第一篇:合同翻譯英文詞匯大總結
法人資格 corporate capacity 法人的權利能力 legal capacity of juristic person 監護人:guardian 附帶的條件 incident 必然因果關系positive causal relationship 補充規定supplementary provision 補救辦法remedial measures 個體工商戶:individual businesses 法人的責任能力 capacity for responsibility of juristic person 工商行政管理機關:the administrative agency for industry and commerce 公民基本義務 fundamental duties of citizens 合同規定 contract provisions/stipulations 合同有效期contract life 負全部責任 bear all responsibilities;in all charge 負有連帶義務的每個債務人:each of the joint debtors 合同正本 originals of the contract 核準登記的經營范圍:within the range approved and registered 居民委員會:the neighborhood committee 履行監護職責:fulfill duty of guardianship 比較法學派school of comparative jurisprudence 比較刑法comparative penal law 比較刑法學comparative penal jurisprudence 超出法律權限的 extralegal 超過權限 exceed authority;beyond jurisdiction 成文法 written law 傳統法律觀念 traditional ideas of law 純粹法學 pure theory of law平等主體:civil subjects with equal status 企業法人被撤銷:the dissolution of an enterprise as legal person 企業法人分立、合并:the division and merger of an enterprise as legal person 取得不當得利:profits acquired improperly and without a lawful basis 附帶要求 contingent claim 賦予權力 entitle 不履行法律義務non-performance of obligation 不因實效而喪失的權利imprescriptible right 不作為abstain from an act;act of omission 部門法department law 取得法人資格:be qualified as a legal person 全民所有制企業:an enterprise owned by the whole people 讓與 alien;alienate;assign;cede 按照法律規定according to law 按照確定的份額分享權力:be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit 按照確定的份額分擔義務:assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt 案例教學法case system 案例匯編case book;case report;law report 埋藏物、隱藏物:buried or concealed object 農村承包經營戶:leaseholding farm households 次要規則 secondary rule 從寬解釋原則 doctrine of liberal construction 從權利 accessory right 被視為be deemed as 被宣布為非法be outlawed;be declared illegal 比較法comparative law 比較法學comparative jurisprudence 不成文法unwritten law 不成文憲法unwritten constitution 不可抗力 force majuere 不可讓與性inalienability 部門規章regulation 參照原文 consult the original 超出法律范圍的 outside of law 沖突規則 conflict rule;rule of conflict 除(本法)另有規定外 except for otherwise stipulated(by this law)觸犯公共利益 encroach on the public interests 次要法規 by law 大法 the fundamental law 大法官 Lord High Chancellor
第二篇:合同翻譯詞匯
瑕疵 defect,救濟 remedy,不可抗力 force majeure/Act of God,管轄 jurisdiction,損毀 damage,滅失 loss,損害賠償 indemnities,不用“compensation”,服務賠償 credit(對于不能達到合同約定服務等級時對服務費用的賠償),其他事項 miscellaneous,不用“other matters/events”。
“因為”的短語多用“by virtue of”,遠遠多于“due to”一般不用“because of”;
“財務末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;
“關于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不會用“about”;
“事實上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;
“開始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;
“停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;
“理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”; “認為”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;
“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”;
“依照合同相關規定”一般說“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不說“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”;
“合同任何一方當事人不得轉讓本合同”英文表述為“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,選用“Neither party to the contract”較少。
