第一篇:歐洲文化入門讀后感
《歐洲文化入門》讀后感
國慶這段時(shí)間我閱讀了王佐良先生的《歐洲文化入門》,這是一本文化類的好書,我讀后自覺受益良多。
為什么選擇讀這本書呢?我覺得作為一個(gè)英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生,我在閱讀不少英文雜志和小說甚至看英文電影都感覺有不少困難,究其原因除了詞匯原因外還有很多原因是因?yàn)槿狈?duì)歐洲文化知識(shí)的了解。英語中有數(shù)不清的典故,名人名言,成語,人名,地名等等來自于古希臘羅馬的哲學(xué)文學(xué),歷史著作,圣經(jīng),或者牽扯到各個(gè)時(shí)期的思想,科技,政治,社會(huì)等重要事件和人物。對(duì)這些知識(shí)的一知半解或者全然不知給英語學(xué)習(xí)帶來來了不少困難。而如果我們對(duì)這些知識(shí)有一定了解,對(duì)于英語學(xué)習(xí)和研究無異于是很大的助力。舉幾個(gè)最簡單的例子,如果我們知道希臘神話特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭中的傳令官嗓門洪亮的Stentor,那么在背誦單詞stentorian(聲音洪亮的)時(shí)候,它的意思便不難記住了,在研究英語構(gòu)詞法時(shí)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)有不少出自典故的詞匯。在翻譯的時(shí)候,如果我們知道“white elephant”的典故,在英語中是指大而無用的東西,那么就不會(huì)把商標(biāo)“白象”譯為“white elephant”了。如果要研究文學(xué),跨文化交際,那么文化的重要性更是不言而喻了,所以我把《歐洲文化入門》作為讀的第一本書。
在閱讀過后,我覺得這本書有若干優(yōu)點(diǎn):首先,該書較系統(tǒng)地介紹了歐洲的社會(huì)和文化發(fā)展史,文筆流暢,文體清新、明快,很適合英語專業(yè)學(xué)生閱讀;再次,本書的內(nèi)容十分廣泛,涵蓋了歐洲文化的一切-從古希臘和古羅馬文化和歷史到現(xiàn)代主義,可以說包羅萬象、面面俱到。
整本書采用了歷史敘述法,全部內(nèi)容按時(shí)間順序分為十章:
1.希臘,羅馬文化
2.基督教及《圣經(jīng)》
3.中世紀(jì)
4.文藝復(fù)興與宗教改革
5.17世紀(jì)
6.啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)
7.浪漫主義
8.馬克思主義與達(dá)爾文學(xué)說
9.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義
10.現(xiàn)代主義及其他
我在這段時(shí)間快速瀏覽了本書的框架,重點(diǎn)閱讀了前四章。
讀過希臘和羅馬文化,可以說古希臘文明的發(fā)展是相當(dāng)燦爛的,哲學(xué)思想方面,古希臘出現(xiàn)了多位非常出色的哲學(xué)家如,蘇格拉底、柏拉圖、亞里士多德等。建筑上古希臘給后世留下了許多珍貴的建筑遺產(chǎn)如雅典衛(wèi)城、太陽神殿至今仍然影響著西方的建筑風(fēng)格。文學(xué)方面,古希臘的神話、荷馬史詩還有伊索寓言等這些文學(xué)作品不僅奠定了整個(gè)西方文學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)同時(shí)也為后世研究西方文明提供了寶貴的財(cái)富。可以說古希臘文學(xué)是整個(gè)西方文學(xué)的精神源泉。數(shù)學(xué)方面,古希臘出現(xiàn)了多位優(yōu)秀的數(shù)學(xué)家,奠定了現(xiàn)代數(shù)學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。
基督和圣經(jīng)讓我了解了猶太教與基督教的關(guān)系,基督教的教義核心,舊約的摩西五經(jīng),十誡,列王記,羅馬帝國衰亡的原因,基督教與羅馬帝國政府的關(guān)系的發(fā)展,基督教教士對(duì)維系和發(fā)展西方文明的貢獻(xiàn),圣經(jīng)對(duì)西方的影響或貢獻(xiàn)。通過對(duì)這章的閱讀大致了解了基督教發(fā)展的歷史階段,每一階段的社會(huì)狀況,它為什么會(huì)從被迫害變成成為統(tǒng)治階級(jí)的工具,統(tǒng)治階級(jí)又是如何一步步將它從擯棄,迫害變?yōu)楹戏?變?yōu)閲痰牡摹?/p>
文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期是歐洲封建社會(huì)逐漸解體,資本主義生產(chǎn)方式在封建社會(huì)母體內(nèi)蘊(yùn)育的時(shí)期,也是歐洲從中世紀(jì)封建社會(huì)向資本主義過渡的歷史轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)期.從十四世紀(jì)開始,歐洲封建社會(huì)陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)了資本主義關(guān)系的萌芽;十五世紀(jì)末,隨著新航路的開辟和地理大發(fā)現(xiàn),世界市場形成了,這就進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)了資本主義的發(fā)展。
以上就是我在這段時(shí)間所了解的我知道我所看的僅僅冰山一角,而這本書本身像一個(gè)長廊,展現(xiàn)歐洲文化的淵源,還需要更加深入的研究。
XXXX2013年10月7日
第二篇:歐洲文化入門
《巴黎圣母院》讀后感
讀完了《巴黎圣母院》,文中的丑與美,善與惡,在我的腦海里留下了揮之不去的印象。《巴黎圣母院》是法國十九世紀(jì)著名作家維克多·雨果的浪漫主義長篇小說代表作,發(fā)表于1831年,小說描寫了15世紀(jì)光怪陸離的巴黎生活,并透過這種描寫深刻地剖析了豐富復(fù)雜的人性世界,表現(xiàn)了雨果的人道主義思想。雨果在《巴黎圣母院》中用對(duì)比的手法刻畫了群性格鮮明,極富有藝術(shù)感染力的人物形象,人物之間錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的矛盾糾葛和悲劇命運(yùn)扣人心弦。給我留下的印象最為深刻的是一組對(duì)比鮮明,令人觸目驚心的人物形象吉卜賽少女愛斯梅拉達(dá)和敲鐘人卡西莫多。16歲的愛斯梅拉達(dá)美貌絕倫,純真善良,能歌善舞,她和她那只聰明絕頂?shù)男∩窖蚴钦啃≌f中給人以無限遐想的浪漫亮點(diǎn),是美麗和自由的化身。但在禁欲的中世紀(jì)極端保守腐朽的教會(huì)勢力的摧殘下令人惋惜地隕滅了。20歲的卡西莫多外貌其丑無比,嚴(yán)重的殘疾使他一來到這個(gè)世界上,便遭到無情的遺棄——先是親人的遺棄,繼而是整個(gè)社會(huì)的遺棄。然而外貌丑陋的卡西莫多卻有著一頂純潔美麗的心靈,他以純真得不摻一絲雜質(zhì)的愛情如同守護(hù)著珍寶一般守護(hù)著愛絲梅拉達(dá),試圖使她遠(yuǎn)離一切傷害。但在強(qiáng)大的社會(huì)偏見和惡勢力面前,個(gè)人的力量實(shí)在是微不足道,致使強(qiáng)悍的卡西莫多,也只有選擇殉情這一悲劇。這兩個(gè)主人公存在著糾結(jié)在一起的不幸身世,外貌上的反差也無法掩蓋他們共有的純真善良的天性.。
在《巴黎圣母院》中,有著無數(shù)值得讀者深思的句子,它不僅僅是現(xiàn)實(shí)人生的真實(shí)寫照,而且通過真善美與假惡丑的鮮明對(duì)比,告知讀者豐富的人生哲理: 愛斯美拉達(dá)是一位能歌善舞的十六歲美女,由于從小被吉普塞人從家中偷走,在流浪藝人中長大,所以不被當(dāng)時(shí)等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的上流社會(huì)所認(rèn)同和接受。當(dāng)她在深夜被人打劫時(shí),被英俊瀟灑的皇家衛(wèi)隊(duì)隊(duì)長弗比斯英雄救美,便一見鐘情地陷入愛河,而他也被她的美貌所俘虜。愛斯美拉達(dá)像所有瓊瑤小說中的女主角一樣,只要遇到了自己所愛的人,便不顧一切地?zé)o怨無悔地愛上了對(duì)方。不管這種愛情是否有結(jié)果,不管對(duì)方是否真的愛自己,甚至明明知道這種愛情不可能有結(jié)果,甚至明明知道對(duì)方并不真心愛自己,也依然一往情深地愛著對(duì)方,依然對(duì)這樣虛幻的愛情忠貞不渝。
愛斯美拉達(dá)不但有一個(gè)完美無缺的軀體,也有一顆高尚純潔善良的心靈。當(dāng)詩人格蘭古瓦即將被乞丐王國絞死的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻,她毫不猶豫地以愿意和他結(jié)婚的方式救下了詩人。詩人被她的美貌和高尚所震撼,立刻身不由己地愛上了她,并希望能成為她名副其實(shí)的丈夫。但是愛斯美拉達(dá)為了她心目中的愛情偶像,平靜地拒絕了他:“我只能愛一個(gè)能夠保護(hù)我的男子漢。”并告訴他,和他結(jié)婚只是為
了救他的命,所以只能和他維持名義上的夫妻關(guān)系。
