第一篇：博士生一外英語選課說明

博士生一外英語選課說明

一、2013-2014第二學期《博士生一外英語》為網上選課

二、《博士生一外英語》課號30800000，學分4，周學時6（口語2學分、寫作2學分、聽力2學分）

三、請根據本人時間網上選擇一個口語班號（例：1A班）即可，該班包括口語、寫作和聽力時間段及上課地點。

四、選課中出現問題請撥打電話：62753464

第二篇：選課說明

2010年碩士生選課說明

發表日期：2010-06-24記者：文章來源：點擊: 1487 2010級碩士研究生，你們好：

為了加強研究生培養工作，今年按照學校研究生院的要求，碩士生培養方案重新進行了修訂，學院的碩士生培養方案已上報研究生院培養辦，為了便于2010級碩士生提前學習網絡課程，故先將學院的擬碩士生培養方案（各專業培養方案參見附錄）放在學院的主頁上。以研究生院培養辦的碩士生培養方案為準。現對其具體執行作如下說明：

一、課程設置和學分構成：

各專業碩士生培養方案的總學分一般應不少于 27 學分。各類課程設置及學分比例如下：

1.學位課：（13學分）

馬克思主義理論： 90 學時 3 學分

綜合英語： 60 學時 2 學分（具體規定參見第 5 部分）

現代藥物科學進展： 要求必須選一門按一級學科設置的雙語教學課（2 學分，每人都選），另外需選 3 門專業學位課（每門 2 學分，其中兩門為面授，一門為網絡自學學位課），2.必修課：（不少于6學分）由必修課、實驗技能和學術報告三部分構成。

（1）藥事管理專業研究生--需要參加 2 次學術報告（1學分），藥事管理實踐（1學分，相當于實驗技能），必修課（4學分）。

（2）其他專業研究生（非藥事管理專業）--需要參加 2 次學術報告（1學分），藥物科學實踐（1學分，包括兩次英文墻報），必修課（4學分）。

3.選修課：（不少于8學分）碩士研究生可以選擇培養方案中規定的任何課程作為選修課。

二、授課方式說明

1.面授課程說明

對非藥事管理專業的碩士研究生需參加本專業的兩門面授學位課。面授課上完后隨堂考試。各專業面授學位課課程名稱如下：

藥物化學專業：《高等有機合成化學》、《現代藥物化學》

藥物分析專業：《蛋白質組學》、《藥物分析儀器基礎》

生藥學專業：《天然有機化合物的波譜解析》、《高等天然產物化學》藥理學專業：《現代免疫學》、《細胞培養技術》

微生物與生化藥學專業：《現代免疫學》、《細胞培養技術》

藥劑學專業：《天然有機化合物的波譜綜合解析》、《生物醫學高分子材料》

2.網絡自學課程：

為了突破時空限制和實現資源共享，我院研究生部分課程實現以異步學習為主導、以自主學習為中心、以電子媒體為輔助的網絡課程。研究生從研究生院的網上下載課件（http://202.113.0.232）在暑假期間自學教材和多媒體課件。開學后（9 月）由學院統一安排時間舉行輔導和閉卷考試。

其中包括一門專業學位課（2學分）、兩門必修課（4學分）和本院的選

修課（8學分）

3.英語授課方式

綜合英語課程（2 學分 60 學時）學校公共英語課（面授）占50%，學院成績占50%，學院不集中上課。具體規定如下：

1要求學生所有報告（論文選題報告，學術報告）都必須使用含英文的多媒體課件；

2在 2 次學術報告、論文選題報告和論文答辯時作 5 分鐘的英語口頭簡介；

3兩次墻報全部用英文表達；

4參加全英語表達的學術報告 5 次以上

5導師必須在學生完成論文選題報告和學術報告時，根據其外語水平（不與學生的學術水平掛鉤）單獨給出英語成績（2 次學術報告和選題報告各 10 分，共 30 分），聽 5 次英語學術報告共 25 分（每次英語學術報告后需交院辦一篇中文摘要），2 個墻報共 40 分由藥學院外教非 利普副教授評分。向英文期刊投稿并被錄用者另加 5 分。

三、注意事項

1.同學們參照選課說明，根據每個專業的培養方案，并與導師協商后，選出自己所學的課程，課程選定后不可更改，選課結果需經導師同意簽字（入學報到后需在研究生院的管理系統中選課，并打印課程計劃表，導師才需簽字）。并將網絡課程選課結果于8月23日至8月27日，通過郵箱發給藥學院院辦王桂荷老師（只需告知網絡課的選課結果）。郵箱

（wghyx888@yahoo.com.cn）。

2.請各位同學認真學習多媒體課件、以便更好的參加開學初的輔導和考

試。今年需在研究生院研究生教育e-Learning平臺上學習網絡課的多媒體課件(http://202.113.0.232和121.193.130.233), 用戶名和密碼均為213+準考證號后四位

碩士生選課說明和碩士研究生擬培養方案的網址請在學院主頁的“搜索引擎”中進行相關查詢

附件：

1.S21301藥物化學

2.S21302藥物分析

3.S21303藥劑學

4.S21304生藥學

5.S21305藥事管理

6.S21307微生物與生化藥學

7.S21308藥理學

藥學院

2010.6.2

第三篇：學生選課幫助說明

學生選課幫助說明、【登陸】 ——首先進入校園網點擊 【綜合教務系統】 ——輸入 【 學號 】【密碼】登陸；密碼遺忘的同學可到所在學部教學辦公室查詢。、【個人培養方案查詢】 ——在學生的 【個人信息管理】 —— 【學籍管理】 —— 【學籍信息】 ——頁面的最下方有 【＊＊＊培養方案】，打開即可查詢本人所需修讀的課程信息。、【選課】 ——首先進入到 【網上選課】――【 已選課程查詢 】界面，先查看班級課表，可以先了解本人的課程信息。（注意：課程信息我們已經給同學們預置完成）同學可參考本人的培養方案只對專業任選課進行刪減、對校公共選修課進行增選等操作。1）對于預置好的必修課、專業限選課不要做刪除的操作。）專業任選課刪除的操作：在保證修夠任選課學分基礎上，可以對已預置的任選課課程進行刪除。在【已選課程刪除】一欄，選中所要刪除課程，點擊【刪除】即可。并及時回到【 已選課程查詢 】界面，查看課程是否已刪除掉。）校公共選修課程的選課：首先可以到【公共選修課程安排】中選出自己感興趣的課程，（注意不要與課表中的必修課程上課時間沖突）記好課程號、課程名，然后到【網上選課方案列表】中【校任選課】――選中課程打勾，或者直接到【自由選擇中】輸入相應的課程信息，最后要按【確定】鍵即可。校公共選修課的課程號均是以開頭，其他課程號非“ 99 ” 開頭的課程均不算公共選修課。

注意：、選課分為預選、正選兩個階段，第18周是預選階段，學生本人必須到機房選課，如果讓他人代替所選課程出現問題后果自負。、預選結束后，對于公共任選課系統自動抽簽完成，抽中的幾率與選課前后無關。3、第20周是正選階段，在正選階段，本人必須認真查看 【本學期課表】內的課程，對于公共選修課尤其注意。如果沒有選中，可采用預選同樣的方法進行再次選課。4、補退選時間為新學期開學的第一、二周進行，其他時間將不予辦理。56、每次上網選課結束后，必須點擊“注銷”后退出，以免本人的課程信息被他人修改。

第四篇：關于選課文件的說明

兩個文件實際上說的就是同一個內容，只是表達形式不一。

一、關于指導教學計劃（excel）

1、課程后面的數字是一周的學時，對應第幾學期就是建議在第幾學期選，如果不選則要等到下一學年對應的那個時間才能選（如大二上學期一門選修課沒選，如果以后再想選則要等到大三大四的上學期）。

2.實習類的后面標示一周或幾周，是說明實習的時間，如大一期末時的植物學實習。實習類的一般已經規定好。

3.大家在選課時要注意核對課程號。

二、關于培養方案

1、請大家完全閱讀培養方案。

2、核心課程的得分高低對于學分的獲得有著重要影響，請大家對于核心課程的成績高低要多重視。

3、最低畢業學分164+44分是第二課堂的分。

4、注意在整個大學階段安排好通識拓展課的學分必須達到其學分要求。

5、各項選修課大項都有自己的最低學分要求，自己做好安排。

請大家仔細閱讀，有不懂請看完了再問我

第五篇：2018博士生考試英語

考博英語范文35篇

博士生入學英語考試協作部分試題說明

根據教育部頒布的《研究生英語教學大綱》（以下簡稱大綱《大綱》的要求：“非英語專業博士研究生英語入學水平原則上應達到或高于碩士生的通過水平。”

