第一篇：歐洲文化入門聽課筆記和重點總結

歐洲文化入門聽課筆記和重點總結

1.希臘羅馬Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲劇家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜劇家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 歷史學家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲學和科學：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I?ll move the World”

Others Diogenes（the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus（the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）

4th century B.C.后半葉希臘在Alexander，king of Macedon的領導下，5th century B.C.達到頂峰，146 B.C.被羅馬攻克

2.基督教和圣經Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿過中東沙漠，1300B.C.Moses帶領Hebrews離開埃及，開始他們的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他們在Babylon形成synagogue（憂太集會）來發揚他們的教義。

Jesus Christ生活在第一個羅馬帝國Augustus，Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教為國教。

Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament，舊約包含39本書，寫了從1000B.C.——100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，舊約主要由Hebrew寫成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本書，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻譯成了英語，Greek Bible叫Septuagint 3.中世紀開始于476年西羅馬帝國的衰敗5-11世紀a period in which classical，Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 1054，教堂分裂為the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church反擊Moslems，開始了Crusades Charles Martel給士兵們estates known as fiefs in 732 St.Thomas Aquinas（Scholasticism）寫了 Summa Theologica，這本書sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他認為feudal hierarchy（層次，等級）of society is God?s rule The power of feudal rulers is God?s will Pope is Christ?s Plenipotentiary Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools.They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular Roger Bacon and Experimental Science one of the earliest advocates of scientific research，called for careful observation Dante（但丁）神曲 one of the landmarks of world literature Chaucer first modern poet in English literature 4.文藝復興與宗教改革14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice Boccaccio the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世紀Petrarch Sonnet，father of modern poetry 文藝復興早期的藝術家：Giotto forerunner of renaissance Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective Donatello one of the first artists engaged in anatomy Giorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures 意大利文藝復興全盛時期的四位藝術家：Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Known for his Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World Pre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation，took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382 Jan Hus Czech Religious leader John Calvin 基督教教義 one of the most influential theological works Calvinism Rabelais 拉伯雷 french writer Ronsard Pleiade七星詩社代表人 法國第一個近代抒情詩人Montaigne 蒙田 散文集 French Writer Cervantes father of modern European novel spain Thomas More British writer Shakespeare 作品包括>點擊下載>點擊下載>點擊下載>> crowned literature of England 代表歐洲文藝復興的最高成就Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 現代天文學之父Vesalius marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy（解剖學）founder of modern medicine Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Vosari 1492，Columbus發現了America 1487，Dias發現了the cape of good hope 1497，da Gama發現了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope 5.17世紀Copernicus 天體運行論 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine Kepler Kepler?s Law（the three laws of planetary motion）德 國 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton?s discovery of the laws of gravitation Galileo 意大利 acceleration in dynamics，the law of inertia，the law of falling bodies動力加速度，慣性定律，落體定律Newton 英國Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understanding： self-conscious（自我意識）conscious（意識）unconscious/subconscious（潛意識）他和牛頓都是caculus的創始人Milton Areopagitica，English revolution Bacon Knowledge is power 英國 反對deductive method，創立了inductive method 認為哲學應該與神學分開Hobbes 利維坦 Materialist（knowledge come from experience）Social Contract 英國 認為最好的統治方式是monarchy Locke 政治論 Materialist views（ideas derived from sensation or from reflection）Social Contract英國在英國革命中有兩個領袖，Cromwell 和John Milton Cromwell the man of action John Milton the man of thought 在英國文學史上ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer Descartes 笛卡爾 Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am 法國 it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France Corneille 高乃依熙得 法國第一部古典主義悲劇，表現責任與愛情的沖突Racine the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表現情感和理性的沖突Moliere 達爾杜夫憤世嫉俗吝嗇鬼 the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies很多科學器械在被發明：microscope，telescope，thermometer，barometer，pendulum 1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高無上的權利法國最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front East Front of the Louvre英國最著名建筑：St.Paul?s Cathedral

6.啟蒙運動 the age of reason 18th century intellectual movement starting from France the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke?s materialist theory and Newton?s theory of gravitation

Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes 18世紀兩大著名運動：The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.獨立宣言The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792人權宣言

French Philosophy and Literature Montesquieu Separation of powers法國啟蒙運動的先驅Voltaire most famous of his novels Rousseau one of the greatest figures of French enlightenment Diderot English Literature Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason，translation of Homer，good at heroic couplet 擅長英雄雙韻體Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England 魯濱遜漂流記Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time Henry Fielding Father of the English novel Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel Samuel Johnson editor of 18世紀英國文學最著名的期刊 The Tatler 和 The Spectator，Addison 和 Steele經常在上面寫文章

German Literature and Philosophy Lessing German dramastist German classicism Goethe Apprenticeship/Travels> the Greatest German Poets Schiller a founder of modern German literature Kant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens> reason> The Musical Enlightenment J.S.Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical Enlightenment Handel 亨德爾

being his crowning masterpiece Bach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period，roughly between 1750 and 1820 Haydn Classical period Viennese school Mozart Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position，leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music 7.浪漫主義 Romanticism late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise： the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book，which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.Romanticism in Germany The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress The Jena School： Schlegel Brothers，Novalis and Tieck Heine： 海涅在1836年發表>，宣告浪漫主義在德國文學中的統治地位的結束

Romanticism in England Blake：The Lakers： Wordsworth and Coleridge Byron： is considered his masterpiece the fact that the poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny Shelley noted for his lyrics Keats famous for his sonnets Walter Scott Romanticism in France Chateaubriand ：Victor Hugo： 法國浪漫主義文學的最重要的作家。他于1827年發表的 Cromwell>是法國浪漫主義運動的一篇重要宣言。他的長篇小說巴黎圣母院 悲慘世界宣揚了“愛”與“仁慈”等人道主義精神。The greatest poet of his day George Sand：法國浪漫主義文學最杰出的女作家

Romanticism in Italy Manzoni： 約婚夫婦是意大利文學史上第一部以愛壓迫的勞動人民為主人公的小說Leopardi： he was the greatest poet of Italy Romanticism Romanticism in Russia Russia Romanticism began that way-adapting French plays and translating German and English poetry Pushkin： 俄國浪漫主義先鋒（van）a Byronic character his masterpiece is 創造了俄國文學中的第一個“多余的人”的典型Lermontov： draws a fine portrait of Pushkin Romanticism in Poland Adam Mickiewicz： beginning of Polish Romanticism is his masterpiece Art and Architecture Goya Spanish painter and etcher（蝕刻家）歐洲浪漫主義先驅 Execution of the Third of May> Children> David French Painter Delacroix 代表著法國浪漫主義繪畫的最高成就Gericault French painter Turner English landscape painter Constable English landscape painter Turner and Constable代表了浪漫主義畫派的最高成就

