第一篇：英文合同翻譯[范文]

? We have instructed our bank to open an irrevocable documentary letter of credit in your favor(in favor of you).The amount is ＄1300.00.? 我們已通知我方銀行開立以你方為受益人的、不可撤銷的跟單信用證，其金額為一千三百美金。

? Subject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under subsection(5).? 根據(jù)本條規(guī)定，上訴應(yīng)該根據(jù)第（5）款訂立的規(guī)則規(guī)定的方式提出，并需受該規(guī)則所規(guī)定的條件限制。

? Where a standard term is subject to two or more interpretation, it shall be interpreted against the party providing it.Where a discrepancy exists between the standard term and a non-standard term, the non-standard term prevails.? 對(duì)格式條款有兩種以上解釋的，應(yīng)當(dāng)作出不利于提供格式條款一方的解釋。格式條款和非格式條款不一致的，應(yīng)當(dāng)采用非格式條款。

? In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, “state” means a territory or group of territories having its/their own law of nationality.? 在本條例中，除非上下文另有規(guī)定，“國(guó)家”只擁有自身的國(guó)籍法的一領(lǐng)域或一組領(lǐng)域。

? Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.? 除非本合同另有規(guī)定，所有通知和請(qǐng)求以航空掛號(hào)信寄出后8日應(yīng)視為送達(dá)收悉，以電傳方式發(fā)出則在發(fā)送時(shí)視為收悉。

? Without prejudice to section 24, the following will shall be treated as properly executed.? 在不影響第24條的原則下，以下遺囑視為正式簽署。

? The party A shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in party or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Party A’s right to claim compensations.? 甲方取消部分或全部合同的權(quán)利并不妨礙其享有的索賠權(quán)。

? where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is next paid his wages after that period,? 如果雇員被給予任何一段期間的年假，則雇主最遲須于該段期間后的第一個(gè)發(fā)薪日給付該雇員該段時(shí)間的年假薪酬。

? Should the Party B make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Provision 18 to this contract, the Party A shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Party B agrees to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.? 如果乙方并非因本合同第18條規(guī)定的不可抗力而未按照合同規(guī)定的期限交貨，則只要乙方同意支付罰金，并由付款行從議付中扣除，甲方便同意乙方延期交貨。

? Any person who is an employee at the commencement of the period during which the business or party thereof is closed down for the purpose specified in subsection(1), and who is not otherwise entitled to annual leave pay in

respect of any day during that period, shall , as regards the period beginning on the appropriate day and ending on the day preceding the first day of the close down, be entitled to annual leave calculated in accordance with subsection(1).? 任何因第（1）款所指明目的而停業(yè)或部分停業(yè)期間開始時(shí)已經(jīng)成為雇員之人，若非因該次停業(yè)而無(wú)權(quán)獲得該段期間內(nèi)任何一天的年假薪酬，則就始于適用日而止于停業(yè)首日之前一日之期間，應(yīng)有權(quán)享有按照第四款計(jì)算的年假。

? For the purpose of this agreement, “control” shall mean either the ownership of fifty-one percent or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meeting or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company.? 就本協(xié)議而言，“控制”系指擁有在股東大會(huì)上有投票權(quán)的百分之五十一或以上的公司普通股股本，或擁有任命公司董事會(huì)中多數(shù)董事的權(quán)利。

? provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the party A after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or breach of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holdin over or otherwise.A new tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the party A and the Party B.? 但是甲方在本下一所產(chǎn)生的租賃關(guān)系期滿后獲得的租金或中間收益的行為，不得被認(rèn)為構(gòu)成棄權(quán)或是對(duì)本協(xié)議的違反，亦不得認(rèn)為構(gòu)成了一個(gè)新的租賃期限或其他任何解釋，新的租賃關(guān)系的產(chǎn)生只能以甲方和乙方以書面形式訂立的形式為之一。

? this agreement commences on the date last party signs it and expires after …years, unless it is terminated earlier as provided in this agreement.At the expiration of this agreement, the parties may negotiate a renewal or extension of the term, provided that the Party B is in full compliance with this agreement at that time.? 除本協(xié)議另有規(guī)定外，本協(xié)議自最后在其上簽字的一方簽字時(shí)生效并于…年后失效。在本協(xié)議失效之際，合同當(dāng)事人可以協(xié)商延長(zhǎng)合同期限，但是乙方在彼時(shí)應(yīng)完全符合本協(xié)議的要求。

? The contract is effective as of a certain date.? 本合同自某年某月某日起生效。

? In case no settlement can be reached, the dispute shall be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic and Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.? 如未達(dá)成和解方案，則糾紛應(yīng)當(dāng)提交給中國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)，根據(jù)該會(huì)頒布的仲裁程序暫行規(guī)定進(jìn)行仲裁。

? To give notice pursuant to this agreement, a party must send written notice to the other party at the address stated in this agreement.? 根據(jù)本協(xié)議給予通知，乙方必須向本協(xié)議中規(guī)定的另一方地址發(fā)送書面通知。

? Each party shall contribute his paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the schedule to the contract.? 合同各方應(yīng)根據(jù)本合同附件中所載明的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行出資。

? All intellectual property rights associated with the goods-including but not limited to company names, trade

names, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, patents, designs, and copyrights-remain the property of the Party B, provided that any such rights associated with particular specifications supplied by the Party A are not the Party B’s property.? 與貨物相關(guān)的所有知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，包括但不限于公司名稱、商業(yè)名稱，商標(biāo)，服務(wù)標(biāo)記，商業(yè)外觀，專利，設(shè)計(jì)，著作權(quán)，均屬于乙方財(cái)產(chǎn)，但是甲方提出的任何與特別規(guī)定相關(guān)的權(quán)利不屬于乙方財(cái)產(chǎn)。

? Where the obligee does not notify the obligor its division, consolidation or change of domicile so as to make it difficult for the obligor to perform the obligations, the obligor has right to perform or have the subject matter deposited.? 債權(quán)人分立、合并或者變更住所沒有通知債務(wù)人，致使履行債務(wù)發(fā)生困難的，債務(wù)人可以中止履行或者將標(biāo)的物提存。

? The party A is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the goods at the(party B’s place of business or point of shipping)

? 在（乙方營(yíng)業(yè)地或運(yùn)輸?shù)兀┘追接袡?quán)自行或委托其代理人檢驗(yàn)貨物。

? Should the Party A be unable to arrange insurance in time owing to the Party B’s failure to give the above-mentioned advice of shipment by cable or telex, the Party B shall be held responsible for any and all damages and/or losses attributable to such failure.? 如果甲方不能及時(shí)安排買保險(xiǎn)的原因是乙方未能以電報(bào)或電傳方式發(fā)出上述裝運(yùn)通知，則由此產(chǎn)生的損失和損害賠償責(zé)任應(yīng)由乙方承擔(dān)。

? In view of the personal nature of the service to be performed under this agreement by you, you cannot assign or transfer any of your obligations under this agreement.? 因?yàn)楸緟f(xié)議中待貴方履行的服務(wù)有人身性質(zhì)，貴方不能轉(zhuǎn)讓本協(xié)議中自己的任何任務(wù)。

? The purpose of the contract can not be realized by virtue of force majeure.? 因不可抗力致使不能實(shí)現(xiàn)合同目的.? Brokers in the business of brokering real estate loans and engages sales representative to perform services pertaining to such business.? 經(jīng)紀(jì)人是指，在房地產(chǎn)貸款經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)中聘用銷售代表進(jìn)行與該業(yè)務(wù)相關(guān)的服務(wù)的人。

? Neither party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests hereunder without the other party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld.? 任何一方未經(jīng)事先書面同意，不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本協(xié)議或其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的任何權(quán)利和權(quán)益，但該另一方不得無(wú)理拒絕同意。

? The party A shall promptly notify the party A, in writing, of any acts of infringement or suspected infringement or acts of unfair competition involving the trademarks and of any applications or registrations of confusingly similar marks which may come to its attention.? 一旦被許可方獲悉涉及商標(biāo)的侵權(quán)行為或涉嫌的侵權(quán)行為，或涉及商標(biāo)的不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為，以及引起混淆的類似商標(biāo)的申請(qǐng)和注冊(cè)，被許可方應(yīng)立即書面通知許可方。

? Party A is a company duly organized, validly existing and in good standing as a legal person under the laws of

the PRC.? 甲方是依據(jù)中國(guó)法律正式成立，有效存續(xù)和資格完備的公司法人。

? In the event of bankruptcy, insolvency, dissolution, modification, consolidation ,receivership proceedings affecting the operation of business or discontinuation of business for any reason and/or reorganization by the third party, either of the parties hereto shall have the absolute right to terminate this agreement forthwith.? 如遇破產(chǎn)、無(wú)力償債、解散、變更、合并、接管清算程序而影響經(jīng)營(yíng)，或因任何原因不能繼續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)，或由第三方改組時(shí)合同的任何一方有絕對(duì)權(quán)力立即終止本合同。

? Unless otherwise specified in the credit, banks will accept transport documents indicating the third party other than the beneficiary of the credit as the consignor of the goods.? 除非信用證另有規(guī)定，銀行將接受表明以信用證受益人以外的第三者作為發(fā)貨人的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)。

? A wholly state-owned company shall establish a board of directors.The board shall, in accordance with the provisions of Article 46 and Article 66 of this Law, exercise and perform its duties.The term of office of the board of directors shall be three years.? 國(guó)有獨(dú)資公司設(shè)立的董事會(huì)，依照本法第四十六條，第六十六條規(guī)定履行職責(zé)。董事會(huì)每屆任期為三年。

? When, under the laws and approval from the relevant authorities, a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares, the total amount which shares are converted into shall be equivalent to the amount of the company's net assets.? 有限責(zé)任公司變更為股份有限公司時(shí)，折合的股份總額應(yīng)當(dāng)相等于公司凈資產(chǎn)額。

? Bank charges1 in respect of transfers are payable by the first beneficiary2 unless otherwise specified by the bank.The transferring bank3 shall have no obligations to effect the transfer4 until such charges are paid4.? 除非銀行另有規(guī)定，有關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)讓的銀行費(fèi)用應(yīng)由第一受益人支付。在該費(fèi)用付清之前，轉(zhuǎn)讓行無(wú)辦理轉(zhuǎn)讓的義務(wù)

? Either Party hereto1 may terminate this Agreement in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party2.? 本協(xié)議任何一方可以在對(duì)方破產(chǎn)或資不抵債的情況下終止本協(xié)議。

? instructions given by the Engineer shall be in writing.provided that if, for any reason, the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally1,the Contractor shall comply with such instruction.? 工程師應(yīng)以書面形式發(fā)出指示。若工程師認(rèn)為由于某種原因有必要以口頭形式發(fā)出任何此類指示，承包人應(yīng)遵守該指示。

? provided that if, for any reason, the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally:(但規(guī)定)若工程師認(rèn)為由于某種原因有必要以口頭形式發(fā)出任何此類指示。

? In the absence of such indication1, the Credit shall be deemed to be recocable2.? 如無(wú)該項(xiàng)表示，信用證應(yīng)視作是可撤銷的。

? The arbitration shall take place in Stockholm, Sweden, and shall be conducted by the arbitration tribunal of the

Stockholm Chamber of Commerce in accordance withthe statues of the tribunal in question.? the statues of the tribunal in question.該院的章程。

? 仲裁地點(diǎn)在瑞典斯德哥爾摩，由斯德哥爾摩商會(huì)仲裁院根據(jù)該院的章程進(jìn)行仲裁。

? A price to be paid by the Party Aunder its obligations of the buyback/counter purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.? 甲方根據(jù)返銷或者回購(gòu)貨物合同的義務(wù)所支付的價(jià)格應(yīng)為世界市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，結(jié)合考慮該貨物的其他交貨條件。

? In case the money to be paid by Party B is not enough to cover the value of the long-term L/C opened by Party A1, the margin payment2 shall be made by Party B with the down payment 3 before the long-term L/C expires, in order to enable Party A to pay the long-term L/C on time.? 如乙方支付的貨款不能相抵甲方所開的遠(yuǎn)期信用證之金額，其差額部分由乙方用預(yù)付款方式，在甲方所開的遠(yuǎn)期信用證到期前匯付甲方，以使甲方能按時(shí)議付遠(yuǎn)期信用證。

? Party A shall not, under this guarantee1, be liable for any direct or indirect loss2 whatsoever arising out of any defect in the parts or components thereof.? 根據(jù)本擔(dān)保，甲方不應(yīng)承擔(dān)因零部件缺陷而引起的任何直接或間接損失的賠償責(zé)任。