第三篇:合同翻譯常用詞匯
合同翻譯常用句型和詞匯
This contract is made in two originals 此合同一式二份,由雙方各持一正that should be held by each party.本。
What is left unmentioned in contract may 本合同未盡事宜,可由雙方增補作be added there as an appendix.為合同附件。
The Contract is written in quadruplicate 本合同一式四份(正副本各兩份)(two for original and copy respectively)自簽署后生效 which shall become valid on the date of
signature.This Contract is executed in two 本合同為中英文兩種文本,兩種文counterparts each in Chinese and English, 本具有同等效力。本合同一式兩each of which shall be deemed equally 份。自雙方簽字(蓋章)之日起生authentic.This contract is in 2 copies 效。effective since being signed/sealed by
both parties.This contract is made by and between the 本合同由買賣雙方簽訂,根據本合buyers and sellers,whereby the buyers 同條款,買方同意購買,賣方同意agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell 出售以下產品。the under-mentioned commodities
according to the terms and conditions
stipulated below.買方 buyer
賣方 seller
項目名稱 Project name
地址 address
電話 phone
傳真 fax
聯系人 contact person
1.詳細貨物清單 Detail supply list
2.合同價格 Contract value
序號 item 型號 model 尺寸 size,dimension 數量 amount,unit 單價 unit price 總價 total price 備注 remark 貨物,運費 freight,transportation 合同總額(含安裝費與稅金)Contract amount incl.VAT & installation
3.付款條件 payment conditions,payment terms
4.交貨地點 delivery place
5.發貨期 delivery time
6.安裝條款 installation clause
7.驗收條款 inspection clause
8.保證條款 guarantee clause
9.不可抗拒條款 Force Majeure Clause
10.違約條款 Breach clause
11.其他條款 Miscellaneous clause
12.買賣雙方信息 buyer and seller information
a long-term contract 長期合同
a short-term contract 短期合同
completion of contract 完成合同
contract for future delivery 期貨合同
contract for goods 訂貨合同
contract for purchase 采購合同
contract for service 勞務合同
labor contract勞動合同
contract note 買賣合同(證書)
contract of arbitration 仲裁合同
contract of carriage /Carriage Contract運輸合同
Passenger Carriage Contract 客運合同
Cargo Carriage Contract貨運合同
Technology Contract技術合同
Technology Development Contract技術開發合同
Technology Transfer Contract技術轉讓合同
Technical Consulting Contract技術咨詢合同
Technical Service Contract技術服務合同
Safekeeping Contract 保管合同
Warehousing Contract倉儲合同
Agency Appointment Contract 委托合同
Trading-Trust Contract 行紀合同
Brokerage Contract 居間合同
Multi-modal Carriage Contract多式聯運合同
contract of employment 雇傭合同
contract of insurance 保險合同
contract of sale 銷售合同
Sales Contract 買賣合同
Contract for Supply of Power, Water, Gas , Or Heat
同
Gift Contract 贈與合同
Contract for Loan of Money 借款合同
Leasing Contract租賃合同
Financial Leasing Contract 融資租賃合同 供電、水、氣、熱合Contracts of Hired Work 承攬合同
Contracts for Construction Project 建設工程合同
contract life 合同有效期
a nice fat contract 一個很有利的合同
a written contract 書面合同
an executor contract 尚待執行的合同
breach of contract 違反合同
cancellation of contract 撤消合同
contract parties 合同當事人
contract period(or contract term)合同期限
contract price 合約價格
contract provisions/stipulations 合同規定
contract sales 訂約銷售
contract terms(or contract clause)合同條款
contract wages 合同工資
contract 合同,訂立合同
contractor 訂約人,承包人
contractual claim 根據合同的債權
contractual damages 合同引起的損害
contractual dispute 合同上的爭議
contractual guarantee 合同規定的擔保
contractual income 合同收入
contractual liability/obligation 合同規定的義務
contractual practice/usage 合同慣例