在小說中“丑”的化身的卡西莫多,是以愛斯美拉達(dá)的迫害者的身份,首次出現(xiàn)在愛斯美拉達(dá)的面前,他奉命在深夜去搶劫愛斯美拉達(dá)。當(dāng)卡西莫多因?yàn)閾尳偈。换始倚l(wèi)隊(duì)逮捕,被綁在烈日下的恥辱柱上受鞭打示眾時(shí),他渴求圍觀的人群給他一點(diǎn)水喝,卻無人理睬。眼見著他快要暈死過去的時(shí)候,讓他沒有想到的是,在眾目睽睽之下勇敢地給他水喝的人,正是這位天使一樣的愛斯美拉達(dá)。愛斯美拉達(dá)的以德報(bào)怨深深震撼了外表畸形丑陋的卡西莫多,因?yàn)樵谒膬?nèi)心也有和其他人一樣的強(qiáng)烈愛心和感情。后來他冒著生命危險(xiǎn)將愛斯美拉達(dá)從死刑架上搶救了出來,但是,他的丑陋畸形的外表,始終是橫貫在他和愛斯美拉達(dá)之間永遠(yuǎn)無法跨越的鴻溝。雨果先生在小說的結(jié)尾通過死亡的方式終于跨越了這條鴻溝,我想那可能確實(shí)是唯一可行的方法。
但是雨果筆下的卡西莫多決不是一個(gè)完美的人物:卡西莫多被副主教克洛德收養(yǎng)。對(duì)卡西莫多來說,克洛德是他的“再生父母”,他對(duì)他只有惟命是從。然而,為何卡西莫多在愛斯梅拉達(dá)的問題上對(duì)副主教有了一絲“叛逆”之心呢?——副主教得不到愛斯梅拉達(dá)就要將她處于死地,而卡西莫多卻誓死保護(hù)著她。這難道是因?yàn)榭ㄎ髂嘁舱J(rèn)識(shí)到了克洛德骯臟的內(nèi)心以及封建教會(huì)勢力的黑暗嗎?我想,對(duì)于卡西莫多來說恐怕有些“勉為其難”了。他這么做只是因?yàn)樗麑?duì)愛斯梅拉達(dá)的愛,雖然這是一種富有“自我犧牲”精神的不求回報(bào)的愛,但在某種程度上來說還是自私的。不然的話,就不會(huì)有卡西莫多和流浪的乞丐們?cè)诎屠枋ツ冈旱哪菆龃髴?zhàn)了。關(guān)于這一點(diǎn),我了解到有人說這是雨果塑造卡西莫多的一個(gè)敗筆。但是我想,卡西莫多有了“缺陷”才顯得真實(shí)——他不是一個(gè)神,而是一個(gè)人,一個(gè)普通人。
“哇!”他忽然爆發(fā)出一陣瘋狂的大笑和大叫,這時(shí)鐘的動(dòng)蕩越來越快,當(dāng)大鐘的搖擺到了一個(gè)更大的幅度時(shí),伽西莫多的眼睛也就睜得更大更亮。最后大合奏開始了,整座鐘塔都在震動(dòng),木架、鉛板、石塊,全都同時(shí)咆哮起來,從底層的木樁一直響到塔頂?shù)臋跅U。于是伽西莫多快樂得嘴里冒出白沫,走過來又走過去,從頭到腳都同鐘塔一起戰(zhàn)栗。那口大鐘開放了,瘋狂了,把它巨大的銅喉嚨向鐘塔的左右兩廊晃動(dòng),發(fā)出一陣暴風(fēng)雨般的奏鳴,四里之外都能聽到,伽西莫多在那張開的喉嚨跟前,隨著鐘的來回?cái)[動(dòng)蹲下去又站起來,他吸著它那令人驚訝的氣息,一會(huì)兒看看離他二百法尺以下的那個(gè)深處,一會(huì)兒望望那每分鐘都在他耳朵里震響的巨大的銅舌,那是他惟一聽得見的話語,惟一能擾亂他那絕對(duì)寂靜的心靈的聲音,他在那里把自己舒展開來,就像鳥兒在陽光里展開翅膀一樣。鐘的狂熱突然感染了他,他的眼光變得非常奇特,像蜘蛛守候蟲豸一般,他等鐘蕩回來的時(shí)候一下子撲上去吊在鐘上,于是他在空中高懸,同鐘一道拼命地?fù)u來
蕩去,抓住那空中怪物的兩只耳朵,雙膝靠著它,雙腳踏著它,用自己身體的重量使那口鐘搖蕩得加倍的快。這時(shí)那座鐘塔震動(dòng)起來了,他呢,吼叫著,磨著牙齒,他的頭發(fā)根根直豎,胸膛里發(fā)出拉風(fēng)箱一般的響聲,眼睛里射出光芒,那口古怪的大鐘就在他下面喘息地嘶鳴,于是,那既不是圣母院的鐘也不是伽西莫多了,卻成了一個(gè)夢境,一股旋風(fēng),一陣暴雨,一種在喧囂之上的昏暈,成了一個(gè)緊抓住飛行物體的幽靈,一個(gè)半身是人半身是鐘的怪物,一個(gè)附在大銅怪身上的阿斯朵甫。
讓我印象深刻的場景是作者筆下的當(dāng)時(shí)的那些建筑,那些奢華的象征權(quán)力的教堂,人們還不知道可以擁有自己的思想,以及為了自己的愿望可以做什么事情,一切都假借神圣的宗教,一切都假借神圣的教堂來展現(xiàn),展現(xiàn)建筑家的審美觀,也就是個(gè)人的才華,或者展示自己的能力,我想那時(shí)的人們,把人性深深地埋在一件神圣的宗教的外衣下面,典型的人物就是副主教--克洛德。從那許多的錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的毫無章法的建筑群,我們不難看出,當(dāng)時(shí)人們的內(nèi)心是怎樣的壓抑,怎樣狂躁,那些像雨后春筍一般從地下冒出來的教堂的尖頂,正是人們扭曲的靈魂在對(duì)著蒼天做這無聲的哀號(hào)!
別看面孔,姑娘,要小心。
英俊青年的心常常很丑陋,有些人的心盛不下愛情。
姑娘,松柏不好看,沒楊樹那么好看,但冬天能留住綠色。
唉!說這些有什么用?
丑人生來就是錯(cuò),美的就是美的,四月只會(huì)背對(duì)一月。
美的至高無上,美的無所不能,美是唯一完整的東西。
烏鴉只在白天飛,貓頭鷹只在夜里飛,天鵝白天夜里都能飛。
這是卡西莫多的歌聲,“歌聲凄涼而古怪,很像催眠曲。那是不押韻的詩,只有聾子才作這樣的詩。”
浪漫主義在那個(gè)時(shí)代代表了一種革命的、左的思想,是這個(gè)勇敢的思想的勇敢的形式,當(dāng)然,現(xiàn)實(shí)主義也是這個(gè)思想的勇敢的形式,但是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義同時(shí)還懷疑、反思、比較、對(duì)照、提問,而浪漫主義幾乎就是呼喊,認(rèn)準(zhǔn)死理并且竭力呼喊。巴黎圣母院不是為了講述愛情故事而寫的,完全不是,愛情只是主題之一。巴黎圣母院是對(duì)革命的呼喚、對(duì)革命者的贊美、對(duì)統(tǒng)治者的痛恨、對(duì)苦難民眾的同情、對(duì)愚昧的鞭笞與揭露、對(duì)人性的深入思考。
不過,對(duì)于那個(gè)偉大的時(shí)代我的理解還是很膚淺的,我不想讓自己在膚淺的時(shí)候?qū)χ卮蟮闹黝}進(jìn)行不自量力的涉獵,寧可先說點(diǎn)不那么沉重的,我這里想重點(diǎn)說說里面最微小的那個(gè)主題,愛情。我每次讀到這里,都深深同情這個(gè)不幸的人。也許現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中并沒有這樣湊巧的事情,一個(gè)丑八怪之王,卻擁有世界上最美麗的心靈,最男人的愛情。雨果將美和丑進(jìn)行尖銳的對(duì)立也許只是因?yàn)槔寺髁x,可是留下的遺憾卻讓每個(gè)人都覺得特別現(xiàn)實(shí)。
書中描寫了一個(gè)那樣的社會(huì),和在那個(gè)社會(huì)生活中的種種人物的狀態(tài),麻木的如那個(gè)弗比斯,最底層的如老鼠洞里的那幾個(gè)隱修女,瘋狂的副主教,還有盡全力反抗的最丑陋的卡齊莫多,副主教和卡齊莫多形成了人性上的鮮明對(duì)比,同樣愛上了美麗的姑娘,同樣的遭到了拒絕,他們的愛都是那么的熱烈,那么的誠摯,可是,一個(gè)是占有,一個(gè)是奉獻(xiàn),已占有為目的的,當(dāng)目的無法達(dá)到的時(shí)候,他想到的是毀滅,毀滅別人;以奉獻(xiàn)為目的的,當(dāng)無法奉獻(xiàn)的時(shí)候,想到的也是毀滅,毀滅自己。我想這也就是世界名著的真正魅力所在,他讓人看到的不是一個(gè)簡單的故事,他深刻的揭示了人類內(nèi)心深處的一些活動(dòng),無論放在什么時(shí)候,什么社會(huì),人的共性是始終存在的,對(duì)美好的向往,對(duì)美好的追求,對(duì)美好的贊美,人是一個(gè)天使和魔鬼的綜合體,人和人的經(jīng)歷沒有相同的,也就是說,社會(huì)本身就不可能讓所有人享受到同等的待遇,這種不一樣的待遇,讓多少人的內(nèi)心失去了平衡,失去了對(duì)美好的追求阿!林林總總的骯臟的巧取豪奪,充斥著我們的眼睛,振蕩著我們心靈,我們?cè)撛趺崔k?我想每一個(gè)人都會(huì)有一個(gè)屬于自己的答案。而文中那些標(biāo)志性的建筑的描繪以及那個(gè)時(shí)代的衣著和語言無不體現(xiàn)了那個(gè)獨(dú)特的時(shí)代的特征。
第三篇:歐洲文化入門要點(diǎn)
WEEK 1-3
Reformation and Counter-Reformation P138-139
The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement.It begin with Martin Luther‘s 95 thesis in 1517.This movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible,The demands of the reformists:
---direct communication between the individual and God
---simplifying rituals
---abolishing heavy taxes levied on their countrymen
---abolishing the indulgences
1)Pre-Luther Religious Reformers
John Wycliffe(about 1330?a1384)p-139