? In Testimony Whereof 1, this Contract shall come into effect after the Contract in question is made and signed by the Parties hereto in duplicate, and either Party will hold one copy.? 本合同由雙方代表簽字后生效，一式兩份，雙方各執(zhí)一份。特此立據(jù)。

? The undersigned Seller and Buyer1 have agreed to close the following transaction 2 in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:

? 茲經(jīng)簽約的買賣雙方同意，按下列條款，達(dá)成這筆交易。

? And Whereas we have agreed to give the Contractor such Bank Guarantee;NOW Therefore we hereby affirm1 that we are the Guarantor2 and responsible to you, on behalf of the Contractor, up to a total of(amount of guarantee)(in words3), such sum being payable in types and proportions of currencies4 in which the Contract is payable, and we undertake to pay you, upon your first written demand and without cavil orargument5, any sum or sums within the limits of(amount of guarantee)as aforesaid 6without your needing to prove or to show grounds or reasons7 for your demand for the sum specified therein。

? 本銀行（或金融機(jī)構(gòu)）已同意為承包人出具保證函，我們因此同意作為保證人，并代表承包人以支付合同價(jià)款所規(guī)定的貨幣種類和比例，向你方擔(dān)保總額為（大寫）的保證金。銀行在收到業(yè)主第一次書面付款要求后，不挑剔，不爭(zhēng)辯地，在上述擔(dān)保金范圍內(nèi)，即向你方支付（保證金額）。你方無(wú)須出具證明或陳述提款理由。

? All disputes in connection with the execution of this Contract shall be settled friendly through negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached，the case then may be submitted for arbitration to the Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade(CCPIT)in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.the Arbitration committee shall be final and binding upon both parties.and the Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing parties.凡有關(guān)執(zhí)行合同所發(fā)生的一切爭(zhēng)議應(yīng)通過友好協(xié)商解決，如協(xié)商不能解決，則將分歧提交中國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易促進(jìn)委員會(huì)按有關(guān)仲裁程序進(jìn)行仲裁，仲裁將是終局的，雙方均受其約束，仲裁費(fèi)用由敗訴方承擔(dān)。

第二篇：英文合同翻譯

引子:鑒于現(xiàn)在對(duì)外交流事例逐漸增多,英文合同特別是經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的翻譯愈顯重要,若譯文不準(zhǔn)確或不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),勢(shì)必會(huì)引起不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)糾紛.故今以一英文(經(jīng)濟(jì))合同寫作書籍為藍(lán)本,錄入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(經(jīng)濟(jì))合同的翻譯和寫作。

合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)體現(xiàn)其權(quán)威性.英文合同用語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)之一就表現(xiàn)在用詞上,即選擇那些法律用詞,以及正式用詞,使合同表達(dá)的意思準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,達(dá)到雙方對(duì)合同中使用的詞無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議的程度。

一.hereby 英文釋義:by means of , by reason of this 中文譯詞:特此,因此,茲

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、協(xié)議書等正式文件的開頭語(yǔ)；在條款中需要強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)也可用。語(yǔ)法：一般置于主語(yǔ)后,緊鄰主語(yǔ).例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文: 業(yè)主特此立約保證在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi),按合同規(guī)定的方式向承包人支付合同價(jià),或合同規(guī)定的其它應(yīng)支付的款項(xiàng),以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補(bǔ)工程中缺陷的報(bào)酬。注釋:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立約,簽訂合同、條約;n.legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中

(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價(jià),指工程的總造價(jià)(6)such...as: 關(guān)系代詞,相當(dāng)于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根據(jù),按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款 例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know據(jù)我們所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述聲明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在聲明中（5）documentary proof：證明文件 參考譯文：

特此證明，據(jù)我們所知，上述聲明內(nèi)容真實(shí)，正確無(wú)誤，并提供了全部現(xiàn)有的資料和數(shù)據(jù)，我們同意，應(yīng)貴方要求出具證明文件。例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下稱甲方

（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基礎(chǔ)上（4）through amicable consultation：通過友好協(xié)商 參考譯文：

本合同雙方，公司（以下稱甲方）與

公司（以下稱乙方），在平等互利基礎(chǔ)上，通過友好協(xié)商，于

****年**月**日在中國(guó)

（地點(diǎn)），特簽訂本合同。例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注釋：

（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此訂立本協(xié)議

在法律文件中表示“訂立本協(xié)議”可用以下4個(gè)動(dòng)詞：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同義詞連用的寫作特點(diǎn)，可用上述4個(gè)動(dòng)詞中的兩個(gè)來(lái)表示）。（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下簡(jiǎn)稱乙方 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議特由中國(guó) 公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱甲方）與

公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱乙方）于

年

月 日訂立 二 hereof 英文釋義: of this 中文譯詞:關(guān)于此點(diǎn)；在本文件中

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”時(shí)，使用該詞。例如表示本合同條件、條款時(shí)，可以說“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Works”。語(yǔ)法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。

hereof和thereof的區(qū)別：hereof強(qiáng)調(diào)“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。

例1 Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注釋：

（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不論港口習(xí)慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反，whether… or not：不論……是否

（2）the owner of the goods：貨方（3）without interruption：無(wú)間斷地（4）carrier：承運(yùn)人

（5）in default on the provisions hereof：違反本款規(guī)定 hereof：of this Clause 參考譯文：

不論港口習(xí)慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反，貨方都應(yīng)晝夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承運(yùn)人需要），無(wú)間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對(duì)違反本款規(guī)定所引起的所有損失或損壞，包括滯期應(yīng)負(fù)擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注釋：

（1）foreign trade dealers：對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所稱

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規(guī)定（4）legal entity：法人

（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：從事對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng) 參考譯文：

本法所稱對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)者，是指依照本法規(guī)定從事對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的法人和其他組織。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注釋：

（1）a limited liability company：有限責(zé)任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法規(guī)定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登記為 參考譯文：

設(shè)立有限責(zé)任公司、股份有限公司，必須符合本法規(guī)定的條件。符合本法規(guī)定的條件的，登記為有限責(zé)任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法規(guī)定的條件的，不得登記為有限責(zé)任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注釋：

（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因（2）arbitrator：仲裁員

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規(guī)定（4）be selected or appointed：選定或指定 參考譯文：

仲裁員因回避或者其它原因不能履行職責(zé)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照本法規(guī)定重新選定或指定仲裁員。例5 In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注釋：

（1）conflict：相抵觸

（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前

（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法為準(zhǔn) hereof：of this Law 參考譯文： 本法施行前制定的有關(guān)仲裁的規(guī)定與本法的規(guī)定相抵觸的，以本法為準(zhǔn)。例6 Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s)specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint.Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注釋：

（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：賠償義務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)（2）shall pay compensation：應(yīng)當(dāng)給予賠償（3）the claimant for compensation：賠償請(qǐng)求人

（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五條、第十六條 hereof：of this Law（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有權(quán)申訴（6）claims compensation：要求賠償

（7）apply to/ in：適用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here./That argument does not apply in this case./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom./The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.參考譯文：

賠償義務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)依法確認(rèn)有本法第十五條、第十六條規(guī)定的情形之一的，應(yīng)當(dāng)給予賠償。

賠償請(qǐng)求人要求確認(rèn)有本法第十五條、第十六條規(guī)定情形之一的，被要求的機(jī)關(guān)不予確認(rèn)的，賠償請(qǐng)求人有權(quán)申訴。賠償請(qǐng)求人要求賠償，應(yīng)當(dāng)先向賠償義務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)提出。賠償程序適用本法第十條、第十一條、第十二條的規(guī)定。例7 If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注釋：

（1）arbitrator：仲裁員

（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八條 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委員會(huì)

（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：將其除名 參考譯文：

仲裁員有本法第三十四條第四項(xiàng)規(guī)定的情形，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，或者有本法第五十八條第六項(xiàng)規(guī)定的情形的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任，仲裁委員會(huì)應(yīng)當(dāng)將其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注釋：

（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行審批職責(zé)的有關(guān)主管部門（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法條件（3）the company registration authorities：負(fù)責(zé)公司登記的主管部門（4）the requirements hereof：本法條件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申請(qǐng)復(fù)議（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政訴訟 參考譯文：

依照本法，履行審批職責(zé)的有關(guān)主管部門，對(duì)符合本法條件的申請(qǐng)不予批準(zhǔn)，或負(fù)責(zé)公司登記的主管部門不予登記，當(dāng)事人可以依法申請(qǐng)復(fù)議或者提起行政訴訟。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注釋：

（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行為

（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定 hereof: of this Decision 參考譯文：

有限責(zé)任公司、股份有限公司以外的企業(yè)職工有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定的犯罪行為的，適用本決定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof.Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.注釋：

（1）companies registered：已登記成立的公司

（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限責(zé)任公司規(guī)范意見》（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司規(guī)范意見》（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council國(guó)務(wù)院有關(guān)主管部門（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由國(guó)務(wù)院另行規(guī)定 參考譯文：

本法施行前已登記成立的公司，應(yīng)依照法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)和國(guó)務(wù)院有關(guān)主管部門制定的《有限責(zé)任公司規(guī)范意見》，和《股份有限公司規(guī)范意見》，繼續(xù)保留。其中不完全具備本法規(guī)定的條件的，應(yīng)當(dāng)在規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)達(dá)到本法規(guī)定的條件。具體實(shí)施辦法，由國(guó)務(wù)院另行規(guī)定。例11 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.注釋：

（1）unfair competition：不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)（2）business operators：經(jīng)營(yíng)者

（3）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規(guī)定 the provisions hereof：本法規(guī)定 hereof：of this Law（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法權(quán)益（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序 參考譯文：

本法所稱的不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者違反本法規(guī)定，損害其他經(jīng)營(yíng)者的合法權(quán)益，擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的行為。三 hereto 英文釋義: to this 中文譯詞:至此，在此上。

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”時(shí)，使用該詞。例如表示“本合同雙方”，可以說“the Parties hereto”，這里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本協(xié)議附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，這里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。語(yǔ)法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。

hereto和thereto的區(qū)別：同前面所言hereof和thereof的區(qū)別類似，hereto強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“to this”。

例1 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注釋：

（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好協(xié)商

（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同雙方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交進(jìn)行仲裁

（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)（北京）

（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁規(guī)則（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁決

（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委員會(huì)另有裁定的除外 參考譯文：

對(duì)于因履行本合同所發(fā)生的一切爭(zhēng)議，本合同雙方應(yīng)友好協(xié)商解決，如協(xié)商無(wú)法解決爭(zhēng)議，則應(yīng)將爭(zhēng)議提交中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)（北京），依據(jù)其仲裁規(guī)則進(jìn)行仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對(duì)雙方都有約束力。仲裁費(fèi)用應(yīng)由敗訴方承擔(dān)，但仲裁委員會(huì)另有裁定的除外。

例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注釋：

（1）patented technology：專利技術(shù)（2）patent：專利

（3）application for the patent：專利申請(qǐng)

（4）may have the right to control：可能有權(quán)控制的

（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何國(guó)家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓

（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產(chǎn)品 hereto: to this Contract 參考譯文：

“專利技術(shù)”，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來(lái)獲得的，或乙方有權(quán)或可能有權(quán)控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國(guó)家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓的，適用于或可能適用制造本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產(chǎn)品的專利和專利申請(qǐng)。

例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities.Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.注釋：

（1）technical documents：技術(shù)資料（2）the data and the information：資料（3）engineering：工程（4）manufacturing：制造

（5）original information：原始資料（6）blueprint：藍(lán)本

（7）design sheets：設(shè)計(jì)圖表（8）material specifications：材料規(guī)格（9）photostats：影印資料（10）general data：一般資料

（11）design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：與制造設(shè)備、工具和裝置有關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)及其說明書 參考譯文：

“技術(shù)資料”系指列于附件1與制造和維修合同產(chǎn)品有關(guān)的工程、制造及原始資料，包括與制造設(shè)備、工具和裝置有關(guān)的圖紙、藍(lán)本、設(shè)計(jì)圖表、材料規(guī)格、照片、影印資料和一般資料、設(shè)計(jì)及其說明書等，但上述資料僅限于乙方擁有的資料和甲方用于本合同業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)的資料。

例4 If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question.The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.注釋：

（1）audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帳目（2）Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款

（3）the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具體的查帳內(nèi)容和程序（4）Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract 參考譯文：