《大綱》中對碩士生的寫作要求是“掌握基本寫作技能（如文章結構、段落展開和起承轉合等），能按具體要求，在一小時內寫出250詞左右的短文，正確表達思想，語意連貫，無重大語言錯誤。” 第一部分

寫作文的要求，評分標準及考試中普遍存在的問題 一

考試要求

1．文章內容切題。審題準確,不跑題。

2．表達清楚。語言簡潔、準確、說理清楚,讀者能從作文內容清楚理解作者寫作意圖。

3．意義連貫。文字連貫、層次分明、意義表達完整。要使文章意義連貫必須具有一定的技能，包括較強的語感，遣詞造句能力和文章謀篇布局的組織能力；

4．語言規范。符合英語表達的習慣、語法錯誤較少、語言基本功扎實，最終避免中式英語。

二

作文的評分標準及樣卷介紹 分: 內容符合要求, 包括了標題或提綱中的全部內容;語言流暢;層次分明,句式有變化。詞匯豐富,句子結構和用詞準確,文章長度符合要求。

11分：內容符合要求，包括了標題或提綱中的全部內容；文字連貫，句式有一定變化，句子結構和用詞無重大錯誤，文章長度符合要求。

8分：內容符合要求，包括了標題或提綱中多數內容；基本清楚表達的主題的內涵；句子結構和用詞有少量錯誤，個別是大錯。文章長度符合要求。

分： 內容基本切題，基本表達了標題或提綱中的內容；文字連貫，語言可以理解，但有較多的結構和用詞錯誤，且大錯較多。文章長度基本符合要求。

分： 基本切題，但語句支離破碎，只有少數句子可以理解。

0 分： 文不切題。只將預先背誦的某篇文章默寫下來，或語句混亂，無法理解。

附：14 分樣卷

Topic：With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher-level talents.To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate(postgraduate)education system.State your opinion aobut this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.With China’s entry into WTO, she is facing a lot of chances and challenges in many aspects.As far as talents are concerned, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, especially for higher-level talents.In order to adapt this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate education system.In my opinion, we must make some reform and adjustment in graduate education system in many aspects as follows.First of all, from the view of the government, it must adjust its policy of using talents, especially higher-level talents.For example, it may provide many privileges for them.Secondly, for the viewpoint of the universities, they should adjust their constructure of curriculum.They should pay more attention to the cultivation of graduate’s capability.They should take effective measures to direct their educational goal from exam-oriented education to education for all-round development.Finally, as far as personnel is concerned, a student should pay more attention to the learning of all kinds of knowledge to meet the needs of society.In a word, it is high time that we reformed the graduate education system.If we do not make some changes in the graduate education system, we may be failure in the international competition.So we must reform our graduate education system.(219 1

words)

點評： 該文緊扣主題，結構嚴謹，內容充實，語言流暢，句式變化多樣。雖有個別小錯，但英語表達能力較強，長度符合要求。

萬能框架

As is implied in the table(or cartoon)and well known to all of us, … Take … in the table(cartoon)for example, it’s … for the … to… But when…

On the other hand, there do exist some… that… They are making all possible means to … and trying their best to… Compared with what those… , It’s a pity that… And what’s more, with the deepening and furthering of our country’s opening and reforming, more… are allowed to… With China entering the WTO, … are also permitted to … If still blind to this, the … is sure to … So, it’s urgent and essential for … to analyze… more rationally and macroscopically.It must keep in mind that … should never be unheard.Although the condition is unsatisfactory now, with the awareness of the …in the table(or cartoon)and all the society efforts, improvement and an even brighter future are not only possible but also inevitable.三

歷年考試中存在的典型問題分析 1．

不會審題，偏離主題。

2．漢語思維，逐字翻譯。常見考生用漢語構思文章，同時將漢語句子硬譯成英語。3．

用詞搭配不當。

4．詞匯量小，表達困難，拼寫錯誤。

5．句法邏輯關系混亂。例如：Our English class often told stories.正確的應是: Stories are often told on our English class.6．不會用關聯詞轉承上下句和段落。關聯詞即過渡詞，使用過渡詞，可使上下句子和段落合理銜接，承上啟下，使表達合乎邏輯，常見過渡詞如as far as, however, well, though, in spite of。7．

語法錯誤。主要表現為：

（1）

分不清及物與不及物動詞，例如：rise，raise； hear, listen（2）

被動語態和主動語態的誤用,例如: interesting和 interested（3）

詞類混淆,將動詞或形容詞誤用作名詞,將名詞或動詞誤用作形容詞,例如: benefit 和beneficial;difficult和 difficulty;pleasure 和pleased等。（4）

混淆可數名詞和不可數名詞，例如： help，practice等。（5）

冠詞、情態動詞、介詞、代詞等方面的錯誤，例如： a English book, should did, must done 等。

四．如何寫出漂亮的文章

文章要內容切題，表達清楚，意思連貫，語言比較規范。這就要求考生在寫作時，把握如下方面： 1．

統一性（Unity）

內容切題，實際上就是要求文章統一性。所謂統一性，就是指短文必須圍繞著主題擴展，不能多中心。統一性表現在句子、段落和篇章三個層次上。我們寫漢語文章的要求是首先不能跑題，實際上就是對統一性的要求。2．

連貫性(Coherence)指句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間的銜接要自然通暢，主要體現在文章的邏輯發展順序和過渡詞語的運用上。1）

邏輯順序

按照時間先后，或空間位置的相互關系，我們可以寫出眉目清晰、符合邏輯的段落或文章。敘述文體多采用時間順序，描寫文體中空間順序更常見。高潮形成系指按照其重要性或嚴重性安排各個發展點（指段落）或發展段（指文章）的順序，這種語篇發展方法在描寫、敘述、說明和議論文中均常出現。英語語篇的邏輯順序安排一般是先談最次要的內容，2

繼而談較為重要的內容，最后再談最重要的內容，從而形成文章高潮。2）

過渡詞語的運用—— 語篇的外在連貫手段

有時，單靠邏輯上的連貫對英語語篇來說是很不夠的，因而過渡詞語的運用必不可少。漢語的連貫屬于“意合”，英語的連貫屬“形合”，而借助過渡詞語取得語篇的連貫是形合法最突出的特點。所以，在英語文章內，諸如等過渡詞語特別多。它們的運用挑明了句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間的關系，使文章更加顯得連貫。由于受漢語“意合”的影響，中國學生常忽略過渡詞語的運用。所以中國學生在進行英語寫作時必須對此給以足夠的重視。、3．

語言規范

語言的規范涉及面廣。小至遣詞造句，大到語篇結構，無不體現語言使用的質量。根據近年博士生入學英語考試的作文試卷統計，許多考生未熟練掌握造句技能甚至不能保證單詞拼寫正確、句子無重大語法錯誤。因此要多讀多看英語報刊和原著，從中學習語言用法，沒有仔細閱讀過、理解過的東西千萬不要在作文中使用，切忌中國式英語。、、第二部分 35 篇范文

1.Television Program and Their Effect on children Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children.Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child.Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young.There are often specials on animal life.A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative.The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category.On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children.Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy.All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs.A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.2.How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities

With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities.Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.People have offered many solutions to this problem.I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical.The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc.in the overcrowded city.With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining.The housinmg problem in big cities will thus be solved.3.―The younger generaton knows best‖

Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were.The same comments is made from generation to generation and it is always true.It has never been truer than ti is today.The young are better educated.They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom.They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents.They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders.Events, which the older generation remembers vividly, are nothing more than past history.This is as it should be.Every new generation is different from the one preceded it.Today the difference is very marked indeed.3

The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer.They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened.And this precisely what the young are doing.They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency.They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds.What they reject more than anything is conformity.Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat —race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life? There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly.Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless.Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guilance.Today, the situation might reversed.The old—if they are prepared to admit it — could learn a thing or two from their children.One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ―sinful‖.Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life.It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions.It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future.This emphasis on the present is only to be expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation.This is their glorious heritage.Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?