Chief forerunner of Reformation.English theologian and religious reformer.He believed that Christ is man??s only overlord and that salvation depends upon predestination and grace rather than on membership of a visible church.He took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.Jan Hus(1372-1415)
A Bohemian Czech religious leader, theologian.Attacked the abuses of the Church/ was imprisoned and exiled/ was burnt at stake / the Hus War
2)Martin Luther(1483-1546)and His Doctrines
Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation.His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.Beginning of the Reformation p-140
Translation of the Bible
Gospel of love and Ideas of Equality
In the history of Germany, Martin Luther was more than a religious leader, he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system and a writer whose forceful language helped fix the standards of the modern German language
3)John Calvin(1509-1564)and Calvinism
Calvin was a French theologian.His Institutes of the Christian Religion was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Presbyterian government
Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved.Calvinism was one of the main courses of the capitalist spirit
4)Reformation in England p-143
John Knox Scottish Presbyterianism
Henry VIII / matrimonial affairs / Catherine Aragon / Anne Boleyn
In 1534, the Act of Supremacy marked the formal break of the British with the papal
authorities.Thomas Cromwell---Vicar-General of the Church, King’s Chief Minister further broke from the Pope, closed the monasteries, took away their land and introduced church reforms.In England, the question of reform was not fundamentally one of belief or interpretation of the Bible but one of rejection of the supremacy of the Pope.5)Counter-Reformation p-144
Council of Trent
The sessions of the Council reaffirmed that the Church had the sole right to interpret the Bible.The Council declared that the Latin Vulgate of Jerome to be the definitive translation of the text.It was also stressed that Catholicism was a religion of infallible authority.The Catholic Reformation, that is, counter-reformation afterwards was to a great extent occupied with the principles and requirements laid down at the council of Trent.Ignatius and the Jesuits p-145
Ignatius was a Spaniard who devoted his life to defending the Roman Catholic Church.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.Today the Society of Jesus is still active with a membership of 31000, having institutions in various parts of the world.6)Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism p--146
Reformation movement broke the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church.Protestantism came into being.Liberal ideas
Science
Calvinism
Navigation and discoveries of new lands
7)Conclusion P147
In education and cultural matters
In religion
In language
In spirit
D.Renaissance in Other Countries
The influence of the Italian Renaissance reached every corner of Europe.In France
In Spain
In the north: Flanders
In the Netherlands
In Germany
In England
In one word, Renaissance in Europe ¨produced giants in power of thought, passion and character, in universality and learning.”
1)Renaissance in France
Historical Background
A whole generation of humanists emerged in France.They began to study Greek culture and philosophy and this gave rise to writings of Ronsard, Rabelais and Montaigne.The Chateau of the Loire Valley was a great landmark in architecture
In music, the beginning of polyphony
In religion, Calvinism won great popularity
Huguenots—the Protestant group in France
Renaissance Writers in France
i.Francois Rabelais(about 1483---1553)
ii.Pleiade
iii.Michel Eyques de Montaigne(1533---1592)
2)Renaissance in Spain
By 1479, the union of Castile and Aragon.In 1492, Moors were driven out;Columbus discovered America and claimed America for Spain.The 16th century, the beginning of the Golden age of Spanish literature.Meanwhile, Polygolt Bible
Literature
Miguel de Cervantes(1547---1616)a novelist, a dramatist and a poet.Don Quixote was a parody satirizing a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.Its sources are romantic as well as realistic, truthful and imaginative.It is recognized as the father of the modern European novel, and has had great impact on world literature.Art