乙方如需查核甲方的帳目時(shí)，應(yīng)在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款規(guī)定開出的書面通知后10天之內(nèi)通知甲方，其具體的查帳內(nèi)容和程序詳見本合同附件4。

例5 The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question.The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注釋：

（1）either Party hereto：本協(xié)議各方（不譯成“one Party hereto）。

（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改進(jìn)、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設(shè)計(jì)（3）discover, make or develop：開發(fā)

（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生產(chǎn)及裝配許可證產(chǎn)品或部件（5）file application for Letter Patent：申請(qǐng)專利

（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保護(hù)程序 the same: Letter Patent（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此產(chǎn)生的專利（8）consistent with this agreement：與本協(xié)議不相矛盾 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議各方同意，一方對(duì)于有關(guān)生產(chǎn)及裝配許可證產(chǎn)品或部件所做的改進(jìn)、修正、更新發(fā)明或設(shè)計(jì)均應(yīng)立即全部通知另一方。開發(fā)改進(jìn)的一方可以自負(fù)費(fèi)用并以自身名義申請(qǐng)專利或采取其它必要的法律保護(hù)程序，由此產(chǎn)生的專利將屬于該方所有。在本協(xié)議的有效期內(nèi)，另一方可以與本協(xié)議不相矛盾的方式無(wú)償使用和銷售利用改進(jìn)、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設(shè)計(jì)（無(wú)論其是否取得專利權(quán)）生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。例6 The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注釋：

（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有關(guān)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的許可證和技術(shù)服務(wù)（2）the technical assistance agreement：技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議

（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本協(xié)議附件2 hereto：to this Agreement 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意Y將向FCAM提供有關(guān)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的許可證和技術(shù)服務(wù)，F(xiàn)CAM和Y將訂立技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議并作為本協(xié)議附件2（以下稱作“技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議”）。

例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注釋：

（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：盡實(shí)際可能最大限度地（2）data on management and financial information：管理和財(cái)務(wù)信息材料

（3）prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好會(huì)計(jì)和財(cái)務(wù)帳目

（4）available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以備本協(xié)議各方的檢查或?qū)徲?jì) either Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本協(xié)議雙方 inspection：檢查 audit：審計(jì) 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意保證FCAM將盡實(shí)際可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式樣，用于FCAM向協(xié)議各方提供管理和財(cái)務(wù)信息材料；并且FCAM應(yīng)建好會(huì)計(jì)和財(cái)務(wù)帳目以備協(xié)議雙方的檢查或?qū)徲?jì)。

例8 The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question.Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.注釋：

（1）Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本協(xié)議雙方授權(quán)的董事會(huì) hereto：to this Agreement（2）to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理 manage：業(yè)務(wù)管理（3）the overall business management plan of the company：公司整體經(jīng)營(yíng)計(jì)劃（4）monitor the execution of the plan in question：監(jiān)督該計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行（5）review and approval：審閱和批準(zhǔn) 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意授權(quán)管理FCAM的董事會(huì)對(duì)公司整體經(jīng)營(yíng)計(jì)劃的報(bào)批和監(jiān)督執(zhí)行負(fù)責(zé)。該經(jīng)營(yíng)計(jì)劃需要提交協(xié)議雙方審閱和批準(zhǔn)。

例9 The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.注釋：

（1）specialized machinery and equipment：特定機(jī)器設(shè)備 equipment：（單數(shù)形式）設(shè)備（2）determined through mutual consultation：協(xié)商決定

（3）the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技術(shù)訣竅（4）terms and conditions：條件

（5）(such…)as：作關(guān)系代詞，意為which, that 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意并將使FCAM同意Y將向FCAM出售，F(xiàn)CAM從Y購(gòu)買經(jīng)過Y和FCAM協(xié)商決定的特定機(jī)器設(shè)備，以保證根據(jù)技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議由Y向FCAM提供的技術(shù)訣竅得到有效使用，并以協(xié)議雙方同意的價(jià)格和條件成交。

例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注釋：

（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期滿（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了債務(wù)（3）debtor：債務(wù)人（4）creditor：債權(quán)人 參考譯文：

本合同期滿時(shí)，雙方之間發(fā)生的未了債務(wù)不受合同期滿的影響，債務(wù)人應(yīng)向債權(quán)人繼續(xù)支付未了債務(wù) 四 herein 英文釋義:in this 中文譯詞:此中，于此

用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等時(shí)，使用該詞。如表示“本法（中）所稱的不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”，可譯為“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此處herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本協(xié)議（中）內(nèi)容”，譯為“the Contents herein”，此處herein表示“in this Agreement”。語(yǔ)法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰所修飾詞.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注釋：

（1）unfair competition：不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所稱（3）refer to：是指

（4）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規(guī)定

（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：損害其他經(jīng)營(yíng)者的合法權(quán)益（6）disturb the socio-economic order：擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序

（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所稱的經(jīng)營(yíng)者 herein：in this Law（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：從事商品經(jīng)營(yíng)或營(yíng)利性服務(wù) engage in：從事，be engaged in：忙于 參考譯文：

本法所稱的不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者違反本法規(guī)定，損害其他經(jīng)營(yíng)者的合法權(quán)益，擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的行為。本法所稱的經(jīng)營(yíng)者，是指從事商品經(jīng)營(yíng)或營(yíng)利性服務(wù)（以下所稱商品包括服務(wù)）的法人、其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織和個(gè)人。

例2 This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.注釋：

（1）this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：茲制定本法（2）maintain the foreign trade order：維護(hù)對(duì)外貿(mào)易秩序

（3）promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康發(fā)展（4）foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所稱對(duì)外貿(mào)易 herein：in this Law（5）the international trade in services：國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易 參考譯文：

為了發(fā)展對(duì)外貿(mào)易，維護(hù)對(duì)外貿(mào)易秩序，促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康發(fā)展，茲制定本法。本法所稱對(duì)外貿(mào)易，是指貨物進(jìn)出口、技術(shù)進(jìn)出口和國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易。例3 The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.注釋：

（1）mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所稱（2）limited liability company：有限責(zé)任公司（3）company limited by shares：股份有限公司（4）within the territory of China：在中國(guó)境內(nèi) 參考譯文：

本法所稱公司是指依照本法在中國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立的有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司。

例4 Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated.Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.注釋：

（1）illegal gains：違法所得

（2）shall be confiscated：應(yīng)當(dāng)予以沒收

（3）the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本決定規(guī)定（4）illegal gains to be confiscated：被沒收違法所得（5）a fine imposed on：判處罰金（6）property forfeited：沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)

（7）a civil compensation assumed by：承擔(dān)民事賠償責(zé)任 參考譯文：

犯本決定規(guī)定之罪有違法所得的，應(yīng)當(dāng)予以沒收。

犯本決定規(guī)定之罪，被沒收違法所得、判處罰金、沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)、承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的，其財(cái)產(chǎn)不足以支付時(shí)，先承擔(dān)民事賠償責(zé)任。

例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注釋：

（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port of shipment)：船上交貨（…<指定裝運(yùn)港>）（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)（…<指定目的港>）

（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)（……<指定目的港>）

（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》 參考譯文：

除非本合同另有規(guī)定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均應(yīng)依照國(guó)際商會(huì)制定的《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》辦理。例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注釋：

（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明確表示 herein：in this Agreement（2）dispute：爭(zhēng)議（3）controversy：糾紛（4）difference：歧意

（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本協(xié)議雙方（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何違約及過失（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于

（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁條款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁條款 參考譯文：

除非另有明確表示，則由于執(zhí)行本協(xié)議所引發(fā)或與本協(xié)議有關(guān)的協(xié)議雙方的所有爭(zhēng)議、糾紛或歧意，以及任何違約及過失（包括，但不限于有關(guān)本協(xié)議存續(xù)的爭(zhēng)議，仲裁條款有效性的爭(zhēng)議），如不能以友好協(xié)商的方式解決，則提交仲裁。

例7 The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.注釋：

（1）the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行

（2）pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：按照本合同規(guī)定的條件 herein：in this Contract（3）on the Disbursement Date：在付款日（4）credit the funds received：貸記入所收資金（5）the Borrower：借款人 參考譯文：

代理行應(yīng)按照本合同規(guī)定的條件，在付款日將所收資金貸記入借款人根據(jù)2.2款指定的帳戶。例8 All the rights provided for herein(in this Contract)shall be cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.注釋：

（1）cumulative：累加的

（2）shall not be exclusive of：并不排除（3）privilege：特權(quán)（4）remedy：補(bǔ)救方法

（5）provided for by laws：法律規(guī)定的 參考譯文：

本合同規(guī)定的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利是累加的，并不排除法律規(guī)定的其它權(quán)利、權(quán)力、特權(quán)或補(bǔ)救方法。

例9 Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows: 注釋：

（1）Now Therefore：據(jù)此

（2）the consideration：對(duì)價(jià)。對(duì)價(jià)是對(duì)一項(xiàng)允諾（promise）的回報(bào)。例如，甲方允諾向乙方提供若干數(shù)量的貨物，乙方同意付給甲方一定數(shù)目的貨款，該貨款便構(gòu)成甲方允諾的對(duì)價(jià)。在經(jīng)過要約（offer）與承諾（acceptance）的基礎(chǔ)上，只有那些擁有對(duì)價(jià)的允諾才被認(rèn)作合同，得到法律的保護(hù)和執(zhí)行。（3）the contents herein：本協(xié)議內(nèi)容 herein：in this Agreement 參考譯文：

據(jù)此，以本協(xié)議雙方相互承諾為對(duì)價(jià)，就下述內(nèi)容達(dá)成一致：

例10 The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the obligations of making all payments.All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes.The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.注釋：

（1）the obligations of making all payments：支付義務(wù)（2）reimbursement：償付

（3）be free and clear of any other charges：不附帶其它費(fèi)用（4）exempt from all taxes：是免稅的

（5）pay all taxes as provided for herein：承擔(dān)全部本協(xié)議規(guī)定的稅務(wù) herein：in this Agreement 參考譯文：

借款人應(yīng)按照本協(xié)議和票據(jù)完成所有支付義務(wù)。向銀行的償付應(yīng)是不附帶其它費(fèi)用并且是免稅的，而且銀行所收到的償付款項(xiàng)不含任何稅務(wù)。借款人應(yīng)按本協(xié)議承擔(dān)全部本協(xié)議規(guī)定的稅務(wù)。五 hereinafter 英文釋義:later in the same Contract 中文譯詞:以下,在下文

語(yǔ)法:一般與referred to as, called等詞組連用，以避免重復(fù)，置于這些詞組前面，與之緊鄰。

例1：

In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注釋：

（1）in accordance with：under 根據(jù)

（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中華人民共和國(guó)中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)法

（3）Hereinafter：以下

（4）articles of association：合營(yíng)公司章程（條款）（5）hereby：特此

（6）formulate：prepare 制訂 參考譯文：

根據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)法》以及由

公司（以下稱甲方）與

公司（以下稱乙方）所訂的合資經(jīng)營(yíng)的合同，特制訂本公司章程。

例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:

(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);(4)finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies);and(5)finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).注釋：

(1)financial institution：金融機(jī)構(gòu)

(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China：總行在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的外國(guó)資本銀行。在中譯英時(shí)，這里的“外國(guó)資本銀行”，應(yīng)理解成“外資銀行的子銀行”，英文為subsidiary banks，而不能簡(jiǎn)單地譯成foreign banks，因?yàn)楹苌儆幸患彝鈬?guó)銀行把自己的總部搬到國(guó)外，但在境外設(shè)立子銀行、子公司是經(jīng)常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資銀行。

(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資銀行分行。

(5)finance company：財(cái)務(wù)公司，這里應(yīng)理解為金融公司，是指在商業(yè)銀行以外的專門從事抵押放款業(yè)務(wù)的金融企業(yè)。如果中文為會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所，則要譯成：accounting firm(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資財(cái)務(wù)公司

(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies：以下簡(jiǎn)稱合資財(cái)務(wù)公司 參考譯文：

本條例所稱外資金融機(jī)構(gòu)，是指依照中華人民共和國(guó)有關(guān)法律、法規(guī)的規(guī)定，經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)在中國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立和營(yíng)業(yè)的下列金融機(jī)構(gòu)：

（一）總行在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的外國(guó)資本銀行（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資銀行）

（二）外國(guó)銀行在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的分行（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資銀行分行）

（三）外國(guó)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)同中國(guó)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)在中國(guó)境內(nèi)合資經(jīng)營(yíng)的銀行（以下簡(jiǎn)稱合資銀行）