contractual specifications 合同規定
contractual terms & conditions 合同條款和條件
contractual 合同的,契約的contractual-joint-venture 合作經營,契約式聯合經營
copies of the contract 合同副本
originals of the contract 合同正本
execution of contract/performance of contract履行合同
expiration of contract 合同期滿
interpretation of contract 解釋合同
renewal of contract 合同的續訂
此合同一式二份,由雙方各持一正本。This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party.What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix.本合同未盡事宜,可由雙方增補作為合同附件。
The Contract is written in quadruplicate(two for original and copy respectively)which shall become valid on the date of signature.本合同一式四份(正副本各兩份)自簽署后生效
第四篇:環境英文詞匯翻譯
IPCC:the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 政府間氣候變化小組: three Working Groups reports: 三個工作小組報告 Synthesis report 綜合報告 Glaciers 冰川
Precipitation 降雨
Abnormal weather tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean regions 熱帶、亞熱帶和地中海地區 cyclones 氣旋,龍卷風
meteorological terms 氣象詞匯 submergence 淹沒
coral reefs 珊瑚礁, tundra 永凍土,boreal forest 北部森林 inertia 慣性
mitigation 減緩
the Arctic region 北極地區 the Antarctic region 南極地區 ice cap 冰帽 ice sheet 冰原
mass-balance of glacier 冰川的物料平衡/量 ripple effect 波紋效應 chain effect 連鎖反應 low-carbon economy 低碳經濟 assessment 評估
vulnerable areas concentration, carbon dioxide 二氧化碳濃度 ppm carbon dioxide equivalent 二氧化碳當量 North Hemisphere 北半球
water scarcity, food security, epidemic 缺水、缺食、流行病 scenario 情況,情景
social check & balance 社會制約與平衡
legislation , jurisdiction and executive 立法、司法和行政 mega-delta 大三角地區,巨型三角洲地區 adapt to, adaptation frequency and severity 頻率和嚴重性 polar areas 北極地區
on the verge of extinction 滅絕 Immune: 免疫
Reduction of emissions 減排 Interim target 中期目標 Renewable energy: 可再生能源 Geothermal:地熱能
Ratify 批準
KP Kyoto Protocol 京都議定書
Carbon emissions and Efficiency benchmark:碳排放能效對標 Deforestation:濫砍濫伐
Clean coal technology 清潔煤炭技術 National capacity 國力
Rigorous 嚴格的
Common but differentiated responsibility:共同但有差別的責任 Coal-fired Power Plants(station)火力發電廠 Bring that ?.to fruition 取得成效 Inaction:不作為
Mandatory cap: 強制性的 Forest cover 森林覆蓋率
Interconnected Carbon market Deploy low-emission technology 利用低排放技術 Verifiable 可認證的 Ministerial-level 部長級 The Sign is clear 這一點很清楚 media friends 媒體的朋友: glossy paper 銅版紙 call upon 號召
water conservation benefits節水的好處
industrial water reuse and recycling工業中水利用 pollution fines 污染罰款
urban water conservation城市節水 water saving fixtures節水裝置
regional economy 地區經濟
diversification in port operation 港口經營多元化
perform our duties and fulfill our obligations 責任和義務 a well-known regional event of the industry 地區行業盛會 initiating ports 發起港 forest coverage森林覆蓋率 global warming全球變暖 principal element主要因素 toxic emission 廢氣排放
ignite the sparks of understanding 迸發出心靈的火花 建立合作橋梁build the bridge for cooperation 內容翔實substantial in content 能源大省major province of energy 日程緊湊tight in schedule 嚴重缺水城市a city of severe water shortage 有關單位units concerned 與?比有差距compared with ,there is still some way to go 預祝?圓滿成功wish a complete success 開源與節流并重broaden sources of income &reduce expenditure 對外貿易港口seaport for foreign trade 國內生產總值National Gross Products 歡聚一堂merrily gather 活躍的經濟帶vigorous economic region 基礎雄厚solid foundation 留下最美好的印象may you have a most pleasant impression 盛世the grand occasion 祝愿在停留愉快wish a pleasant stay 綜合性商港comprehensive commercial seaport 春意盎然spring is very much in the air 把?