第一篇：英文合同翻譯

引子:鑒于現在對外交流事例逐漸增多,英文合同特別是經濟合同的翻譯愈顯重要,若譯文不準確或不嚴謹,勢必會引起不必要的經濟糾紛.故今以一英文(經濟)合同寫作書籍為藍本,錄入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(經濟)合同的翻譯和寫作。

合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的語言應體現其權威性.英文合同用語的特點之一就表現在用詞上,即選擇那些法律用詞,以及正式用詞,使合同表達的意思準確無誤,達到雙方對合同中使用的詞無可爭議的程度。

一.hereby 英文釋義:by means of , by reason of this 中文譯詞:特此,因此,茲

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、協議書等正式文件的開頭語；在條款中需要強調時也可用。語法：一般置于主語后,緊鄰主語.例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文: 業主特此立約保證在合同規定的期限內,按合同規定的方式向承包人支付合同價,或合同規定的其它應支付的款項,以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補工程中缺陷的報酬。注釋:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立約,簽訂合同、條約;n.legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中

(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價,指工程的總造價(6)such...as: 關系代詞,相當于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根據,按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款 例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know據我們所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述聲明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在聲明中（5）documentary proof：證明文件 參考譯文：

特此證明，據我們所知，上述聲明內容真實，正確無誤，并提供了全部現有的資料和數據，我們同意，應貴方要求出具證明文件。例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下稱甲方

（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基礎上（4）through amicable consultation：通過友好協商 參考譯文：

本合同雙方，公司（以下稱甲方）與

公司（以下稱乙方），在平等互利基礎上，通過友好協商，于

****年**月**日在中國

（地點），特簽訂本合同。例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注釋：

（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此訂立本協議

在法律文件中表示“訂立本協議”可用以下4個動詞：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同義詞連用的寫作特點，可用上述4個動詞中的兩個來表示）。（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下簡稱乙方 參考譯文：

本協議特由中國 公司（以下簡稱甲方）與

公司（以下簡稱乙方）于

年

月 日訂立 二 hereof 英文釋義: of this 中文譯詞:關于此點；在本文件中

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”時，使用該詞。例如表示本合同條件、條款時，可以說“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Works”。語法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。

hereof和thereof的區別：hereof強調“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。

例1 Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注釋：

（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不論港口習慣是否與本款規定相反，whether… or not：不論……是否

（2）the owner of the goods：貨方（3）without interruption：無間斷地（4）carrier：承運人

（5）in default on the provisions hereof：違反本款規定 hereof：of this Clause 參考譯文：

不論港口習慣是否與本款規定相反，貨方都應晝夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承運人需要），無間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對違反本款規定所引起的所有損失或損壞，包括滯期應負擔賠償責任。例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注釋：

（1）foreign trade dealers：對外貿易經營者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所稱

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規定（4）legal entity：法人

（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：從事對外貿易經營活動 參考譯文：

本法所稱對外貿易經營者，是指依照本法規定從事對外貿易經營活動的法人和其他組織。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注釋：

（1）a limited liability company：有限責任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法規定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登記為 參考譯文：

設立有限責任公司、股份有限公司，必須符合本法規定的條件。符合本法規定的條件的，登記為有限責任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法規定的條件的，不得登記為有限責任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注釋：

（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因（2）arbitrator：仲裁員

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規定（4）be selected or appointed：選定或指定 參考譯文：

仲裁員因回避或者其它原因不能履行職責的，應當依照本法規定重新選定或指定仲裁員。例5 In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注釋：

（1）conflict：相抵觸

（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前

（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法為準 hereof：of this Law 參考譯文： 本法施行前制定的有關仲裁的規定與本法的規定相抵觸的，以本法為準。例6 Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s)specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint.Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注釋：

（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：賠償義務機關（2）shall pay compensation：應當給予賠償（3）the claimant for compensation：賠償請求人

（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五條、第十六條 hereof：of this Law（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有權申訴（6）claims compensation：要求賠償

（7）apply to/ in：適用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here./That argument does not apply in this case./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom./The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.參考譯文：

賠償義務機關對依法確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規定的情形之一的，應當給予賠償。

賠償請求人要求確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規定情形之一的，被要求的機關不予確認的，賠償請求人有權申訴。賠償請求人要求賠償，應當先向賠償義務機關提出。賠償程序適用本法第十條、第十一條、第十二條的規定。例7 If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注釋：

（1）arbitrator：仲裁員

（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八條 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承擔法律責任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委員會

（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：將其除名 參考譯文：

仲裁員有本法第三十四條第四項規定的情形，情節嚴重的，或者有本法第五十八條第六項規定的情形的，應當依法承擔法律責任，仲裁委員會應當將其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注釋：

（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行審批職責的有關主管部門（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法條件（3）the company registration authorities：負責公司登記的主管部門（4）the requirements hereof：本法條件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申請復議（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政訴訟 參考譯文：

依照本法，履行審批職責的有關主管部門，對符合本法條件的申請不予批準，或負責公司登記的主管部門不予登記，當事人可以依法申請復議或者提起行政訴訟。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注釋：

（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行為

（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規定 hereof: of this Decision 參考譯文：

有限責任公司、股份有限公司以外的企業職工有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規定的犯罪行為的，適用本決定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof.Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.注釋：

（1）companies registered：已登記成立的公司

（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限責任公司規范意見》（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司規范意見》（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council國務院有關主管部門（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由國務院另行規定 參考譯文：

本法施行前已登記成立的公司，應依照法律、行政法規、地方性法規和國務院有關主管部門制定的《有限責任公司規范意見》，和《股份有限公司規范意見》，繼續保留。其中不完全具備本法規定的條件的，應當在規定的期限內達到本法規定的條件。具體實施辦法，由國務院另行規定。例11 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.注釋：

（1）unfair competition：不正當競爭（2）business operators：經營者

（3）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規定 the provisions hereof：本法規定 hereof：of this Law（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法權益（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：擾亂社會經濟秩序 參考譯文：

本法所稱的不正當競爭，是指經營者違反本法規定，損害其他經營者的合法權益，擾亂社會經濟秩序的行為。三 hereto 英文釋義: to this 中文譯詞:至此，在此上。

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”時，使用該詞。例如表示“本合同雙方”，可以說“the Parties hereto”，這里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本協議附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，這里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。語法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。

hereto和thereto的區別：同前面所言hereof和thereof的區別類似，hereto強調的是“to this”。

例1 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注釋：

（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好協商

（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同雙方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交進行仲裁

（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會（北京）

（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁規則（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁決

（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外 參考譯文：

對于因履行本合同所發生的一切爭議，本合同雙方應友好協商解決，如協商無法解決爭議，則應將爭議提交中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會（北京），依據其仲裁規則進行仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對雙方都有約束力。仲裁費用應由敗訴方承擔，但仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外。

例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注釋：

（1）patented technology：專利技術（2）patent：專利

（3）application for the patent：專利申請

（4）may have the right to control：可能有權控制的

（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何國家許可轉讓

（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同雙方規定的本合同產品 hereto: to this Contract 參考譯文：

“專利技術”，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來獲得的，或乙方有權或可能有權控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國家許可轉讓的，適用于或可能適用制造本合同雙方規定的本合同產品的專利和專利申請。

例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities.Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.注釋：

（1）technical documents：技術資料（2）the data and the information：資料（3）engineering：工程（4）manufacturing：制造

（5）original information：原始資料（6）blueprint：藍本

（7）design sheets：設計圖表（8）material specifications：材料規格（9）photostats：影印資料（10）general data：一般資料

（11）design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：與制造設備、工具和裝置有關的設計及其說明書 參考譯文：

“技術資料”系指列于附件1與制造和維修合同產品有關的工程、制造及原始資料，包括與制造設備、工具和裝置有關的圖紙、藍本、設計圖表、材料規格、照片、影印資料和一般資料、設計及其說明書等，但上述資料僅限于乙方擁有的資料和甲方用于本合同業務活動的資料。

例4 If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question.The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.注釋：

（1）audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帳目（2）Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款

（3）the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具體的查帳內容和程序（4）Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract 參考譯文：

乙方如需查核甲方的帳目時，應在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款規定開出的書面通知后10天之內通知甲方，其具體的查帳內容和程序詳見本合同附件4。

例5 The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question.The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注釋：

（1）either Party hereto：本協議各方（不譯成“one Party hereto）。

（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改進、修正、更新本發明或設計（3）discover, make or develop：開發

（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生產及裝配許可證產品或部件（5）file application for Letter Patent：申請專利

（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保護程序 the same: Letter Patent（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此產生的專利（8）consistent with this agreement：與本協議不相矛盾 參考譯文：

本協議各方同意，一方對于有關生產及裝配許可證產品或部件所做的改進、修正、更新發明或設計均應立即全部通知另一方。開發改進的一方可以自負費用并以自身名義申請專利或采取其它必要的法律保護程序，由此產生的專利將屬于該方所有。在本協議的有效期內，另一方可以與本協議不相矛盾的方式無償使用和銷售利用改進、修正、更新本發明或設計（無論其是否取得專利權）生產的產品。例6 The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注釋：

（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有關生產產品的許可證和技術服務（2）the technical assistance agreement：技術服務協議

（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本協議附件2 hereto：to this Agreement 參考譯文：

本協議雙方同意Y將向FCAM提供有關生產產品的許可證和技術服務，FCAM和Y將訂立技術服務協議并作為本協議附件2（以下稱作“技術服務協議”）。

例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注釋：

（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：盡實際可能最大限度地（2）data on management and financial information：管理和財務信息材料

（3）prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好會計和財務帳目

（4）available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以備本協議各方的檢查或審計 either Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本協議雙方 inspection：檢查 audit：審計 參考譯文：