（四）總公司在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的外國(guó)資本的財(cái)務(wù)公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資財(cái)務(wù)公司）

（五）外國(guó)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)同中國(guó)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)在中國(guó)境內(nèi)合資經(jīng)營(yíng)的財(cái)務(wù)公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱合資財(cái)務(wù)公司）

例3 When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”)apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.注釋：

(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已設(shè)立的中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)，即現(xiàn)有的中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外資企業(yè)(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外商投資企業(yè)(5)shall have a record of making profits：應(yīng)有盈利紀(jì)錄 參考譯文：

已設(shè)立的中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)、中外合作經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)，外資企業(yè)（以下稱為外商投資企業(yè)），如申請(qǐng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣镜模瑧?yīng)有最近連續(xù)3年的盈利紀(jì)錄。

例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注釋：

（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外經(jīng)貿(mào)部）

（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外經(jīng)貿(mào)部門（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直轄市

（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：計(jì)劃單列市 參考譯文：

申請(qǐng)?jiān)O(shè)立投資公司，投資者應(yīng)將下列文件經(jīng)擬設(shè)立投資公司所在地的省、自治區(qū)、直轄市、計(jì)劃單列市外經(jīng)貿(mào)部門審核同意后，報(bào)對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外經(jīng)貿(mào)部）審查批準(zhǔn)。

例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注釋：

（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本條例 prepare：制定（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中華人民共和國(guó)公司法》（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下簡(jiǎn)稱《公司法》

（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：確認(rèn)公司的企業(yè)法人資格（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：規(guī)范公司登記行為 參考譯文：

為了確認(rèn)公司的企業(yè)法人資格，規(guī)范公司登記行為，依據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)公司法》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱《公司法》），制定本條例。

例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注釋：（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和技術(shù)交流

（2）to absorb foreign investment：引進(jìn)外資

（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展

（4）hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外國(guó)股東 foreign shareholders：外國(guó)股東（5）hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders：以下簡(jiǎn)稱中國(guó)股東（6）within the territory of China：在中國(guó)境內(nèi)

（7）a company limited by shares with foreign investment：外商投資股份有限公司 參考譯文：

為進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和技術(shù)交流，引進(jìn)外資，促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，外國(guó)的公司、企業(yè)和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織或個(gè)人（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外國(guó)股東），按照平等互利的原則，可與中國(guó)的公司、企業(yè)或其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織（以下簡(jiǎn)稱中國(guó)股東）在中國(guó)境內(nèi)共同舉辦外商投資股份有限公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱公司）。例7 In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.注釋：

（1）to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise：引進(jìn)國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)（2）to establish investment company：設(shè)立投資公司

（3）hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下簡(jiǎn)稱投資公司

（4）the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment：中國(guó)有關(guān)外國(guó)投資的法律、法規(guī) 參考譯文：

為了促進(jìn)外國(guó)投資者來(lái)華投資，引進(jìn)國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)，允許外國(guó)投資者根據(jù)中國(guó)有關(guān)外國(guó)投資的法律、法規(guī)及本規(guī)定，在中國(guó)設(shè)立投資公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱投資公司）。

例8 These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities(hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).注釋：

（1）these Detailed Rules：本實(shí)施細(xì)則

（2）apply（to）：vi.適用于 More Examples：The rules of safe driving apply to everyone./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./That argument does not apply in this case./The comment applies equally here.（3）the resident representative offices：常駐代表機(jī)構(gòu)（4）shipping agents：貨運(yùn)代理商（5）consultant company：咨詢公司（6）advertising agency：廣告公司（7）leasing company：租賃公司

（8）hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外國(guó)企業(yè) 參考譯文：

本實(shí)施細(xì)則適用于外國(guó)貿(mào)易商、制造廠商、貨運(yùn)代理商、承包商、咨詢公司、廣告公司、投資公司、租賃公司和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易組織（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外國(guó)企業(yè)）在中華人民共和國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立的常駐代表機(jī)構(gòu)。

例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注釋：

（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授權(quán)的對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易委員會(huì)

（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下簡(jiǎn)稱審批機(jī)關(guān) Examination-Approval Authorities：審批機(jī)關(guān)

（3）register with：辦理登記手續(xù)

（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：國(guó)家工商行政管理局

（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授權(quán)的（各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計(jì)劃單列市）工商行政管理局 參考譯文：

外國(guó)企業(yè)申請(qǐng)?jiān)谥腥A人民共和國(guó)境內(nèi)成立常設(shè)代表機(jī)構(gòu)，應(yīng)經(jīng)對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部或其授權(quán)的各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計(jì)劃單列市對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易委員會(huì)（廳）（以下簡(jiǎn)稱審批機(jī)關(guān)）批準(zhǔn)，并在中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家工商行政管理局或其授權(quán)的各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計(jì)劃單列市工商行政管理局（以下簡(jiǎn)稱登記機(jī)關(guān)）辦理登記手續(xù)。六 therein 英文釋義:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文譯詞:在那里；在那點(diǎn)上，在那方面

用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等時(shí)使用。例如表示“修補(bǔ)工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此處therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或機(jī)械設(shè)備”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，這里的therein表示“in the Works”。語(yǔ)法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。

例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.注釋：

(1)Temporary Works：臨時(shí)工程，是指為永久工程服務(wù)的工程，永久工程建成后應(yīng)予以拆除。建造臨時(shí)工程的費(fèi)用，按國(guó)際FIDIC合同條件規(guī)定，應(yīng)由承包人負(fù)責(zé)。

(2)Defects：缺陷，表示工程施工出現(xiàn)的問題，即工程本身存在的問題，而不是因業(yè)主使用不當(dāng)造成的。

(3)the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修補(bǔ)工程中任何缺陷。建造一項(xiàng)工程一般分成兩個(gè)階段進(jìn)行，工程設(shè)計(jì)、施工、竣工為第一階段，修補(bǔ)工程中任何缺陷為第二階段，因此此句中的第一個(gè)and是對(duì)的，表示建造工程的兩個(gè)階段。參考譯文：

臨時(shí)工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修補(bǔ)工程中任何缺陷時(shí)需要或與上述工程階段有關(guān)的所有各種臨時(shí)工程，但承包人的設(shè)備除外。例2 The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 注釋：

（1）the prior consent of the Employer：業(yè)主的事先同意 注意：consent只有單數(shù)形式，表示同意（2）assign：轉(zhuǎn)讓

（3）therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract（4）otherwise than by：但下列情況除外。也可寫成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances: 參考譯文：

沒有業(yè)主的事先同意，承包人不得將合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好處進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓，但下列情況除外：

例3 This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein.This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.注釋：

（1）Note：期票，即借據(jù)，票據(jù)（2）loan agreement：貸款協(xié)議

（3）be entitled to all the benefits：享有（貸款協(xié)議規(guī)定的）全部利益（4）advance payment：預(yù)付（5）default：違約

（6）in the event of default：因違約 參考譯文：

本期票是貸款協(xié)議中所指的期票，享有貸款協(xié)議規(guī)定的全部利益，是指貸款協(xié)議中規(guī)定的預(yù)付、違約及因違約提前到期的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。

例4 A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注釋：

（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人說明書（2）comply with：遵照

（3）the attachments specified therein：附錄4規(guī)定的附件 therein：in Appendix 4 參考譯文：

借款人證明書，其格式基本上應(yīng)遵照附錄4規(guī)定的格式及其規(guī)定的附件。

例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注釋：（1）exemption：免征稅款（2）local authorities：地方當(dāng)局

（3）any political subdivision：任何下屬政府分支機(jī)構(gòu)

（4）taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方當(dāng)局的稅收當(dāng)局 therein：in local authorities（5）under the Contract：根據(jù)合同規(guī)定（6）shall be due：應(yīng)予以征收的

（7）the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：證明上述免稅文件 in question：上述 參考譯文：

任何時(shí)候，如果由當(dāng)?shù)鼗蚱淙魏握种C(jī)構(gòu)或稅收當(dāng)局，對(duì)任何根據(jù)合同規(guī)定所支付費(fèi)用應(yīng)予以征收的稅款，不論什么性質(zhì)，現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，凡可以免征的，借款人應(yīng)及時(shí)向代理行遞交一份證明上述免稅文件的副本。例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注釋：

（1）the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中華人民共和國(guó)外商投資企業(yè)和外國(guó)企業(yè)所得稅法。

（2）at the rates provided for therein：按稅法規(guī)定的稅率 therein：in the Tax Law 參考譯文：

在《中華人民共和國(guó)外商投資企業(yè)和外國(guó)企業(yè)所得稅法》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱稅法）公布前已經(jīng)辦理工商登記的外商投資企業(yè)，該企業(yè)應(yīng)按稅法規(guī)定的稅率繳納所得稅。

例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.注釋：

（1）the Borrower：借款人

（2）to make the borrowings：借貸資金（3）to execute and deliver the Note：簽署票據(jù)

（4）to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein：承擔(dān)由此產(chǎn)生的義務(wù) therein：in the Note（5）all the actions in question：上述全部行為（6）legal person：法人 參考譯文：

借款人有充分的權(quán)力訂立本協(xié)議，借貸資金、簽署票據(jù)并承擔(dān)由此而產(chǎn)生的義務(wù)，上述全部行為均應(yīng)經(jīng)法人適當(dāng)和必需的授權(quán)。

例8 The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition.Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.注釋：

（1）leasee：承租人（2）keep the commodity in good condition：維持商品的良好狀況（3）provided that：除非，表示進(jìn)一步規(guī)定（4）leasor：出租人

（5）to lodge claims against the Leasor：向出租人提出賠償

（6）any losses occurred therein：因此所遭受的損失 therein：in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出現(xiàn)的故障 參考譯文：

承租人必須自負(fù)費(fèi)用維持商品的良好狀況；除非由出租人對(duì)商品的故障負(fù)責(zé)，承租人則有權(quán)向出租人提出賠償因之所遭受的損失。

例9 When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons(drawers)by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or data content thereof.If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ or services referred to in the credit, banks will accept such documents as presented.注釋：

（1）documents：shipping documents貨運(yùn)單據(jù)（2）transport documents：運(yùn)輸單據(jù)

（3）insurance documents：insurance policies保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)（4）commercial invoice：商業(yè)發(fā)票（5）the credit：the letter of credit 信用證（6）drawer：出單人

（7）the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辭（8）data content thereof：data content of the documents 項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容（9）referred to in the credit：信用證中所述的 參考譯文：

當(dāng)信用證要求運(yùn)輸單據(jù)、保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)和商業(yè)發(fā)票以外的單據(jù)時(shí)，信用證應(yīng)規(guī)定該單據(jù)的出單人及其措辭或項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容。如信用證雖無(wú)此規(guī)定，但提交的單據(jù)的項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容可能證實(shí)與信用證中所述的貨物及/或服務(wù)有關(guān)聯(lián)，則銀行將予接受。

例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注釋：

（1）loss or damage：損失與損壞 注：loss與damage同義，同義詞連用是合同文件語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)之一。（2）any part thereof：any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分 thereof：of the Works（3）for incorporation therein：used in the Works 用于工程中的 for incorporation in：used in 應(yīng)譯成“用于（工程）中”，而不能譯成“進(jìn)入工程” therein：in the Works 工程中（4）at one’s own cost：自費(fèi)（5）rectify：彌補(bǔ)，糾正

（6）Permanent Works：永久工程

（7）to the satisfaction of the Engineer：達(dá)到工程師滿意的程度 參考譯文：

在承包人負(fù)責(zé)照管工程期間，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的設(shè)備，除第20.4款所規(guī)定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外，不管由于任何原因而遭受損失或損壞，承包人應(yīng)自費(fèi)彌補(bǔ)此類損失或損壞，以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的規(guī)定，并達(dá)到工程師滿意的程度。七.thereof 英文釋義: of that, of it 中文譯詞:由此,其

用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的……”時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，可使用該詞，比如表示“合同條件、條款”時(shí)，可譯為“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此處的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可譯為“any parts thereof”，這里的thereof表示“of the Works”。語(yǔ)法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。

例1：

When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery, the Buyer in question shall give the Seller the notice thereof.注釋：

（1）be entitled to determine：有權(quán)確定

（2）the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery：提取貨物的時(shí)間和/或地點(diǎn)

（3）the notice thereof：有關(guān)這方面的通知 thereof：of the above-mentioned matters, that is, the time and the place of taking delivery.參考譯文：