列為重要內容place as the priority 不放松工作never neglect the work 節約用水 water conservation 對?表示衷心祝賀extend our sincere congratulations on 節約用水先進城市model city of water conservation 使?取得預期效果attain the results expected 授予?光榮稱號 confer honorable awards on 為?而奮斗strive for 從大局出發proceed from the whole situation 財政政策financial policy 共同繁榮common prosperity 貿易投資自由化trade and investment liberalization 日新月異progress with each passing day 知識經濟knowledge economy
環保:Environmental protection 1.保護和改善生活和生態環境 protect and improve the living environment and theecological environment 2.保護珍貴動植物 protect rare animals and plants 3.普及環保知識 popularize environmental protection knowledge 4.增強環境意識 enhance the awareness of the importance of(raise the consciousness about)environmental protection 5.改善生態環境 improve the eco-environment 6.加強生態建設 improve the eco-construction 7.防治污染 prevent and control pollution 8.加強水土保持 reinforce the conservation of water and soil 9.加強城市綠化 strengthen the greening of the city 10.提高環境管理水平raise the environmental management level 11.享受國家一級保護 enjoy first-class protection of the State 12.加強環境保護 strengthen environmental protection 13.保持生態平衡 keep ecological balance 14.創造良好的生態環境 create a pleasant ecological environment 15.采用環保技術 adopt environmental protection technique 16.開展保護野生動物 advocate to educate the public the protection of wild animals 17.開展綠色活動 advocate green activities 18.為大量野生動植物提供棲息地 provide habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants 19.為人類提供水和食物 supply water and food for human beings 20.非常注重保護森林 pay great attention to the conservation of forest 21.產生巨大的水文效應 produce great hydrological effects 22.引發一系列的問題 result in a series of problems 23.幫助減緩全球變暖速度 help slow down the pace of global warming 24.保留為自然耕地 reserve as natural farmland 25.提高居民的環保和生態意識 improve residents’ environmental and ecological awareness 26.進一步加快環保規劃 further speed up environmental protection plans 27.完善城市基礎設施建設 perfect the construction of urban infrastructure 28.促進城市可持續發展 promote the sustainable development of the city 29.符合舉辦奧運會的要求 meet the requirements of hosting the Olympic Games 30.擴建管道網絡 expand the pipe network 31.淘汰或改造燃煤鍋爐 eliminate or convert coal-burning boilers 32.禁止露天焚燒 prohibit burning out in the open 33.發展太陽能 develop solar energy 34.提高清潔能源的比重 increase the supply of clean energy resources 35.減少機動車輛 reduce the number of vehicles 36.使用清潔能源 burn clean fuel 37.實行嚴格的機動車排放標準 implement strict vehicle emission standards 38.關閉化工廠 close chemical plants 39.減少浪費 reduce waste 40.加大污染治理力度 strengthen pollution control 41.治理沙地和水土流失問題 tackle the problems of sand and soil erosion 42.加強珍稀野生動植物的保護工作 protect rare wild animals and plants 43.崇尚綠色生活方式 pursue a “green” life 44.使用再生紙 use recycle paper 45.參加環保運動 take part in environmental protection activities 46.堅持門前三包制度 adhere to “the three responsibilities in the gate area’ 47.參加城市重建 participate in the reconstruction of the city 48.注重節約資源 attach importance to saving resources 49.采用新的開采方法 apply new exploitation methods 50.削減污物排放 decrease the disposal of pollutants