本協議雙方同意保證FCAM將盡實際可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式樣，用于FCAM向協議各方提供管理和財務信息材料；并且FCAM應建好會計和財務帳目以備協議雙方的檢查或審計。

例8 The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question.Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.注釋：

（1）Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本協議雙方授權的董事會 hereto：to this Agreement（2）to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理 manage：業務管理（3）the overall business management plan of the company：公司整體經營計劃（4）monitor the execution of the plan in question：監督該計劃的執行（5）review and approval：審閱和批準 參考譯文：

本協議雙方同意授權管理FCAM的董事會對公司整體經營計劃的報批和監督執行負責。該經營計劃需要提交協議雙方審閱和批準。

例9 The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.注釋：

（1）specialized machinery and equipment：特定機器設備 equipment：（單數形式）設備（2）determined through mutual consultation：協商決定

（3）the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技術訣竅（4）terms and conditions：條件

（5）(such…)as：作關系代詞，意為which, that 參考譯文：

本協議雙方同意并將使FCAM同意Y將向FCAM出售，FCAM從Y購買經過Y和FCAM協商決定的特定機器設備，以保證根據技術服務協議由Y向FCAM提供的技術訣竅得到有效使用，并以協議雙方同意的價格和條件成交。

例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注釋：

（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期滿（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了債務（3）debtor：債務人（4）creditor：債權人 參考譯文：

本合同期滿時，雙方之間發生的未了債務不受合同期滿的影響，債務人應向債權人繼續支付未了債務 四 herein 英文釋義:in this 中文譯詞:此中，于此

用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等時，使用該詞。如表示“本法（中）所稱的不正當競爭”，可譯為“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此處herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本協議（中）內容”，譯為“the Contents herein”，此處herein表示“in this Agreement”。語法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰所修飾詞.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注釋：

（1）unfair competition：不正當競爭（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所稱（3）refer to：是指

（4）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規定

（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：損害其他經營者的合法權益（6）disturb the socio-economic order：擾亂社會經濟秩序

（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所稱的經營者 herein：in this Law（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：從事商品經營或營利性服務 engage in：從事，be engaged in：忙于 參考譯文：

本法所稱的不正當競爭，是指經營者違反本法規定，損害其他經營者的合法權益，擾亂社會經濟秩序的行為。本法所稱的經營者，是指從事商品經營或營利性服務（以下所稱商品包括服務）的法人、其他經濟組織和個人。

例2 This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.注釋：

（1）this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：茲制定本法（2）maintain the foreign trade order：維護對外貿易秩序

（3）promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促進社會主義市場經濟的健康發展（4）foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所稱對外貿易 herein：in this Law（5）the international trade in services：國際服務貿易 參考譯文：

為了發展對外貿易，維護對外貿易秩序，促進社會主義市場經濟的健康發展，茲制定本法。本法所稱對外貿易，是指貨物進出口、技術進出口和國際服務貿易。例3 The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.注釋：

（1）mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所稱（2）limited liability company：有限責任公司（3）company limited by shares：股份有限公司（4）within the territory of China：在中國境內 參考譯文：

本法所稱公司是指依照本法在中國境內設立的有限責任公司和股份有限公司。

例4 Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated.Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.注釋：

（1）illegal gains：違法所得

（2）shall be confiscated：應當予以沒收

（3）the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本決定規定（4）illegal gains to be confiscated：被沒收違法所得（5）a fine imposed on：判處罰金（6）property forfeited：沒收財產

（7）a civil compensation assumed by：承擔民事賠償責任 參考譯文：

犯本決定規定之罪有違法所得的，應當予以沒收。

犯本決定規定之罪，被沒收違法所得、判處罰金、沒收財產、承擔民事責任的，其財產不足以支付時，先承擔民事賠償責任。

例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注釋：

（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port of shipment)：船上交貨（…<指定裝運港>）（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本加運費（…<指定目的港>）

（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本、保險費加運費（……<指定目的港>）

（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《國際貿易術語解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》 參考譯文：

除非本合同另有規定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均應依照國際商會制定的《國際貿易術語解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》辦理。例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注釋：

（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明確表示 herein：in this Agreement（2）dispute：爭議（3）controversy：糾紛（4）difference：歧意

（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本協議雙方（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何違約及過失（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于

（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁條款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁條款 參考譯文：

除非另有明確表示，則由于執行本協議所引發或與本協議有關的協議雙方的所有爭議、糾紛或歧意，以及任何違約及過失（包括，但不限于有關本協議存續的爭議，仲裁條款有效性的爭議），如不能以友好協商的方式解決，則提交仲裁。

例7 The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.注釋：

（1）the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行

（2）pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：按照本合同規定的條件 herein：in this Contract（3）on the Disbursement Date：在付款日（4）credit the funds received：貸記入所收資金（5）the Borrower：借款人 參考譯文：

代理行應按照本合同規定的條件，在付款日將所收資金貸記入借款人根據2.2款指定的帳戶。例8 All the rights provided for herein(in this Contract)shall be cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.注釋：

（1）cumulative：累加的

（2）shall not be exclusive of：并不排除（3）privilege：特權（4）remedy：補救方法

（5）provided for by laws：法律規定的 參考譯文：

本合同規定的各項權利是累加的，并不排除法律規定的其它權利、權力、特權或補救方法。

例9 Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows: 注釋：

（1）Now Therefore：據此

（2）the consideration：對價。對價是對一項允諾（promise）的回報。例如，甲方允諾向乙方提供若干數量的貨物，乙方同意付給甲方一定數目的貨款，該貨款便構成甲方允諾的對價。在經過要約（offer）與承諾（acceptance）的基礎上，只有那些擁有對價的允諾才被認作合同，得到法律的保護和執行。（3）the contents herein：本協議內容 herein：in this Agreement 參考譯文：

據此，以本協議雙方相互承諾為對價，就下述內容達成一致：

例10 The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the obligations of making all payments.All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes.The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.注釋：

（1）the obligations of making all payments：支付義務（2）reimbursement：償付

（3）be free and clear of any other charges：不附帶其它費用（4）exempt from all taxes：是免稅的

（5）pay all taxes as provided for herein：承擔全部本協議規定的稅務 herein：in this Agreement 參考譯文：

借款人應按照本協議和票據完成所有支付義務。向銀行的償付應是不附帶其它費用并且是免稅的，而且銀行所收到的償付款項不含任何稅務。借款人應按本協議承擔全部本協議規定的稅務。五 hereinafter 英文釋義:later in the same Contract 中文譯詞:以下,在下文

語法:一般與referred to as, called等詞組連用，以避免重復，置于這些詞組前面，與之緊鄰。

例1：

In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注釋：

（1）in accordance with：under 根據

（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中華人民共和國中外合資經營企業法

（3）Hereinafter：以下

（4）articles of association：合營公司章程（條款）（5）hereby：特此

（6）formulate：prepare 制訂 參考譯文：

根據《中華人民共和國中外合資經營企業法》以及由

公司（以下稱甲方）與

公司（以下稱乙方）所訂的合資經營的合同，特制訂本公司章程。

例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:

(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);(4)finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies);and(5)finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).注釋：

(1)financial institution：金融機構

(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China：總行在中國境內的外國資本銀行。在中譯英時，這里的“外國資本銀行”，應理解成“外資銀行的子銀行”，英文為subsidiary banks，而不能簡單地譯成foreign banks，因為很少有一家外國銀行把自己的總部搬到國外，但在境外設立子銀行、子公司是經常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks：以下簡稱外資銀行。

(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches：以下簡稱外資銀行分行。

(5)finance company：財務公司，這里應理解為金融公司，是指在商業銀行以外的專門從事抵押放款業務的金融企業。如果中文為會計事務所，則要譯成：accounting firm(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies：以下簡稱外資財務公司

(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies：以下簡稱合資財務公司 參考譯文：

本條例所稱外資金融機構，是指依照中華人民共和國有關法律、法規的規定，經批準在中國境內設立和營業的下列金融機構：

（一）總行在中國境內的外國資本銀行（以下簡稱外資銀行）

（二）外國銀行在中國境內的分行（以下簡稱外資銀行分行）

（三）外國的金融機構同中國的金融機構在中國境內合資經營的銀行（以下簡稱合資銀行）

（四）總公司在中國境內的外國資本的財務公司（以下簡稱外資財務公司）

（五）外國的金融機構同中國的金融機構在中國境內合資經營的財務公司（以下簡稱合資財務公司）

例3 When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”)apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.注釋：

(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已設立的中外合資經營企業，即現有的中外合資經營企業(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作經營企業(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外資企業(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”：以下簡稱外商投資企業(5)shall have a record of making profits：應有盈利紀錄 參考譯文：

已設立的中外合資經營企業、中外合作經營企業，外資企業（以下稱為外商投資企業），如申請轉變為公司的，應有最近連續3年的盈利紀錄。

例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注釋：

（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：對外貿易經濟合作部（以下簡稱外經貿部）

（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外經貿部門（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直轄市

（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：計劃單列市 參考譯文：

申請設立投資公司，投資者應將下列文件經擬設立投資公司所在地的省、自治區、直轄市、計劃單列市外經貿部門審核同意后，報對外貿易經濟合作部（以下簡稱外經貿部）審查批準。

例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注釋：

（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本條例 prepare：制定（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中華人民共和國公司法》（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下簡稱《公司法》

（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：確認公司的企業法人資格（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：規范公司登記行為 參考譯文：

為了確認公司的企業法人資格，規范公司登記行為，依據《中華人民共和國公司法》（以下簡稱《公司法》），制定本條例。

例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注釋：（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：進一步擴大國際經濟合作和技術交流