買方有權(quán)確定在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)提取貨物的時(shí)間和/或地點(diǎn)時(shí)，應(yīng)給賣方有關(guān)這方面的通知。

例2 The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid shall, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law, be implemented.Provided that if the State Council is authorized by the law to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations, the provisions in question shall be implemented and complied with.注釋：

（1）the collection of tax：稅收的開征

（2）the cessation thereof：稅收的停征 thereof：of tax（3）the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid：減稅、免稅、退稅、補(bǔ)稅（4）the State Council：國(guó)務(wù)院

（5）to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations：制定的行政法規(guī)規(guī)定 prepare：制定 參考譯文：

稅收的開征、停征以及減稅、免稅、退稅、補(bǔ)稅，依照法律的規(guī)定執(zhí)行；法律授權(quán)國(guó)務(wù)院規(guī)定的，依照國(guó)務(wù)院制定的行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定執(zhí)行。

例3 The Party applying for arbitration shall submit to an arbitration commission the arbitration agreement, the application for arbitration and the copies thereof.注釋：

（1）the Party applying for arbitration：當(dāng)事人申請(qǐng)仲裁（是指申請(qǐng)仲裁的當(dāng)事人）（2）arbitration commission：仲裁委員會(huì)（3）arbitration agreement：仲裁協(xié)議（4）application for arbitration：仲裁申請(qǐng)書

（5）the copies thereof：the copies of the application for arbitration 仲裁申請(qǐng)書副本 參考譯文：

當(dāng)事人申請(qǐng)仲裁，應(yīng)當(dāng)向仲裁委員會(huì)遞交仲裁協(xié)議、仲裁申請(qǐng)書及副本。

例4 “Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.注釋：

（1）Tests on Completion：竣工檢驗(yàn)（2）otherwise agreed：另行商定

（3）Employer takes over the Works：業(yè)主接收工程

（4）any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、區(qū)段 thereof：of the Works 參考譯文：

竣工檢驗(yàn)指合同規(guī)定的或由工程師與承包人另行商定的檢驗(yàn)。這些檢驗(yàn)是由承包人在業(yè)主接收工程或工程任何部分、區(qū)段之前進(jìn)行的。

例5 The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest(or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest(or to take other legal process in lieu thereof)when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.注釋：

（1）the collection order：托收指示（2）the protest：拒絕證書

（3）in lieu thereof：代替拒絕證書 thereof：of the protest（4）non-acceptance or non-payment：拒絕承兌或拒絕付款（5）the banks concerned with the collection：與托收有關(guān)的各銀行

（6）experience non-acceptance and non-payment：遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款（7）the principal：委托人 參考譯文：

托收指示應(yīng)對(duì)于在遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款時(shí)，是否需要作出拒絕證書（或采取其它替代法律手續(xù)）給予特別指示。如無(wú)此項(xiàng)特別指示，與托收有關(guān)的各銀行在遭到拒絕付款或拒絕承兌時(shí)，并無(wú)義務(wù)作出拒絕證書（或采取其它替代法律手續(xù)）。

銀行由于作出拒絕證書或采取其它法律手續(xù)而發(fā)生的手續(xù)費(fèi)或費(fèi)用概由委托人負(fù)擔(dān)。例6 If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.注釋:（1）makes the specification：訂明規(guī)格

（2）the details thereof：the details of the specification規(guī)格的細(xì)節(jié)（3）the communication in question：該通知（4）shall be binding：應(yīng)具有約束力 參考譯文：

如果賣方自己制訂規(guī)格，他必須將所制訂的規(guī)格的細(xì)節(jié)通知買方，而且必須規(guī)定一段合理時(shí)間，讓買方可以在該段時(shí)間內(nèi)制訂出不同的規(guī)格。如果買方在收到該通知后沒有在該段時(shí)間內(nèi)這樣做，則賣方所訂的規(guī)格應(yīng)具有約束力。

例7 This Law shall apply to limited liability companies with foreign investment.Unless otherwise specified by the laws on Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprises, Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, the provisions thereof shall apply to them.注釋：

（1）apply to(sb.)：適用

（2）limited liability companies with foreign investment：外商投資的有限責(zé)任公司（3）Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprise：中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)（4）Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprise：中外合作經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)（5）wholly foreign-owned enterprise：外資企業(yè) 參考譯文：

外商投資的有限責(zé)任公司適用本法，有關(guān)中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)、中外合作經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)、外資企業(yè)的法律另有規(guī)定的，適用其規(guī)定。

例8 “Time for Completion” means such time for completing the execution of the Works and passing the Tests on Completion of the Works or any Section or part thereof as is specified in the Contract from the Commencement Date.注釋：

（1）time for completion：竣工時(shí)間（2）the execution of the Works：施工

（3）any Section or part thereof：工程的任何部分或區(qū)段，thereof：of the Works 參考譯文：

竣工時(shí)間是指合同規(guī)定從工程開工日期算起到工程或其任何部分或區(qū)段施工結(jié)束并且通過竣工檢驗(yàn)的時(shí)間。

例9 The Employer shall, prior to the submission by the Contractor of the Tender, have made available to the Contractor, such data on hydrological and subsurface conditions as have been obtained by the Employer or the Representative on behalf of the Employer from the investigations into the Works provided that the Contractor shall be responsible for his own interpretation thereof.注釋：

（1）make available to the Contractor….：向承包人提供……（2）data on hydrological and subsurface conditions：水文地質(zhì)資料

（3）his own interpretation thereof：自己對(duì)上述資料的解釋 thereof：of the data 參考譯文：

在承包人提交投標(biāo)書之前，業(yè)主應(yīng)向承包人提供由業(yè)主或業(yè)主代表根據(jù)對(duì)該項(xiàng)工程的勘察所取得的水文地質(zhì)資料，但是承包人應(yīng)對(duì)他自己對(duì)上述資料的解釋負(fù)責(zé)。

例10 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.注釋：

（1）this Agreement is terminated：本協(xié)議終止（2）transparency：圖片（3）specifications：規(guī)格

（4）any other manufacturing or engineering information：其它全部生產(chǎn)和操作資料（5）the said Licensed Products：上述許可證產(chǎn)品 參考譯文：

如本協(xié)議因任何理由而終止，所有由甲方提供的圖紙、圖片、規(guī)格以及其它全部生產(chǎn)和操作資料，包括全部復(fù)制品，均返還甲方，同時(shí)，乙方應(yīng)停止生產(chǎn)上述許可證產(chǎn)品、或部件、或零件 八.thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder

1)thereafter: after that此后；之后 2）thereto: to that 隨附；附之 3）therewith: with that 與此；與之 4）therefor: for that 因之；為此 5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照

用法: 本節(jié)提及的各詞，其用法與上面七節(jié)談及的一樣，主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“that”。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“this”，則要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。語(yǔ)法：緊接所修飾詞之后。

例1：

The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction.The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.注釋：

（1）

decision and award of the arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決（2）

the judgment：司法判決

（3）

any court having jurisdiction：有管轄權(quán)的法院 jurisdiction：管轄權(quán)（4）

the parties thereto：合同雙方 thereto：to the Contract（5）

in good faith：以良好誠(chéng)信的態(tài)度

參考譯文：

仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決是終局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管轄權(quán)的法院對(duì)此作出司法判決。雙方須以良好誠(chéng)信的態(tài)度遵守仲裁庭的決定。例2：

“Patented Technology” means such letters patent, and application therefore as are presently owned or acquired in the future by Party B and /or as Party B has or may have the right to control or grant license thereof during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products.注釋：

（1）

patented technology：專利技術(shù)（2）

letters patent：專利證，專利（3）

application therefore：專利申請(qǐng)（4）

grant license thereof：許可轉(zhuǎn)讓

（5）

during the effective period of this Contract：本合同有效期間

（6）

are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products：適用于或可能適用于制造本合同產(chǎn)品

參考譯文：

“專利技術(shù)”，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來(lái)獲得的和/或有權(quán)或可能有權(quán)控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國(guó)家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓的，適用于或可能適用于制造本合同產(chǎn)品的專利和專利申請(qǐng)。

例3：

“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.注釋：

（1）

Contract Products：合同產(chǎn)品

（2）

Appendix 2 to this Contract：本合同附件2（3）

together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto：及其改進(jìn)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)品 thereof：of the Contract Products；thereto：to the Contract Products

參考譯文：

“合同產(chǎn)品”，系指本合同附件2中規(guī)定的產(chǎn)品及其改進(jìn)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)品。

例4：

“Specifications” means the specifications of the Works included in the Contract and such any modification thereof or addition thereto as are made under Clause 95 or as are submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.注釋：

（1）

specifications：規(guī)范

（2）any modification thereof or addition thereto：對(duì)規(guī)范的任何修改或增補(bǔ) thereof：of the Specifications；thereto：to the Specifications（3）

under Clause 95：根據(jù)第95條規(guī)定

參考譯文：

規(guī)范是指合同中包括的工程規(guī)范，以及根據(jù)第95條規(guī)定的或由承包商提出并經(jīng)工程師批準(zhǔn)的對(duì)規(guī)范的任何修改或增補(bǔ)。例5：

The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.注釋：

（1）

the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷責(zé)任證書

（2）

the expiration of the Defects Liability Period： 缺陷責(zé)任期終止

（3）

different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works：不同的缺陷責(zé)任期適用永久工程的不同區(qū)段或部分（4）

any works instructed：任何按指示進(jìn)行的工程

參考譯文：工程的缺陷責(zé)任證書應(yīng)由工程師在缺陷責(zé)任期終止后28天內(nèi)頒發(fā)，或者，如果不同的缺陷責(zé)任期適用永久工程的不同區(qū)段或部分時(shí)，則在最后一個(gè)缺陷責(zé)任期終止或根據(jù)第82條，在任何按指示進(jìn)行的工程已完成并達(dá)到工程師滿意之后盡快簽發(fā)。

例6：

The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent(0.5%)per annum on the Total Loan Commitment.The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract(inclusive)to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date(but excluding the day in question).The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.注釋：

（1）

commitment fee：承諾費(fèi)，承擔(dān)費(fèi)。貸款協(xié)議簽定生效后，如借款人沒有按期使用貸款，需向貸款人支付一定金額的補(bǔ)償費(fèi)用——承諾費(fèi)或承擔(dān)費(fèi)。通常在貸款協(xié)議中確定一個(gè)承諾期。承諾期分為前后兩期，前期不收承諾費(fèi)，后期計(jì)收承諾費(fèi)。如果在前段承諾期已使用全部承諾期金額，則不收承諾費(fèi)。如果在前段承諾期未使用全部承諾期金額，其余額在后段承諾期使用，則計(jì)收承諾費(fèi)。（2）

the Disbursement Date：貸款發(fā)放日（3）

the Termination Date：貸款終止日

（4）

from the date in the third month thereafter：從其后第3個(gè)月的該日 thereafter：after the Termination Date

參考譯文：

借款人每年應(yīng)支付銀行貸款承諾總額0.5%的承諾費(fèi)。支付時(shí)間從簽訂合同之日起（包括該日在內(nèi)），到貸款發(fā)放日和終止日中較早之日（但不包括該日在內(nèi)）為止，從其后第3個(gè)月的該日起開始按季支付至發(fā)放日與終止日中較早之日。

例7：

If one or more of the following events of default(hereinafter called “Event of Default”)occurs or occur or continues or continue, the Agent and the Bank shall be entitled to the remedies specified in Sub-Clause 11.2 of the Agreement.(a)The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable.注釋：

（1）

events of default：違約事件（2）

continues or continue：正在繼續(xù)（3）

the remedies：補(bǔ)救方法

（4）

fail to pay any amount payable thereunder：未能支付根據(jù)該協(xié)議規(guī)定應(yīng)付的款項(xiàng) thereunder：under the Contract

參考譯文：

如果發(fā)生下列一種或一種以上違約事件（以下稱違約事件），或該違約事件正在繼續(xù)，代理行以及各行應(yīng)行使第11.2款規(guī)定的救濟(jì)方法。

（1）借款人未能支付根據(jù)該協(xié)議規(guī)定到期應(yīng)付的款項(xiàng)。九.whereas

釋義: considering that, 鑒于，就......而論（法律用語(yǔ)）

用法: 常用于合同協(xié)議書的開頭段落中，以引出合同雙方要訂立合同的理由或依據(jù)。語(yǔ)法：緊接于要修飾詞之前，常位于句首。

例1：

Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology;Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology：將專利技術(shù)的合同產(chǎn)品的使用權(quán)、制造權(quán)和銷售權(quán)授予甲方