biodegradable packaging 可降解包裝
throwaway 可丟棄的 disposable 可丟棄的 discourage v.不鼓勵
燃料的環保英語詞匯:
non-renewable 不可再生的
fossil fuels礦石燃料: natural gas, coal, petroleum
limited/finite natural resources 有限的自然資源
alternative energy替代能源
replace=substitute v.取代
(wind power, hydropower水電 solar(lunar)power太陽能 nuclear power核能
radioactivity n.輻射性
use up, deplete, exhaust v.用光,耗盡
conserve v.節省,節約
consume less v.少消耗
危害動物的環保英語詞匯:
poaching非法打獵,盜獵
damage natural habitat 破壞自然棲息地
rare breed稀有物種
endangered species瀕危物種
extinct adj.滅絕(die out, disappear動詞)
animal rights activist動物權益保護者
natural reserve(giant panda大熊貓)自然保護區
protect wild life保護野生動物
disastrous災難性的, devastation破壞
have disastrous effect on?對??有災難性的影響
危害植物的環保英語詞匯:
vegetation植被
deforestation森林消失
landslide山體滑坡
危害環境的環保英語詞匯:
carbon dioxide二氧化碳
acid rain酸雨(erode腐蝕)
greenhouse effect溫室效應(worsening, deteriorate, deterioration惡化)
global warming全球變暖
ecological system=ecosystem生態系統
green belt綠化帶, sand storm沙塵暴,(filter v.過濾)
arouse people's awareness/consciousness of environmental protection提高公眾的環保意識
全球環保類熱門話題英語詞匯:
21世紀議程:Agenda 21 世界環境日(6月5日):World Environment Day(June 5th each year)世界環境日主題:World Environment Day Themes 冰川消融,后果堪憂!(2007年)Melting Ice–a Hot Topic!莫使旱地變荒漠!(2006年)Deserts and Desertification–Don't Desert Drylands!營造綠色城市,呵護地球家園!(2005年)Green Cities – Plan for the Planet!海洋存亡,匹夫有責!(2004年)Wanted!Seas and Oceans – Dead or Alive!水——二十億人生命之所系!(2003年)WaterTime to Act!拯救地球就是拯救未來!(1999年)Our EarthJust Save It!為了地球上的生命-拯救我們的海洋!(1998年)For Life on EarthDevelopment Without Destruction 為了兒童和未來--沒有破壞的發展
1980 A New Challenge for the New Decade: Development Without Destruction 新的十年,新的挑戰--沒有破壞的發展
1981 Ground Water;Toxic Chemicals in Human Food Chains and Environmental Economics 保護地下水和人類的食物鏈,防治有毒化學品污染
1982 Ten Years After Stockholm(Renewal of Environmental Concerns)斯德哥爾摩人類環境會議十周年--提高環境意識
1983 Managing and Disposing Hazardous Waste: Acid Rain and Energy 管理和處置有害廢棄物,防治酸雨破壞和提高能源利用率 1984 Desertification 沙漠化
1985 Youth: Population and the Environment青年、人口、環境 1986 A Tree for Peace 環境與和平
1987 Environment and Shelter: More Than A Roof 環境與居住 1988 When People Put the Environment First, Development Will Last 保護環境、持續發展、公眾參與
1989 Global Warming;Global Warning警惕全球變暖 1990 Children and the Environment兒童與環境
1991 Climate Change.Need for Global Partnership氣候變化--需要全球合作 1992 Only One Earth, Care and Share只有一個地球--一齊關心,共同分享 1993 Poverty and the EnvironmentSave Our Seas 為了地球上的生命--拯救我們的海洋 1999 Our EarthJust Save It!拯救地球就是拯救未來 2000 2000 The Environment Millennium行動起來吧!
2001 Connect with the World Wide Web of life世間萬物 生命之網 2002 Give Earth a Chance 讓地球充滿生機
2003 WaterDead or Alive? 海洋存亡 匹夫有責 2005 Green Cities-Plan for the Planet!營造綠色城市,呵護地球家園
中國主題:人人參與 創建綠色家園