El Greco(1541---1614)a Spanish painter
Major Work: The Burial of Count Orgaz
3)Renaissance in the North
Renaissance in the Netherlands
Erasmus(about 1466?---1536)a great Dutch scholar and humanist.P-160Work: The Praise of Folly
Renaissance in Flanders
Pieter Bruegel(the Elder)(about 1525---1569)a Flemish painter of landscape and scenes of rural life.He was called peasant Bruegel
Major Works: The Land of Cockayne(1567)
The Return of the Hunters(1565)
Renaissance in Germany
Albrecht Durer(1471---1528)
He was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany.He was a master of woodcut.His engravings are unsurpassed and his Water colours of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.Major Works: The Four Horsemen of Apocalpse
Knight, Death and Devil,1513
Hans Holbein(the younger)(1497---1543)
He was the last great German master of the 16th century.His best known works
are his portraits.Major Works: Erasmus of Rottendam
Portrait of Henry VIII
4)Renaissance in England
Historical Background
The War of Roses(1455-1485)
The Reign of Elizabeth I(1558--1603)was a period of political and religious stability and economic prosperity.The Church of England was re-established, ending the long time religious strife;Commerce and industry forged ahead as a result of the enclosure movement at home and the opening of new sea routes in the world.England began to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.Thomas More(1477---1535)
A great humanist during the Renaissance.Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII.He resigned(!532)after refusing to agree to the king’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon.When he refused to conform to the Act of Supremacy, he was imprisoned, found guilty of treason and beheaded.Among his writings the best known is Utopia(1516)William Shakespeare(1564---1616)
English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature.His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theatre in London, include
historical works, such as Richard II,comedies, including Much Ado about Nothing and As You Like It,and tragedies, such as Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear.He also composed 154 sonnets.The earliest collected edition of his plays, the First Folio, contained 36 plays and was published posthumously(1623).Taken as a whole, it could be said that Shakespeare’s early works showed optimism and his belief that love and benevolence will triumph over everything and concern for a peaceful and unified England whereas his later works, with deep insight, brought to light the contradiction between the humanists and the dark and brutal feudal and capitalist reality.E.Science and Technology during the Renaissance
The Renaissance, among other things, was a revolt against the medieval concepts and an age of creation and discoveries.1)Geographical Discoveries
a.Christopher Columbus(1451-1506)
Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby discovering America(1492).He made three subsequent voyages to the Caribbean in his quest for a sea route to China
b.Bartholomeu Dias(1466?---1500)
A Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.c.Vasco da Gama(about 1460---1524)
A Portuguese explorer and colonial administrator.The first European to sail to India(1497-1498), he opened the rich lands of the East to Portuguese trade and colonization.d.Amerigo Vespucci(1457---1512)Italian navigator and explorer of the South American coast.America was named in his honor.2)Astronomy
Nicolaus Copernicus(1473---1543)
A Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.He is known as father of modern astronomy.3)Anatomy
a.Leonardo da Vinci(1452---1519)
a great anatomist in Italy and during his life time Leonardo dissected more than 30 corpses.b.Andreas Vesalius(1514---1564)
A Flemish anatomist.The founder of modern medicine His work Fabrica marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy.4)Printing
Aldus Manutius(1450---1515)The foremost printer in Italy.5)Political Science and Historiography
a.Dante(1265-1321)
Dante contributed a great deal to the establishment of the equality of the divine power and the secular power.Although a poet, Dante was a great innovator.He regards Emperor and Pope as independent, and both divinely appointed.b.Niccolo Machiavelli(1469---1527)
