000,available by draft at 180 days sight ,the l/c will be effective only after receipt by party b of a satisfactory reciprocal l/c opened by party a for payment of canned asparagns ,after receipt of the l/c ,party a shall effect shipment of the equipment of the equipment in time ,provide the required documents according to article 7 of this agreement together with the draft at 180 days sight ,and obtain its bank`s acceptance

23）乙方將向甲方提供上述貨物在香港和日本市場的市級零售價以供甲方參考，乙方無權(quán)干涉甲方的銷售價，銷售場所，和銷售辦法，但有權(quán)提出積極地建議，甲方有責任向乙方提交銷售報告（包括零售價）銷售過程中出現(xiàn)的問題和為提高銷售額而提出的建議，乙方應(yīng)向甲方提供各種有利于銷售（包括免費樣品，試銷貨物，化妝品促銷資料，技術(shù)交流和有貯存條件等）便利。

Party b will submit to party a the actual retail prices of aforesaid articles in hongkong and Japanese markets for party a`s reference.Party b has no right to interfere with a`s selling

price ,spot and method ,but it has the right to make positive proposals , partya is responsibleto submit party b regular reports on selling situation(covering retail price), problems arising in the course of selling and making proposals to improve sales ,party b should provide party a with various arrangements which are conductive to sales(including samples free of charge ,articles for trial sales ,data for promoting cosmetic sales ,technical exchange and conditions for storage etc.