聯合國環境與發展大會(環發大會)United Nations Conference on Environment and Development(UNCED)環發大會首腦會議 Summit Session of UNCED 聯合國環境規劃署 United Nations Environment Programs(UNEP)國際生物多樣性日 International Biodiversity Day(29 December)世界水日 World Water Day(22 March)世界氣象日 World Meteorological Day(23 March)世界海洋日 World Oceans Day(8 June)人與生物圈方案 Man and Biosphere(MAB)Programme(UNESCO)中國21世紀議程 China's Agenda 21 中國生物多樣性保護行動計劃 China Biological Diversity Protection Action Plan 中國跨世紀綠色工程規劃 China Trans-Century Green Project Plan 生物多樣性公約 Convention on Biological Diversity 防治荒漠化國際公約 Convention to Combat Desertification 氣候變化框架公約 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 國家環境保護總局 State Environmental Protection Administration(SEPA)堅持環境保護基本國策 adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection 污染者負擔的政策 “the-polluters-pay” policy 強化環境管理的政策 policy of tightening up environmental management 環保執法檢查 environmental protection law enforcement inspection 限期治理 undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time 生態示范區 eco-demonstration region;environment-friendly region 國家級生態示范區(珠海)Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region 國家級園林城市 Nationally Designated Garden City 工業固體廢物 industrial solid wastes 白色污染 white pollution(by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics)可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags 放射性廢料積存 accumulation of radioactive waste 有機污染物 organic pollutants 三廢綜合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes(waste water, waste gas, solid waste)
城市垃圾無害化處理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse 垃圾填埋場 refuse landfill 垃圾焚化廠 refuse incinerator 防止過度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation 森林砍伐率 deforestation rate 水土流失 water and soil erosion 土壤鹽堿化 soil alkalization 生態農業 environment-friendly agriculture;eco-agriculture 水資源保護區 water resource conservation zone 海水淡化 sea water desalinization 造林工程 afforestation project 綠化面積 afforested areas;greening space 森林覆蓋率 forest coverage 防風林 wind breaks 防沙林 sand breaks 速生林 fast-growing trees 降低資源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation 開發可再生資源 develop renewable resources 環保產品 environment-friendly products 自然保護區 nature reserve 野生動植物 wild fauna and flora 保護生存環境 conserve natural habitats 瀕危野生動物 endangered wildlife 珍稀瀕危物種繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center 美化環境 landscaping design for environmental purposes 環境惡化 environmental degradation 溫飽型農業 subsistence agriculture 空氣污染濃度 air pollution concentration 酸雨、越境空氣污染 acid rain and transboundary air pollution 工業粉塵排放 industrial dust discharge 煙塵排放 soot emissions 礦物燃料(煤、石油、天然氣)fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas 清潔能源 clean energy 汽車尾氣排放 motor vehicle exhaust 尾氣凈化器 exhaust purifier 無鉛汽油 lead-free gasoline 天然氣汽車 gas-fueled vehicles 電動汽車 cell-driven vehicles;battery cars 小排量汽車 small-displacement(engine)vehicles 溫室效應 greenhouse effect 工業廢水處理率 treatment rate of industrial effluents 城市污水處理率 treatment rate of domestic sewage 集中處理廠 centralized treatment plant
第五篇:商務英文合同的詞匯特征及其翻譯
【摘 要】商務合同是商業法人之間為實現一定的經濟目的、明確相互權利義務的一種文體。商務合同英語屬半法律性語言,用詞準確、正式、嚴謹,具有鮮明文體意義。本文基于典型實例分析,探討了商務英文合同的詞匯特征及翻譯方法。
【關鍵詞】商務英文合同 詞匯特征 翻譯
商務合同是商品經濟的產物,它隨著商品經濟的產生而產生,也隨著商品經濟的發展而發展,是商品交換關系在法律上的體現,受到國家法律的承認和保護。在世界經濟全球化和一體化的今天,國際商務活動日益頻繁,貿易國法人之間為實現一定的經濟利益而簽訂的明確規定了貿易雙方的權利和義務,具有法律效力的文件——國際商務合同的重要性也越來越突出。商務合同英語既具有商務英語的特點,同時也具有法律英語的特點。本文擬從莊重正式、準確嚴謹和簡潔明了三個角度闡述分析商務英文合同的詞匯特征及其翻譯方法。
一、莊重正式
Martin Joos按照語言使用的正式程度提出了英語的五種變體,即莊重文體(frozen style),正式文體(formal style),商議文體(consultative style),隨便文體(casual style)和親密文體(intimate style)。一般認為商務合同英語屬莊重文體,即五種變體英語中正式程度最高的一種。商務英文合同的莊重正式的詞匯特征體現在專業術語和外來詞古體詞的使用上。