An author and a statesman.He was called ¨DFather of political science?? in the West.Works: Prince and Discourses
c.Giorgio Vosari(1511---1574)
Vosari was best known for his entertaining biographies of artists, Lives of the Artists(a study of cultural history).F.Summing-up
The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church??s dispensation.In this release lay the way of development of the modern world.The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.It shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism
第四篇:歐洲文化入門作業(yè)
中西文化精神論略
【摘 要】關(guān)于中西文化的具體差異,人們已經(jīng)談得不少,但從文化精神的層面上來進(jìn)行比較則似不多見。按梁漱溟先生在《東西方文化及其哲學(xué)》一書中的看法,所謂文化不過是一個(gè)民族生活的方方面面,包括物質(zhì)生活方面(物質(zhì)文化或器物文化)、社會(huì)生活方面(制度文化)、精神生活方面(精神文化),而在種種文化現(xiàn)象后面則有“根本文化”,我理解這里所謂“根本文化”,指的就是“文化精神”。是否可以說,對(duì)一種文化形態(tài),可分兩個(gè)層面來看:一是文化模式,二是文化精神。文化模式難以照搬,但文化精神則是可以學(xué)習(xí)借鑒的。【關(guān)鍵詞】中西文化 精神 文化
【前言】近年來,隨著世界科技和經(jīng)濟(jì)飛速發(fā)展,世界市場加速形成,同時(shí)也隨著我國加入WTO,“全球化”問題愈來愈引起人們的普遍關(guān)注,成為理論界爭相討論的熱門話題。當(dāng)然,通常所謂“全球化”主要是指“經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化”,但也并不僅限于此,還包括“文化全球化”在內(nèi),也正引起人們的普遍關(guān)注和討論。如果說對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化我們是難以回避,積極爭取加入,那么對(duì)于文化全球化問題則存在比較多的爭論。爭論的問題包括文化全球化與本土化問題,現(xiàn)代化與民族化問題,文化霸權(quán)與文化主權(quán)問題,等等。其中往往涉及到一個(gè)基本問題,就是中西文化的異質(zhì)性與同構(gòu)性的關(guān)系問題。
對(duì)文化全球化抱憂慮、警惕態(tài)度的人們往往偏于強(qiáng)調(diào)中西文化的“異質(zhì)性”,反對(duì)西方文化霸權(quán),致力于維護(hù)民族文化主權(quán);而對(duì)文化全球化抱積極樂觀態(tài)度的人們則往往著眼于世界文化的“同構(gòu)性”,期望借文化全球化浪潮來推動(dòng)我們的文化走向現(xiàn)代化。按筆者的看法,中西文化顯然是存在著異質(zhì)性的,但在全球化的條件下,中西文化又是可以而且應(yīng)該實(shí)現(xiàn)互補(bǔ)的。那么這就要求我們對(duì)中西文化的異質(zhì)性、互補(bǔ)性以及異質(zhì)同構(gòu)的可能性有比較冷靜清醒的認(rèn)識(shí),從而有利于在全球化語境和現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中推進(jìn)我們的文化建設(shè)。
一、關(guān)于西方文化的基本精神
西方文化的本源是“天人二分”的哲學(xué)觀念、分析思維和邏輯思維的思維方式,由此生發(fā)并形成它的幾種基本精神。一是科學(xué)精神。西方文化的科學(xué)精神具體表現(xiàn)為科學(xué)探索精神和批判否定的精神。所謂“天人二分”,就是把人與對(duì)象世界區(qū)分開來,甚至對(duì)立起來,致力于征服和支配對(duì)象世界,以滿足人的生存發(fā)展需要。而人們要征服和支配對(duì)象世界,當(dāng)然首先就要認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)象世界,掌握它的客觀規(guī)律,這樣就發(fā)展出它的科學(xué)精神和分析思維方式。
首先在開拓性的認(rèn)知探索方面,西方文化從源頭上開始,就表現(xiàn)出一種不懈地追求真知和真理、勇于開拓和探索的科學(xué)精神。比如古希臘哲學(xué)就主要是一種偏重于求“真”的哲學(xué),即本體論哲學(xué)。所謂本體論,就是研究存在的學(xué)說,對(duì)于一個(gè)事物的存在,首先要追問它是一種什么樣的存在,以及它為什么會(huì)存在,這種存在是由什么因素構(gòu)成的,它的原因與結(jié)果,聯(lián)系與發(fā)展,等等;然后再根據(jù)巳知去推斷未知,這樣就有了概念、判斷、推理,即有了“三段論”的一套規(guī)則。由哲學(xué)本體論到認(rèn)識(shí)論,再到思維方式,彼此相互聯(lián)系,構(gòu)成一個(gè)有機(jī)系統(tǒng)。由這種哲學(xué)觀念及思維方式導(dǎo)引和影響,進(jìn)入各種知識(shí)領(lǐng)域和學(xué)科門類的研究探索,便帶來了各門科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷建立和發(fā)展,并不斷拓展其未知領(lǐng)域和發(fā)展空間。
其次,西方文化的科學(xué)精神還體現(xiàn)在批判性、否定性的超越拓展方面。許多有重大影響的理論學(xué)說往往都是在批判否定前人學(xué)說的基礎(chǔ)上加以探索而發(fā)展起來的。在古希臘哲學(xué)中,柏拉圖勇敢地否定和超越其師蘇格拉底的學(xué)說,開創(chuàng)
了理念論或超驗(yàn)論的哲學(xué)傳統(tǒng);而他的思想學(xué)說則又被自己的學(xué)生亞里士多德所否定超越,由此開創(chuàng)了西方哲學(xué)文化批判否定性探索發(fā)展的傳統(tǒng)。此后在各種認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域和各門學(xué)科中,這種大膽懷疑和批判否定前人思想學(xué)說、實(shí)現(xiàn)否定性超越發(fā)展的科學(xué)范例層出不窮。正由于此,就使得各門學(xué)科的知識(shí)譜系始終處于解構(gòu)與建構(gòu)、裂變與整合的互動(dòng)關(guān)系之中,使各種既成的科學(xué)理論不斷得到補(bǔ)充、拓展和深化,這樣就帶來了西方哲學(xué)文化和科學(xué)技術(shù)的高度發(fā)達(dá)。
當(dāng)然,如前所說,西方的科學(xué)精神及其文化科技,是在“天人二分”和征服對(duì)象世界的觀念基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的。不過,如果以對(duì)象為敵的征服意識(shí)過于膨脹,超出了它的合理界域,試圖用自身所掌握和創(chuàng)造的文化科技無限度地征服和支配對(duì)象,也會(huì)帶來負(fù)面作用乃至災(zāi)難。對(duì)自然界如此,對(duì)人類社會(huì)更是如此。二是民主精神。這是與西方人的人性與人權(quán)觀相關(guān)聯(lián)的。錢穆先生曾比較區(qū)分過東西方的人之“性”,認(rèn)為中國人偏于“和合性”,而西方人則偏于“分別性”,這不無道理。由于西方人注重“分別性”,即人的差異性,因此就強(qiáng)調(diào)尊重個(gè)性,尊重人的自由平等權(quán)利,重視人權(quán),在此基礎(chǔ)上逐漸形成西方文化的民主精神。早在古希臘時(shí)代,希臘社會(huì)及其文化就形成了獨(dú)特的民主傳統(tǒng)。顧準(zhǔn)先生認(rèn)為,正是由于希臘社會(huì)這種民主的、自由的、寬松的氛圍,使得每個(gè)人都能充分地自由競爭,充分地發(fā)揮自己的個(gè)性和創(chuàng)造性,從而創(chuàng)造出燦爛的希臘文明,其中關(guān)于哲學(xué)、科學(xué)、文學(xué)的文明成果,至今我們還在深受其惠。[1]可以說古希臘的民主傳統(tǒng),為后來西方文化民主精神的發(fā)展奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)。在穿越了漫長的黑暗的中世紀(jì)之后,文藝復(fù)興時(shí)代西方文化的民主精神,具體體現(xiàn)為一種人文主義精神,比如否定神性對(duì)人性的束縛和壓抑,肯定人對(duì)世俗幸福的自由追求,肯定人生的意義價(jià)值,等等。