Music早期浪漫主義音樂家：Beethoven（貝多芬）German Composer marked the beginning of 19th century programme music Schubert（舒伯特）Austrian composer Chopin（肖邦）Polish composer Schumann（舒曼）German composer Mendelssohn（門德爾松）German composer 后期浪漫主義音樂家：Berlioz（伯遼茲）French composer Liszt（里斯特）Hungarian composer Wagner（瓦格納）German composer Brahms（伯拉姆斯）German composer Tchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russian composer 8.馬克思主義和達爾文主義 Marxism and Darwinism The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy：Hegelian dialectics 黑格爾辯證法Feuerbach?s materialism費爾巴哈唯物論Marxist Philosophy Dialectical materialism馬克思主義辯證唯物論Historical materialism 馬克思主義歷史唯物論English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy Capital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics Surplus value was the source of profit，the source of the wealth of the capitalist class Doctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marx?s economic theory Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism Robert Owen： English industrialist and social reformer Henri de Saint-Simon： French social philosopher Charles Fourier： French social philosopher Darwinism As Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe，Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself.In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus，Galileo and Newton.Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolution Lamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject.However，he failed to produce any evidence，French naturalist（自然主義者）

Lyell English geologist Karl Marx Darwin?s works and Theories：On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection，or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life The Descent of Man 9.現實主義Realism arise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France Realism in France Stendhal 司湯達 紅與黑是法國批判現實主義第一部成熟的作品 巴馬修道院Balzac巴爾扎克 Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been called the English Balzac Flaubert 福樓拜 非常重視藝術形式he is often called the first French realist包法利夫人Zora 左拉 founder of the naturalist school魯貢瑪－馬卡爾家族史Maupassant 莫伯桑

Realism in Russia Gogol果戈里 the first master of fiction in Russia Chickikov A character in Shame，and hypocrisy Turgenev屠格涅夫 the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基罪與罰卡拉馬佐夫兄弟Leo Tolstoy列夫托爾斯泰 戰爭與和平安娜卡列尼娜

復活Chekhov契訶夫海歐 萬尼亞舅舅 Sisters>三姐妹

櫻桃園

Realism in Northern Europe Ibsen a plea for the emancipation of woman His plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama Strindberg The above three are his autobiographical works His first play is Realism in England This period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria，這時期意味著大英帝國的頂峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整個國家內亂不斷，危機重重Charles Dickens 大衛科波菲爾 荒涼山莊艱難時世 其小說展現了廣闊的社會生活，真實情節與詩意氣氛的結合，幽默、風趣與悲劇的結合George Eliot（Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME）is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century Thackeray薩克雷 名利場 他的寫作范圍多局限于上流社會Thomas Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge> Bernard Shaw蕭伯納 won the Nobel Prize in 1925 Realism in the United States Harriet Beecher Stowe： greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoes Walt Whitman：Considered to be the greatest of all American poets Mark Twain： 哈克貝里芬歷險記 a masterpiece of humour，characterization and realism，has been considered the first modern American novel 鍍金歲月Henry James 出身世家，所以關注上層人物 the master beyond all masters貴婦人畫像

Art Courbet庫爾貝 French artist 反映生活的真實是創作的最高原則石工 奧爾南的葬禮Millet米勒 French artist “農民畫家”播種者拾穗者Impressionism in Art印象派藝術Manet 草地上的午餐福列斯貝熱爾酒吧間Monet 日出印象Post-Impressionism in Art 后印象派藝術Paul Cezanne賽尚Van Gogh 凡高 dutch painter Paul Gauguin 高更 French painter 10.現代主義及其它思潮 Modernism and other trends also called “the tradition of the new” “dehumanization of art” originating from the end of 19th century Discoveries made at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century：Rontgen： the discovery of X-rays 倫琴 德國物理學家發明X射線Becquerel： the discovery of radioactive properties of uranium 貝克勒爾 法國物理學家 放射性現象的發現者，肯定了鈾元素自發射線的性質Marie Curie the discovery of radium居里夫人 法國物理學家和放射學家發現鐳Soddy the discovery of isotopes 索迪 英國放射化學家 同位素Rutherford the discovery of the atomic nucleus盧瑟福 英國物理學家發現原子核Einstein Special Theory of Relativity General Principles of Relativity Contemporary Western Literature Eliot Conrad polish novelist Woolf English novelist Lawrence English writer considered one of the “makers” of modern English fiction Love> Yeats Irish writer Joyce Man> Irish writer Pound a leading figure of the Imagist movement American poet Faulkner Hemingway Tolls> Thomas Mann The most influential and representative German author of his time Gide French writer Proust French novelist Albert Camus French novelist Gorky The greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century Sholokhov soviet author Literature and Philosophy Since 1945 Angry Young Men in England 英國憤怒的青年Amis Osborne Beat Generation in America美國垮掉的一代Ginsberg Kerouac Nouveau Roman（New Novel）法國新小說派Robber-Griller Sarraute The Theatre of the Absurd歐洲的荒誕派Beckett Irish writer Ionesco French writer Black Humour 美國黑色幽默派Heller Chapcter 1 Introduction

1、There are many elements constituting（組成）European Culture.2、There are two major elements： Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness（豐富性）of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章

1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on（依賴）an immense（無限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896（當代奧運會）

4、Ancient Greece（古希臘）?s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer?s own time.（錯）

（They are not about events of Homer?s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）

6、The Homer?s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey（對其作品產生影響）—→James Joyoe?s Ulysses（描述一天的生活）。In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲劇大師

① Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品 Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》

② Sophocles（之首）

《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud?s “the Oedipus complex”（戀母情結）—→ David Herbert Lawrence?s《Sons and lovers》（勞倫斯）447頁

③ Euripides A.《Trojan Women》

B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”（社會問題劇）在肖伯納手中達到高潮，屬于存在主義戲劇的人物

C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”（一個純粹的人）

D.Realism can be traced back（追溯到）to the Ancient Greece.To be specific（具體來說），Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.18頁

Aristophanes writes about nature.—→浪漫主義湖畔派（The lakers）華茲華茲

Swift says of him “As for comic Aristophanes，The dog too witty and too profane is.”（新古典主義代表作家《格列夫游記》《大人國小人國》《溫和的提議》用諷刺的寫作手法）

13、History（Historical writing）史學創作

※ “Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war（between Greeks and Persians）

This war is called Peleponicion wars.博羅奔泥撒，3 只是陳述史實，并沒有得出理論。

※ “The greatest historian that ever lived.”（有史以來最偉大的歷史學家）—→ Thucydides —→ war（Sparta，Athens and Syracuse）

14、The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars.15、受希臘文化影響的傳教士St.Paul.Democritus（Materialism）

16、希臘文化中的哲學被基督教所吸收

17、① Euclid?s Elements解析幾何

It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.（歷史地位）

② Archimedes His work not only in geometry幾何學，but also in arithmetic算術，machanics機械，and hydrostatics.流體靜力學

選擇：Give me a place to stand，and I will move the world.誰的理論（Archimedes）

18、Architecture古希臘建筑三大風格

temple—→Parthenon帕特農神廟

① The Doric style is also called masculine style.（宏偉的）

but the Doric style is monotonous and unadorned（單調）

is sturdy（堅強的），powerful，severelooking（莊嚴肅穆）and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers.② The Ionic style is also called the feminine style.（陰柔的）

is graceful（優雅的）and elegant（優美的）。

The Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament.（裝飾性）

③ The Corinthian style is known for its ornamental luxury.（奢侈）

19、The famous temples： The Acrpolis at Athens and the Parthenon.20、The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C.Marked Roman conquest of Greece.21、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture.（羅馬征服希臘的標志）

22、From 146 B.C.，Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.Greek that of the eastern half.23、Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.24、The Roman writer Horace said “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”。

25、The dividing range（分水嶺）in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.26、The year 27 B.C.Divided the Roman history into two periods： republic and empire.27、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato?s republic.