4.Public Transportation

As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China.I can illustrate some examples.There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways.Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes.Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people.When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home.And travelers need special arrangements to go home.In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy.To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines.But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.There are three sources for fund raising.One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles.Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale.The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles.For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held.In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated.So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.5.Human Education

The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture ―Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text‖.In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement.His opinion set us 4

thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth.In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit.At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion.On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society.It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation.Our times call for an ideal humane education.It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole.Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation.Our attitude towards tradition should be ―discarding the dross and selecting the essence‖.The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education.It should start from primary school.In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality.The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education.We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.6.Criticism on Television A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren.A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema.But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s crimes.For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago.In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of violence.The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children.The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents.In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life.There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends happily.In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs.When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.7.The ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money

Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man.They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married.The young people’s parents shook their heads.―You can’t get married yet.‖ They said.Wait till you get a good job with good prospects.So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married.They were still poor, of course, they didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that did’t matter.They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car.The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves.And so ends another modern romantic fable.We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive.Our possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood.When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses.If we buy a new television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one.If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one 5

better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself.The most amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money.Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever.The wheels of industry must be kept turning.Built-in obsolescence provides the means;goods are made to be discarded.Cars get tinnier and tinnier.You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education.Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake.Every course of studies must lead somewhere.i.e.to a bigger wage packet.The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them.Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder.The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens.While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.8.Communication and Language

One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language.There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today.In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as 10000.Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position.But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication.Sometimes, we ―say‖ more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication.Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites.Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth.The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex.But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology.9.Cooperation Goes with Competition

In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world.Both of them speed up the wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind.It is possible to accomplish a complicated program by only one person now.As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the more efficient it will become in business.Furthermore, we can’t avoid competition in our exchanges.From time to time, we compare ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others.This is the spirit of competition, by which we pursue the highest goal.It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its reputation.Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.10.The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection

Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago.Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions.This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society.Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal.Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations.The number of U.S.patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 2000 in 1995.The direct economic impact of 6

technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small.In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act()is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history.It has been estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as the licenses mature.Intellectual property terms have become vitally important.The company wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their competitors.But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret.The key to resolving this dilemman is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the commercial market place.11.Generation Gap

Despite various improvements in all aspects of social life, the generation gap between the grown-up and the young remains unbridged.Instead, it grows wider apart.Nowadays, the youths do not blindly follow what their elder say.Owing to widespread edcuation, the influence of western civilization, to certain extent, gives them a new code of philosophy, which is completely different from that of their elders.An invisible cold wall thus appears between the two generations.Modern youths are trying to be more revolutionary.They have their own interpretation fro different matters;they also have their own ideals.Their reluctance to learn old teaching and sayings becomes the constant friction between the two generations.They always introduce new changes.However, the old people, wedded to everything of the past, are hostile to changes and the generation gap becomes wider and wider.After all, the young generation, like the old one, is made of flesh and blood.The young also need respect and they also have skills and good ideas.In order to narrow the gap, both groups should try to understand each other.Most probably, these suggestions may help to solve the problem.12.Should Men and Women Be Equal?

Should men and women be equal? This is a question much talked about by many people.Some hold the opinion that men are superiro to women in many ways.For one thing, many a job men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough;and for another, most of the word-famous scientists or statemen are found to be males.Moreover, the whole human society seems to have all along been dominated by men only.Isn’t it evident enough to show that men are a lot stronger than women? Hence, the former should enjoy more rights than the latter.Other people, however, think quite differently on this question.They firmly believe that men and women are born equal.And women are certainly as talented as men if they are given equal opportunities of education.Isn’t it a fact known to us all that women have been working side by side with men in China and elsewhere in the wordl? Like their men folks, they have been distinguishing themselves not only in research institutions, but in government bodies and other organizations as well.Personally, I am firmly standing on the side of those women’s rights defenders.Since men and women are playing an equally important role in all human activities, why should not they be on an equal footing? Furthermore, from time immemorial, there have been two sex groups, namely, men and women.Our Human society could definitely not have existed or advanced without either of them.Is it wonder that men and women ought to be equal and enjoy equal rights accordingly?

13.Computer and Man

It is believed that the computer can do almost every thing.At the time the computer was invented, scientists, carried away by its calculating speed, felt that they had created a miracle.It 7

Was gradually used not noly in mathematics,physics,chemisry and astronomy, but in places like the library, hospital and military army to replace the work of man.For the work of man.For this reason, the computer was entiled ―Electronic Brain‖ in terms of appreciation.Can man be controlled by computers? The answer is negative.Although a computer works much faster and accurately than man , a fact is undeniable;it is designed, manufactured and programmed by man, and therefore by human beings.Of course, science fictions have made up many fascinating stories about a computer, or rather robot,who conquers man and the earth, even the whole universe;however, they are only unrealistic imaginatio.A horse helps man a lot runs much faster than we, but it is only a slave.The future for the computer is very promising.With the help of it, we can do things that could not be done before.Conquering the universe, discovering new things, explaining mysteruiys phenomena puzzling us at present are all made possible by computer.14.what kind of life to live-realistic or romantic ?

There has always been an argument between the young and the old about what kind of life to live-realistic or romantic.Young people tend to think real think that real lofe is as dramatic and fascimating as it is in the novels and movies while more experiened adults think this na?ve daydream is certain to be broken by later experiences and everyone should learn to get used to the dull routine of his everydy life.However, there are some inadequacies in the opinions on the part of both sides.Life will be unimaginable if everything we do is only for realistic purpose, and the same is true if what we do everyday is just to enjoy ourselves.So it’s not difficult for us to see that neither way can ensure a happy life.In my opinion, a real happy lofe can never be separated from either of the two ways.On the one hand, let’s enjoy life-enjoy the excitement of sports.On the other, let’s not forget our work.Happy life can never go without hard work.15.Fast Food

Fast food is becoming more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers.Today, it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents the fast pace of modern society as powerfully as fast food.There are several reasons for its popularity.First, it is very convenient and saves a lot of time.The trends of modern society seem to all point to one ultimate goal--saving time, and fast food well serves this purpose.You just go into a fast food restaurant, order your food, and your food is ready in no time.You can either eat it there or take it away.Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean and comfortable environment of fast food restaurants, the excellent ervice, and the guaranteed quality of food.However, in terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory.It usually does not compose a balanced diet and is low in nutritional value.Thus, doctors suggest that people, especially children, eat fast food as little as possible.Although cooking at home is time-consuming and the following washing-up tiresome, it offers healthy and delicious meals your body likes and needs.Fast food is only a good choice when you are in a hurry and turn to it once in a while.16.On the Attitude towards Fighting against Criminals Today crime rate in our cities seems to be rising.Thefts, robberies, and murders are reported to take place even in the broad daylight.Facing crime tide, people may take different attitudes.Some feel frightened and prefer to turn a blind eye to the criminals.Others are resolute and dare to run risk at the cost of their lives in fighting with the criminals.They take it as their duty to protect the social law and order.As for me, I take the attitude of the latter.To ensure the social security and protect people’s safety, I may have some suggestions to make.First of all, the government should always keep a continuous law education among the people, especially, in the younger generations.Secondly, criminals 8

should be punished severely.And finally, it is imperative to set up a public foundation system to award those who set merits in fighting criminals.17.Parents are too permissive with their children nowadays Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children,but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard.Freud and company did away eith all that and patents have been bewildered ever since.The child’s happiness is all-important, the psychologist say, but what about the parents’ happiness?Parents suffer constantlu from fesar and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apsrt.A good old-fashioned spanking is out of the question: no modern childrearing manual would permit such barbarity.The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout.Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience.So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving theie children complexes which a hundred years ago hadn’t evern been heard of.Certainlu a child needs love, and a lot of it.But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents’ confidence in their own authority.And it hasn’t taken children long to get wind of the fact.In addition to the great modern classic on chidcare, there countless articles in magazines and newspapers.With so much un solicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don’t know what to do any more.In the end, they do nothing at all.So, from ear;y childhood, the kids are in charge and parents’ lives are regulates according to the needs of their offspring.When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control.Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent.If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house.Their presence merely spoils the fun, what else can the poor parents do but obey? Children are hardly creatures(far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe)and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness htat is the normal condition in the modern household.But a great many do not.The spread of juvenile delinquency in our won age is largely due to parental laxity.Mother, believing that little Johny cvan look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school;so little Johnny roams the streets.The dividing –line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine indeed.The psychologists have much to answer for.They should keep their moths shut and let parents get on with the job.And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much.At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something po9sitive to react against.Perhaps there’s some truth in the idea that children who’s had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood emerge like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life.18.Adveriser Perform A Useful Service to The Community

Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why thery’re always coming in for criticism.Their critics smm to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around.―It’s iniquitous,‖ they say, ―that this entirely unproductive industry(if we can call it that)should be absorb millions of pounds each year.It only goes to show much profit the big companies are making.Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it’s the consumer who pays.‖

The poor old consumer!He’d have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products.It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap.But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read.Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about.Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding perfromance, price, etc., from an advertisement.Lots of people pretend that they never read advetisments, but this claim may be seriously doubted, it is hardly possible not to read advertisments these days.And what fun they often are too!Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements.Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway bye-laws while waiting for a train? Would 9

you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily reation to calamities.We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets.Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue.The fact that we pay so little fro our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmers is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers.Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!Another thing we mustn’t forget is the ―small ads.‖ Which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine.What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community!Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns.For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the ―hatch, match and dispatch‖ columns;but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or agony column.No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nautre.It’s the best advertisement for advertising there is!