（3）

the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract：雙方授權(quán)代表（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows：就以下條款

參考譯文：

鑒于乙方有權(quán)并同意將專利技術(shù)的合同產(chǎn)品的使用權(quán)、制造權(quán)和銷售權(quán)授予甲方；

鑒于甲方希望利用乙方的專利技術(shù)制造并銷售合同的產(chǎn)品；雙方授權(quán)代表經(jīng)友好協(xié)商，同意就以下條款簽訂本合同：

例2：

Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋：（1）

proprietary technical information：專有技術(shù)信息

（2）

designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data：設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料

（3）

the right and licence：許可權(quán)利（4）

technical assistance：技術(shù)協(xié)助（5）

trademarks：商標(biāo)

參考譯文：

鑒于甲方擁有合同產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)及銷售所涉及的技術(shù)信息，包括設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料的專有權(quán)； 鑒于乙方以生產(chǎn)、使用和銷售合同產(chǎn)品為目的，希望獲得使用上述協(xié)助的許可權(quán)利； 鑒于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商標(biāo)； 雙方茲就下列內(nèi)容達(dá)成一致：

例3：

Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

severally but not jointly：分別但不連帶地（3）

an aggregate amount：總額

（4）

the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：當(dāng)事人協(xié)議如下

參考譯文：

鑒于借款人提出從銀行借款，各銀行分別但不連帶地向借款人貸款，總額為$50,000,000（5000萬(wàn)美元），當(dāng)事人協(xié)議如下：

例4：

Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于（2）

a term loan：定期貸款（3）

the principal amount：本金

（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement：根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項(xiàng)（5）

in consideration of the mutual promises：以雙方相互承諾為對(duì)價(jià) consideration：對(duì)價(jià)

參考譯文： 鑒于借款人根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項(xiàng)，已向銀行要求向借款人提供一筆本金為100萬(wàn)美元（US$ 1,000,000）的定期貸款；

鑒于銀行根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項(xiàng)，已準(zhǔn)備向借款人提供此項(xiàng)定期貸款； 據(jù)此，以雙方相互承諾為對(duì)價(jià)，就下述內(nèi)容達(dá)成一致。

例5：

Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China(hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”).The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit：按照平等互利的原則（3）

through friendly consultation：通過友好協(xié)商（4）

joint venture company：合資經(jīng)營(yíng)公司（5）

hereinafter referred as：以下稱

參考譯文：

鑒于甲方與乙方按照平等互利的原則，經(jīng)過友好協(xié)商，決定共同投資在中國(guó)建立合資經(jīng)營(yíng)公司（以下稱“合資企業(yè)”），為此達(dá)成如下合同。九.whereas

釋義: considering that, 鑒于，就......而論（法律用語(yǔ)）

用法: 常用于合同協(xié)議書的開頭段落中，以引出合同雙方要訂立合同的理由或依據(jù)。語(yǔ)法：緊接于要修飾詞之前，常位于句首。

例1：

Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology;Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology：將專利技術(shù)的合同產(chǎn)品的使用權(quán)、制造權(quán)和銷售權(quán)授予甲方

（3）

the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract：雙方授權(quán)代表（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows：就以下條款

參考譯文：

鑒于乙方有權(quán)并同意將專利技術(shù)的合同產(chǎn)品的使用權(quán)、制造權(quán)和銷售權(quán)授予甲方；

鑒于甲方希望利用乙方的專利技術(shù)制造并銷售合同的產(chǎn)品；雙方授權(quán)代表經(jīng)友好協(xié)商，同意就以下條款簽訂本合同： 例2：

Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

proprietary technical information：專有技術(shù)信息

（2）

designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data：設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料

（3）

the right and licence：許可權(quán)利（4）

technical assistance：技術(shù)協(xié)助（5）

trademarks：商標(biāo)

參考譯文：

鑒于甲方擁有合同產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)及銷售所涉及的技術(shù)信息，包括設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料的專有權(quán)； 鑒于乙方以生產(chǎn)、使用和銷售合同產(chǎn)品為目的，希望獲得使用上述協(xié)助的許可權(quán)利； 鑒于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商標(biāo)； 雙方茲就下列內(nèi)容達(dá)成一致：

例3：

Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

severally but not jointly：分別但不連帶地（3）

an aggregate amount：總額

（4）

the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：當(dāng)事人協(xié)議如下

參考譯文：

鑒于借款人提出從銀行借款，各銀行分別但不連帶地向借款人貸款，總額為$50,000,000（5000萬(wàn)美元），當(dāng)事人協(xié)議如下：

例4：

Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于（2）

a term loan：定期貸款（3）

the principal amount：本金

（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement：根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項(xiàng)（5）

in consideration of the mutual promises：以雙方相互承諾為對(duì)價(jià) consideration：對(duì)價(jià)

參考譯文：

鑒于借款人根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項(xiàng)，已向銀行要求向借款人提供一筆本金為100萬(wàn)美元（US$ 1,000,000）的定期貸款；

鑒于銀行根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項(xiàng)，已準(zhǔn)備向借款人提供此項(xiàng)定期貸款； 據(jù)此，以雙方相互承諾為對(duì)價(jià)，就下述內(nèi)容達(dá)成一致。

例5：

Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China(hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”).The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit：按照平等互利的原則（3）

through friendly consultation：通過友好協(xié)商（4）

joint venture company：合資經(jīng)營(yíng)公司（5）

hereinafter referred as：以下稱

參考譯文：

鑒于甲方與乙方按照平等互利的原則，經(jīng)過友好協(xié)商，決定共同投資在中國(guó)建立合資經(jīng)營(yíng)公司（以下稱“合資企業(yè)”），為此達(dá)成如下合同。

第三篇：英文合同翻譯

合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)體現(xiàn)其權(quán)威性.英文合同用語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)之一就表現(xiàn)在用詞上,即選擇那些法律用詞,以及正式用詞,使合同表達(dá)的意思準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,達(dá)到雙方對(duì)合同中使用的詞無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議的程度。

例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文:

業(yè)主特此立約保證在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi),按合同規(guī)定的方式向承包人支付合同價(jià),或合同規(guī)定的其它應(yīng)支付的款項(xiàng),以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補(bǔ)工程中缺陷的報(bào)酬。

例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.參考譯文：

特此證明，據(jù)我們所知，上述聲明內(nèi)容真實(shí)，正確無(wú)誤，并提供了全部現(xiàn)有的資料和數(shù)據(jù)，我們同意，應(yīng)貴方要求出具證明文件。

例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party

A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.參考譯文：本合同雙方，公司（以下稱甲方）與 公司（以下稱乙方），在平等互利基礎(chǔ)上，通過友好協(xié)商，于 年 月 日在中國(guó)（地點(diǎn)），特簽訂本合同。

例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).參考譯文：本協(xié)議特由中國(guó) 公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱甲方）與 公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱乙方）于 年 月 日訂立。

例5

Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.參考譯文：

不論港口習(xí)慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反，貨方都應(yīng)晝夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承運(yùn)人需要），無(wú)間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對(duì)違反本款規(guī)定所引起的所有損失或損壞，包括滯期應(yīng)負(fù)擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。

第四篇：淺論英文合同的翻譯和審核

淺論英文合同的審核

英美律師起草的合同無(wú)不深深地刻著英美法系私法原理的烙印，即高度私法自治和遵循先例。所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的突出特點(diǎn)就是大多數(shù)英文合同篇幅長(zhǎng)、慣用冗長(zhǎng)句子和法言法語(yǔ)，但邏輯嚴(yán)密并且規(guī)律性很強(qiáng)。

一個(gè)大項(xiàng)目的英文合同往往都是鴻篇巨制，篇幅達(dá)幾百頁(yè)。英美國(guó)家實(shí)行判例法，大陸法系實(shí)行成文法，成文法相對(duì)于判例法的重要區(qū)別就是比較穩(wěn)定，而且合同很多內(nèi)容法律都有直接規(guī)定，雙方對(duì)于法律已經(jīng)有規(guī)定的部分就無(wú)須在合同中作進(jìn)一步的約定。但英美國(guó)家推行判例法，推行高度私法自治，成文法大多僅作為參考，不具有強(qiáng)制適用的性質(zhì)，因此，合同方在訂立合同的過程中享有高度訂約自由，合同各方可以就任何問題按照自己的意愿作出自己認(rèn)為合適的約定。訂約自由是一項(xiàng)至高的原則，合同條文、文字所直接反映出來(lái)的當(dāng)事人的意愿，法官不得輕易否決，必須予以最大限度的尊重。由于合同文字是法官解釋合同文件、探悉合同當(dāng)事人意愿的唯一依據(jù)，故合同各方都力求使合同結(jié)構(gòu)完整、語(yǔ)義嚴(yán)密明確。為使語(yǔ)義嚴(yán)密明確，他們?cè)诤贤羞M(jìn)行大量的定義，大量使用限定詞、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句，避免使用省略句，也盡量不使用有可能引起指代不明的代詞。因此，對(duì)于同一個(gè)項(xiàng)目合同，按照英美法草擬的合同篇幅常常比按照大陸法草擬的合同篇幅長(zhǎng)很多。

其實(shí)，英文合同最重要的特點(diǎn)是其嚴(yán)密的邏輯性和很強(qiáng)的規(guī)律性。盡管英美法系國(guó)家主張私法高度意思自治，但是在草擬合同過程中，過多地偏離先例，除非有非常高水平的律師，否則很難說合同能夠嚴(yán)密明確，保證沒有任何爭(zhēng)議。即使能夠找到這樣的律師，但為此而付出的律師成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成本太高。因此，一般情況下，絕大多數(shù)合同還是選擇遵從先例，盡量采用先前法官所認(rèn)可的語(yǔ)言和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣，合同專業(yè)詞匯和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)過千百年的積累逐漸固定下來(lái)，形成了很強(qiáng)的規(guī)律性。

由于合同的結(jié)構(gòu)和使用的語(yǔ)言都比較固定，因此合同中每一部分法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)位于何處，主文條款隱藏哪些主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，也都相對(duì)比較固定。換句話說，合同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所處的位置也有很多規(guī)律可循。這就為我們分析英文合同提供了可能。

下面就英文合同一些比較關(guān)鍵的部分的審核進(jìn)行論述，以期在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)就手頭的合同能有大概的印象并提出一些較為中肯的建議。

一、標(biāo)題的審核

一份完整的英文合同通常分為“標(biāo)題”、“序言”、“主文條款”和“結(jié)尾”四大部分。標(biāo)題顯示合同性質(zhì)，有兩個(gè)方面的作用，及表明合同的性質(zhì)和為以后查詢提供方便。英文合同和中文合同一樣，不必設(shè)定標(biāo)題，當(dāng)事人間的法律關(guān)系和權(quán)利義務(wù)主要依靠合同各個(gè)條款來(lái)判斷，標(biāo)題基本上不會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響。但是，如果使用了標(biāo)題，在閱讀、分析的時(shí)候就要注意：標(biāo)題部分是否用了subject（視?而定）、draft（草案）、Discussion Draft（討論稿）、Draft for Internal Circulation（內(nèi)部稿）、Draft amended（修訂稿）等內(nèi)容。如果標(biāo)題部分出現(xiàn)subject to contract就表明合同方不打算使該合同生效，還需要進(jìn)一步簽訂合同。這樣，即使在這個(gè)標(biāo)有“Subject to contract ”的合同上已經(jīng)簽字，也可能置合同效力于不確定中。類似的措辭還包括subject to contract, subject to detail, subject to management approval, subject to credit, indicative terms等。因此，如果合同方確實(shí)希望該簽署的合同生效，就得將這些subject或draft去掉。

二、爭(zhēng)議的解決

在英文合同中，仲裁是最常見的爭(zhēng)議解決方式。合同各方往往在合同簽署時(shí)在合同中約定或在爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生后通過簽訂仲裁協(xié)議等類似文件來(lái)約定采取仲裁方式解決爭(zhēng)議。由于爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生后，各方想要達(dá)成一致意見比較困難，因此，合同方主要還是采取在簽署合同的時(shí)候在合同中約定仲裁條款，一旦爭(zhēng)議出現(xiàn)，合同方便可根據(jù)仲裁條款向仲裁庭申請(qǐng)仲裁。