28、The land area of Roman empire reached its climax in 2 to 3 century.29、north： Scotland east： Armenia and Mesopotamia 30、In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed（保證）by the Roman legions（羅馬軍團）

31、In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was known as Pax Romana.（神圣羅馬帝國）

32、名解In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed（保證）by the Roman legions，it was known as Pax Romana

33、The Roman Law protected（保護）the rights of plebeians（平民）。

34、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.35、After 395，the empire was divided into East（the Byzantine Empire）and West.36、Cicero西賽羅

he legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁語用詞

described as Ciceronian.西賽羅式的

an enormous influence（巨大影響）on the development of European prose.（散文）

37、Julius Caesar commentaries批評論 “I came，I saw，I conquered.”

38、Virgil Aeneid 阿尼德

39、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world?s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室內場所

40、The Colosseum（大理石像）it?s an enormous.露天的環形影劇院

41、Sculpture（雕塑）She-wolf（母狼）

42、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希臘民主的表現形式

43、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly.古希臘民主的具體形式

論述簡答

一、What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancient Greece？（名解簡答）

（How do you understand “Democracy” in ancient Greece？ What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancient Greece and modern democracy？）答：

① Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”，but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.② Women，children，foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop？

答：

① Probably around 1200 B.C.，a war was fought between Greece and troy.This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.② Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A.The successful repulse of the Persian invasion（入侵）early in the 5th century.B.The establishment of democracy.C.The flourishing（蒸蒸日上的）of science，philosophy，literature，art and historical writing in Athens.③ The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.④ In the second half of the 4th century B.C.，Greece was conquered by Alexander，king of Macedon.Whenever he went and conquered，whenever Greek culture was found.⑤ Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C.，the Romans conquered Greece.三、How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop？

答：

（1）、Three founders

1、Pythagoras ① All things were numbers.② Scientific mathematics.③ Theory of proportion.比例的理論

2、Heracleitue ① Fire is the primary（主要的）elements of the universe.火是萬物之源

② The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的對立統一

3、Democritus ① the atomic theory.第一個原子理論開拓者

② materialism.唯物主義

（2）、Three thinkers

1、Socrates ①He hadn?t works.We can know him from Plato?s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato ①The Academy is the first school in the world，it was established by Plato.②He has four works.Dialogues，Apology，Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle ①The Lyceum is the second school in the world，it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.（2）、Five contending schools

1、The Sophists詭辯派

①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.諸神論

③His doctrine教義 is “man is the measure of all things”。人是衡量一切的標準

2、The Cynics犬儒派

①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed宣揚 his brotherhood.And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.權利

3、The Sceptics置疑學派

①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable可獲得的，and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享樂派

①Under the leadership of Epicurus.選擇：根據領導者的名字直接命名

②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual肉欲 enjoyment.享樂

Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.通過實行道德獲得

Epicurus was a materialist.He believed that the world consisted of atoms.原子

5、The Stoics斯多哥派

①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure忍受 hardship艱難 and misfortune不幸 with courage.勇氣

Developed into Stoics? duty.He was also a materialist.四、What philosophy system did Plato established？（Why do we say Plato?s philosophy system was idealistic？ Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive綜合的 system of philosophy？）

答：

1、It dealt with，among other things，the problem of how，in the complex，ever—changing world，men were to attain獲得 knowledge.2、The first case and physical自然 world should take the secondary case.3、Idealistic of philosophy.4、Many of Plato?s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.（吸收到基督教的思想中）

五、What?s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas（system）？

答：

1、For one thing，Aristotle emphasized（強調）direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.（理論聯系實際）This is different from Plato?s reliance（依賴）on subjective thinking.（萬物依賴主觀思維）

2、For another，he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete（具體的）individual（個別的）realities.（物質與意識共同構成的客觀事實）Here，too，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world（意識高于物質）

3、Aristotle thought happiness was men?s aim in life.But not happiness in the vulgar庸俗的 sense，but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation.（善良和期待）

一句話簡答題

What should be man?s aim in life？

Aristotle?s answer was： happiness.六、What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development？

（What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert運用 on the world civilization文化？）

答：

There has been an enduring excitement興奮 about classical經典的 Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere別處。Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital有生命力的 part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation創新精神

The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy； They first wrote history as opposed反對 to mere純粹的 annals歷史記載； They speculated思索 freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life生命的輪回，without being bound in the fetters束縛 of any inherited orthodoxy.繼承的習俗

2、Supreme Achievement至高無上的成就 The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour努力： Philosophy，science，epic poetry，comedy，historical writing，architecture，etc.3、Lasting effect持續的影響

①Countless無數的 writers have quoted舉例，borrowed from and otherwise used Homer?s epics，the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides，Aristophanes?s comedies，Plato?s Dialogues，ect.②In the early part of the 19th century，in England alone，three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics經典之作： Byron?s Isles of Greece，Shelley?s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats?s Ode on a Grecian Urn.③In the 20th century，there are Homeric parallels與…平行 in the Irishman愛爾蘭 James Joyce?s modernist masterpiece代表作 Ulysses.七、What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture？

答：

1、similarity ① Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.② Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities（神）to be readily（容易的）identified（一致），and their myths（崇拜的神）to be fused.（融合）

③ Their languages worked in similar ways，both being members of the Indo-European language family.2、difference ① The Romans built up a vast（巨大的）empire； the Greeks didn?t，except for the brief（短暫的）moment of Alexander?s conquests，which soon disintegrated.（瓦解）

② The Romans were confident（自信的）in their own organizational power，their military and administrative capabilities.（管理國家的能力）

八、What is the Rome historical background？

答：

1、The history of Rome divided into two periods： Before the year 27 B.C.，Rome had been a republic； from the year 27 B.C.，Octavius took supreme（最大的）power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2、Two centuries later，the Roman Empire reached its climax，marked by land area?s extension： Encircling（環繞）the Mediterranean.（地中海）

3、Strong military power： the famous Roman legions.4、In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed（保證）by the Roman legions，it was known as Pax Romana.5、Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6、The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.選擇

① In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople（modern Istanbul）。

② After 395（分裂時間），the empire was divided into East（The Byzantine Empire）and West ③ In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.④ The East Roman Empire collapsed（崩潰）when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.（英法百年戰爭結束）

第二篇：歐洲文化入門聽課筆記和重點總結

1.希臘羅馬Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet

三大悲劇家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜劇家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 歷史學家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲學和科學：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I?ll move the World”