（2）to absorb foreign investment：引進外資

（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促進社會主義市場經濟的發展

（4）hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下簡稱外國股東 foreign shareholders：外國股東（5）hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders：以下簡稱中國股東（6）within the territory of China：在中國境內

（7）a company limited by shares with foreign investment：外商投資股份有限公司 參考譯文：

為進一步擴大國際經濟合作和技術交流，引進外資，促進社會主義市場經濟的發展，外國的公司、企業和其他經濟組織或個人（以下簡稱外國股東），按照平等互利的原則，可與中國的公司、企業或其他經濟組織（以下簡稱中國股東）在中國境內共同舉辦外商投資股份有限公司（以下簡稱公司）。例7 In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.注釋：

（1）to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise：引進國外先進技術和管理經驗（2）to establish investment company：設立投資公司

（3）hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下簡稱投資公司

（4）the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment：中國有關外國投資的法律、法規 參考譯文：

為了促進外國投資者來華投資，引進國外先進技術和管理經驗，允許外國投資者根據中國有關外國投資的法律、法規及本規定，在中國設立投資公司（以下簡稱投資公司）。

例8 These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities(hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).注釋：

（1）these Detailed Rules：本實施細則

（2）apply（to）：vi.適用于 More Examples：The rules of safe driving apply to everyone./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./That argument does not apply in this case./The comment applies equally here.（3）the resident representative offices：常駐代表機構（4）shipping agents：貨運代理商（5）consultant company：咨詢公司（6）advertising agency：廣告公司（7）leasing company：租賃公司

（8）hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”：以下簡稱外國企業 參考譯文：

本實施細則適用于外國貿易商、制造廠商、貨運代理商、承包商、咨詢公司、廣告公司、投資公司、租賃公司和其他經濟貿易組織（以下簡稱外國企業）在中華人民共和國境內設立的常駐代表機構。

例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注釋：

（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授權的對外經濟貿易委員會

（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下簡稱審批機關 Examination-Approval Authorities：審批機關

（3）register with：辦理登記手續

（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：國家工商行政管理局

（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授權的（各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市）工商行政管理局 參考譯文：

外國企業申請在中華人民共和國境內成立常設代表機構，應經對外貿易經濟合作部或其授權的各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市對外經濟貿易委員會（廳）（以下簡稱審批機關）批準，并在中華人民共和國國家工商行政管理局或其授權的各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市工商行政管理局（以下簡稱登記機關）辦理登記手續。六 therein 英文釋義:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文譯詞:在那里；在那點上，在那方面

用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等時使用。例如表示“修補工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此處therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或機械設備”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，這里的therein表示“in the Works”。語法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。

例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.注釋：

(1)Temporary Works：臨時工程，是指為永久工程服務的工程，永久工程建成后應予以拆除。建造臨時工程的費用，按國際FIDIC合同條件規定，應由承包人負責。

(2)Defects：缺陷，表示工程施工出現的問題，即工程本身存在的問題，而不是因業主使用不當造成的。

(3)the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修補工程中任何缺陷。建造一項工程一般分成兩個階段進行，工程設計、施工、竣工為第一階段，修補工程中任何缺陷為第二階段，因此此句中的第一個and是對的，表示建造工程的兩個階段。參考譯文：

臨時工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修補工程中任何缺陷時需要或與上述工程階段有關的所有各種臨時工程，但承包人的設備除外。例2 The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 注釋：

（1）the prior consent of the Employer：業主的事先同意 注意：consent只有單數形式，表示同意（2）assign：轉讓

（3）therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract（4）otherwise than by：但下列情況除外。也可寫成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances: 參考譯文：

沒有業主的事先同意，承包人不得將合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好處進行轉讓，但下列情況除外：

例3 This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein.This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.注釋：

（1）Note：期票，即借據，票據（2）loan agreement：貸款協議

（3）be entitled to all the benefits：享有（貸款協議規定的）全部利益（4）advance payment：預付（5）default：違約

（6）in the event of default：因違約 參考譯文：

本期票是貸款協議中所指的期票，享有貸款協議規定的全部利益，是指貸款協議中規定的預付、違約及因違約提前到期的權利和義務。

例4 A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注釋：

（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人說明書（2）comply with：遵照

（3）the attachments specified therein：附錄4規定的附件 therein：in Appendix 4 參考譯文：

借款人證明書，其格式基本上應遵照附錄4規定的格式及其規定的附件。

例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注釋：（1）exemption：免征稅款（2）local authorities：地方當局

（3）any political subdivision：任何下屬政府分支機構

（4）taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方當局的稅收當局 therein：in local authorities（5）under the Contract：根據合同規定（6）shall be due：應予以征收的

（7）the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：證明上述免稅文件 in question：上述 參考譯文：

任何時候，如果由當地或其任何政府分支機構或稅收當局，對任何根據合同規定所支付費用應予以征收的稅款，不論什么性質，現在或將來，凡可以免征的，借款人應及時向代理行遞交一份證明上述免稅文件的副本。例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注釋：

（1）the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中華人民共和國外商投資企業和外國企業所得稅法。

（2）at the rates provided for therein：按稅法規定的稅率 therein：in the Tax Law 參考譯文：

在《中華人民共和國外商投資企業和外國企業所得稅法》（以下簡稱稅法）公布前已經辦理工商登記的外商投資企業，該企業應按稅法規定的稅率繳納所得稅。

例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.注釋：

（1）the Borrower：借款人

（2）to make the borrowings：借貸資金（3）to execute and deliver the Note：簽署票據

（4）to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein：承擔由此產生的義務 therein：in the Note（5）all the actions in question：上述全部行為（6）legal person：法人 參考譯文：

借款人有充分的權力訂立本協議，借貸資金、簽署票據并承擔由此而產生的義務，上述全部行為均應經法人適當和必需的授權。

例8 The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition.Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.注釋：

（1）leasee：承租人（2）keep the commodity in good condition：維持商品的良好狀況（3）provided that：除非，表示進一步規定（4）leasor：出租人

（5）to lodge claims against the Leasor：向出租人提出賠償

（6）any losses occurred therein：因此所遭受的損失 therein：in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出現的故障 參考譯文：

承租人必須自負費用維持商品的良好狀況；除非由出租人對商品的故障負責，承租人則有權向出租人提出賠償因之所遭受的損失。

例9 When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons(drawers)by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or data content thereof.If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ or services referred to in the credit, banks will accept such documents as presented.注釋：

（1）documents：shipping documents貨運單據（2）transport documents：運輸單據

（3）insurance documents：insurance policies保險單據（4）commercial invoice：商業發票（5）the credit：the letter of credit 信用證（6）drawer：出單人

（7）the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辭（8）data content thereof：data content of the documents 項目內容（9）referred to in the credit：信用證中所述的 參考譯文：

當信用證要求運輸單據、保險單據和商業發票以外的單據時，信用證應規定該單據的出單人及其措辭或項目內容。如信用證雖無此規定，但提交的單據的項目內容可能證實與信用證中所述的貨物及/或服務有關聯，則銀行將予接受。

例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注釋：

（1）loss or damage：損失與損壞 注：loss與damage同義，同義詞連用是合同文件語言特點之一。（2）any part thereof：any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分 thereof：of the Works（3）for incorporation therein：used in the Works 用于工程中的 for incorporation in：used in 應譯成“用于（工程）中”，而不能譯成“進入工程” therein：in the Works 工程中（4）at one’s own cost：自費（5）rectify：彌補，糾正

（6）Permanent Works：永久工程

（7）to the satisfaction of the Engineer：達到工程師滿意的程度 參考譯文：

在承包人負責照管工程期間，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的設備，除第20.4款所規定的風險外，不管由于任何原因而遭受損失或損壞，承包人應自費彌補此類損失或損壞，以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的規定，并達到工程師滿意的程度。七.thereof 英文釋義: of that, of it 中文譯詞:由此,其

用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的……”時，為避免重復，可使用該詞，比如表示“合同條件、條款”時，可譯為“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此處的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可譯為“any parts thereof”，這里的thereof表示“of the Works”。語法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。

例1：

When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery, the Buyer in question shall give the Seller the notice thereof.注釋：

（1）be entitled to determine：有權確定

（2）the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery：提取貨物的時間和/或地點

（3）the notice thereof：有關這方面的通知 thereof：of the above-mentioned matters, that is, the time and the place of taking delivery.參考譯文：

買方有權確定在規定期限內提取貨物的時間和/或地點時，應給賣方有關這方面的通知。

例2 The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid shall, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law, be implemented.Provided that if the State Council is authorized by the law to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations, the provisions in question shall be implemented and complied with.注釋：

（1）the collection of tax：稅收的開征

（2）the cessation thereof：稅收的停征 thereof：of tax（3）the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid：減稅、免稅、退稅、補稅（4）the State Council：國務院

（5）to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations：制定的行政法規規定 prepare：制定 參考譯文：

稅收的開征、停征以及減稅、免稅、退稅、補稅，依照法律的規定執行；法律授權國務院規定的，依照國務院制定的行政法規的規定執行。

例3 The Party applying for arbitration shall submit to an arbitration commission the arbitration agreement, the application for arbitration and the copies thereof.注釋：

（1）the Party applying for arbitration：當事人申請仲裁（是指申請仲裁的當事人）（2）arbitration commission：仲裁委員會（3）arbitration agreement：仲裁協議（4）application for arbitration：仲裁申請書

（5）the copies thereof：the copies of the application for arbitration 仲裁申請書副本 參考譯文：

當事人申請仲裁，應當向仲裁委員會遞交仲裁協議、仲裁申請書及副本。

例4 “Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.注釋：

（1）Tests on Completion：竣工檢驗（2）otherwise agreed：另行商定

（3）Employer takes over the Works：業主接收工程

（4）any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、區段 thereof：of the Works 參考譯文：