仲裁分為機(jī)構(gòu)仲裁（Institutional Arbitration）和特別仲裁（ad hoc Arbitration）。基本上世界上承認(rèn)仲裁的國(guó)家都承認(rèn)機(jī)構(gòu)仲裁，但對(duì)特別仲裁，則存在不同態(tài)度。比如，中國(guó)內(nèi)地就要求必須采用機(jī)構(gòu)仲裁，不適用特別仲裁。中國(guó)對(duì)其境內(nèi)特別仲裁裁決結(jié)果不予認(rèn)可，但對(duì)在國(guó)外采用特別仲裁方式所得的裁決結(jié)果還是認(rèn)可的。因此，在閱讀英文合同過程中，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)特別仲裁，應(yīng)確認(rèn)仲裁所適用的法律所在地國(guó)（地區(qū)）承認(rèn)特別仲裁。由于各國(guó)對(duì)仲裁條款所適用的法律和整個(gè)合同所適用的法律是否必須一致存在不同意見，還需明確該仲裁條款究竟適用什么法律。但也可以在爭(zhēng)議解決條款部分直接說明本爭(zhēng)議解決適用的法律，只是在實(shí)際操作中比較少見。

目前，國(guó)際上比較知名的仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)主要有以下幾個(gè)：

①國(guó)際商會(huì)仲裁院（ICC），成立于1923年，隸屬于國(guó)際商會(huì)。

②瑞典斯德哥爾摩商會(huì)仲裁院（Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce）,它成立于1917年，隸屬于斯德哥爾摩商會(huì)。斯德哥爾摩商會(huì)仲裁院沒有仲裁員名冊(cè)，仲裁雙方可以聘請(qǐng)全世界任何地方、具有相當(dāng)公正，有一定知識(shí)程度的人員。它沒有官方固定的組織機(jī)構(gòu)，只設(shè)一個(gè)秘書處，管理受案，分發(fā)郵件；它沒有固定的書記員，每個(gè)案件是臨時(shí)從律師事務(wù)所聘請(qǐng)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的律師擔(dān)任書記員。

③美國(guó)仲裁協(xié)會(huì)（AAA），總部設(shè)在紐約，由美國(guó)公開社團(tuán)、美國(guó)基金會(huì)和一些美國(guó)工商團(tuán)體組成。

④香港國(guó)際仲裁中心（HKIAC），是按照香港的公司法注冊(cè)登記的、具有公司性質(zhì)的民間機(jī)構(gòu)。

⑤英國(guó)倫敦國(guó)際仲裁院（LCIA），成立于1892年，它是由倫敦市政府、英國(guó)女王推舉的仲裁員協(xié)會(huì)和倫敦工商會(huì)組成，主要管理人員由仲裁員協(xié)會(huì)進(jìn)行管理。

⑥中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)（CIETAC），成立于1956年，在涉外仲裁中發(fā)展很快，每年裁決案件量居亞洲之首。

目前，仲裁已經(jīng)作為ADR（替代性糾紛解決方式）的主要途徑，這尤其體現(xiàn)在國(guó)際商事合同中。因?yàn)椋还茉V訟還是仲裁，最后的執(zhí)行才是關(guān)鍵。由于法院的判決在境外執(zhí)行一般需要判決地國(guó)與執(zhí)行地國(guó)簽有司法協(xié)助條約或者有共同確認(rèn)的互惠原則，很多國(guó)家都沒有類似的司法協(xié)助和/或互惠原則，例如，美國(guó)就沒有和世界上任何一個(gè)國(guó)家簽訂相互承認(rèn)判決的協(xié)議或者加入類似的國(guó)際條約，因此，在爭(zhēng)議解決過程中很容易導(dǎo)致二次訴訟，即在一國(guó)通過訴訟拿到判決，再到另一國(guó)申請(qǐng)執(zhí)行，無(wú)形中加大了爭(zhēng)議解決的成本；但仲裁裁決則不一樣，《紐約條約》（New York Convention）的簽字國(guó)已達(dá)137個(gè)，中國(guó)和美國(guó)都是簽字國(guó)。因此，在他國(guó)仲裁裁決結(jié)果也可以在中國(guó)得到有效執(zhí)行。但因各國(guó)往往把司法看作自己主權(quán)的象征之一，因此，對(duì)于外國(guó)的判決的承認(rèn)則困難重重。當(dāng)然，在中國(guó)境內(nèi)仲裁裁決結(jié)果到外國(guó)執(zhí)行也比中國(guó)法院到外國(guó)執(zhí)行容易很多。因此，從便利執(zhí)行角度考慮，在國(guó)際商事交易中，約定仲裁對(duì)中國(guó)公司來(lái)說無(wú)疑是最佳選擇。

盡管仲裁解決爭(zhēng)議方式有上述優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但仲裁有一個(gè)先天不足的致命弱點(diǎn)，即仲裁在財(cái)產(chǎn)保全方面幾乎無(wú)能為力；而且國(guó)外仲裁庭的禁令或者禁訴令，中國(guó)法院很難執(zhí)行。

在對(duì)仲裁和訴訟的地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行選擇時(shí)，主要應(yīng)注意仲裁后或者訴訟判決后執(zhí)行方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和爭(zhēng)議解決過程中的成本。比如，如果選擇訴訟解決，美國(guó)就不是一個(gè)理想的訴訟解決地。因?yàn)槊绹?guó)幾乎沒有和別國(guó)簽訂相互承認(rèn)判決的協(xié)議或者加入類似的國(guó)際條約，執(zhí)行判決結(jié)果很難，已如前述。另外，美國(guó)的司法成本很高，律師收費(fèi)相對(duì)較高。當(dāng)然，如果因?yàn)楹贤男再|(zhì)，不得不約定在美國(guó)的某個(gè)地方解決爭(zhēng)議，則最好在合同中約定仲裁，便于執(zhí)行。

三、適用法律

適用法律約定對(duì)合同各方關(guān)系重大，如果適用外國(guó)法，合同中所表述的有些術(shù)語(yǔ)可能和中國(guó)法中的某些術(shù)語(yǔ)不一致。比如，英國(guó)法中的不當(dāng)?shù)美椭袊?guó)法中的不當(dāng)?shù)美痛嬖谳^大的差別，德國(guó)法中的合伙和中國(guó)法中的合伙也不一樣。適用的法律不同，合同訴訟時(shí)效也不一樣，如英國(guó)一般是6年，而我國(guó)一般是兩年；同時(shí)，如果適用英國(guó)法，可能會(huì)涉及對(duì)價(jià)（consideration），合同是否有效，合同生效后所作變更，和解協(xié)議等是否有效，都與對(duì)價(jià)息息相關(guān)。總之，適用法律不僅涉及合同效力、合同各方面的權(quán)利義務(wù)，而且涉及合同爭(zhēng)議的解決等。

合同方可以選擇適用的法律，但這種選擇不是任意選擇，因?yàn)榉蓪?duì)某些協(xié)議強(qiáng)制適用，不得適用其他法律。比如，在英國(guó)倫敦注冊(cè)的甲公司與在中國(guó)浙江注冊(cè)的乙公司欲在中國(guó)廣東成立一家中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)丙，雙方簽訂的合資協(xié)議所適用的法律就必須適用《中華人民共和國(guó)中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)法》，不容簽約方選擇，即使選擇也無(wú)效。而且，如果兩個(gè)中國(guó)公司簽訂不具有任何涉外因素的合同，一般也只能選擇中國(guó)法律。

另外，合同方有時(shí)根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況在合同中約定了管轄法律，但也不能避免其他法律的強(qiáng)制適用，即簽約方所選擇適用的法律和強(qiáng)制性法律一并適用。比如，在中國(guó)根據(jù)中國(guó)法律注冊(cè)成立的甲公司在伊朗有一個(gè)煉油廠項(xiàng)目。為該項(xiàng)目的順利實(shí)施，甲公司找到一家根據(jù)美國(guó)法律在美國(guó)注冊(cè)成立的代理公司乙，簽訂采購(gòu)協(xié)議，購(gòu)買菲律賓一個(gè)廠家生產(chǎn)的一臺(tái)壓縮機(jī)（該壓縮機(jī)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)來(lái)自美國(guó)，其中部分壓縮機(jī)零部件產(chǎn)自美國(guó)）。雙方在協(xié)議中約定該采購(gòu)協(xié)議適用英國(guó)法。協(xié)議簽訂后，在執(zhí)行過程中，雙方遇到了很大的麻煩，并最終使得該采購(gòu)協(xié)議胎死腹中，而甲公司也不得不承擔(dān)巨額的違約金。原因就在于雙方對(duì)《美國(guó)出口管制法》未予重視。盡管雙方在合同中約定了適用英國(guó)法，但也無(wú)法避免《美國(guó)出口管制法》的強(qiáng)行適用。根據(jù)《美國(guó)出口管制法》，本案中有幾個(gè)地方滿足適用本管制法的條件：首先，乙公司是一家根據(jù)美國(guó)法律注冊(cè)成立的公司，只要是美國(guó)公民、根據(jù)美國(guó)法律或州法律成立的公司或任何身在美國(guó)的公民都必須受該法的管轄；其次，對(duì)于出口原產(chǎn)于美國(guó)的產(chǎn)品、在美國(guó)境內(nèi)的產(chǎn)品、利用美國(guó)技術(shù)在美國(guó)境外生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品或在美國(guó)境外生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品中的組成部分來(lái)自美國(guó)且達(dá)到一定比例，則應(yīng)適用該管制法；最后，對(duì)于某些產(chǎn)品去往的國(guó)家如果是該法中規(guī)定的禁運(yùn)或者限制的國(guó)家，也應(yīng)適用本法。在本案中，乙公司是根據(jù)美國(guó)法律注冊(cè)成立的公司，應(yīng)予適用該管制法；而產(chǎn)品盡管產(chǎn)自菲律賓，但是因?yàn)樵摦a(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)源于美國(guó)，也應(yīng)適用該管制法；該壓縮機(jī)最終不是在中國(guó)使用，而是運(yùn)往伊朗適用，伊朗屬于該法中規(guī)定的禁運(yùn)國(guó)，故該法強(qiáng)行予以適用；法院還認(rèn)為，該產(chǎn)品有部件產(chǎn)自美國(guó)，且已經(jīng)達(dá)到了10%的最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也應(yīng)適用本法。法院判決對(duì)賣方罰款，造成了買方的延誤和巨大損失。其實(shí)，《美國(guó)出口管制法》確實(shí)對(duì)日常交易產(chǎn)生了很大影響。現(xiàn)在多數(shù)合同，只要合同方不涉及美方，合同一般不會(huì)約定適用美國(guó)法，解決爭(zhēng)議的地點(diǎn)也盡量不選擇在美國(guó)進(jìn)行。因此，在與美國(guó)公司交往過程中，一定注意《美國(guó)出口管制法》。即使合同對(duì)方不是美國(guó)公司，但只要所采購(gòu)的貨物可能涉及《美國(guó)出口管制法》，也應(yīng)盡量小心。

所以，法律適用條款本身并未規(guī)定合同方的權(quán)利義務(wù)，但其對(duì)合同方權(quán)利義務(wù)的影響是巨大的，在閱讀分析時(shí)應(yīng)高度重視。

四、違約條款

首先，違反明示的約定比較容易識(shí)別，在此不做詳述。默示的約定，即當(dāng)事人未經(jīng)合同明示，但卻被法院認(rèn)為隱含在合同中的約定。由于默示的約定無(wú)法從合同措辭中予以判別，必須通過合同措辭隱含的意思予以確定，因此，合同當(dāng)事方經(jīng)常就此發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議。之所以存在這些默示條款，原因在于：合同當(dāng)事人在簽訂合同過程中，不可能窮盡所有條款，某些法律規(guī)定、國(guó)際慣例或生活習(xí)慣都不必在合同中一一羅列，因?yàn)檫@已經(jīng)約定俗成，不必明說，大家也都因該這樣去做。如果對(duì)這種法律規(guī)定、國(guó)際慣例和生活習(xí)慣也進(jìn)行規(guī)定，則合同可能成為一個(gè)包括所有的百科全書，而不是一個(gè)可執(zhí)行的合同。

由于默示條款并未在合同中明確約定，而是否存在這樣的默示條款往往取決于法官的認(rèn)知水平和先例，而這種認(rèn)定往往存在一定的不確定性，故當(dāng)事方的權(quán)益也就相應(yīng)地存在一定