19.Only Stricter Traffic Laws Can Prevent Accidents

From the health pointg of view we are living in a marvelous age.We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases.A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery.It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases.The expectation of life has increased enormously.But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads Men versus the motor-car!It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly mutilated each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personlity.Ther is no doubt that the motor-car ofter brings out a man’s very worst qualities.People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering wheel.They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year olds and utterly selfish.All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jeaslousies seem to be brought to the serface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behavior.Everything, is done for his convenience.Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic;towns are made ugly by huge car parks;the countryside is desecrated by road networks;and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.Is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste fo human life.With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate.Her are a few examples of some of the things that might be done.The driving test should be stadardized and made far more difficult than it is;all drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so;the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21;all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety.Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability.Present drinking and driving laws(where they exist)should be made much stricter.Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads.Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.These measures may sound inordinately harsh, but surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life.After all, the world is for human beings, not motorcars.20.Population Control Progress in science and the improvement of living conditions have led to the rapid growth of world population.Modern medicine, 10

for example, has made it possible for babies to grow up healthily and for people to live longer.With improved living conditions particularly in the countryside, people tend to have larger families.As a result, the world population has increased so rapidly that it has now exceeded 6 billion.But the overgrowth of population presents a threat to the existence of food supplies and shelter space.However, the limited productivity and scarce world resources can hardly meet the needs of the ever-increasing population.Thus, in the long run, the overgrowth of the world population will only harm mankind.To guarantee the steady development of human society, mankind must realize the consequences resulting from a fast population growth and carry out a family planning program.Only by adopting effective meausres, can human society develop steadily and have a bright future.21．Part-time Jobs for College Students Nowadays, many college boys and girls take part-time jobs in their spare time.Some are employed by the companies near the campus, working as office clerks or computer programmers.Others have become salespersons for the commercial businesses.Foreign language students may serve as interpreters or translators where international cooperation is carried out.Or they may become tour guides for travel agencies.Also, it is a common practice for girl students to become governesses helping children with their school work in their homes.Many people, including some professors and parents, make no secret of their disapproval of this.On the one hand, they argue that academic pursuit is the main task for college students and that taking part-time jobs distracts their attention and consumes a lot of energy needed.On the other hand, professors and parents tend to believe that college boys and girls need to further cultivate their personality and develop their sense of responsibility before they can be ready for any serious jobs.But in my opinion, every coin has two sides.It is true that the students’ major task is to study.It is also true that taking part-time jobs will take a lot of time and energy.However, if the students can learn to arrange their time properly, the professors and parents might as well be relieved from all their worries.As many students take jobs related to their fields of study, they can gain some first-hand experience instead of being distracted from their study.Moreover, treated as full adults on their part-time jobs, they will develop their sense of responsibility very soon.When they finally graduate, they will find themselves in a more agreeable social environment.(280w)

22.Private Cars A few years ago, having a private car might be a wild dream to many Chinese families.But today, you can see the number of private cars running along the road and street is increasing rapidly.Statistics show that one in every six families in big cities has a car.Some people say that it is good because the number of car ownerships indicates a country’s auto industry, which in turn shows the country’s general economic development.The fact that more and more people can afford a car demonstrates that people in China enjoy a higher standard of living than they did before.Besides, a private car also adds a new dimension to a family’s work, daily life and leisure activities.Other people think differently.They argue that having private cars may not necessarily mean a more advanced society.It may bring about more stress, instead.More cars would consume more petroleum, produce more air pollution, and thus aggravate the already serious environmental problems.What’s more, another problem remains yet to be solved.Road conditions being what they are esp.in urban areas, accidents become a common occurrence, resulting in thousands of deaths per year.No wonder cars have been considered as the number one deadly weapon in the modern world.I find some truth in both of the arguments mentioned above.I feel it a personal choice to buy a private car.If you can afford it and you really need it to get around, having a car is fine.But remember, try to use environment-friendly type of gasoline and take special care while driving.If you don’t have much need for cars in your work and life, there is no need to follow fashion or keep up with the Jones.Remember, when you cycle, you are living a healthy life and at the same time contributing to our environment protection.11

23．What Have We Learned from SARS? In the spring of the year 2003, China has been afflicted with and successfully withstood SARS.The epidemic is now ebbing away.But we should never forget what we have gone through.What’s more important, we should learn a great deal from this experience.First, we understand that in the face of danger, we should fight bravely instead of shrinking away from responsibilities.Doctors and nurses have set shining examples for us.They plunged into their work without considering their own safety.Second, we have realized that diseases will yield not only to medical treatment but also to people’s will power.We are so determined in our final success that nothing can stop us from our effort.SARS has no way to go because everyone in the country is guarding against it.Third, we should try to get rid of unhealthy habits.Such behaviors as spitting on the ground and throwing rubbish everywhere are something we should be ashamed of.It’s important that everyone in society develop a good awareness of public sanitation.We should keep our living surroundings clean and healthy just as we do with our own homes.Fourth, we should enforce strict laws to punish those who capture, smuggle and eat rare wild animals.These people not only endanger the animal world by killing but also endanger the human society by bringing in odd diseases.Most important is that we should have an efficient and effective system to deal with outbreak of epidemics.It is a promising sign that our government has already come up with some laws and regulations in this respect.The lesson from SARS epidemic has gradually sunk in.To China, it means much more than the loss of over 1000 precious lives.How we respond to it sends a message to the world: China has been actively and effectively combating SARS and China will still be a safe place to live in and an attractive place for travelers and investors.24.Fast Food

Fast food is becoming more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers.Today, it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents the fast pace of modern society as powerfully as fast food.There are several reasons for its popularity.First, it is very convenient and saves a lot of time.The trends of modern society seem to all point to one ultimate goal--saving time, and fast food well serves this purpose.You just go into a fast food restaurant, order your food, and your food is ready in no time.You can either eat it there or take it away.Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean and comfortable environment of fast food restaurants, the excellent ervice, and the guaranteed quality of food.However, in terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory.It usually does not compose a balanced diet and is low in nutritional value.Thus, doctors suggest that people, especially children, eat fast food as little as possible.Although cooking at home is time-consuming and the following washing-up tiresome, it offers healthy and delicious meals your body likes and needs.Fast food is only a good choice when you are in a hurry and turn to it once in a while

25.My Idea on How for Beijing to Prepare the 2008 World Olympic Games As a young student(cadre, engineer, technician), I am an active citizen in greeting the 2008 World Olympic Games.As its host, Beijing is now busy in propagating for its advent.Since it is the first time for Beijing to host such a world gathering, we are naturally short of experience.And since it involves so many aspects, the whole nation should be mobilized to participate in actively.In facing the task, I have got some suggestions for its success: 1.Tours should be organized to go over the places such games have been held before to learn their positive experience;2.Architectural qualities and financial contributions should be stressed to promote its success;3.Careful calculations of costs and expenditures has to be done so as to avoid waste.Though I am just a small potato, I wish my suggestion would win t due attention from the authorities concerned.12