竣工檢驗指合同規定的或由工程師與承包人另行商定的檢驗。這些檢驗是由承包人在業主接收工程或工程任何部分、區段之前進行的。

例5 The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest(or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest(or to take other legal process in lieu thereof)when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.注釋：

（1）the collection order：托收指示（2）the protest：拒絕證書

（3）in lieu thereof：代替拒絕證書 thereof：of the protest（4）non-acceptance or non-payment：拒絕承兌或拒絕付款（5）the banks concerned with the collection：與托收有關的各銀行

（6）experience non-acceptance and non-payment：遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款（7）the principal：委托人 參考譯文：

托收指示應對于在遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款時，是否需要作出拒絕證書（或采取其它替代法律手續）給予特別指示。如無此項特別指示，與托收有關的各銀行在遭到拒絕付款或拒絕承兌時，并無義務作出拒絕證書（或采取其它替代法律手續）。

銀行由于作出拒絕證書或采取其它法律手續而發生的手續費或費用概由委托人負擔。例6 If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.注釋:（1）makes the specification：訂明規格

（2）the details thereof：the details of the specification規格的細節（3）the communication in question：該通知（4）shall be binding：應具有約束力 參考譯文：

如果賣方自己制訂規格，他必須將所制訂的規格的細節通知買方，而且必須規定一段合理時間，讓買方可以在該段時間內制訂出不同的規格。如果買方在收到該通知后沒有在該段時間內這樣做，則賣方所訂的規格應具有約束力。

例7 This Law shall apply to limited liability companies with foreign investment.Unless otherwise specified by the laws on Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprises, Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, the provisions thereof shall apply to them.注釋：

（1）apply to(sb.)：適用

（2）limited liability companies with foreign investment：外商投資的有限責任公司（3）Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprise：中外合資經營企業（4）Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprise：中外合作經營企業（5）wholly foreign-owned enterprise：外資企業 參考譯文：

外商投資的有限責任公司適用本法，有關中外合資經營企業、中外合作經營企業、外資企業的法律另有規定的，適用其規定。

例8 “Time for Completion” means such time for completing the execution of the Works and passing the Tests on Completion of the Works or any Section or part thereof as is specified in the Contract from the Commencement Date.注釋：

（1）time for completion：竣工時間（2）the execution of the Works：施工

（3）any Section or part thereof：工程的任何部分或區段，thereof：of the Works 參考譯文：

竣工時間是指合同規定從工程開工日期算起到工程或其任何部分或區段施工結束并且通過竣工檢驗的時間。

例9 The Employer shall, prior to the submission by the Contractor of the Tender, have made available to the Contractor, such data on hydrological and subsurface conditions as have been obtained by the Employer or the Representative on behalf of the Employer from the investigations into the Works provided that the Contractor shall be responsible for his own interpretation thereof.注釋：

（1）make available to the Contractor….：向承包人提供……（2）data on hydrological and subsurface conditions：水文地質資料

（3）his own interpretation thereof：自己對上述資料的解釋 thereof：of the data 參考譯文：

在承包人提交投標書之前，業主應向承包人提供由業主或業主代表根據對該項工程的勘察所取得的水文地質資料，但是承包人應對他自己對上述資料的解釋負責。

例10 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.注釋：

（1）this Agreement is terminated：本協議終止（2）transparency：圖片（3）specifications：規格

（4）any other manufacturing or engineering information：其它全部生產和操作資料（5）the said Licensed Products：上述許可證產品 參考譯文：

如本協議因任何理由而終止，所有由甲方提供的圖紙、圖片、規格以及其它全部生產和操作資料，包括全部復制品，均返還甲方，同時，乙方應停止生產上述許可證產品、或部件、或零件 八.thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder

1)thereafter: after that此后；之后 2）thereto: to that 隨附；附之 3）therewith: with that 與此；與之 4）therefor: for that 因之；為此 5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照

用法: 本節提及的各詞，其用法與上面七節談及的一樣，主要強調的是“that”。如果強調的是“this”，則要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。語法：緊接所修飾詞之后。

例1：

The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction.The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.注釋：

（1）

decision and award of the arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決（2）

the judgment：司法判決

（3）

any court having jurisdiction：有管轄權的法院 jurisdiction：管轄權（4）

the parties thereto：合同雙方 thereto：to the Contract（5）

in good faith：以良好誠信的態度

參考譯文：

仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決是終局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管轄權的法院對此作出司法判決。雙方須以良好誠信的態度遵守仲裁庭的決定。例2：

“Patented Technology” means such letters patent, and application therefore as are presently owned or acquired in the future by Party B and /or as Party B has or may have the right to control or grant license thereof during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products.注釋：

（1）

patented technology：專利技術（2）

letters patent：專利證，專利（3）

application therefore：專利申請（4）

grant license thereof：許可轉讓

（5）

during the effective period of this Contract：本合同有效期間

（6）

are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products：適用于或可能適用于制造本合同產品

參考譯文：

“專利技術”，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來獲得的和/或有權或可能有權控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國家許可轉讓的，適用于或可能適用于制造本合同產品的專利和專利申請。

例3：

“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.注釋：

（1）

Contract Products：合同產品

（2）

Appendix 2 to this Contract：本合同附件2（3）

together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto：及其改進發展的產品 thereof：of the Contract Products；thereto：to the Contract Products

參考譯文：

“合同產品”，系指本合同附件2中規定的產品及其改進發展的產品。

例4：

“Specifications” means the specifications of the Works included in the Contract and such any modification thereof or addition thereto as are made under Clause 95 or as are submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.注釋：

（1）

specifications：規范

（2）any modification thereof or addition thereto：對規范的任何修改或增補 thereof：of the Specifications；thereto：to the Specifications（3）

under Clause 95：根據第95條規定

參考譯文：

規范是指合同中包括的工程規范，以及根據第95條規定的或由承包商提出并經工程師批準的對規范的任何修改或增補。例5：

The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.注釋：

（1）

the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷責任證書

（2）

the expiration of the Defects Liability Period： 缺陷責任期終止

（3）

different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works：不同的缺陷責任期適用永久工程的不同區段或部分（4）

any works instructed：任何按指示進行的工程

參考譯文：工程的缺陷責任證書應由工程師在缺陷責任期終止后28天內頒發，或者，如果不同的缺陷責任期適用永久工程的不同區段或部分時，則在最后一個缺陷責任期終止或根據第82條，在任何按指示進行的工程已完成并達到工程師滿意之后盡快簽發。

例6：

The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent(0.5%)per annum on the Total Loan Commitment.The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract(inclusive)to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date(but excluding the day in question).The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.注釋：

（1）

commitment fee：承諾費，承擔費。貸款協議簽定生效后，如借款人沒有按期使用貸款，需向貸款人支付一定金額的補償費用——承諾費或承擔費。通常在貸款協議中確定一個承諾期。承諾期分為前后兩期，前期不收承諾費，后期計收承諾費。如果在前段承諾期已使用全部承諾期金額，則不收承諾費。如果在前段承諾期未使用全部承諾期金額，其余額在后段承諾期使用，則計收承諾費。（2）

the Disbursement Date：貸款發放日（3）

the Termination Date：貸款終止日

（4）

from the date in the third month thereafter：從其后第3個月的該日 thereafter：after the Termination Date

參考譯文：

借款人每年應支付銀行貸款承諾總額0.5%的承諾費。支付時間從簽訂合同之日起（包括該日在內），到貸款發放日和終止日中較早之日（但不包括該日在內）為止，從其后第3個月的該日起開始按季支付至發放日與終止日中較早之日。

例7：

If one or more of the following events of default(hereinafter called “Event of Default”)occurs or occur or continues or continue, the Agent and the Bank shall be entitled to the remedies specified in Sub-Clause 11.2 of the Agreement.(a)The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable.注釋：

（1）

events of default：違約事件（2）

continues or continue：正在繼續（3）

the remedies：補救方法

（4）

fail to pay any amount payable thereunder：未能支付根據該協議規定應付的款項 thereunder：under the Contract

參考譯文：

如果發生下列一種或一種以上違約事件（以下稱違約事件），或該違約事件正在繼續，代理行以及各行應行使第11.2款規定的救濟方法。

（1）借款人未能支付根據該協議規定到期應付的款項。九.whereas

釋義: considering that, 鑒于，就......而論（法律用語）

用法: 常用于合同協議書的開頭段落中，以引出合同雙方要訂立合同的理由或依據。語法：緊接于要修飾詞之前，常位于句首。

例1：

Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology;Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology：將專利技術的合同產品的使用權、制造權和銷售權授予甲方

（3）

the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract：雙方授權代表（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows：就以下條款

參考譯文：

鑒于乙方有權并同意將專利技術的合同產品的使用權、制造權和銷售權授予甲方；

鑒于甲方希望利用乙方的專利技術制造并銷售合同的產品；雙方授權代表經友好協商，同意就以下條款簽訂本合同：

例2：

Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋：（1）

proprietary technical information：專有技術信息

（2）

designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data：設計、技術、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料

（3）

the right and licence：許可權利（4）

technical assistance：技術協助（5）

trademarks：商標

參考譯文：

鑒于甲方擁有合同產品的生產及銷售所涉及的技術信息，包括設計、技術、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料的專有權； 鑒于乙方以生產、使用和銷售合同產品為目的，希望獲得使用上述協助的許可權利； 鑒于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商標； 雙方茲就下列內容達成一致：