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。不過，經(jīng)過幾百年的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，對(duì)于合同存在哪些方面的默示約定已經(jīng)積累了很多案例，達(dá)成了一定的共識(shí)：在這些默示約定中，最重要的是要求“滿足目的”（fitness for purpose），這是1979年《貨物買賣法》的規(guī)定：賣方行為如果屬于商業(yè)行為，則其貨物必須具有令人滿意的質(zhì)量（還可能包括一個(gè)默示條款，即貨物滿足其目的）。如果在合同中沒有明確指出，“滿足目的”一般指“滿足通常的目的”。如果合同中明確約定產(chǎn)品將用于某種特殊的目的，則該合同就隱含一個(gè)默示條件，即產(chǎn)品應(yīng)符合該特殊的目的。應(yīng)此，讀者經(jīng)常會(huì)在貨物買賣合同簽約背景部分，有時(shí)也在合同的正文部分，看到簽約方對(duì)簽約目的所作的約定。當(dāng)然，合同當(dāng)事人也可能在合同的正文部分明確表明，一方提供的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)應(yīng)當(dāng)滿足合同目的，但這就成了明示條款，而非默示條款。

對(duì)于某些專業(yè)性很強(qiáng)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性很高的行業(yè)，一般要求產(chǎn)品提供方承擔(dān)“合理的技能和謹(jǐn)慎”的默示義務(wù)。比如，在工程設(shè)計(jì)合同、船舶建造設(shè)計(jì)、飛機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)、奧運(yùn)場(chǎng)館設(shè)計(jì)合同中，除非合同明確約定合同目的并明確要求設(shè)計(jì)方提供的產(chǎn)品應(yīng)滿足合同目的，否則設(shè)計(jì)方的義務(wù)一般只需滿足“合理的技能和謹(jǐn)慎”（reasonable skill and care）的默示義務(wù)。由于“滿足合同目的”和“合理的技能和謹(jǐn)慎”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差別很大，設(shè)計(jì)方和客戶之間經(jīng)常就此在合同中進(jìn)行非常艱難的談判。總的來(lái)說，“滿足合同目的”義務(wù)比“合理的技能和謹(jǐn)慎”義務(wù)要嚴(yán)格很多。盡管“合理的技能和謹(jǐn)慎”不是普通人的“合理的技能和謹(jǐn)慎”，只是在專業(yè)(professional)領(lǐng)域中必須具有“合理性”（reasonable），即“普通的技術(shù)人員的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”（standard of the ordinary skilled person）,并且這種“合理性”不能太高，不是最高要求，只是在簽訂合同時(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，設(shè)計(jì)師只需按照簽約時(shí)適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，就滿足了“合理的技能和謹(jǐn)慎”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通常是一些行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如建筑行業(yè)的GB50319-2000，船舶設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)的《最新船閘電氣設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范與船舶設(shè)計(jì)制造質(zhì)量檢測(cè)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》。滿足了“合理的技能和謹(jǐn)慎”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即使設(shè)計(jì)方存在過失（negligence），并且沒有達(dá)到“滿足目的”，也不承擔(dān)責(zé)任；而“滿足目的”則正好于此相反，即使設(shè)計(jì)方滿足了“合理的技能與謹(jǐn)慎”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，且設(shè)計(jì)方不存在任何過失，但如果沒有達(dá)到“滿足目的”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，設(shè)計(jì)師仍必需承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任。而對(duì)這種設(shè)計(jì)合同中設(shè)計(jì)方究竟應(yīng)該承擔(dān)什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的義務(wù)，國(guó)際慣例也不一樣。所以，在閱讀審核對(duì)要求一方應(yīng)滿足所謂的“合同目的”（intended purpose of this contract）方面的約定應(yīng)引起高度注意。有時(shí)，合同方為了排除這種默示條款的不確定性，往往在合同中選擇明確約定排除隱含條款。

合同當(dāng)事方只要在合同中明示地排除默示條款的適用，一般這種排除都是有效的。因?yàn)樵谟?guó)法下，法院一般認(rèn)為，當(dāng)事人援用慣例是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)法律而不是為了破壞法律，所以默示條款不得與明示條款相沖突或抵觸，并且在合同解釋規(guī)則部分首先提到的就是按照合同字面意思解釋。如果合同當(dāng)事方明確約定不適用某個(gè)慣例，則必須適用該合同條款，而不是慣例，從而將默示條款排除在外。

其次，對(duì)于違約補(bǔ)救方式，在分析英文合同時(shí)，有時(shí)對(duì)是否存在違約及違約類型并不十分清楚，如果貿(mào)然決定采取不當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)救措施，可能會(huì)適得其反。比如，如果合同使用“warranty”，則當(dāng)貨物出現(xiàn)瑕疵時(shí)，賣方可以直接起訴賣方違反該“warranty”條款，要求損害賠償。但如果是“indemnity”，則當(dāng)貨物出現(xiàn)瑕疵時(shí)，買方必須先進(jìn)行維修，然后向賣方索賠該維修所花費(fèi)用。如果合同明確使用的是“warranty”，當(dāng)貨物出現(xiàn)瑕疵時(shí)，買方徑直對(duì)其進(jìn)行維修，則很可能賣方對(duì)此維修費(fèi)用不予認(rèn)可，買方就可能無(wú)法就此維修費(fèi)向賣方成功索賠，除非合同其他條款對(duì)此另有規(guī)定。

再次，對(duì)于預(yù)期違約賠償金。預(yù)期違約賠償金在英美法系國(guó)家適用非常廣泛。因?yàn)椋?guó)法主張，對(duì)非違約方的補(bǔ)償應(yīng)以非違約方的損失為限，并且不包括非違約方的間接損失，對(duì)違約方不主張懲罰。因此，在英國(guó)法上，罰金被認(rèn)為是不可執(zhí)行的，只有預(yù)期違約賠償金才可以執(zhí)行，非違約方不能僅僅因?yàn)檫`約方的違法行為賺取利潤(rùn)。但中國(guó)法不一樣，中國(guó)法

中對(duì)違約方可以實(shí)施懲罰，非違約方可以因此獲得利益，比如《中華人民共和國(guó)合同法》規(guī)定的雙倍賠償?shù)取Ｒ坏┏霈F(xiàn)合同約定的違約情形，違約方就得按照該預(yù)期違約賠償金額賠償非違約方，非違約方不必再勞神費(fèi)力去舉證自己所遭受的損失。當(dāng)然，在真正賠償時(shí)，違約方也可能拒絕賠償，而向法院主張?jiān)摷s定損失太高，已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了非違約方的實(shí)際損失，因此，這是一個(gè)懲罰性條款，不具有可執(zhí)行性。但提出這種主張，舉證責(zé)任就在違約方，違約方首先要舉證該約定補(bǔ)償數(shù)額高于買方的實(shí)際損失，違約方為此舉證亦需花費(fèi)大量人力物力，很可能最后判下來(lái)的賠償金額也沒有比預(yù)期損失金額小多少，因此合同各方一般也只能選擇盡可能不違約，或在違約時(shí)按照該預(yù)期賠償金額予以賠償。但該限額不是越高越好，要看是否符合預(yù)期違約賠償金這個(gè)概念本身，即必須是真實(shí)的違約損失，如果畸高，超過了真實(shí)的違約損失，很可能被法院判為存在懲罰性罰款，這與英國(guó)法相悖。違約方可能會(huì)舉證這是罰金（penalty），因此不具有可執(zhí)行性。

總的來(lái)說，閱讀分析英文合同，應(yīng)著重注意以下幾個(gè)方面：

第一，始終牢記客戶的要求。

維護(hù)客戶利益，促使客戶利益最大化是律師不懈的追求。即使客戶處于非常弱勢(shì)的地位，也要將那些極端不合理、可能存在極大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的條款找出來(lái)，幫助客戶規(guī)避這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因?yàn)椋词箤?duì)方處于非常強(qiáng)勢(shì)的地位，他也不得不將合同條款的合理性考慮在內(nèi)，如果一味地強(qiáng)勢(shì)，可能導(dǎo)致整個(gè)合同都被判無(wú)法執(zhí)行。

第二，整體地閱讀與分析英文合同。

閱讀與分析英文合同，必須從宏觀出發(fā)，綜合考慮整個(gè)合同的各個(gè)條文，而不能僅局限于某一個(gè)具體的條文。合同的某個(gè)具體的條文只是整個(gè)合同微觀的組成部分，如果合同條款之間存在矛盾沖突，法官在解釋合同時(shí)就必須采取整體解釋，解決合同中各相關(guān)條款間的協(xié)調(diào)及超越問題。

第三，始終牢記合同適用的法律是什么，再逐條對(duì)合同條款的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行分析。

適用不同的法律可能對(duì)雙方權(quán)利義務(wù)影響至深。在閱讀與分析英文合同每一個(gè)條文時(shí)，都必須充分考慮合同所適用的法律。

第四，對(duì)不同的應(yīng)該采取不同的閱讀與分析策略。

對(duì)于某些集團(tuán)公司內(nèi)部協(xié)議，約定由母公司提供服務(wù)或關(guān)聯(lián)公司之間進(jìn)行采購(gòu)。由于這是一個(gè)集團(tuán)戰(zhàn)略，讀者在閱讀與分析時(shí)也必須考慮和兼顧這種集團(tuán)戰(zhàn)略，只要保證該內(nèi)部協(xié)議不觸犯法律即可（比如，這種集團(tuán)公司內(nèi)部的交易如果因價(jià)格畸高或畸低被法院或稅務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)認(rèn)定為關(guān)聯(lián)交易，從而遭致稅務(wù)部門的查處或罰款，甚至觸犯刑法等），而不必花很多時(shí)間對(duì)每一個(gè)條文進(jìn)行深究。但對(duì)其他各種外部協(xié)議，則應(yīng)就每一個(gè)條款每個(gè)字眼進(jìn)行字斟句酌，挖掘并排除可能存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

總之，只有對(duì)合同條款所隱藏的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)了然于胸，方可駕馭這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，從而為其所用。

第五篇：英文合同的翻譯技巧

引子:鑒于現(xiàn)在對(duì)外交流事例逐漸增多,英文合同特別是經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的翻譯愈顯重要,若譯文不準(zhǔn)確或不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),勢(shì)必會(huì)引起不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)糾紛.故今以一英文(經(jīng)濟(jì))合同寫作書籍為藍(lán)本,錄入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(經(jīng)濟(jì))合同的翻譯和寫作。

合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)體現(xiàn)其權(quán)威性.英文合同用語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)之一就表現(xiàn)在用詞上,即選擇那些法律用詞,以及正式用詞,使合同表達(dá)的意思準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,達(dá)到雙方對(duì)合同中使用的詞無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議的程度。

一.hereby

英文釋義:by means of , by reason of this

中文譯詞:特此,因此,茲

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、協(xié)議書等正式文件的開頭語(yǔ)；在條款中需要強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)也可用。語(yǔ)法：一般置于主語(yǔ)后,緊鄰主語(yǔ).例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文:

業(yè)主特此立約保證在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi),按合同規(guī)定的方式向承包人支付合同價(jià),或合同規(guī)定的其它應(yīng)支付的款項(xiàng),以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補(bǔ)工程中缺陷的報(bào)酬。

注釋:

(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立約,簽訂合同、條約;n.legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同

(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工

(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中

(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價(jià),指工程的總造價(jià)

(6)such...as: 關(guān)系代詞,相當(dāng)于that, which

(7)under: in accordance with 根據(jù),按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款 例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know據(jù)我們所知

（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述聲明

（4）herein：in this, in the statement在聲明中

（5）documentary proof：證明文件

參考譯文：

特此證明，據(jù)我們所知，上述聲明內(nèi)容真實(shí)，正確無(wú)誤，并提供了全部現(xiàn)有的資料和數(shù)據(jù)，我們同意，應(yīng)貴方要求出具證明文件。

例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and betweenCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)andCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party

B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下稱甲方

（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基礎(chǔ)上

（4）through amicable consultation：通過友好協(xié)商

參考譯文：

本合同雙方，公司（以下稱甲方）與公司（以下稱乙方），在平等互利基礎(chǔ)上，通過友好協(xié)商，于年月日在中國(guó)（地點(diǎn)），特簽訂本合同。

例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and betweenCo.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)andCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注釋：

（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此訂立本協(xié)議

在法律文件中表示“訂立本協(xié)議”可用以下4個(gè)動(dòng)詞：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同義詞連用的寫作特點(diǎn)，可用上述4個(gè)動(dòng)詞中的兩個(gè)來(lái)表示）。

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下簡(jiǎn)稱乙方

參考譯文：

本協(xié)議特由中國(guó)公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱甲方）與公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱乙方）于年月日訂立。