26.On University Tuition System a in China Tuition system has become one of the hottest topics in China since it was put into effect.Different people have different opinions on it.Some people think that there is no university in the world which is open to students without tuition.As far as China is concerned, it is a developing country with the largest population in the world.The government is unable to allocate enough funds to pay for various teaching facilities and many different kinds of expenses.One of the ways to relieve the problem is for students to pay tuition.The money raised in this way can be used to improve the conditions for running schools.Others, however, are opposed to the tuition system.They argue that the living standard of the Chinese people, especially of those in the poor rural areas, is still low, compared with that in the Western World.The university tuition will certainly add to the already heavy burden of the parents, who live on their salaries or wages.Moreover, tuition may become an obstacle to the development of China's higher education.This is because it hinders some talented people from entering the university just on account of their poverty.27.What Would Happen if No Attention Paid to The Environmental Protection With the development of our society, people want more convenience and comfort.Some European countries such as Switzerland and Sweden can be taken as good examples.However, our environment has been seriously polluted.Many factories or farmlands not only polluted themselves but also bring about pollution to the whole society.Sewage water, poisonous gases and waste mineral material are now destroying our environment.Facing the situation, I think, we must be aware of the long-lasting consequences of our actions.Strict laws must be imposed to punish those who pollute the environment.What is more important is for everybody to realize that only when we have a clean environment can we develop our economy in a healthy and sustainable manner for the future generations.28.Women Should Be Let To Play A More Important Role In Our State Affairs Women's social status has greatly changed since liberation.In spite of this, there still exists inequality between men and women in many ways.For example, we have many more men leaders in our government organs, factories and schools.No real equality can also be seen in the family.It is still often heard, “after all, women are women, they are not comparable to men”.To win real equality, we should do at least the following: First, let all girls go to school and receive regular education.Second, equal pay for equal work must be made a law and principle to obey.Third, up-bringing children should be regarded as a contribution to the whole society.Last of all women scholars and political leaders should be let to play more decisive roles..29.The Role of Migrant Workers

Migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities.They leave their home-land for better chances.Some want to change their destiny, some want to make a fortune.Whatever the purposes they cherished when millions of them streamed into big cities, they have promoted the development of cities.Most of the migrant workers are hard working and unafraid of hardships.They take up the dirtiest, the most strenuous or dangerous jobs which city laborers are unwilling to do.With lots of building they have set up and streets they have kept clean, they have helped modernize and beautify cities.Not only have they become the main work force in the construction sector, they also have helped liberate city women from heavy housework chores by taking care of the babies, cleaning houses or providing any other services citizens need.Although some of the citizens complain about the increasing number of the problems such as theft, robbery a few of migrant 13

workers have committed, most of the citizens agree that their contribution is obvious, and with better management, their role in the construction of cities will definitely be greater.30.The Effect of Decoding the Human Body The Human Genome Project will revolutionize the detection, prevention and treatment of conditions of certain diseases.Genes help early detection of diseases and fix health problems, not just to predict them.Genetic medicines will be aimed at the causes of disease rather than the symptoms and doctors will start prescribing different treatments for different patients, depending on their genetic profiles.Many potential diseases will be cured before they arise.But decoding the book of life poses moral dilemmas.It threatens to undermine privacy and bring on genetic discrimination in marriage, insurance and employment.With knowledge of our genetic code, those who have got certain undesirable genes may be discriminated when choosing their spouses.If genetic tests predict mental dullness, short stature or other undesirable traits before babies are born, the society may look down upon children whose parents let them be born , the society may look down upon children whose parents let them be born with those traits.Employers may take your genetic profile before they offer you a job.In my opinion, the completion of the Human Genome Project is a great breakthrough in human history.It will change the way we live and even the way we think about who we are to prevent genetic discrimination, in insurance and in employment based on genetic tests.31.The Orientation of China's Cross-Century Economic Reform The economic reform in the past 20 years has brought us tremendous changes in every way.China ranks No 9th according to its GNP in the world.Nevertheless, we are still facing serious challenges.A too large population and lower educational level still prevent us from more successful development.So, we should ask ourselves what we should do to promote our reform more fruitfully.To this problem, my answer is to strengthen the reform of our education and economic management to improve the qualities of our young people and our material products after joining WTO.At the same time we have to establish better laws of labor or distribution systems to arouse people's working enthusiasm.32.The Information Age and the Best Way to Use Information It is often said that ours is the information age.'Computers are playing a more and more important role in modern society.They are already widely used in industry and in universities to do extremely comp1icated work in all branches of learning.They can solve the most complex mathematical problems or put thousands of unrelated facts in order.Because they work accurately and at high speeds, they save research workers years of hard work.They play a key role in automation.Besides, they have found applications in business, transportation, education and other fields.Computers have brought important social consequences.Computers are also entering ordinary families.As computers are being made small, cheap , and at the same time easy to use, more people buy computers for their homes.We use computers to control the work of washing machines, TV sets, electrical cookers and other electrical appliances.We use computers to process and store all kinds of information.We also use computers to entertain ourselves by playing games on them.There is no limit to the application of computers in our lives.Despite all the advantages t computers can never take the place of human brains.Although computers work much faster and much more accurately than human beings, they can not ―think“.They need detailed instructions from human beings in order to be ab1e to operate.They can never lead independent lives, or ―rule the world‖ or ”rule the would “by making decisions of their own.No matter how capable they are, they are our servants, not our 14

masters.33.Why Governmental Workers also Have to Go abroad? More and more people want to go abroad for academic advancement or business exchanges.So do the government leaders and middle-level governmental workers to improve their public services.Some people, however, keep an critical eye in this problem, saying this is ”a kind of making a tour on public money“.Others say it is a kind of extra pay for their over-service.I don't agree with them because they fail to see the importance to be open and progressive in running governmental affairs by exchanging and learning experience from the outside world.”Seeing is believing“ can be very useful for the governmental workers to improve their own work.And in many cases, it can even bring about a major change in their working style.34.The Problem in Using Water Water is indispensable to life.It is used for drinking and washing every day.We also need water in great quantity in industry and agriculture.However, not everyone is aware of the importance of water.They tend to think since there is plenty of water, it does not matter if we waste a little of it.They don’t know or they don’t want to know that water shortage has become more and more and serious in many cities, even in Beijing.If blind consumption of water is allowed to continue, the problem will become worse and worse.In order to cope with the shortage of water, the government has to take more effective measures.On the one hand, fines are to be imposed on those factories units that use water lavishly.On the other hand, the government should carry on intensive education among the people.For us ourselves, we should economize on water conscientiously.35.Compare with the domestic hen and the duck The domestic hen and the duck both belong to the bird category.They have some features in common such as wings, feet, beak, flight, nest, migration, food and eggs.The domestic hen has short wings which it rarely uses because it has a heavy body and lives on the ground.It is clumsy in flight and can cover only short distances.Its feet are designed for scratching the ground to find seeds and worms.It will also eat almost any other kind of food.Hens nest on the ground.They have been bred for egg production and can lay up to 300 eggs a year.A duck has webbed feet so that it can swim easily and walk on soft ground.It has a long, flat beak which it uses to search for food in river and pond mud.It has powerful wings which enable it to fly long distances.It nests in grass at water’s edge.Ducks migrate long distances.A duck lays 5 to 12 eggs at a time and may lay twice a year.In conclusion, although there are something different among these two birds, the basic features are quite similar.一)比較

表示優點與缺點的詞匯

disadvantage/ weakness/ limitation/ defect/ drawback advantage/ strength / merit / strong point 1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.2.It is reasonable to maintain that...but it would be foolish to claim that...3.For all its limitations, it has its strengths.4.A bears some resemblances to B.15

5.However, the same is not applicable to B.6.A and B differ in several ways.7.Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.8.People used to think..., but things are different now.9.The same is true of B.10.It is true that A..., but the chief faults(obvious defects)are...二)原因

1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.A number of factors might contribute to(lead to)(account for)the phenomenon(problem).2.The answer to this problem involves many factors.3.The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...4.The factors that contribute to this situation include...5.The change in...largely results from the fact that...6.We may blame...,but the real causes are...7.Part of the explanations for it is that...One of the most common factors(causes)is that...Another contributing factor(cause)is...Perhaps the primary factor is that … But the fundamental cause is that...三)后果

1.It may give rise to a host of problems.2.The immediate result it produces is...3.It will exercise a profound influence upon...4.Its consequence can be so great that...四)批駁

1)It is true that..., but one vital point is being left out.2)There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.3)Some people say..., but it does not hold water.4)Many of us have been under the illusion that...5)A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.6)It makes no sense to argue for...7)Too much stress placed on...may lead to...8)Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that...9)Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that...五)舉例