例3：

Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

severally but not jointly：分別但不連帶地（3）

an aggregate amount：總額

（4）

the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：當事人協議如下

參考譯文：

鑒于借款人提出從銀行借款，各銀行分別但不連帶地向借款人貸款，總額為$50,000,000（5000萬美元），當事人協議如下：

例4：

Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于（2）

a term loan：定期貸款（3）

the principal amount：本金

（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement：根據本協議規定的條件和款項（5）

in consideration of the mutual promises：以雙方相互承諾為對價 consideration：對價

參考譯文： 鑒于借款人根據本協議規定的條件和款項，已向銀行要求向借款人提供一筆本金為100萬美元（US$ 1,000,000）的定期貸款；

鑒于銀行根據本協議規定的條件和款項，已準備向借款人提供此項定期貸款； 據此，以雙方相互承諾為對價，就下述內容達成一致。

例5：

Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China(hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”).The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit：按照平等互利的原則（3）

through friendly consultation：通過友好協商（4）

joint venture company：合資經營公司（5）

hereinafter referred as：以下稱

參考譯文：

鑒于甲方與乙方按照平等互利的原則，經過友好協商，決定共同投資在中國建立合資經營公司（以下稱“合資企業”），為此達成如下合同。九.whereas

釋義: considering that, 鑒于，就......而論（法律用語）

用法: 常用于合同協議書的開頭段落中，以引出合同雙方要訂立合同的理由或依據。語法：緊接于要修飾詞之前，常位于句首。

例1：

Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology;Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology：將專利技術的合同產品的使用權、制造權和銷售權授予甲方

（3）

the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract：雙方授權代表（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows：就以下條款

參考譯文：

鑒于乙方有權并同意將專利技術的合同產品的使用權、制造權和銷售權授予甲方；

鑒于甲方希望利用乙方的專利技術制造并銷售合同的產品；雙方授權代表經友好協商，同意就以下條款簽訂本合同： 例2：

Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

proprietary technical information：專有技術信息

（2）

designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data：設計、技術、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料

（3）

the right and licence：許可權利（4）

technical assistance：技術協助（5）

trademarks：商標

參考譯文：

鑒于甲方擁有合同產品的生產及銷售所涉及的技術信息，包括設計、技術、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料的專有權； 鑒于乙方以生產、使用和銷售合同產品為目的，希望獲得使用上述協助的許可權利； 鑒于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商標； 雙方茲就下列內容達成一致：

例3：

Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

severally but not jointly：分別但不連帶地（3）

an aggregate amount：總額

（4）

the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：當事人協議如下

參考譯文：

鑒于借款人提出從銀行借款，各銀行分別但不連帶地向借款人貸款，總額為$50,000,000（5000萬美元），當事人協議如下：

例4：

Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于（2）

a term loan：定期貸款（3）

the principal amount：本金

（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement：根據本協議規定的條件和款項（5）

in consideration of the mutual promises：以雙方相互承諾為對價 consideration：對價

參考譯文：

鑒于借款人根據本協議規定的條件和款項，已向銀行要求向借款人提供一筆本金為100萬美元（US$ 1,000,000）的定期貸款；

鑒于銀行根據本協議規定的條件和款項，已準備向借款人提供此項定期貸款； 據此，以雙方相互承諾為對價，就下述內容達成一致。

例5：

Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China(hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”).The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit：按照平等互利的原則（3）

through friendly consultation：通過友好協商（4）

joint venture company：合資經營公司（5）

hereinafter referred as：以下稱

參考譯文：

鑒于甲方與乙方按照平等互利的原則，經過友好協商，決定共同投資在中國建立合資經營公司（以下稱“合資企業”），為此達成如下合同。

第二篇：英文合同翻譯[范文]

? We have instructed our bank to open an irrevocable documentary letter of credit in your favor(in favor of you).The amount is ＄1300.00.? 我們已通知我方銀行開立以你方為受益人的、不可撤銷的跟單信用證，其金額為一千三百美金。

? Subject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under subsection(5).? 根據本條規定，上訴應該根據第（5）款訂立的規則規定的方式提出，并需受該規則所規定的條件限制。

? Where a standard term is subject to two or more interpretation, it shall be interpreted against the party providing it.Where a discrepancy exists between the standard term and a non-standard term, the non-standard term prevails.? 對格式條款有兩種以上解釋的，應當作出不利于提供格式條款一方的解釋。格式條款和非格式條款不一致的，應當采用非格式條款。

? In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, “state” means a territory or group of territories having its/their own law of nationality.? 在本條例中，除非上下文另有規定，“國家”只擁有自身的國籍法的一領域或一組領域。

? Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.? 除非本合同另有規定，所有通知和請求以航空掛號信寄出后8日應視為送達收悉，以電傳方式發出則在發送時視為收悉。

? Without prejudice to section 24, the following will shall be treated as properly executed.? 在不影響第24條的原則下，以下遺囑視為正式簽署。

? The party A shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in party or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Party A’s right to claim compensations.? 甲方取消部分或全部合同的權利并不妨礙其享有的索賠權。

? where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is next paid his wages after that period,? 如果雇員被給予任何一段期間的年假，則雇主最遲須于該段期間后的第一個發薪日給付該雇員該段時間的年假薪酬。

? Should the Party B make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Provision 18 to this contract, the Party A shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Party B agrees to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.? 如果乙方并非因本合同第18條規定的不可抗力而未按照合同規定的期限交貨，則只要乙方同意支付罰金，并由付款行從議付中扣除，甲方便同意乙方延期交貨。

? Any person who is an employee at the commencement of the period during which the business or party thereof is closed down for the purpose specified in subsection(1), and who is not otherwise entitled to annual leave pay in

respect of any day during that period, shall , as regards the period beginning on the appropriate day and ending on the day preceding the first day of the close down, be entitled to annual leave calculated in accordance with subsection(1).? 任何因第（1）款所指明目的而停業或部分停業期間開始時已經成為雇員之人，若非因該次停業而無權獲得該段期間內任何一天的年假薪酬，則就始于適用日而止于停業首日之前一日之期間，應有權享有按照第四款計算的年假。

? For the purpose of this agreement, “control” shall mean either the ownership of fifty-one percent or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meeting or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company.? 就本協議而言，“控制”系指擁有在股東大會上有投票權的百分之五十一或以上的公司普通股股本，或擁有任命公司董事會中多數董事的權利。

? provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the party A after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or breach of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holdin over or otherwise.A new tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the party A and the Party B.? 但是甲方在本下一所產生的租賃關系期滿后獲得的租金或中間收益的行為，不得被認為構成棄權或是對本協議的違反，亦不得認為構成了一個新的租賃期限或其他任何解釋，新的租賃關系的產生只能以甲方和乙方以書面形式訂立的形式為之一。

? this agreement commences on the date last party signs it and expires after …years, unless it is terminated earlier as provided in this agreement.At the expiration of this agreement, the parties may negotiate a renewal or extension of the term, provided that the Party B is in full compliance with this agreement at that time.? 除本協議另有規定外，本協議自最后在其上簽字的一方簽字時生效并于…年后失效。在本協議失效之際，合同當事人可以協商延長合同期限，但是乙方在彼時應完全符合本協議的要求。

? The contract is effective as of a certain date.? 本合同自某年某月某日起生效。

? In case no settlement can be reached, the dispute shall be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic and Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.? 如未達成和解方案，則糾紛應當提交給中國國際貿易仲裁委員會，根據該會頒布的仲裁程序暫行規定進行仲裁。

? To give notice pursuant to this agreement, a party must send written notice to the other party at the address stated in this agreement.? 根據本協議給予通知，乙方必須向本協議中規定的另一方地址發送書面通知。

? Each party shall contribute his paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the schedule to the contract.? 合同各方應根據本合同附件中所載明的項目進行出資。

? All intellectual property rights associated with the goods-including but not limited to company names, trade

names, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, patents, designs, and copyrights-remain the property of the Party B, provided that any such rights associated with particular specifications supplied by the Party A are not the Party B’s property.? 與貨物相關的所有知識產權，包括但不限于公司名稱、商業名稱，商標，服務標記，商業外觀，專利，設計，著作權，均屬于乙方財產，但是甲方提出的任何與特別規定相關的權利不屬于乙方財產。

? Where the obligee does not notify the obligor its division, consolidation or change of domicile so as to make it difficult for the obligor to perform the obligations, the obligor has right to perform or have the subject matter deposited.? 債權人分立、合并或者變更住所沒有通知債務人，致使履行債務發生困難的，債務人可以中止履行或者將標的物提存。

? The party A is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the goods at the(party B’s place of business or point of shipping)

? 在（乙方營業地或運輸地）甲方有權自行或委托其代理人檢驗貨物。

? Should the Party A be unable to arrange insurance in time owing to the Party B’s failure to give the above-mentioned advice of shipment by cable or telex, the Party B shall be held responsible for any and all damages and/or losses attributable to such failure.? 如果甲方不能及時安排買保險的原因是乙方未能以電報或電傳方式發出上述裝運通知，則由此產生的損失和損害賠償責任應由乙方承擔。

? In view of the personal nature of the service to be performed under this agreement by you, you cannot assign or transfer any of your obligations under this agreement.? 因為本協議中待貴方履行的服務有人身性質，貴方不能轉讓本協議中自己的任何任務。

? The purpose of the contract can not be realized by virtue of force majeure.? 因不可抗力致使不能實現合同目的.? Brokers in the business of brokering real estate loans and engages sales representative to perform services pertaining to such business.? 經紀人是指，在房地產貸款經濟業務中聘用銷售代表進行與該業務相關的服務的人。

? Neither party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests hereunder without the other party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld.? 任何一方未經事先書面同意，不得轉讓本協議或其在本協議項下的任何權利和權益，但該另一方不得無理拒絕同意。