到18世紀(jì)啟蒙主義時(shí)代,資產(chǎn)階級(jí)啟蒙思想家提出“天賦人權(quán)”的口號(hào),高舉起“自由”、“民主”、“平等”的旗幟,反對(duì)封建專制統(tǒng)治,積極爭取人的自由解放。此后興起的浪漫主義運(yùn)動(dòng),也是以追求思想解放、情感解放和個(gè)性解放為標(biāo)志的。作為一種體現(xiàn)民主精神的文化形態(tài),在當(dāng)時(shí)顯然是為資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命和資本主義發(fā)展造勢的,然而資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命和資本主義發(fā)展的目標(biāo),應(yīng)當(dāng)說還是在于追求人的自由發(fā)展。有人認(rèn)為,西方資本主義的發(fā)展本身就是從人的解放和自由競爭開始的,沒有個(gè)人的解放,就不可能有自由競爭,也就不大可能有資本主義的迅速發(fā)展。事實(shí)也正是如此。當(dāng)然,資本主義的發(fā)展在反封建的意義上解放人的同時(shí),又帶來了人在現(xiàn)實(shí)關(guān)系中的異化。在這樣的現(xiàn)實(shí)條件下,西方現(xiàn)代人本主義哲學(xué)文化思潮應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,其基本精神就是激烈地反傳統(tǒng)反異化,反對(duì)科學(xué)、理性、宗教乃至一切傳統(tǒng)文化對(duì)人性的束縛和壓抑,追求人的感性生命的徹底解放,追求徹底的自由主義。這可以說是西方文化民主精神的一種新的表現(xiàn)形式。
在我們看來,西方文化的民主精神及其人文主義傳統(tǒng),無疑具有雙重性:一方面,這種民主精神及其人文主義傳統(tǒng)構(gòu)成了西方社會(huì)民主體制的基礎(chǔ),標(biāo)志著西方社會(huì)文明發(fā)展的方向,也可以說是整個(gè)人類文明發(fā)展的重要成果和標(biāo)志。但另一方面,西方文化的民主精神及其人文主義傳統(tǒng)中,也逐漸培植了另一種東西,這就是自我中心主義,極端個(gè)人主義,也就是把個(gè)人的價(jià)值、權(quán)力和自由追求強(qiáng)調(diào)到極端。這作為一種文化精神和價(jià)值觀顯然也是存在負(fù)面作用的。三是法制精神。這種法制精神是建立在西方的人權(quán)與社會(huì)契約論的理論基礎(chǔ)之上的。
西方文化中的契約觀念從古希臘羅馬時(shí)代即開始形成。古羅馬的伊壁鳩魯派倡導(dǎo):個(gè)人在追求快樂時(shí)不應(yīng)妨礙他人,不做損害國家和社會(huì)利益的事情;而國家的目的就是保障公民過幸福生活,這樣彼此達(dá)成一種契約,既保障個(gè)人的自
由權(quán)力,同時(shí)又維護(hù)其他人的權(quán)力和社會(huì)的公共秩序。馬克思、恩格斯認(rèn)為這是一種原始樸素的“社會(huì)契約論”。在資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命和資本主義大發(fā)展的時(shí)代,法國啟蒙主義思想家盧梭一方面提出“天賦人權(quán)”思想,大力張揚(yáng)人的民主、自由、平等權(quán)力;而另一方面,則又提出“社會(huì)契約論”學(xué)說,論證個(gè)人自由與社會(huì)規(guī)范的關(guān)系,認(rèn)為社會(huì)權(quán)力正是人們從自己的天賦權(quán)力中出讓一部分所賦予的,社會(huì)權(quán)力的功能在于通過建立一定的法制規(guī)范管理社會(huì),從而使個(gè)人的自由權(quán)力得到社會(huì)的合法保障,當(dāng)然同時(shí)也把個(gè)人的自由限定在社會(huì)的法制規(guī)范之內(nèi)。這一思想學(xué)說奠定了資本主義社會(huì)民主與法制的理論基礎(chǔ)。從另一個(gè)角度看,建立法制秩序?qū)嶋H上也是資本主義發(fā)展本身的要求。
資本主義發(fā)展的活力來源于自由競爭,并始終以自由競爭為最大特點(diǎn),以追求最大利益為理想目標(biāo),因此資本主義生產(chǎn)總是充滿活力。然而自由競爭難免帶來混亂無序,那么為避免無序競爭,就需要加以約束和規(guī)范,因此法制規(guī)范的建立和健全,就成為人們的共同利益和普遍愿望。于是在資本主義發(fā)展的整個(gè)過程中,從經(jīng)濟(jì)生活到政治生活再到社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)方面,西方社會(huì)都普遍注重建立健全法制秩序,因此法制精神成為西方文化精神的重要組成部分。從法制作為一種文化精神的意義上來說,西方文化傳統(tǒng)中注重法制、規(guī)范、秩序的精神也同樣是現(xiàn)代文明進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志。但就具體的法制內(nèi)容而言,與西方社會(huì)的民主、人權(quán)一樣,并與之相聯(lián)系,西方社會(huì)的法制也存在一定的問題,其中恐怕主要是公正性和公平性的問題。在表面上的“公平”承諾之下,實(shí)際上可能還是偏于維護(hù)既得利益者的利益;還有就是在國際事務(wù)中,西方國家常常置各種國際法于不顧,動(dòng)輒對(duì)別的主權(quán)國家實(shí)行威脅制裁,讓人看到的只是強(qiáng)權(quán)征服姿態(tài),而看不到他們所宣揚(yáng)的民主與法制精神,這另一面當(dāng)然也是無法忽略的。四是宗教精神。以往人們對(duì)此關(guān)注不多,但我認(rèn)為這也是西方文化精神的一個(gè)重要方面。西方文化傳統(tǒng)中的一個(gè)重要方面和組成部分是宗教文化,其中主要是基督教文化。歷史上它曾占據(jù)過重要的社會(huì)地位(如中世紀(jì)),后來西方的科學(xué)與民主精神不斷發(fā)展,但西方人仍然沒有拋棄宗教,據(jù)有關(guān)資料顯示現(xiàn)今西方仍有35%的人信仰基督教,并仍呈蔓延之勢。可以說,在西方文化中,宗教文化不只是一種獨(dú)立的文化形態(tài),同時(shí)它的精神也滲透到了整個(gè)西方文化之中。過去我們說宗教是麻醉和毒害人民的鴉片,這在人民革命時(shí)代確實(shí)如此。但是從整個(gè)西方社會(huì)和文化的發(fā)展來看,宗教為何盛行不衰?它有什么作用?確實(shí)值得研究。
西方宗教的產(chǎn)生和流行,我想還是與西方的整個(gè)文化傳統(tǒng)和思維方式有關(guān)。如前所說,西方人的基本哲學(xué)觀念是天人二分、天人對(duì)立,一方面是把自己與對(duì)象世界(首先是自然界)區(qū)分開來,致力于征服世界,并且人與人之間也是不斷競爭;另一方面則是把此岸世界與彼岸世界區(qū)分開來:人所生存的此岸世界問題多多(包括人與自然以及人類社會(huì)自身的問題),因此就把此岸世界解決不了的問題,轉(zhuǎn)移到彼岸世界去解決,到上帝那里去解決;把人間所沒有、也不可能有的東西,如絕對(duì)合理的價(jià)值尺度,完全美滿的自由幸福等等,都放到彼岸的天國去,作為人類的一種永恒的信仰。這樣,人們?cè)诂F(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,一方面是把彼岸世界作為一種超然的理想境界來追求;另一方面也是在彼岸世界確立一種絕對(duì)的價(jià)值尺度,用以觀照和評(píng)判此岸世界的一切行為,在天國與上帝面前求得價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一致性(而在人世間是不可能確立這種絕對(duì)的、統(tǒng)一的、永恒的價(jià)值尺度的)。這樣,宗教在人們的文化心理上,同時(shí)也是在西方社會(huì)的整個(gè)文化價(jià)值體系中,就至少起到了這樣一些作用:一是精神的寄托與安慰。人在來自自然與社會(huì)的生存壓力下,在異化的生存條件下,以此進(jìn)行自我調(diào)節(jié),緩解心理壓力,求得
心理平衡。二是宗教的原罪與懺悔的觀念,對(duì)上帝的敬畏,使人對(duì)自己的行為進(jìn)行自覺的自我約束規(guī)范,這與法制制約恰好形成互補(bǔ),有利于社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定平衡。三是如馬克斯·韋伯在《新教倫理與資本主義精神》中所認(rèn)為的,新教倫理一方面適度肯定人的世俗生活享受和謀利行為,以及追求財(cái)富的權(quán)力,使人具有創(chuàng)造財(cái)富的動(dòng)力;另一方面則又倡導(dǎo)敬業(yè)、勤勉、節(jié)儉精神,提倡理性的禁欲主義,反對(duì)放縱享樂的惡行,則有利于積累資本發(fā)展生產(chǎn),因此宗教(新教)在資本主義發(fā)展中起過重要作用。[2] 直到現(xiàn)在,一些西方思想家仍然認(rèn)為,要解決西方社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題,仍然需要從宗教精神中尋找出路。如丹尼爾·貝爾在《資本主義文化矛盾》一書中,在批判分析了當(dāng)今西方社會(huì)的種種現(xiàn)實(shí)問題和文化矛盾之后,所預(yù)想的解決問題的辦法,則還在于提倡新宗教,至于這種新宗教的具體內(nèi)容是什么,他似乎也語焉不詳。[3] 從總體上看,西方文化在天人二分的哲學(xué)觀念和分析思維的基礎(chǔ)上,歷來是追求科學(xué)精神與人文精神的并行發(fā)展(當(dāng)然其中也包含著失衡與尋求平衡的矛盾運(yùn)動(dòng)),從而形成了自身特有的文化精神及其傳統(tǒng)。