1)A good case in point is...2)As an illustration, we may take...3)Such examples might be given easily.4)...is often cited as an example.六)證明

1)No one can deny the fact that...2)The idea is hardly supported by facts.3)Unfortunately, none of the available data shows...4)Recent studies indicate that...16

5)There is sufficient evidence to show that...6)According to statistics proved by..., it can be seen that...七)開篇

1)Many nations have been faced with the problem of...2)Recently the problem has been brought into focus.3)Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.4)Recently the issue has aroused great concern among...5)Nowadays there is a growing concern over...6)Never in our history has the idea that...been so popular.7)Faced with..., quite a few people argue that...8)According to a recent survey,...9)With the rapid development of...,...八)結尾

1)From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that...2)It is high time that strict measures were taken to… 3)It is necessary that steps should be taken to...4)In conclusion, it is imperative that...5)There is no easy method, but...might be of some help.6)To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must...7)In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.8)With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.9)We might do more than identify the cause;it is important to take actions to...10)Taking all these into account, we...11)Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...寫作絕招

開頭萬能公式

1． 開頭萬能公式一：名人名言

有人問了，“我沒有記住名言，怎么辦？尤其是英語名言？”，很好辦：編！

原理：我們看到的東西很多都是創造出來的，包括我們欣賞的文章也是，所以盡管編，但是一定要聽起來很有道理呦！而且沒準將來我們就是名人呢！對吧？

經典句型：

As the proberb says, “ You are only young once.”（適用于已記住的名言）

It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（適用于自編名言）

更多經典句型：

As everyone knows, No one can deny that? 2． 開頭萬能公式二：數字統計

原理：要想更有說服力，就應該用實際的數字來說明。

原則上在議論文當中十不應該出現虛假數字的，可是在考試的時候哪管那三七二十一，但編無妨，只要我有東西寫就萬事大吉了。所以不妨試用下面的句型：

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起來這個數字文縐縐的，其實都是編造出來的，下面隨便幾個題目我們都可以這樣編造：

Honesty：根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，大學生向老師請假的理由當中78%都是假的。

Travel by Bike：根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，85%的人在近距離旅行的時候首選的交通工具是自行車。

Youth：根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，在某個大學，學生的課余時間的70%都是在休閑娛樂。

Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?：根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。

更多句型： 結尾萬能公式

1． 結尾萬能公式一：如此結論

說完了，畢竟要歸納一番，相信各位都有這樣的經歷，領導長篇大論，到最后終于冒出個“總而言之”之類的話，我們馬上停止開小差，等待領導說結束語。也就是說，開頭很好，也必然要有一個精彩的結尾，讓讀者眼前一亮，這樣，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：

Obviously（此為過渡短語）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果讀者很難“顯而見之”，但說無妨，就當讀者的眼光太淺罷了！

更多過渡短語：

to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

更多句型：

Thus, it can be concluded that?, Therefore, we can find that? 2． 結尾萬能公式二：如此建議

如果說“如此結論”是結尾最沒用的廢話，那么“如此建議”應該是最有價值的廢話了，因為這里雖然也是廢話，但是卻用了一個很經典的虛擬語氣的句型。拽！

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.這里的虛擬語氣用得很經典，因為考官本來經常考這個句型，而如果我們自己寫出來，你說考官會怎么想呢？

更多句型：

Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.寫作的“七項基本原則”

一、長短句原則

工作還得一張一馳呢，老讓讀者讀長句，累死人！寫一個短小精辟的句子，相反，卻可以起到畫龍點睛的作用。而且如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主題：

As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可見，長短句結合，抑揚頓挫，豈不爽哉？牢記！

強烈建議：在文章第一段（開頭）用一長一短，且先長后短；在文章主體部分，要先用一個短句解釋主要意思，然后在闡述幾個要點的時候采用先短后長的句群形式，定會讓主體部分妙筆生輝！文章結尾一般用一長一短就可以了。

二、主題句原則

國有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否則會給人造成“群龍無首”之感！相信各位讀過一些破爛文學，故意把主體隱藏在文章之內，結果造成我們稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉勸各位一定要寫一個主題句，放在文章的開頭（保險型）或者結尾，讓讀者一目了然，必會平安無事！

特別提示：隱藏主題句可是要冒險的！

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主題句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一二三原則

領導講話總是第一部分、第一點、第二點、第三點、第二部分、第一點? 如此羅嗦。可畢竟還是條理清楚。考官們看文章也必然要通過這些關鍵性的“標簽”來判定你的文章是否結構清楚，條理自然。破解方法很簡單，只要把下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個要點前就清楚了。

1）first, second, third, last（不推薦，原因：俗）

2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推薦，原因：俗）

3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推薦，原因：俗）

4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推薦，原因：俗）

5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（強烈推薦）

6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（強烈推薦）

7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（強烈推薦）

8）most important of all, moreover, finally

9）on the one hand, on the other hand（適用于兩點的情況）

10）for one thing, for another thing（適用于兩點的情況）

建議：不僅僅在寫作中注意，平時說話的時候也應該條理清楚！

四、短語優先原則

寫作時，尤其是在考試時，如果使用短語，有兩個好處：其

一、用短語會使文章增加亮點，如果老師們看到你的文章太簡單，看不到一個自己不認識的短語，必然會看你低一等。相反，如果發現亮點—精彩的短語，那么你的文章定會得高分了。其

二、關鍵時刻思維短路，只有湊字數，怎么辦？用短語是一個辦法！比如：

I cannot bear it.可以用短語表達：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短語表達：I am looking forward to it.這樣字數明顯增加，表達也更準確。

五、多實少虛原則

原因很簡單，寫文章還是應該寫一些實際的東西，不要空話連篇。這就要求一定要多用實詞，少用虛詞。我這里所說的虛詞就是指那些比較大的詞。比如我們說一個很好的時候，不應該之說nice這樣空洞的詞，應該使用一些諸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable 之類的形象詞。再比如：

走出房間，general的詞是：walk out of the room

但是小偷走出房間應該說：slip out of the room

小姐走出房間應該說：sail out of the room

小孩走出房間應該說：dance out of the room

老人走出房間應該說：stagger out of the room

所以多用實詞，少用虛詞，文章將會大放異彩！

六、多變句式原則

1）加法（串聯）

都希望寫下很長的句子，像個老外似的，可就是怕寫錯，怎么辦，最保險的寫長句的方法就是這些，可以在任何句子之間加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后關系或者并列關系。比如說：

I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我們可以用一個超級句式：

Not only is the fur coat soft, but it is also warm.其它的短語可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2）轉折（拐彎抹角）

批評某人缺點的時候，我們總習慣先拐彎抹角說說他的優點，然后轉入正題，再說缺點，這種方式雖然陰險了點，可畢竟還比較容易讓人接受。所以呢，我們說話的時候，只要在要點之前先來點廢話，注意二者之間用個專這次就夠了。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.19

更多的短語：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3）因果（so, so, so）

昨天在街上我看到了一個女孩，然后我主動搭訕，然后我們去咖啡廳，然后我們認識了，然后我們成為了朋友?可見，講故事的時候我們總要追求先后順序，先什么，后什么，所以然后這個詞就變得很常見了。其實這個詞表示的是先后或因果關系！

The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短語：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4）失衡句（頭重腳輕，或者頭輕腳重）

有些人腦袋大，身體小，或者有些人腦袋小，身體大，雖然我們不希望長成這個樣子，可如果真的是這樣了，也就必然會吸引別人的注意力。文章中如果出現這樣的句子，就更會讓考官看到你的句子與眾不同。其實就是主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句的變形。

舉例：This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同樣主語、賓語、表語可以改成如下的復雜成分：

When to go, Why he goes away?