? The party A shall promptly notify the party A, in writing, of any acts of infringement or suspected infringement or acts of unfair competition involving the trademarks and of any applications or registrations of confusingly similar marks which may come to its attention.? 一旦被許可方獲悉涉及商標的侵權行為或涉嫌的侵權行為，或涉及商標的不正當競爭行為，以及引起混淆的類似商標的申請和注冊，被許可方應立即書面通知許可方。

? Party A is a company duly organized, validly existing and in good standing as a legal person under the laws of

the PRC.? 甲方是依據中國法律正式成立，有效存續和資格完備的公司法人。

? In the event of bankruptcy, insolvency, dissolution, modification, consolidation ,receivership proceedings affecting the operation of business or discontinuation of business for any reason and/or reorganization by the third party, either of the parties hereto shall have the absolute right to terminate this agreement forthwith.? 如遇破產、無力償債、解散、變更、合并、接管清算程序而影響經營，或因任何原因不能繼續經營，或由第三方改組時合同的任何一方有絕對權力立即終止本合同。

? Unless otherwise specified in the credit, banks will accept transport documents indicating the third party other than the beneficiary of the credit as the consignor of the goods.? 除非信用證另有規定，銀行將接受表明以信用證受益人以外的第三者作為發貨人的運輸單據。

? A wholly state-owned company shall establish a board of directors.The board shall, in accordance with the provisions of Article 46 and Article 66 of this Law, exercise and perform its duties.The term of office of the board of directors shall be three years.? 國有獨資公司設立的董事會，依照本法第四十六條，第六十六條規定履行職責。董事會每屆任期為三年。

? When, under the laws and approval from the relevant authorities, a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares, the total amount which shares are converted into shall be equivalent to the amount of the company's net assets.? 有限責任公司變更為股份有限公司時，折合的股份總額應當相等于公司凈資產額。

? Bank charges1 in respect of transfers are payable by the first beneficiary2 unless otherwise specified by the bank.The transferring bank3 shall have no obligations to effect the transfer4 until such charges are paid4.? 除非銀行另有規定，有關轉讓的銀行費用應由第一受益人支付。在該費用付清之前，轉讓行無辦理轉讓的義務

? Either Party hereto1 may terminate this Agreement in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party2.? 本協議任何一方可以在對方破產或資不抵債的情況下終止本協議。

? instructions given by the Engineer shall be in writing.provided that if, for any reason, the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally1,the Contractor shall comply with such instruction.? 工程師應以書面形式發出指示。若工程師認為由于某種原因有必要以口頭形式發出任何此類指示，承包人應遵守該指示。

? provided that if, for any reason, the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally:(但規定)若工程師認為由于某種原因有必要以口頭形式發出任何此類指示。

? In the absence of such indication1, the Credit shall be deemed to be recocable2.? 如無該項表示，信用證應視作是可撤銷的。

? The arbitration shall take place in Stockholm, Sweden, and shall be conducted by the arbitration tribunal of the

Stockholm Chamber of Commerce in accordance withthe statues of the tribunal in question.? the statues of the tribunal in question.該院的章程。

? 仲裁地點在瑞典斯德哥爾摩，由斯德哥爾摩商會仲裁院根據該院的章程進行仲裁。

? A price to be paid by the Party Aunder its obligations of the buyback/counter purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.? 甲方根據返銷或者回購貨物合同的義務所支付的價格應為世界市場價格，結合考慮該貨物的其他交貨條件。

? In case the money to be paid by Party B is not enough to cover the value of the long-term L/C opened by Party A1, the margin payment2 shall be made by Party B with the down payment 3 before the long-term L/C expires, in order to enable Party A to pay the long-term L/C on time.? 如乙方支付的貨款不能相抵甲方所開的遠期信用證之金額，其差額部分由乙方用預付款方式，在甲方所開的遠期信用證到期前匯付甲方，以使甲方能按時議付遠期信用證。

? Party A shall not, under this guarantee1, be liable for any direct or indirect loss2 whatsoever arising out of any defect in the parts or components thereof.? 根據本擔保，甲方不應承擔因零部件缺陷而引起的任何直接或間接損失的賠償責任。

? In Testimony Whereof 1, this Contract shall come into effect after the Contract in question is made and signed by the Parties hereto in duplicate, and either Party will hold one copy.? 本合同由雙方代表簽字后生效，一式兩份，雙方各執一份。特此立據。

? The undersigned Seller and Buyer1 have agreed to close the following transaction 2 in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:

? 茲經簽約的買賣雙方同意，按下列條款，達成這筆交易。

? And Whereas we have agreed to give the Contractor such Bank Guarantee;NOW Therefore we hereby affirm1 that we are the Guarantor2 and responsible to you, on behalf of the Contractor, up to a total of(amount of guarantee)(in words3), such sum being payable in types and proportions of currencies4 in which the Contract is payable, and we undertake to pay you, upon your first written demand and without cavil orargument5, any sum or sums within the limits of(amount of guarantee)as aforesaid 6without your needing to prove or to show grounds or reasons7 for your demand for the sum specified therein。

? 本銀行（或金融機構）已同意為承包人出具保證函，我們因此同意作為保證人，并代表承包人以支付合同價款所規定的貨幣種類和比例，向你方擔保總額為（大寫）的保證金。銀行在收到業主第一次書面付款要求后，不挑剔，不爭辯地，在上述擔保金范圍內，即向你方支付（保證金額）。你方無須出具證明或陳述提款理由。

? All disputes in connection with the execution of this Contract shall be settled friendly through negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached，the case then may be submitted for arbitration to the Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade(CCPIT)in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.the Arbitration committee shall be final and binding upon both parties.and the Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing parties.凡有關執行合同所發生的一切爭議應通過友好協商解決，如協商不能解決，則將分歧提交中國國際貿易促進委員會按有關仲裁程序進行仲裁，仲裁將是終局的，雙方均受其約束，仲裁費用由敗訴方承擔。

第三篇：英文合同翻譯

合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的語言應體現其權威性.英文合同用語的特點之一就表現在用詞上,即選擇那些法律用詞,以及正式用詞,使合同表達的意思準確無誤,達到雙方對合同中使用的詞無可爭議的程度。

例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文:

業主特此立約保證在合同規定的期限內,按合同規定的方式向承包人支付合同價,或合同規定的其它應支付的款項,以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補工程中缺陷的報酬。

例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.參考譯文：

特此證明，據我們所知，上述聲明內容真實，正確無誤，并提供了全部現有的資料和數據，我們同意，應貴方要求出具證明文件。

例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party

A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.參考譯文：本合同雙方，公司（以下稱甲方）與 公司（以下稱乙方），在平等互利基礎上，通過友好協商，于 年 月 日在中國（地點），特簽訂本合同。

例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).參考譯文：本協議特由中國 公司（以下簡稱甲方）與 公司（以下簡稱乙方）于 年 月 日訂立。

例5

Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.參考譯文：

不論港口習慣是否與本款規定相反，貨方都應晝夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承運人需要），無間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對違反本款規定所引起的所有損失或損壞，包括滯期應負擔賠償責任。

第四篇：淺論英文合同的翻譯和審核

淺論英文合同的審核

英美律師起草的合同無不深深地刻著英美法系私法原理的烙印，即高度私法自治和遵循先例。所表現出來的突出特點就是大多數英文合同篇幅長、慣用冗長句子和法言法語，但邏輯嚴密并且規律性很強。

一個大項目的英文合同往往都是鴻篇巨制，篇幅達幾百頁。英美國家實行判例法，大陸法系實行成文法，成文法相對于判例法的重要區別就是比較穩定，而且合同很多內容法律都有直接規定，雙方對于法律已經有規定的部分就無須在合同中作進一步的約定。但英美國家推行判例法，推行高度私法自治，成文法大多僅作為參考，不具有強制適用的性質，因此，合同方在訂立合同的過程中享有高度訂約自由，合同各方可以就任何問題按照自己的意愿作出自己認為合適的約定。訂約自由是一項至高的原則，合同條文、文字所直接反映出來的當事人的意愿，法官不得輕易否決，必須予以最大限度的尊重。由于合同文字是法官解釋合同文件、探悉合同當事人意愿的唯一依據，故合同各方都力求使合同結構完整、語義嚴密明確。為使語義嚴密明確，他們在合同中進行大量的定義，大量使用限定詞、定語從句、狀語從句，避免使用省略句，也盡量不使用有可能引起指代不明的代詞。因此，對于同一個項目合同，按照英美法草擬的合同篇幅常常比按照大陸法草擬的合同篇幅長很多。

其實，英文合同最重要的特點是其嚴密的邏輯性和很強的規律性。盡管英美法系國家主張私法高度意思自治，但是在草擬合同過程中，過多地偏離先例，除非有非常高水平的律師，否則很難說合同能夠嚴密明確，保證沒有任何爭議。即使能夠找到這樣的律師，但為此而付出的律師成本和風險成本太高。因此，一般情況下，絕大多數合同還是選擇遵從先例，盡量采用先前法官所認可的語言和邏輯結構，這樣，合同專業詞匯和邏輯結構經過千百年的積累逐漸固定下來，形成了很強的規律性。

由于合同的結構和使用的語言都比較固定，因此合同中每一部分法律風險位于何處，主文條款隱藏哪些主要風險，也都相對比較固定。換句話說，合同風險所處的位置也有很多規律可循。這就為我們分析英文合同提供了可能。