1.商務專業術語
專業術語(technical term留學生論文網http://s)具有鮮明的文體特色。其意義精確、單
一、無歧義,且不帶有個人感情色彩。為了準確描述商務活動中的各個交易環節以及與此相關的各類單據,商務合同英語文體中使用了大量表意清楚的商務專業術語。例如,policy(保險單),negotiable(可轉讓的),liability(責任、義務),right of recourse(追索權),factoring(保理)等。這些專業術語可避免冗長的解釋,簡化交易過程,提高工作效率。
2.法律專業術語
為了準確描述商務活動中交易雙方各自的權利與義務,商務合同英語中也使用了較多的法律專業的術語。狹義的法律術語指僅出現在或大多數情況下出現在法律文件中的法律科學的特有術語,此意義上的法律術語在商務合同文體中的數量不多,如:imputed negligence(轉嫁的過失責任)特指可向與行為人有利害關系的人或有合同關系的另一方追究責任的過失。商務合同中這類狹義的法律專業術語不以大眾是否理解或接受為轉移,它是商務合同語言準確表達的保障,是其獨有的現象。而廣義的法律術語則包括在法律文體中被賦予特定法律意義的常用詞語,如action(訴訟),party(當事人),financial responsibility(經濟責任,指違約責任,具體可指“賠償損失”、“支付違約金”和“支付遲延支付金額的利息”)。這類詞語把握不準確的話很容易導致翻譯和理解當中的模糊性,因此要格外留意。如,“The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer.”很容易譯為“提議一旦接受,合同隨即訂立。”而實際上,“acceptance”與“offer”是合同法中兩個重要的法律術語,其規范的譯文分別為“承諾”、“要約”,前者是指受要約人對要約內容表同意,而后者則指一方希望與另一方訂立合同。
3.外來詞和古體詞
商務合同英語中使用的商務類專業術語有不少源于拉丁語或法語,有些則是由其詞根派生或合成,許多術語都有相同的前綴或后綴。它們的意義比較穩定,利于精確地表達概念,例如:ad valorem duty(拉丁語)從價(關)稅,bona fide holder(拉丁語)匯票的善意持票人,pro rata tax rate比例稅率(拉丁語,即proportional tax rate),insurance premium per capita(拉丁語)人均保險費,force majeure(法語)不可抗力,pro forma(拉丁語)估算表。
商務合同英語具有古體特點,這種古體特點的一個主要標志是古體詞語的使用。古體詞(archaism)是一種具有鮮明文體色彩的詞匯成分。盡管古體詞在現代英語口語和一般書面語中極少使用,但在商務合同等法律文體中,古體詞卻大量出現,充分體現出其莊重嚴肅的文體風格。合同英語最具特色的古體詞形式當數自由詞素where、here和there與in、by、with和after等構成的復合副詞:(1)here +介詞:如,hereto,hereof,herein,hereinafter等。這里here相當于this,指本文獻、合同或有關文件,因此,“hereto”(本合同)相當于to this,依此類推。(2)there +介詞:這類詞由thereto,thereon,therein,thereof等。其中there相當于that,指句子前面已出現的某個名詞或名詞詞組,因此,“thereto”(根據那一點)即為to that。
(3)where+介詞:whereby,wherein,whereof,whereupon中where相當于which或者what,“whereof”(關于它)也就是of which。如,payment in respect thereof(關于此項的付款)。古體詞語的使用除了體現其莊重嚴肅以外,還可避免不必要的重復,使意義更加清楚、簡明。例如:“依照本合同相關規定”在英文商務合同中幾乎見不到“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”這種表達方式,常見的表達方式是“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等。對“合同任何一方當事人不得轉讓本合同”,西方工商界一般會選擇使用“Neither party hereto may assign this contract.”,而較少使用“Neither party to the contract may assign this contract.”。
4.復雜介詞短語
商務合同英語正式性還體現在傾向使用較復雜的介詞短語來代替非正式語體中常見的簡單介詞與連詞。例如,用with regard to和prior to分別代替about和before。又如:All disputes in connection with this contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by way of amicable negotiation.在此句中,用“in connection with”就比用“of”要顯得更為正式。
二、準確嚴謹
1.情態動詞
合同英語中各情態動詞意義界限非常明確,體現了合同語言的嚴謹性。“shall”在商務合同英語中使用率最高,含有“本條款具有法律規定的指令性和強制性”之意,其含義相當于“must”,但合同中不能使用“must”。如,“The seller shall present the following shipping documents to the bank for negotiation of L/ C”中的“shall”表明“賣方在向銀行議付信用證時,必須履行遞交所要求的裝運單據這一法律義務,而且應做到單據相符、單單相符,否則銀行即可拒付。”“will”則只表示對合同一方的某種建議或合同雙方之外第三方的行為的說明,不構成法律約束。“should”意為“應該”,帶有主觀意思,表示“這樣做最好”。若用于條件句中,則表示較低的可能性。“may”表示“可以”、“可能”。這兩個意思在日常用語中都可用“can”來表達,但是在合同中幾乎只用“may”而不用“can”,因為前者比后者語氣更正式。例如:Unless otherwise agreed,delivery of the goods and payment of the price are concurrent conditions,that is to say,the seller must be ready and willing to give possession of the goods to the buyer in exchange for the price and the buyer must be ready and willing to pay the price in exchange for possession of the goods.譯為:除非另有協議,貨物的交付和價款的支付應是同時履行的條件,換言之,賣方必須樂意讓出占有將貨物交至買方以交付價款;同時,買方須樂意支付價款以交換對貨物的占有。