5）附加（多此一舉）

如果有了老婆，總會遇到這樣的情況，當你再講某個人的時候，她會插一句說，我昨天見過他；或者說，就是某某某，如果把老婆的話插入到我們的話里面，那就是定語從句和同位語從句或者是插入語。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其實很簡單，同位語--要解釋的東西刪除后不影響整個句子的構成；定語從句—借用之前的關鍵詞并且用其重新組成一個句子插入其中，但是whom or that 關鍵詞必須要緊跟在先行詞之前。

6）排比（排山倒海句）

文學作品中最吸引人的地方莫過于此，如果非要讓你的文章更加精彩的話，那么我希望你引用一個個的排比句，一個個得對偶句，一個個的不定式，一個個地詞，一個個的短語，如此表達將會使文章有排山倒海之勢！

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（氣勢恢宏）

要想寫出如此氣勢恢宏的句子非用排比不可！

七、挑戰極限原則

既然是挑戰極限，必然是比較難的，但是并非不可攀！

原理：在學生的文章中，很少發現諸如獨立主格的句子，其實也很簡單，只要花上5分鐘的時間看看就可以領會，它就是分詞的一種特殊形式，分詞要求主語一致，而獨立主格則不然。比如：

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出這樣的句子，不得高分才怪！文章主體段落三大殺手锏

一、舉實例

思維短路，舉實例！提出一個觀點，舉實例！提出一個方案，舉實例！而且者也是我們揭示一個觀點最好的方式，任何情況下，只要我們無法繼續文章，不管三七二十一，盡管舉例子！

In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance.For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they film him or her.更多句型：

To take ? as an example, One example is?, Another example is?, for example

二、做比較

方法：寫完一個要點，比較與之相似的；又寫完一個要點，再比較與之相反的；

世界上沒有同樣的指紋，沒有相同的樹葉，文章亦同，只有通過比較，你才會發現二者的相同點（through comparison）和不同點（through contrast）。下面是一些短語：

相似的比較：

in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

相反的比較：

on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with ?, ?

三、換言之

沒話說了，可以換一句話再說，讓你的文章在多一些字，或者文鄒鄒地說，是讓讀者更充分的理解你的觀點。

實際就是重復重復再重復！下面的句子實際上就三個字 I love you!

I am enthusiastic about you.That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you.In other words, I have fallen in love with you.或者上面我們舉過的例子：

I cannot bear it.可以用短語表達：I cannot put up with it.因此可以這樣說：I cannot bear it.That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短語：

in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply The tips are great help for beginners such as myself.I have seen a small book called ”The Element of Style“, which deals with various frequent mistakes in English writing.It might be worth of recommending to anyone who is interested in good writing skills.What I learned from the book is that good English is simple, but not dull.一、先想先寫最后做: 1.做研究之前，必須想清楚：結果能不能發表？發表在哪里？

2.先把文章大框寫好，空出數據，等做完實驗填完空就可以發了；正所謂心中有溝壑！3.在未搞清“寫什么、發哪里、自己研究與同類研究有何出色之處”之前，就不要動手做！4.繼續去看文獻，去想；想不清楚就做還不如不做！

5.要想這樣做，就得先看文獻！要知道如何把文章架起來、要知道別人是如何討論的、要知道自己的數據是不是說明了與別人不同的東東或別人沒有做過??這個過程就是閱讀文獻及思考的過程，這些搞清楚了，寫就簡單了！6.要是先做事，做完發現別人做過，或無法用理論來解釋，豈不是冤大頭？

二、如何科學選題:

1.課題選擇和國際接軌。想在國際核心期刊發表文獻，就必須了解國際研究動態，選擇與國際學術研究合拍的課題。由于多方面因素的影響，我國科學研究選題與國際先進水平還有一定距離。我國一家權威科研機構不久前在國內挑選了許多前沿領域的研究課題，準備參與國際合作，但到美國后發現近三分之二的課題已經不屬前沿，在美國很少有人研究。在高校，一些教師治學嚴謹、基礎扎實，但科研成果不突出，重要原因就是不重視有關領域學術動態，不能選得合適的課題。

2.課題要有可發展性。課題可發展性對高水平論文的持續產出具有極大作用。中國科技大學范洪義另辟蹊徑，發展了諾貝爾獎得主狄拉克(Dirac)奠定的量子論的符號法，系統地建立了“有序算符內的積分理論”，1998年有24篇論文被SCI收錄；他對自己論文高產的解釋是，研究“具有開創性，突破一點以后就可以向縱深發展，使研究工作自成系列、成面成片”。我院被SCI收錄論文最多的楊新民老師從事凸性理論研究，該理論興起于 20世紀70年代，90年代進入高峰。作為新興研究領域，該理論本身有許多尚待研究之處，同時該理論也可用來解決最優化方面的問題。反之，有人由于所接觸的問題已處于該研究分支的末端，即使在該點上有所突破，也難持續發展。

3.借助工具選題：①查閱有關領域的檢索工具，這些工具各高校都有；②了解SCI收錄期刊所反映的科技動態，ISI期刊信息可從http://www.tmdps.cn查獲，也可從SCI印刷版每期Ａ、Ｄ分冊的來源出版物目錄(Lists of Source Publications)查找，還可從ISI引用期刊報告(Journal Citation Reports，簡稱JCR)了解期刊信息，該文獻有印刷版、網絡版(JCR on the Web)和光盤版(JCR on CD-ROM)；③利用ISI提供的選題工具幫助，例如，能對正在開展的工作進行量化分析以保證用戶科學研究同科學發展趨向一致的(Essential Science Indicators)，介紹有關最杰出人物研究狀況、有關領域研究熱點和發展趨向的(ISI Highly Cited.com)；④利用網上數據庫了解國際學術研究動態及有關資料。只要有心參與國際學術競爭，選擇與國際學術研究接軌的課題并不存在難以克服的障礙。

三、如何獲得好的idea 無論是臨床還是基礎科研，最關鍵的是idea，idea的出臺決定了科研水平和檔次。高水平的科學家一聽你的科研課題和方向，就能判斷你科研水平。因此，獲得好的idea是至關重要的。

1.優秀科學家要具備敏銳的科研嗅覺，而這種敏銳性是經過長期的思考和實踐獲得的。通過幾天或半個月的苦思苦想得到了一個自以為很好的idea，很可能是別人十幾年前就做過的工作。但新手上路時重復一些經典實驗以獲得經驗是很正常的。此外，科研要注重質量，千萬不要為單純地追求數量而令懂行的人嘲笑。如何獲得idea呢？ A.大量地、仔細地閱讀文獻，多聽學術報告、多與同行探討，從中獲得啟示，不能急于求成。B.總結感興趣領域內尚未探討過但很有意義的課題；

C.總結爭論性很強的問題，反復比較研究方法和結論，從中發現切入點； D.善于抓住科研過程中遇到的難以解釋的問題，往往會成為思維的閃光點； E.細致地擬定方案，論證可行性。

2.獲得idea的兩種途徑：傳統途徑就是先閱讀大量科研論文，弄清目前的研究現狀和要解決的問題等；非傳統的途徑是自己先冥思苦想一段時間，有了自己的idea后再去查文獻。這樣不會讓以往的研究限制你的思維，不失為一個很好的方法。別人沒作過的東西，也許不是因為別人沒想到，而是因為沒有意義或者沒有可能性。3.獲得良好idea的基礎前提：

A.在科研前必須彌補基礎知識，這是看懂文獻的基礎。

B.廣泛閱讀文獻是支撐。碩士至少查閱600篇，粗看300篇，細看100篇，研讀50篇。博士至少再多一倍，并始終關注國際動態。

C.學會閱讀文獻，讀懂文章。建議先review再article，先中后英；看10－20篇review后看研究性論文。拿到一篇研究性論文，先看標題，立即停住，問自己幾個問題：(1)想想別人這文章是怎么做的(可參考材料方法)？會做哪些內容來說明其標題？(2)明白他為什么要做這個嗎？(3)如文章是近半年內發表的，該文章解決了什么問題？引出了什么問題(結合你看的綜述)？接下來仔細看摘要，就知道你的想法是否與別人吻合？(4)看完實驗結果，再思考有什么地方不完善？有沒有深入或拓展到底？一般來說，SCI-3分以下的文章只可能做了一部分機理，下面肯定有東西可做，關鍵是你自己要思考，去發現。

4.長期作戰持之以恒。做好上面所述要求肯定會有所謂idea，但過程艱辛，需長時間磨練，需要patience和passion。有天賦的人能考上海中科院生命科學院，北京中科院那幾個所，北大、清華。耐心干5年，這些地方正為中國帶來更多本土nature、science文章。

四、博士如何出牛文章？

1.幾點忠告：多看paper沒有壞處；多找非老板的其他人，如其他教授，postdoc，前輩師兄等討論，借雞下蛋；可以動手的東西容易上手，比如軟件等；找機會去開會，認認牛人，不發paper，做做volunteer，或者參加phd symposium之類。五主動參加seminar，自己講幾次看過的paper，最好自己組織一個topic拉幾個師兄弟和postdoc參加，注意找幾本教科 22