Others Diogenes（the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus（the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）

4th century B.C.后半葉希臘在Alexander，king of Macedon的領導下，5th century B.C.達到頂峰，146 B.C.被羅馬攻克 2.基督教和圣經Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿過中東沙漠，1300B.C.Moses帶領Hebrews離開埃及，開始他們的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他們在Babylon形成synagogue（憂太集會）來發揚他們的教義。

Jesus Christ生活在第一個羅馬帝國Augustus，Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教為國教。

Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament，舊約包含39本書戳舜?000B.C.——100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，舊約主要由Hebrew寫成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本書，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻譯成了英語，Greek Bible叫Septuagint 3.中世紀開始于476年西羅馬帝國的衰敗5-11世紀a period in which classical，Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 1054，教堂分裂為the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church反擊Moslems，開始了Crusades Charles Martel給士兵們estates known as fiefs in 732 St.Thomas Aquinas（Scholasticism）寫了 Summa Theologica，這本書sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他認為feudal hierarchy（層次，等級）of society is God?s rule The power of feudal rulers is God?s will Pope is Christ?s Plenipotentiary Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools.They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular Roger Bacon and Experimental Science one of the earliest advocates of scientific research，called for careful observation Dante（但丁）神曲 one of the landmarks of world literature Chaucer first modern poet in English literature 4.文藝復興與宗教改革14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice Boccaccio the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世紀Petrarch Sonnet，father of modern poetry 文藝復興早期的藝術家：Giotto forerunner of renaissance Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective Donatello one of the first artists engaged in anatomy Giorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures 意大利文藝復興全盛時期的四位藝術家：Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Known for his Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World Pre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation，took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382 Jan Hus Czech Religious leader John Calvin 基督教教義 one of the most influential theological works Calvinism Rabelais 拉伯雷 french writer Ronsard Pleiade七星詩社代表人 法國第一個近代抒情詩人Montaigne 蒙田 散文集 French Writer Cervantes father of modern European novel spain Thomas More British writer Shakespeare crowned literature of England 代表歐洲文藝復興的最高成就Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 現代天文學之父Vesalius marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy（解剖學）founder of modern medicine Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Vosari 1492，Columbus發現了America 1487，Dias發現了the cape of good hope 1497，da Gama發現了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope 5.17世紀Copernicus 天體運行論 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine Kepler Kepler?s Law（the three laws of planetary motion）德 國 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton?s discovery of the laws of gravitation Galileo 意大利 acceleration in dynamics，the law of inertia，the law of falling bodies動力加速度，慣性定律，落體定律Newton 英國Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understanding： self-conscious（自我意識）conscious（意識）unconscious/subconscious（潛意識）他和牛頓都是caculus的創始人Milton Areopagitica，English revolution Bacon Knowledge is power 英國 反對deductive method，創立了inductive method 認為哲學應該與神學分開Hobbes 利維坦 Materialist（knowledge come from experience）Social Contract 英國 認為最好的統治方式是monarchy Locke 政治論 Materialist views（ideas derived from sensation or from reflection）Social Contract英國在英國革命中有兩個領袖，Cromwell 和John Milton Cromwell the man of action John Milton the man of thought 在英國文學史上ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer Descartes 笛卡爾 Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am 法國 it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France Corneille 高乃依熙得 法國第一部古典主義悲劇，表現責任與愛情的沖突Racine the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表現情感和理性的沖突Moliere 達爾杜夫憤世嫉俗吝嗇鬼 the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies很多科學器械在被發明：microscope，telescope，thermometer，barometer，pendulum 1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高無上的權利法國最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front East Front of the Louvre英國最著名建筑：St.Paul?s Cathedral

6.啟蒙運動 the age of reason 18th century intellectual movement starting from France the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke?s materialist theory and Newton?s theory of gravitation

Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes 18世紀兩大著名運動：The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.獨立宣言The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792人權宣言

French Philosophy and Literature Montesquieu Separation of powers法國啟蒙運動的先驅Voltaire most famous of his novels Rousseau one of the greatest figures of French enlightenment Diderot English Literature Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason，translation of Homer，good at heroic couplet 擅長英雄雙韻體Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England 魯濱遜漂流記Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time Henry Fielding Father of the English novel Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel Samuel Johnson editor of 18世紀英國文學最著名的期刊 The Tatler 和 The Spectator，Addison 和 Steele經常在上面寫文章

German Literature and Philosophy Lessing German dramastist German classicism Goethe Apprenticeship/Travels> the Greatest German Poets Schiller a founder of modern German literature Kant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens> reason> The Musical Enlightenment J.S.Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical Enlightenment Handel 亨德爾

being his crowning masterpiece Bach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period，roughly between 1750 and 1820 Haydn Classical period Viennese school Mozart Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position，leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music 7.浪漫主義 Romanticism late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise： the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book，which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.Romanticism in Germany The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress The Jena School： Schlegel Brothers，Novalis and Tieck Heine： 海涅在1836年發表>，宣告浪漫主義在德國文學中的統治地位的結束

Romanticism in England Blake：The Lakers： Wordsworth and Coleridge Byron： is considered his masterpiece the fact that the poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny Shelley noted for his lyrics Keats famous for his sonnets Walter Scott Romanticism in France Chateaubriand ：Victor Hugo： 法國浪漫主義文學的最重要的作家。他于1827年發表的 Cromwell>是法國浪漫主義運動的一篇重要宣言。他的長篇小說巴黎圣母院 悲慘世界宣揚了“愛”與“仁慈”等人道主義精神。The greatest poet of his day George Sand：法國浪漫主義文學最杰出的女作家

Romanticism in Italy Manzoni： 約婚夫婦是意大利文學史上第一部以愛壓迫的勞動人民為主人公的小說Leopardi： he was the greatest poet of Italy Romanticism Romanticism in Russia Russia Romanticism began that way-adapting French plays and translating German and English poetry Pushkin： 俄國浪漫主義先鋒（van）a Byronic character his masterpiece is 創造了俄國文學中的第一個“多余的人”的典型Lermontov： draws a fine portrait of Pushkin Romanticism in Poland Adam Mickiewicz： beginning of Polish Romanticism is his masterpiece Art and Architecture Goya Spanish painter and etcher（蝕刻家）歐洲浪漫主義先驅 Execution of the Third of May> Children> David French Painter Delacroix 代表著法國浪漫主義繪畫的最高成就Gericault French painter Turner English landscape painter Constable English landscape painter Turner and Constable代表了浪漫主義畫派的最高成就