下面就英文合同一些比較關鍵的部分的審核進行論述，以期在較短的時間內就手頭的合同能有大概的印象并提出一些較為中肯的建議。

一、標題的審核

一份完整的英文合同通常分為“標題”、“序言”、“主文條款”和“結尾”四大部分。標題顯示合同性質，有兩個方面的作用，及表明合同的性質和為以后查詢提供方便。英文合同和中文合同一樣，不必設定標題，當事人間的法律關系和權利義務主要依靠合同各個條款來判斷，標題基本上不會產生影響。但是，如果使用了標題，在閱讀、分析的時候就要注意：標題部分是否用了subject（視?而定）、draft（草案）、Discussion Draft（討論稿）、Draft for Internal Circulation（內部稿）、Draft amended（修訂稿）等內容。如果標題部分出現subject to contract就表明合同方不打算使該合同生效，還需要進一步簽訂合同。這樣，即使在這個標有“Subject to contract ”的合同上已經簽字，也可能置合同效力于不確定中。類似的措辭還包括subject to contract, subject to detail, subject to management approval, subject to credit, indicative terms等。因此，如果合同方確實希望該簽署的合同生效，就得將這些subject或draft去掉。

二、爭議的解決

在英文合同中，仲裁是最常見的爭議解決方式。合同各方往往在合同簽署時在合同中約定或在爭議發生后通過簽訂仲裁協議等類似文件來約定采取仲裁方式解決爭議。由于爭議發生后，各方想要達成一致意見比較困難，因此，合同方主要還是采取在簽署合同的時候在合同中約定仲裁條款，一旦爭議出現，合同方便可根據仲裁條款向仲裁庭申請仲裁。

仲裁分為機構仲裁（Institutional Arbitration）和特別仲裁（ad hoc Arbitration）。基本上世界上承認仲裁的國家都承認機構仲裁，但對特別仲裁，則存在不同態度。比如，中國內地就要求必須采用機構仲裁，不適用特別仲裁。中國對其境內特別仲裁裁決結果不予認可，但對在國外采用特別仲裁方式所得的裁決結果還是認可的。因此，在閱讀英文合同過程中，如果發現特別仲裁，應確認仲裁所適用的法律所在地國（地區）承認特別仲裁。由于各國對仲裁條款所適用的法律和整個合同所適用的法律是否必須一致存在不同意見，還需明確該仲裁條款究竟適用什么法律。但也可以在爭議解決條款部分直接說明本爭議解決適用的法律，只是在實際操作中比較少見。

目前，國際上比較知名的仲裁機構主要有以下幾個：

①國際商會仲裁院（ICC），成立于1923年，隸屬于國際商會。

②瑞典斯德哥爾摩商會仲裁院（Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce）,它成立于1917年，隸屬于斯德哥爾摩商會。斯德哥爾摩商會仲裁院沒有仲裁員名冊，仲裁雙方可以聘請全世界任何地方、具有相當公正，有一定知識程度的人員。它沒有官方固定的組織機構，只設一個秘書處，管理受案，分發郵件；它沒有固定的書記員，每個案件是臨時從律師事務所聘請有經驗的律師擔任書記員。

③美國仲裁協會（AAA），總部設在紐約，由美國公開社團、美國基金會和一些美國工商團體組成。

④香港國際仲裁中心（HKIAC），是按照香港的公司法注冊登記的、具有公司性質的民間機構。

⑤英國倫敦國際仲裁院（LCIA），成立于1892年，它是由倫敦市政府、英國女王推舉的仲裁員協會和倫敦工商會組成，主要管理人員由仲裁員協會進行管理。

⑥中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會（CIETAC），成立于1956年，在涉外仲裁中發展很快，每年裁決案件量居亞洲之首。

目前，仲裁已經作為ADR（替代性糾紛解決方式）的主要途徑，這尤其體現在國際商事合同中。因為，不管訴訟還是仲裁，最后的執行才是關鍵。由于法院的判決在境外執行一般需要判決地國與執行地國簽有司法協助條約或者有共同確認的互惠原則，很多國家都沒有類似的司法協助和/或互惠原則，例如，美國就沒有和世界上任何一個國家簽訂相互承認判決的協議或者加入類似的國際條約，因此，在爭議解決過程中很容易導致二次訴訟，即在一國通過訴訟拿到判決，再到另一國申請執行，無形中加大了爭議解決的成本；但仲裁裁決則不一樣，《紐約條約》（New York Convention）的簽字國已達137個，中國和美國都是簽字國。因此，在他國仲裁裁決結果也可以在中國得到有效執行。但因各國往往把司法看作自己主權的象征之一，因此，對于外國的判決的承認則困難重重。當然，在中國境內仲裁裁決結果到外國執行也比中國法院到外國執行容易很多。因此，從便利執行角度考慮，在國際商事交易中，約定仲裁對中國公司來說無疑是最佳選擇。

盡管仲裁解決爭議方式有上述優點，但仲裁有一個先天不足的致命弱點，即仲裁在財產保全方面幾乎無能為力；而且國外仲裁庭的禁令或者禁訴令，中國法院很難執行。

在對仲裁和訴訟的地點進行選擇時，主要應注意仲裁后或者訴訟判決后執行方面的風險和爭議解決過程中的成本。比如，如果選擇訴訟解決，美國就不是一個理想的訴訟解決地。因為美國幾乎沒有和別國簽訂相互承認判決的協議或者加入類似的國際條約，執行判決結果很難，已如前述。另外，美國的司法成本很高，律師收費相對較高。當然，如果因為合同的性質，不得不約定在美國的某個地方解決爭議，則最好在合同中約定仲裁，便于執行。

三、適用法律

適用法律約定對合同各方關系重大，如果適用外國法，合同中所表述的有些術語可能和中國法中的某些術語不一致。比如，英國法中的不當得利和中國法中的不當得利就存在較大的差別，德國法中的合伙和中國法中的合伙也不一樣。適用的法律不同，合同訴訟時效也不一樣，如英國一般是6年，而我國一般是兩年；同時，如果適用英國法，可能會涉及對價（consideration），合同是否有效，合同生效后所作變更，和解協議等是否有效，都與對價息息相關。總之，適用法律不僅涉及合同效力、合同各方面的權利義務，而且涉及合同爭議的解決等。

合同方可以選擇適用的法律，但這種選擇不是任意選擇，因為法律對某些協議強制適用，不得適用其他法律。比如，在英國倫敦注冊的甲公司與在中國浙江注冊的乙公司欲在中國廣東成立一家中外合資經營企業丙，雙方簽訂的合資協議所適用的法律就必須適用《中華人民共和國中外合資經營企業法》，不容簽約方選擇，即使選擇也無效。而且，如果兩個中國公司簽訂不具有任何涉外因素的合同，一般也只能選擇中國法律。

另外，合同方有時根據自己的實際情況在合同中約定了管轄法律，但也不能避免其他法律的強制適用，即簽約方所選擇適用的法律和強制性法律一并適用。比如，在中國根據中國法律注冊成立的甲公司在伊朗有一個煉油廠項目。為該項目的順利實施，甲公司找到一家根據美國法律在美國注冊成立的代理公司乙，簽訂采購協議，購買菲律賓一個廠家生產的一臺壓縮機（該壓縮機的生產技術來自美國，其中部分壓縮機零部件產自美國）。雙方在協議中約定該采購協議適用英國法。協議簽訂后，在執行過程中，雙方遇到了很大的麻煩，并最終使得該采購協議胎死腹中，而甲公司也不得不承擔巨額的違約金。原因就在于雙方對《美國出口管制法》未予重視。盡管雙方在合同中約定了適用英國法，但也無法避免《美國出口管制法》的強行適用。根據《美國出口管制法》，本案中有幾個地方滿足適用本管制法的條件：首先，乙公司是一家根據美國法律注冊成立的公司，只要是美國公民、根據美國法律或州法律成立的公司或任何身在美國的公民都必須受該法的管轄；其次，對于出口原產于美國的產品、在美國境內的產品、利用美國技術在美國境外生產的產品或在美國境外生產的產品中的組成部分來自美國且達到一定比例，則應適用該管制法；最后，對于某些產品去往的國家如果是該法中規定的禁運或者限制的國家，也應適用本法。在本案中，乙公司是根據美國法律注冊成立的公司，應予適用該管制法；而產品盡管產自菲律賓，但是因為該產品的生產技術源于美國，也應適用該管制法；該壓縮機最終不是在中國使用，而是運往伊朗適用，伊朗屬于該法中規定的禁運國，故該法強行予以適用；法院還認為，該產品有部件產自美國，且已經達到了10%的最低標準，也應適用本法。法院判決對賣方罰款，造成了買方的延誤和巨大損失。其實，《美國出口管制法》確實對日常交易產生了很大影響。現在多數合同，只要合同方不涉及美方，合同一般不會約定適用美國法，解決爭議的地點也盡量不選擇在美國進行。因此，在與美國公司交往過程中，一定注意《美國出口管制法》。即使合同對方不是美國公司，但只要所采購的貨物可能涉及《美國出口管制法》，也應盡量小心。

所以，法律適用條款本身并未規定合同方的權利義務，但其對合同方權利義務的影響是巨大的，在閱讀分析時應高度重視。

四、違約條款

首先，違反明示的約定比較容易識別，在此不做詳述。默示的約定，即當事人未經合同明示，但卻被法院認為隱含在合同中的約定。由于默示的約定無法從合同措辭中予以判別，必須通過合同措辭隱含的意思予以確定，因此，合同當事方經常就此發生爭議。之所以存在這些默示條款，原因在于：合同當事人在簽訂合同過程中，不可能窮盡所有條款，某些法律規定、國際慣例或生活習慣都不必在合同中一一羅列，因為這已經約定俗成，不必明說，大家也都因該這樣去做。如果對這種法律規定、國際慣例和生活習慣也進行規定，則合同可能成為一個包括所有的百科全書，而不是一個可執行的合同。