書看看，打好基礎。2.如何獲得IDEA: A.需對研究的領域有一個全局性了解，按老板的話說是要有bird eye。

B.要有bird eye，需比較全面地閱讀本領域文章。讀文章要其idea，總結成一句話，并用卡片記錄好，分類整理。如果把別人文章的idea總結成一句話，就容易理解它的本質，也好作變化。

C.讀了很多文章后，可以寫一個special study，將讀過的本領域東西系統總結在一起，相當于你的綜合理解，也就是bird eye看到的東西了。以后翻閱起來也相當方便。

D.用心分析別人的idea，任何一個idea都有weakness；想辦法解決它，那就成自己idea。最好的辦法就是看大牛的paper，無論他有多牛，他的文章總是在說一個方面，總有其他東西沒有包括進去，把他的文章認真精讀了，總會發現漏洞和不足或不全面之處，然后你就知道怎么做了。記住：每篇文章幾乎都有沒有考慮完全的東西。

E.時不時閱讀更廣泛領域的東西，擴大bird eye范圍，對領域外的感興趣的文章進行copy收藏，這個叫walk around a little bit，很多領域外的東西可以借鑒、學科交叉從而產生new idea。

F.經常跟牛人、博士后或高年級博士等有思想的人(最好不是相同專業，而是相關專業或交叉學科)討論，也容易出idea。再有就是，關注其他專業的書籍、雜志等信息，從中獲取交叉創新idea 考博英語作文模板

（1）不同觀點列舉型（選擇型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文題目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 觀點一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___觀點一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___觀點二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___觀點二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __觀點一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.（2）利弊型的議論文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文題目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __題目議題_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___優點一______.And secondly ___優點二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, ”every coin has two sides“, __討論議題______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺點一______.In addition, ____缺點二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __討論議題____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____討論議題___.（3）答題性議論文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文題目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途徑一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途徑二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文題目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.（4）諺語警句性議論文

It is well know to us that the proverb: ” ___諺語_______“ has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____諺語的含義_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)23

A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____諺語_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____諺語_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.（5）圖表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文題目的議題_____ has been on rise/ decrease(goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.作文常見的開頭形式大致有以下幾種： 1．開門見山，揭示主題

文章一開頭，就交待清楚文章的主題是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎樣度假)的開頭是： I Spent my last vacation happily．

下面是題為”Honesty“(談誠實)一文中的開頭：

Honesty is one of the best virtues．An honest man is always trusted and respected．On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a ”liar“，and is looked upon by honest people． 2．交代人物、事情、時間或環境開頭

在文章的開頭，先把人物、事件和環境交待清楚。例如”A Trip to Jinshan“(去金山旅游)的開頭：

The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan.The bus ride there took three hours.The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.3.回憶性的開頭

用回憶的方法來開頭。例如”A Trip to the Taishan Mountain“(泰山游)的開頭是： I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.4．概括性的開頭

即對要在文章中敘述的人或事先作一個概括性的介紹。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(讀書的快樂)的開頭： People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world.But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.5．介紹環境式的開頭

即開頭利用自然景物或自然環境引出要介紹的事物。如“An Accident”(一場事故)的開頭是: It was a rainy and windy morning.The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty.I was on my way back to school.Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.6．交待寫作目的的開頭。

在文章的一開頭就交待寫作目的，如通過文章要表揚誰，批評誰，或說明一個什么問題等。如 ”Pollution Control“(控制污染)的開頭：

In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.英語作文的文章的正文

文章的正文是由若干段落組成的，段落通常由幾個或者更多的句子組成，有時候一個句子也能成段。

文章的正文應以文章的開頭為線索，具體地敘述、說明或論證文章的主題。文章不論長短，每個段落都必須為主題服務。像說明文和議論文這一類的文章，一個主題還常分成幾個小主題，每個小主題要用一個段落處理，另起一段時，應是一層新的意思。每一段的開頭，要放一個表示段落小主題的主題句，這樣可使文章條理化，易于閱讀，便于讀者抓住主題。段內的所有句子應圍繞主題句的意義加以闡述或論證，為中心思想服務。句子之間應銜結自然，有條不紊，而且還要合乎邏輯，段落中不能出現任何與主題無關的句子；英語寫作比較重視主題句的作用，缺少它段落意義就會含糊不清。主題句也可放在段落的中間和末尾等部位，但對初學者來說，以放在段首為好。見下列這篇題為”How to Be a Good Student“(怎樣做個好學生)的文章：

We students are the builders and masters of the country.It is important for us to know how to be a good student.A good student, I think, should be diligent in his studies.The more he studies, the more he will increase his knowledge.Without enough knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to the modernization of our country.To take care of one's own body is another important thing for good student to do.Anyone, who hasn't got a strong body, can do nothing for his country, even if he has much knowledge.There was a man, who, when he was student, studied hard but neglected his health.No sooner did he come to serve the country than he died of poor health.From this we may see that to have a strong body is really very important for a student.Lastly, to cultivate one's own virtue is most important.Virtue is the essence of a noble and good character.It will greatly help one to be useful and his country heart and soul.When learned people go astray, they do more harm than good to society.We should draw lessons from this.這篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主題，第二、第三和第四段則是文章的正文，每—段的第一句即是段落的主題句，它們既支持了文章中心的觀點和思想，同時又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中，其余的句子都圍繞主題句所表示的中心展開，同時句子間的銜結也很自然；各層的意思都很連貫。

分段是文章組織上重要的一步，但如果寫的題目范圍很小，那就無須再將題目分成小的主題，并分入各個段落去闡述了。像一篇簡短的評論；某一事情的簡短記載，某一個想法的說明，對一個人物或一件事情的簡要敘述或說明等，就可以只用一個段落來表現主題。

在記敘文中，段的結構有時可以很簡單，不需要有主題句，敘事一氣呵成，中途沒有停頓。段與段之所以分開，只是為了起修辭作用，以便把某一細節置于顯著的地位。

某些測試用的表達題，在題目中就已經說明只需要根據。所給的提示寫一個段落，而不是一篇文章。對于這一類的寫作試題，就可以予以簡潔的處理，并不是非要擴充成一篇有頭有尾的完整文章。

下面這篇題為“Weekend Homework”(談周末作業)的短文，就是用一個段落來論述問題和表達觀點的。

Usually Saturday night is the time for students to get back to their desks and do their weekend homework.Six school days are enough for the students who have many other interests.I think weekend homework should not be given.With homework arranged for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, play a game of football or see a good film, or just relax? In fact weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night.As a result our homework is done very poorly and we achive no results.If there were no homework on weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested, willing to work.Teachers, don't you agree? 英語作文的文章的結尾

文章結尾的作用是概括全文內容，進一步強調或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意義表達得更加深刻。文章結尾的形式也是多種多樣的，常見的有以下幾種： 1．首尾呼應，畫龍點睛

在文章的結尾，把含義較深的話放在末尾，以點明主題，深化主題，起到畫龍點睛的效果。如”I Cannot Forget Her“(我忘不了她)的結尾：

After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life.I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.2．重復主題句

結尾回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達到強調的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我愛家鄉)的結尾：

I love my home town, and I love its people.They too have changed.They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.3.自然結尾

隨著文章的結束，文章自然而然地結尾。如“Fishing”(釣魚)的結尾：

I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more.Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun.We returned home very late.4．含蓄性的結尾

用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接點明作者的看法，而是讓讀者自己去領會和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的結尾：

Evening came before we realized it.We put down our sickles and looked at each other.Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.5．用反問結尾

雖然形式是問句，但意義卻是肯定的，并具有特別的強調作用，引起讀者深思。如 ”Should We Learn to Do Housework?"(我們要不要學做家務?)的結尾。

Everyone should learn to do housework.Don't you agree, boys and girls? 6．指明方向，激勵讀者

結尾表示對將來的展望，或期待讀者投入行動。如“Let's Go in for Sports”(讓我們參加體育運動)的結尾：

As we have said above, sports can be of great value.They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter.A sound mind is in a sound body.Let's go in for sports.文章的結尾沒有一定的模式，可以根據表達主題的需要靈活創造。一般的習慣是，一些記敘文和描寫文經常采用自然結尾的方法；但說理性和邏輯性較強的說明文和議論文則往往都有結束語，以便使文章首尾呼應，結構完整