Music早期浪漫主義音樂家：Beethoven（貝多芬）German Composer marked the beginning of 19th century programme music Schubert（舒伯特）Austrian composer Chopin（肖邦）Polish composer Schumann（舒曼）German composer Mendelssohn（門德爾松）German composer 后期浪漫主義音樂家：Berlioz（伯遼茲）French composer Liszt（里斯特）Hungarian composer Wagner（瓦格納）German composer Brahms（伯拉姆斯）German composer Tchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russian composer 8.馬克思主義和達爾文主義 Marxism and Darwinism The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy：Hegelian dialectics 黑格爾辯證法Feuerbach?s materialism費爾巴哈唯物論Marxist Philosophy Dialectical materialism馬克思主義辯證唯物論Historical materialism 馬克思主義歷史唯物論English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy Capital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics Surplus value was the source of profit，the source of the wealth of the capitalist class Doctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marx?s economic theory Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism Robert Owen： English industrialist and social reformer Henri de Saint-Simon： French social philosopher Charles Fourier： French social philosopher Darwinism As Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe，Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself.In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus，Galileo and Newton.Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolution Lamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject.However，he failed to produce any evidence，French naturalist（自然主義者）

Lyell English geologist Karl Marx Darwin?s works and Theories：On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection，or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life The Descent of Man 9.現實主義Realism arise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France Realism in France Stendhal 司湯達 紅與黑是法國批判現實主義第一部成熟的作品 巴馬修道院Balzac巴爾扎克 Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been called the English Balzac Flaubert 福樓拜 非常重視藝術形式he is often called the first French realist包法利夫人Zora 左拉 founder of the naturalist school魯貢瑪－馬卡爾家族史Maupassant 莫伯桑

Realism in Russia Gogol果戈里 the first master of fiction in Russia Chickikov A character in Shame，and hypocrisy Turgenev屠格涅夫 the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基罪與罰卡拉馬佐夫兄弟Leo Tolstoy列夫托爾斯泰 戰爭與和平安娜卡列尼娜

復活Chekhov契訶夫海歐 萬尼亞舅舅 Sisters>三姐妹

櫻桃園

Realism in Northern Europe Ibsen a plea for the emancipation of woman His plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama Strindberg The above three are his autobiographical works His first play is Realism in England This period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria，這時期意味著大英帝國的頂峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整個國家內亂不斷，危機重重Charles Dickens 大衛科波菲爾 荒涼山莊艱難時世 其小說展現了廣闊的社會生活，真實情節與詩意氣氛的結合，幽默、風趣與悲劇的結合George Eliot（Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME）is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century Thackeray薩克雷 名利場 他的寫作范圍多局限于上流社會Thomas Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge> Bernard Shaw蕭伯納 won the Nobel Prize in 1925 Realism in the United States Harriet Beecher Stowe： greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoes Walt Whitman：Considered to be the greatest of all American poets Mark Twain： 哈克貝里芬歷險記 a masterpiece of humour，characterization and realism，has been considered the first modern American novel 鍍金歲月Henry James 出身世家，所以關注上層人物 the master beyond all masters貴婦人畫像

Art Courbet庫爾貝 French artist 反映生活的真實是創作的最高原則石工 奧爾南的葬禮Millet米勒 French artist “農民畫家”播種者拾穗者Impressionism in Art印象派藝術Manet 草地上的午餐福列斯貝熱爾酒吧間Monet 日出印象Post-Impressionism in Art 后印象派藝術Paul Cezanne賽尚Van Gogh 凡高 dutch painter Paul Gauguin 高更 French painter 10.現代主義及其它思潮 Modernism and other trends also called “the tradition of the new” “dehumanization of art” originating from the end of 19th century Discoveries made at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century：Rontgen： the discovery of X-rays 倫琴 德國物理學家發明X射線Becquerel： the discovery of radioactive properties of uranium 貝克勒爾 法國物理學家 放射性現象的發現者，肯定了鈾元素自發射線的性質Marie Curie the discovery of radium居里夫人 法國物理學家和放射學家發現鐳Soddy the discovery of isotopes 索迪 英國放射化學家 同位素Rutherford the discovery of the atomic nucleus盧瑟福 英國物理學家發現原子核Einstein Special Theory of Relativity General Principles of Relativity Contemporary Western Literature Eliot Conrad polish novelist Woolf English novelist Lawrence English writer considered one of the “makers” of modern English fiction Love> Yeats Irish writer Joyce Man> Irish writer Pound a leading figure of the Imagist movement American poet Faulkner Hemingway Tolls> Thomas Mann The most influential and representative German author of his time Gide French writer Proust French novelist Albert Camus French novelist Gorky The greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century Sholokhov soviet author Literature and Philosophy Since 1945 Angry Young Men in England 英國憤怒的青年Amis Osborne Beat Generation in America美國垮掉的一代Ginsberg Kerouac Nouveau Roman（New Novel）法國新小說派Robber-Griller Sarraute The Theatre of the Absurd歐洲的荒誕派Beckett Irish writer Ionesco French writer Black Humour 美國黑色幽默派Heller

第三篇：歐洲文化入門

《巴黎圣母院》讀后感

讀完了《巴黎圣母院》，文中的丑與美，善與惡，在我的腦海里留下了揮之不去的印象。《巴黎圣母院》是法國十九世紀著名作家維克多·雨果的浪漫主義長篇小說代表作，發表于1831年，小說描寫了15世紀光怪陸離的巴黎生活，并透過這種描寫深刻地剖析了豐富復雜的人性世界，表現了雨果的人道主義思想。雨果在《巴黎圣母院》中用對比的手法刻畫了群性格鮮明，極富有藝術感染力的人物形象，人物之間錯綜復雜的矛盾糾葛和悲劇命運扣人心弦。給我留下的印象最為深刻的是一組對比鮮明，令人觸目驚心的人物形象吉卜賽少女愛斯梅拉達和敲鐘人卡西莫多。16歲的愛斯梅拉達美貌絕倫，純真善良，能歌善舞，她和她那只聰明絕頂的小山羊是整部小說中給人以無限遐想的浪漫亮點，是美麗和自由的化身。但在禁欲的中世紀極端保守腐朽的教會勢力的摧殘下令人惋惜地隕滅了。20歲的卡西莫多外貌其丑無比，嚴重的殘疾使他一來到這個世界上，便遭到無情的遺棄——先是親人的遺棄，繼而是整個社會的遺棄。然而外貌丑陋的卡西莫多卻有著一頂純潔美麗的心靈，他以純真得不摻一絲雜質的愛情如同守護著珍寶一般守護著愛絲梅拉達，試圖使她遠離一切傷害。但在強大的社會偏見和惡勢力面前，個人的力量實在是微不足道，致使強悍的卡西莫多，也只有選擇殉情這一悲劇。這兩個主人公存在著糾結在一起的不幸身世，外貌上的反差也無法掩蓋他們共有的純真善良的天性.。

在《巴黎圣母院》中，有著無數值得讀者深思的句子，它不僅僅是現實人生的真實寫照，而且通過真善美與假惡丑的鮮明對比，告知讀者豐富的人生哲理： 愛斯美拉達是一位能歌善舞的十六歲美女，由于從小被吉普塞人從家中偷走，在流浪藝人中長大，所以不被當時等級森嚴的上流社會所認同和接受。當她在深夜被人打劫時，被英俊瀟灑的皇家衛隊隊長弗比斯英雄救美，便一見鐘情地陷入愛河，而他也被她的美貌所俘虜。愛斯美拉達像所有瓊瑤小說中的女主角一樣，只要遇到了自己所愛的人，便不顧一切地無怨無悔地愛上了對方。不管這種愛情是否有結果，不管對方是否真的愛自己，甚至明明知道這種愛情不可能有結果，甚至明明知道對方并不真心愛自己，也依然一往情深地愛著對方，依然對這樣虛幻的愛情忠貞不渝。