由于默示條款并未在合同中明確約定，而是否存在這樣的默示條款往往取決于法官的認知水平和先例，而這種認定往往存在一定的不確定性，故當事方的權益也就相應地存在一定

風險。不過，經過幾百年的實踐經驗，對于合同存在哪些方面的默示約定已經積累了很多案例，達成了一定的共識：在這些默示約定中，最重要的是要求“滿足目的”（fitness for purpose），這是1979年《貨物買賣法》的規定：賣方行為如果屬于商業行為，則其貨物必須具有令人滿意的質量（還可能包括一個默示條款，即貨物滿足其目的）。如果在合同中沒有明確指出，“滿足目的”一般指“滿足通常的目的”。如果合同中明確約定產品將用于某種特殊的目的，則該合同就隱含一個默示條件，即產品應符合該特殊的目的。應此，讀者經常會在貨物買賣合同簽約背景部分，有時也在合同的正文部分，看到簽約方對簽約目的所作的約定。當然，合同當事人也可能在合同的正文部分明確表明，一方提供的產品或服務應當滿足合同目的，但這就成了明示條款，而非默示條款。

對于某些專業性很強，風險性很高的行業，一般要求產品提供方承擔“合理的技能和謹慎”的默示義務。比如，在工程設計合同、船舶建造設計、飛機設計、奧運場館設計合同中，除非合同明確約定合同目的并明確要求設計方提供的產品應滿足合同目的，否則設計方的義務一般只需滿足“合理的技能和謹慎”（reasonable skill and care）的默示義務。由于“滿足合同目的”和“合理的技能和謹慎”的標準差別很大，設計方和客戶之間經常就此在合同中進行非常艱難的談判。總的來說，“滿足合同目的”義務比“合理的技能和謹慎”義務要嚴格很多。盡管“合理的技能和謹慎”不是普通人的“合理的技能和謹慎”，只是在專業(professional)領域中必須具有“合理性”（reasonable），即“普通的技術人員的標準”（standard of the ordinary skilled person）,并且這種“合理性”不能太高，不是最高要求，只是在簽訂合同時的標準，設計師只需按照簽約時適當的標準進行設計，就滿足了“合理的技能和謹慎”標準。這種標準通常是一些行業標準，如建筑行業的GB50319-2000，船舶設計行業的《最新船閘電氣設計規范與船舶設計制造質量檢測技術標準》。滿足了“合理的技能和謹慎”標準，即使設計方存在過失（negligence），并且沒有達到“滿足目的”，也不承擔責任；而“滿足目的”則正好于此相反，即使設計方滿足了“合理的技能與謹慎”標準，且設計方不存在任何過失，但如果沒有達到“滿足目的”的標準，設計師仍必需承擔違約責任。而對這種設計合同中設計方究竟應該承擔什么標準的義務，國際慣例也不一樣。所以，在閱讀審核對要求一方應滿足所謂的“合同目的”（intended purpose of this contract）方面的約定應引起高度注意。有時，合同方為了排除這種默示條款的不確定性，往往在合同中選擇明確約定排除隱含條款。

合同當事方只要在合同中明示地排除默示條款的適用，一般這種排除都是有效的。因為在英國法下，法院一般認為，當事人援用慣例是為了實現法律而不是為了破壞法律，所以默示條款不得與明示條款相沖突或抵觸，并且在合同解釋規則部分首先提到的就是按照合同字面意思解釋。如果合同當事方明確約定不適用某個慣例，則必須適用該合同條款，而不是慣例，從而將默示條款排除在外。

其次，對于違約補救方式，在分析英文合同時，有時對是否存在違約及違約類型并不十分清楚，如果貿然決定采取不當的補救措施，可能會適得其反。比如，如果合同使用“warranty”，則當貨物出現瑕疵時，賣方可以直接起訴賣方違反該“warranty”條款，要求損害賠償。但如果是“indemnity”，則當貨物出現瑕疵時，買方必須先進行維修，然后向賣方索賠該維修所花費用。如果合同明確使用的是“warranty”，當貨物出現瑕疵時，買方徑直對其進行維修，則很可能賣方對此維修費用不予認可，買方就可能無法就此維修費向賣方成功索賠，除非合同其他條款對此另有規定。

再次，對于預期違約賠償金。預期違約賠償金在英美法系國家適用非常廣泛。因為，英國法主張，對非違約方的補償應以非違約方的損失為限，并且不包括非違約方的間接損失，對違約方不主張懲罰。因此，在英國法上，罰金被認為是不可執行的，只有預期違約賠償金才可以執行，非違約方不能僅僅因為違約方的違法行為賺取利潤。但中國法不一樣，中國法

中對違約方可以實施懲罰，非違約方可以因此獲得利益，比如《中華人民共和國合同法》規定的雙倍賠償等。一旦出現合同約定的違約情形，違約方就得按照該預期違約賠償金額賠償非違約方，非違約方不必再勞神費力去舉證自己所遭受的損失。當然，在真正賠償時，違約方也可能拒絕賠償，而向法院主張該約定損失太高，已經遠遠超過了非違約方的實際損失，因此，這是一個懲罰性條款，不具有可執行性。但提出這種主張，舉證責任就在違約方，違約方首先要舉證該約定補償數額高于買方的實際損失，違約方為此舉證亦需花費大量人力物力，很可能最后判下來的賠償金額也沒有比預期損失金額小多少，因此合同各方一般也只能選擇盡可能不違約，或在違約時按照該預期賠償金額予以賠償。但該限額不是越高越好，要看是否符合預期違約賠償金這個概念本身，即必須是真實的違約損失，如果畸高，超過了真實的違約損失，很可能被法院判為存在懲罰性罰款，這與英國法相悖。違約方可能會舉證這是罰金（penalty），因此不具有可執行性。

總的來說，閱讀分析英文合同，應著重注意以下幾個方面：

第一，始終牢記客戶的要求。

維護客戶利益，促使客戶利益最大化是律師不懈的追求。即使客戶處于非常弱勢的地位，也要將那些極端不合理、可能存在極大風險的條款找出來，幫助客戶規避這些風險。因為，即使對方處于非常強勢的地位，他也不得不將合同條款的合理性考慮在內，如果一味地強勢，可能導致整個合同都被判無法執行。

第二，整體地閱讀與分析英文合同。

閱讀與分析英文合同，必須從宏觀出發，綜合考慮整個合同的各個條文，而不能僅局限于某一個具體的條文。合同的某個具體的條文只是整個合同微觀的組成部分，如果合同條款之間存在矛盾沖突，法官在解釋合同時就必須采取整體解釋，解決合同中各相關條款間的協調及超越問題。

第三，始終牢記合同適用的法律是什么，再逐條對合同條款的風險進行分析。

適用不同的法律可能對雙方權利義務影響至深。在閱讀與分析英文合同每一個條文時，都必須充分考慮合同所適用的法律。

第四，對不同的應該采取不同的閱讀與分析策略。

對于某些集團公司內部協議，約定由母公司提供服務或關聯公司之間進行采購。由于這是一個集團戰略，讀者在閱讀與分析時也必須考慮和兼顧這種集團戰略，只要保證該內部協議不觸犯法律即可（比如，這種集團公司內部的交易如果因價格畸高或畸低被法院或稅務機關認定為關聯交易，從而遭致稅務部門的查處或罰款，甚至觸犯刑法等），而不必花很多時間對每一個條文進行深究。但對其他各種外部協議，則應就每一個條款每個字眼進行字斟句酌，挖掘并排除可能存在的風險。

總之，只有對合同條款所隱藏的風險了然于胸，方可駕馭這些風險，從而為其所用。

第五篇：英文合同的翻譯技巧

引子:鑒于現在對外交流事例逐漸增多,英文合同特別是經濟合同的翻譯愈顯重要,若譯文不準確或不嚴謹,勢必會引起不必要的經濟糾紛.故今以一英文(經濟)合同寫作書籍為藍本,錄入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(經濟)合同的翻譯和寫作。

合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的語言應體現其權威性.英文合同用語的特點之一就表現在用詞上,即選擇那些法律用詞,以及正式用詞,使合同表達的意思準確無誤,達到雙方對合同中使用的詞無可爭議的程度。

一.hereby

英文釋義:by means of , by reason of this

中文譯詞:特此,因此,茲

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、協議書等正式文件的開頭語；在條款中需要強調時也可用。語法：一般置于主語后,緊鄰主語.例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文:

業主特此立約保證在合同規定的期限內,按合同規定的方式向承包人支付合同價,或合同規定的其它應支付的款項,以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補工程中缺陷的報酬。

注釋:

(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立約,簽訂合同、條約;n.legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同

(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工

(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中

(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價,指工程的總造價

(6)such...as: 關系代詞,相當于that, which

(7)under: in accordance with 根據,按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款 例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know據我們所知

（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述聲明

（4）herein：in this, in the statement在聲明中

（5）documentary proof：證明文件

參考譯文：

特此證明，據我們所知，上述聲明內容真實，正確無誤，并提供了全部現有的資料和數據，我們同意，應貴方要求出具證明文件。

例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and betweenCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)andCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party

B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下稱甲方

（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基礎上

（4）through amicable consultation：通過友好協商

參考譯文：

本合同雙方，公司（以下稱甲方）與公司（以下稱乙方），在平等互利基礎上，通過友好協商，于年月日在中國（地點），特簽訂本合同。

例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and betweenCo.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)andCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注釋：

（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此訂立本協議

在法律文件中表示“訂立本協議”可用以下4個動詞：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同義詞連用的寫作特點，可用上述4個動詞中的兩個來表示）。

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下簡稱乙方

參考譯文：

本協議特由中國公司（以下簡稱甲方）與公司（以下簡稱乙方）于年月日訂立。