二、關(guān)于中國文化的基本精神
中國文化傳統(tǒng)可以分兩個(gè)階段講:一是中國古代文化傳統(tǒng);二是中國現(xiàn)代文化傳統(tǒng)。二者顯然有很大的不同。講中國文化的基本精神,當(dāng)然先要從中國古代文化傳統(tǒng)講起。中國古代文化可謂駁雜精深,諸子百家、三教九流,各種思想觀念都有。多元文化格局中,影響最大的是儒、道、佛三家。一般認(rèn)為最能體現(xiàn)中國文化精神的,是儒、道兩家(佛教的中國化,屬于外來文化本土化的一例)。但二者誰更重要,則又有不同看法。通常認(rèn)為儒家文化占主導(dǎo)地位,是因?yàn)樗谥袊鴼v史上長期屬于官方文化,是占統(tǒng)治地位的文化,影響當(dāng)然巨大。但也有人(如魯迅等)認(rèn)為,從民間生活和民間文化形態(tài)方面來看,還是道家文化具有更大的影響,這似乎也不無道理。
【結(jié)束語】 具有特定的環(huán)境條件制約的文化模式也許是難以照搬的,但作為一種文化精神則是可以借鑒和吸納的。比如西方的民主體制模式可能難以完全照搬過來,但民主精神顯然是可以學(xué)習(xí)借鑒的,如果連作為一種文化精神的民主精神也不愿承認(rèn)和不肯接受,那就很難談得上推進(jìn)當(dāng)今的民主建設(shè),其他方面當(dāng)然也是同樣的道理。正因此,在當(dāng)今的比較文化研究中,不是僅僅局限于各種文化模式的比較,而是適當(dāng)超越文化模式的層面,加強(qiáng)文化精神的研究,乃至深入探討不同文化間的異質(zhì)同構(gòu)性,以及不同文化實(shí)現(xiàn)互補(bǔ)融合的可能性,這對(duì)于當(dāng)代文化建設(shè)也許是更為必要的。【參考書目】
[1]《顧準(zhǔn)文集》,貴州人民出版社1994年,[8] 轉(zhuǎn)引自金沖及《經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化趨勢下的中華文化走向》,《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》2001年1月4日。
第五篇:歐洲文化入門小論文
Renaissance’s influence on Europe Introduction
The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”.It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.In my paper, I do like to talk about the influence on the Europe which brought by Renaissance, it will be elaborated in aspects of art, economy, politic and humanism.Basic origin of Renaissance On 14th century, with the development of factory manufacturing and commodity economy,capitalist economic relations had gradually formed inside the European feudal system.In the aspect of politics,feudal separationist rules had caused epidemic discontent, and people began to have national consciousness.The public in Europe expressed their strong desires about unity of nation.Thereby, culture and arts areas also showed the interests and requirements about the emerging capitalism in this new period.Thus here came the Renaissance.Renaissance refers to a ideological and cultural movement which started in cities among Italy from 13th century,then extended to western European countries and finally prevailed in the whole Europe.It brought a revolution period of science and arts.Besides, it lifted the curtain on the history of Europe.Renaissance is recognized as the dividing line between the middle ages and modern times.Influence
Renaissance has an important impact on art, economy, political and humanism of Europe.It is the New Culture Movement and Cultural Revolution of the bourgeoisie.Art
In art, the most prosperous period of Italian Renaissance was the 16th century.It’s representative artist are Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.Renaissance brought about sense of change in all aspects of life and a favorable atmosphere for artistic innovation and experimentation.Colours of arts are very varied and graceful and artist used bright colours bravely to show that people had entered a new period of golden age.Talented artist used their opus to reflect the transition of the thought in the society.For example, Mona Lisa Smile, magnum opus from Da Vinci, it described a wife of merchant instead of noblewoman.This painting told people life can be happy even in such a dark society like that time and it also hinted the change of women’s society statuses.This portraiture was recognized as the laurel of world arts masterpiece.It conveys appreciation to beauty of women and the abundant spirit life of people.What’s more, wealth gathered in towns created demand for refinement in arts and variety in form and content.Renaissance replaced the medieval notions of painting and sculpture as crafts only to decorate churches by that of highly intellectual artistic accomplishments, with merge of art and science.For example, Villa Rotonda , Notre Dame de Paris, St Peter's and so on.Its also prevent free literary creation, but its restless curiosity, its interest in the world and its urban influences created a demand for a native literature that expressed the new life then;and its individuality with a concern for fame drove writers to do experiments to win praise from critics and support