愛斯美拉達不但有一個完美無缺的軀體，也有一顆高尚純潔善良的心靈。當詩人格蘭古瓦即將被乞丐王國絞死的關鍵時刻，她毫不猶豫地以愿意和他結婚的方式救下了詩人。詩人被她的美貌和高尚所震撼，立刻身不由己地愛上了她，并希望能成為她名副其實的丈夫。但是愛斯美拉達為了她心目中的愛情偶像，平靜地拒絕了他：“我只能愛一個能夠保護我的男子漢。”并告訴他，和他結婚只是為

了救他的命，所以只能和他維持名義上的夫妻關系。

在小說中“丑”的化身的卡西莫多，是以愛斯美拉達的迫害者的身份，首次出現在愛斯美拉達的面前，他奉命在深夜去搶劫愛斯美拉達。當卡西莫多因為搶劫失敗，被皇家衛隊逮捕，被綁在烈日下的恥辱柱上受鞭打示眾時，他渴求圍觀的人群給他一點水喝，卻無人理睬。眼見著他快要暈死過去的時候，讓他沒有想到的是，在眾目睽睽之下勇敢地給他水喝的人，正是這位天使一樣的愛斯美拉達。愛斯美拉達的以德報怨深深震撼了外表畸形丑陋的卡西莫多，因為在他的內心也有和其他人一樣的強烈愛心和感情。后來他冒著生命危險將愛斯美拉達從死刑架上搶救了出來，但是，他的丑陋畸形的外表，始終是橫貫在他和愛斯美拉達之間永遠無法跨越的鴻溝。雨果先生在小說的結尾通過死亡的方式終于跨越了這條鴻溝，我想那可能確實是唯一可行的方法。

但是雨果筆下的卡西莫多決不是一個完美的人物：卡西莫多被副主教克洛德收養。對卡西莫多來說，克洛德是他的“再生父母”，他對他只有惟命是從。然而，為何卡西莫多在愛斯梅拉達的問題上對副主教有了一絲“叛逆”之心呢？——副主教得不到愛斯梅拉達就要將她處于死地，而卡西莫多卻誓死保護著她。這難道是因為卡西莫多也認識到了克洛德骯臟的內心以及封建教會勢力的黑暗嗎？我想，對于卡西莫多來說恐怕有些“勉為其難”了。他這么做只是因為他對愛斯梅拉達的愛，雖然這是一種富有“自我犧牲”精神的不求回報的愛，但在某種程度上來說還是自私的。不然的話，就不會有卡西莫多和流浪的乞丐們在巴黎圣母院的那場大戰了。關于這一點，我了解到有人說這是雨果塑造卡西莫多的一個敗筆。但是我想，卡西莫多有了“缺陷”才顯得真實——他不是一個神，而是一個人，一個普通人。

“哇！”他忽然爆發出一陣瘋狂的大笑和大叫，這時鐘的動蕩越來越快，當大鐘的搖擺到了一個更大的幅度時，伽西莫多的眼睛也就睜得更大更亮。最后大合奏開始了，整座鐘塔都在震動，木架、鉛板、石塊，全都同時咆哮起來，從底層的木樁一直響到塔頂的欄桿。于是伽西莫多快樂得嘴里冒出白沫，走過來又走過去，從頭到腳都同鐘塔一起戰栗。那口大鐘開放了，瘋狂了，把它巨大的銅喉嚨向鐘塔的左右兩廊晃動，發出一陣暴風雨般的奏鳴，四里之外都能聽到，伽西莫多在那張開的喉嚨跟前，隨著鐘的來回擺動蹲下去又站起來，他吸著它那令人驚訝的氣息，一會兒看看離他二百法尺以下的那個深處，一會兒望望那每分鐘都在他耳朵里震響的巨大的銅舌，那是他惟一聽得見的話語，惟一能擾亂他那絕對寂靜的心靈的聲音，他在那里把自己舒展開來，就像鳥兒在陽光里展開翅膀一樣。鐘的狂熱突然感染了他，他的眼光變得非常奇特，像蜘蛛守候蟲豸一般，他等鐘蕩回來的時候一下子撲上去吊在鐘上，于是他在空中高懸，同鐘一道拼命地搖來

蕩去，抓住那空中怪物的兩只耳朵，雙膝靠著它，雙腳踏著它，用自己身體的重量使那口鐘搖蕩得加倍的快。這時那座鐘塔震動起來了，他呢，吼叫著，磨著牙齒，他的頭發根根直豎，胸膛里發出拉風箱一般的響聲，眼睛里射出光芒，那口古怪的大鐘就在他下面喘息地嘶鳴,于是，那既不是圣母院的鐘也不是伽西莫多了，卻成了一個夢境，一股旋風，一陣暴雨，一種在喧囂之上的昏暈，成了一個緊抓住飛行物體的幽靈，一個半身是人半身是鐘的怪物，一個附在大銅怪身上的阿斯朵甫。

讓我印象深刻的場景是作者筆下的當時的那些建筑，那些奢華的象征權力的教堂，人們還不知道可以擁有自己的思想，以及為了自己的愿望可以做什么事情，一切都假借神圣的宗教，一切都假借神圣的教堂來展現，展現建筑家的審美觀，也就是個人的才華，或者展示自己的能力，我想那時的人們，把人性深深地埋在一件神圣的宗教的外衣下面，典型的人物就是副主教－－克洛德。從那許多的錯綜復雜的毫無章法的建筑群，我們不難看出，當時人們的內心是怎樣的壓抑，怎樣狂躁，那些像雨后春筍一般從地下冒出來的教堂的尖頂，正是人們扭曲的靈魂在對著蒼天做這無聲的哀號！

別看面孔，姑娘，要小心。

英俊青年的心常常很丑陋，有些人的心盛不下愛情。

姑娘，松柏不好看，沒楊樹那么好看，但冬天能留住綠色。

唉！說這些有什么用？

丑人生來就是錯，美的就是美的，四月只會背對一月。

美的至高無上，美的無所不能，美是唯一完整的東西。

烏鴉只在白天飛，貓頭鷹只在夜里飛，天鵝白天夜里都能飛。

這是卡西莫多的歌聲，“歌聲凄涼而古怪，很像催眠曲。那是不押韻的詩，只有聾子才作這樣的詩。”

浪漫主義在那個時代代表了一種革命的、左的思想，是這個勇敢的思想的勇敢的形式，當然，現實主義也是這個思想的勇敢的形式，但是現實主義同時還懷疑、反思、比較、對照、提問，而浪漫主義幾乎就是呼喊，認準死理并且竭力呼喊。巴黎圣母院不是為了講述愛情故事而寫的，完全不是，愛情只是主題之一。巴黎圣母院是對革命的呼喚、對革命者的贊美、對統治者的痛恨、對苦難民眾的同情、對愚昧的鞭笞與揭露、對人性的深入思考。

不過，對于那個偉大的時代我的理解還是很膚淺的，我不想讓自己在膚淺的時候對重大的主題進行不自量力的涉獵，寧可先說點不那么沉重的，我這里想重點說說里面最微小的那個主題，愛情。我每次讀到這里，都深深同情這個不幸的人。也許現實生活中并沒有這樣湊巧的事情，一個丑八怪之王，卻擁有世界上最美麗的心靈，最男人的愛情。雨果將美和丑進行尖銳的對立也許只是因為浪漫主義，可是留下的遺憾卻讓每個人都覺得特別現實。

書中描寫了一個那樣的社會，和在那個社會生活中的種種人物的狀態，麻木的如那個弗比斯，最底層的如老鼠洞里的那幾個隱修女，瘋狂的副主教，還有盡全力反抗的最丑陋的卡齊莫多，副主教和卡齊莫多形成了人性上的鮮明對比，同樣愛上了美麗的姑娘，同樣的遭到了拒絕，他們的愛都是那么的熱烈，那么的誠摯，可是，一個是占有，一個是奉獻，已占有為目的的，當目的無法達到的時候，他想到的是毀滅，毀滅別人；以奉獻為目的的，當無法奉獻的時候，想到的也是毀滅，毀滅自己。我想這也就是世界名著的真正魅力所在，他讓人看到的不是一個簡單的故事，他深刻的揭示了人類內心深處的一些活動，無論放在什么時候，什么社會，人的共性是始終存在的，對美好的向往，對美好的追求，對美好的贊美，人是一個天使和魔鬼的綜合體，人和人的經歷沒有相同的，也就是說，社會本身就不可能讓所有人享受到同等的待遇，這種不一樣的待遇，讓多少人的內心失去了平衡，失去了對美好的追求阿！林林總總的骯臟的巧取豪奪，充斥著我們的眼睛，振蕩著我們心靈，我們該怎么辦？我想每一個人都會有一個屬于自己的答案。而文中那些標志性的建筑的描繪以及那個時代的衣著和語言無不體現了那個獨特的時代的特征。

第四篇：歐洲文化入門要點

WEEK 1-3

Reformation and Counter-Reformation P138-139

The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement.It begin with Martin Luther‘s 95 thesis in 1517.This movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible,The demands of the reformists:

---direct communication between the individual and God

---simplifying rituals

---abolishing heavy taxes levied on their countrymen

---abolishing the indulgences

1)Pre-Luther Religious Reformers

John Wycliffe(about 1330?a1384)p-139

Chief forerunner of Reformation.English theologian and religious reformer.He believed that Christ is man??s only overlord and that salvation depends upon predestination and grace rather than on membership of a visible church.He took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.Jan Hus(1372-1415)

A Bohemian Czech religious leader, theologian.Attacked the abuses of the Church/ was imprisoned and exiled/ was burnt at stake / the Hus War

2)Martin Luther(1483-1546)and His Doctrines

Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation.His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.Beginning of the Reformation p-140

Translation of the Bible

Gospel of love and Ideas of Equality

In the history of Germany, Martin Luther was more than a religious leader, he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system and a writer whose forceful language helped fix the standards of the modern German language

3)John Calvin(1509-1564)and Calvinism

Calvin was a French theologian.His Institutes of the Christian Religion was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Presbyterian government

Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved.Calvinism was one of the main courses of the capitalist spirit

4)Reformation in England p-143

John Knox Scottish Presbyterianism

Henry VIII / matrimonial affairs / Catherine Aragon / Anne Boleyn

In 1534, the Act of Supremacy marked the formal break of the British with the papal

authorities.Thomas Cromwell---Vicar-General of the Church, King’s Chief Minister further broke from the Pope, closed the monasteries, took away their land and introduced church reforms.In England, the question of reform was not fundamentally one of belief or interpretation of the Bible but one of rejection of the supremacy of the Pope.5)Counter-Reformation p-144

Council of Trent

The sessions of the Council reaffirmed that the Church had the sole right to interpret the Bible.The Council declared that the Latin Vulgate of Jerome to be the definitive translation of the text.It was also stressed that Catholicism was a religion of infallible authority.The Catholic Reformation, that is, counter-reformation afterwards was to a great extent occupied with the principles and requirements laid down at the council of Trent.Ignatius and the Jesuits p-145

Ignatius was a Spaniard who devoted his life to defending the Roman Catholic Church.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.Today the Society of Jesus is still active with a membership of 31000, having institutions in various parts of the world.6)Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism p--146

Reformation movement broke the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church.Protestantism came into being.Liberal ideas

Science

Calvinism

Navigation and discoveries of new lands

7)Conclusion P147

In education and cultural matters

In religion

In language

In spirit

D.Renaissance in Other Countries

The influence of the Italian Renaissance reached every corner of Europe.In France

In Spain

In the north: Flanders

In the Netherlands

In Germany

In England

In one word, Renaissance in Europe ¨produced giants in power of thought, passion and character, in universality and learning.”

1)Renaissance in France

Historical Background

A whole generation of humanists emerged in France.They began to study Greek culture and philosophy and this gave rise to writings of Ronsard, Rabelais and Montaigne.The Chateau of the Loire Valley was a great landmark in architecture

In music, the beginning of polyphony

In religion, Calvinism won great popularity

Huguenots—the Protestant group in France

Renaissance Writers in France

i.Francois Rabelais(about 1483---1553)

ii.Pleiade

iii.Michel Eyques de Montaigne(1533---1592)

2)Renaissance in Spain

By 1479, the union of Castile and Aragon.In 1492, Moors were driven out;Columbus discovered America and claimed America for Spain.The 16th century, the beginning of the Golden age of Spanish literature.Meanwhile, Polygolt Bible

Literature

Miguel de Cervantes(1547---1616)a novelist, a dramatist and a poet.Don Quixote was a parody satirizing a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.Its sources are romantic as well as realistic, truthful and imaginative.It is recognized as the father of the modern European novel, and has had great impact on world literature.Art

El Greco(1541---1614)a Spanish painter

Major Work: The Burial of Count Orgaz

3)Renaissance in the North

Renaissance in the Netherlands

Erasmus(about 1466?---1536)a great Dutch scholar and humanist.P-160Work: The Praise of Folly

Renaissance in Flanders

Pieter Bruegel(the Elder)(about 1525---1569)a Flemish painter of landscape and scenes of rural life.He was called peasant Bruegel

Major Works: The Land of Cockayne(1567)

The Return of the Hunters(1565)

Renaissance in Germany

Albrecht Durer(1471---1528)

He was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany.He was a master of woodcut.His engravings are unsurpassed and his Water colours of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.Major Works: The Four Horsemen of Apocalpse

Knight, Death and Devil,1513

Hans Holbein(the younger)(1497---1543)