from patrons.For example, Dante’s The Divine Melody and Petrarch’s Love sonnets.The arts in Renaissance not only establish the foundation of European realism arts, but also impel people to pursuit better society lives with its profound spiritual connotation and exquisite artistry.The masterpieces which created in Renaissance are captivating and master-designed.They become the priceless treasures in treasure house of human.Renaissance had a great influence on development of the world’s art, it can encourage people to lead a positive life and it proposed the explore spirit.It played a essential role in the development of human beings.Economy In financial terms, Renaissance, as a mind emancipation movement to develop and expand cultural of the emerging bourgeoisie, laid an important foundation of the sprout of the early capitalism in it’s transmit.In the meantime, Renaissance accumulated original wealth for the early capitalism.Renaissance first started from Italy, and then transferred to Atlantic coast from the Mediterranean Coast by transmission.Many famous boom city like Roman, Florence, Venice and other cities appeared.Capitalist industry and commerce began to develop prosperously.What’s more, capital started to swarm into the pockets of capitalism.Renaissance provided requirements to exploitation of the new route, reformation of religious reform and the later the revolution of bourgeoisie.Political The occurrence of every important activity will affect the art aspect, the financial term, also the politic.On 14th century, Europe began to enter the modern civilization period.Industry and commerce developed prosperously and capitalism appeared in many cities.Emerging bourgeoisie began to enter the political stage.The needed new ideologies to speak in defense of interests of politic and economy which they pursuit.The needed new academics and culture to support what they want to do.Thus, a totally new Modern spirit came into being.Renaissance was the new culture movement which objected to religious authority and feudalism.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the political system in Europe? First, commerce replaced the Catholic as the unifying force in Europe.Second, because of the bourgeoisie’s struggle for political control, the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church declined.Third, rulers of the Italian city-states thus empowered for expansion abroad.Fourth, on account of their wish for peace and order after civil wars, Monarchies was consolidated in France, England and Spain.Humanism The last part I want to talk is the humanism effects brought to Europe by Renaissance.As an individual, one should get important social position by his ability to gain knowledge.With this view, architects begin to design as people-based, painters and sculptors paid much attention to individuals.People tried to comprehend physiology and psychology structure of human beings and thinking process.Renaissance and its accompanying humanist philosophy were the most important reform in the history of human beings.The centre of this power was a knowledge group which named humanist.They pursuit the concept of humanism and their basic theory was realism.Their purposes were reclaiming peaceful and happy lives for people.Humanism studied the value of people, the spirit of people, the life of people and the felicity of people.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the development of humanism? Renaissance made philosophy emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual, it was the originated in the study of classical culture.By the study of grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and ethics of humanities, people developed his
physically, morally and intellectually.Humanism brought a new art form by its totally new understanding about the civilization and the world.It connects people and space.Conclusion
Renaissance was the shed between middle ages and modern times.It was the consensus premise for bourgeois revolution.It assisted Europe getting rid of the constraints from feudal religious and it was the prelude for Europe to expand to the world.Reference 徐新編著《西方文化史》 北京大學(xué)出版社 葉勝年著《西方文化史鑒》 上海外國語教育學(xué)院