He was the last great German master of the 16th century.His best known works

are his portraits.Major Works: Erasmus of Rottendam

Portrait of Henry VIII

4)Renaissance in England

Historical Background

The War of Roses(1455-1485)

The Reign of Elizabeth I(1558--1603)was a period of political and religious stability and economic prosperity.The Church of England was re-established, ending the long time religious strife;Commerce and industry forged ahead as a result of the enclosure movement at home and the opening of new sea routes in the world.England began to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.Thomas More(1477---1535)

A great humanist during the Renaissance.Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII.He resigned(!532)after refusing to agree to the king’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon.When he refused to conform to the Act of Supremacy, he was imprisoned, found guilty of treason and beheaded.Among his writings the best known is Utopia(1516)William Shakespeare(1564---1616)

English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature.His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theatre in London, include

historical works, such as Richard II,comedies, including Much Ado about Nothing and As You Like It,and tragedies, such as Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear.He also composed 154 sonnets.The earliest collected edition of his plays, the First Folio, contained 36 plays and was published posthumously(1623).Taken as a whole, it could be said that Shakespeare’s early works showed optimism and his belief that love and benevolence will triumph over everything and concern for a peaceful and unified England whereas his later works, with deep insight, brought to light the contradiction between the humanists and the dark and brutal feudal and capitalist reality.E.Science and Technology during the Renaissance

The Renaissance, among other things, was a revolt against the medieval concepts and an age of creation and discoveries.1)Geographical Discoveries

a.Christopher Columbus(1451-1506)

Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby discovering America(1492).He made three subsequent voyages to the Caribbean in his quest for a sea route to China

b.Bartholomeu Dias(1466?---1500)

A Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.c.Vasco da Gama(about 1460---1524)

A Portuguese explorer and colonial administrator.The first European to sail to India(1497-1498), he opened the rich lands of the East to Portuguese trade and colonization.d.Amerigo Vespucci(1457---1512)Italian navigator and explorer of the South American coast.America was named in his honor.2)Astronomy

Nicolaus Copernicus(1473---1543)

A Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.He is known as father of modern astronomy.3)Anatomy

a.Leonardo da Vinci(1452---1519)

a great anatomist in Italy and during his life time Leonardo dissected more than 30 corpses.b.Andreas Vesalius(1514---1564)

A Flemish anatomist.The founder of modern medicine His work Fabrica marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy.4)Printing

Aldus Manutius(1450---1515)The foremost printer in Italy.5)Political Science and Historiography

a.Dante(1265-1321)

Dante contributed a great deal to the establishment of the equality of the divine power and the secular power.Although a poet, Dante was a great innovator.He regards Emperor and Pope as independent, and both divinely appointed.b.Niccolo Machiavelli(1469---1527)

An author and a statesman.He was called ¨DFather of political science?? in the West.Works: Prince and Discourses

c.Giorgio Vosari(1511---1574)

Vosari was best known for his entertaining biographies of artists, Lives of the Artists(a study of cultural history).F.Summing-up

The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church??s dispensation.In this release lay the way of development of the modern world.The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.It shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism

第五篇：歐洲文化入門讀后感

《歐洲文化入門》讀后感

國慶這段時間我閱讀了王佐良先生的《歐洲文化入門》，這是一本文化類的好書，我讀后自覺受益良多。

為什么選擇讀這本書呢？我覺得作為一個英語專業的學生，我在閱讀不少英文雜志和小說甚至看英文電影都感覺有不少困難，究其原因除了詞匯原因外還有很多原因是因為缺乏對歐洲文化知識的了解。英語中有數不清的典故，名人名言，成語，人名，地名等等來自于古希臘羅馬的哲學文學，歷史著作，圣經，或者牽扯到各個時期的思想，科技，政治，社會等重要事件和人物。對這些知識的一知半解或者全然不知給英語學習帶來來了不少困難。而如果我們對這些知識有一定了解，對于英語學習和研究無異于是很大的助力。舉幾個最簡單的例子，如果我們知道希臘神話特洛伊戰爭中的傳令官嗓門洪亮的Stentor,那么在背誦單詞stentorian(聲音洪亮的)時候，它的意思便不難記住了，在研究英語構詞法時可以發現有不少出自典故的詞匯。在翻譯的時候，如果我們知道“white elephant”的典故，在英語中是指大而無用的東西，那么就不會把商標“白象”譯為“white elephant”了。如果要研究文學，跨文化交際，那么文化的重要性更是不言而喻了，所以我把《歐洲文化入門》作為讀的第一本書。

在閱讀過后，我覺得這本書有若干優點：首先，該書較系統地介紹了歐洲的社會和文化發展史，文筆流暢，文體清新、明快，很適合英語專業學生閱讀；再次，本書的內容十分廣泛，涵蓋了歐洲文化的一切-從古希臘和古羅馬文化和歷史到現代主義，可以說包羅萬象、面面俱到。

整本書采用了歷史敘述法，全部內容按時間順序分為十章：

1.希臘，羅馬文化

2.基督教及《圣經》

3.中世紀

4.文藝復興與宗教改革

5.17世紀

6.啟蒙運動

7.浪漫主義

8.馬克思主義與達爾文學說

9.現實主義

10.現代主義及其他

我在這段時間快速瀏覽了本書的框架，重點閱讀了前四章。

讀過希臘和羅馬文化，可以說古希臘文明的發展是相當燦爛的，哲學思想方面，古希臘出現了多位非常出色的哲學家如，蘇格拉底、柏拉圖、亞里士多德等。建筑上古希臘給后世留下了許多珍貴的建筑遺產如雅典衛城、太陽神殿至今仍然影響著西方的建筑風格。文學方面，古希臘的神話、荷馬史詩還有伊索寓言等這些文學作品不僅奠定了整個西方文學的基礎同時也為后世研究西方文明提供了寶貴的財富。可以說古希臘文學是整個西方文學的精神源泉。數學方面，古希臘出現了多位優秀的數學家，奠定了現代數學的基礎。

基督和圣經讓我了解了猶太教與基督教的關系,基督教的教義核心,舊約的摩西五經,十誡,列王記,羅馬帝國衰亡的原因,基督教與羅馬帝國政府的關系的發展,基督教教士對維系和發展西方文明的貢獻,圣經對西方的影響或貢獻。通過對這章的閱讀大致了解了基督教發展的歷史階段,每一階段的社會狀況,它為什么會從被迫害變成成為統治階級的工具,統治階級又是如何一步步將它從擯棄,迫害變為合法,變為國教的的。

文藝復興時期是歐洲封建社會逐漸解體,資本主義生產方式在封建社會母體內蘊育的時期,也是歐洲從中世紀封建社會向資本主義過渡的歷史轉折時期.從十四世紀開始,歐洲封建社會陸續出現了資本主義關系的萌芽;十五世紀末,隨著新航路的開辟和地理大發現,世界市場形成了,這就進一步推動了資本主義的發展。

以上就是我在這段時間所了解的我知道我所看的僅僅冰山一角，而這本書本身像一個長廊，展現歐洲文化的淵源，還需要更加深入的研究。

XXXX2013年10月7日