第一篇：人教版高中英語選修九課文word文檔

選修9 Unit 1 Breaking records-Reading “THE ROAD IS ALWAYS AHEAD OF YOU” Ashrita Furman is a sportsman who likes the challenge of breaking Guinness records.Over the last 25 years, he has broken approximately 93 Guinness records.More than twenty of these he still holds, including the record for having the most records.But these records are not made in any conventional sport like swimming or soccer.Rather Ashrita attempts to break records in very imaginative events and in very interesting places.Recently, Ashrita achieved his dream of breaking a record in all seven continents, including hula hooping in Australia, pogo stick jumping under water in South America, and performing deep knee bends in a hot air balloon in North America.While these activities might seem childish and cause laughter rather than respect, in reality they require an enormous amount of strength and fitness as well as determination.Think about the fine neck adjustments needed to keep a full bottle of milk on your head while you are walking.You can stop to rest or eat but the bottle has to stay on your head.While Ashrita makes standing on top of a 75 cm Swiss ball look easy, it is not.It takes a lot of concentration and a great sense of balance to stay on it.You have to struggle to stay on top especially when your legs start shaking.And what about somersaulting along a road for 12 miles? Somersaulting is a tough event as you have to overcome dizziness, extreme tiredness and pain.You are permitted to rest for only five minutes in every hour of rolling but you are allowed to stop briefly to vomit.Covering a mile in the fastest time while doing gymnastically correct lunges is yet another event in which Ashrita is outstanding.Lunges are extremely hard on your legs.You start by standing and then you step forward with the fight foot while touching the left knee to the ground.Then you stand up again and step forward with the left foot while touching the fight knee to the ground.Imagine doing this for a mile!Yet this talented sportsman is not a natural athlete.As a child he was very unfit and was not at all interested in sports.However, he was fascinated by the Guinness Book of World Records.How Ashrita came to be a sportsman is an interesting story.As a teenager, he began searching for a deeper meaning in life.He studied Eastern religions and, aged 16, discovered an Indian meditation teacher called Sri Chinmoy who lived in his neighbourhood in New York City.Since that time in the early 1970s, Ashrita has been one of Sri Chinmoy's students.Sri Chinmoy says that it is just as important for people to develop their bodies as it is to develop their minds, hearts and spiritual selves.He believes that there is no limit to people's physical abilities.When Ashrita came third in a 24-hour bicycle marathon in New York's Central Park in 1978, he knew that he would one day get into the Guinness Book of World Records.He had been urged by his spiritual leader to enter the marathon even though he had done no training.So, when he won third place, he came to the understanding that his body was just an instrument of the spirit and that he seemed to be able to use his spirit to accomplish anything.From then on, Ashrita refused to accept any physical limitation.With this new confidence, Asharita broke his first Guinness record with 27,000 jumping jacks in 1979.The motivation to keep trying to break records comes through his devotion to Sri Chinmoy.Every time Ashrita tries to break a record, he reaches a point where he feels he cannot physically do any more.At that moment, he goes deep within himself and connects with his soul and his teacher.Ashrita always acknowledges his teacher in his record-breaking attempts.In fact, he often wears a T-shirt with Sri Chinmoy's words on the back.The words are: “There is only one perfect road.It is ahead of you, always ahead of you.”

FOCUS ON...Lance Armstrong Date of Birth: 8th September, 1971 Country: USA Lance Armstrong's Guinness record for the fastest average speed at the Tour de France was set in 1999 with an average speed of 40.27 km/hr.In his teens he was a triathlete but at 16 he began to concentrate on cycling.He was an amateur cyclist before the 1992 Olympic Games but turned professional after he had competed in the Games.In the following few years, he won numerous titles, and by 1996 he had become the world's number one.However, in October 1996, he discovered he had cancer and had to leave cycling.Successfully fighting his illness, Armstrong officially returned to racing in 1998.In 1999 he won the Tour de France and in 2003 he achieved his goal of winning five Tours de France.Michellie Jones Date of Birth: 9th June, 1969 Country: Australia In 1988 Michellie Jones helped establish the multi-sport event, the triathlon, in Australia.After completing her teaching qualifications in 1990, she concentrated on the triathlon.In 1991, she finished third at the world championships.In 1992 and 1993, she was the International Triathlon Union World Champion.Since then, she has never finished lower than fourth in any of the world championships she has competed in.At the Sydney Olympics in 2000 she won the silver medal in the Women's Triathlon, the first time the event had been included in the Olympic Games.Recently, for the first time in 15 years, Jones was not selected as part of the national team and therefore did not compete in the 2004 Olympics in Athens.Fu Mingxia Date of Birth: 16th August, 1978 Country: China Fu Mingxia first stood on top of the 10-metre diving platform at the age of nine.At 12 years old she won a Guinness Record when she became the youngest female to win the women's world title for platform diving at the World Championships in Australia in 1991.At the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, she took the gold medal in the women's 10-metre platform, becoming the youngest Olympic diving champion of all time.This was followed by great success at the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games where she won gold for both the 10-metre platform and the three-metre springboard.This made her the first woman in Olympic diving history to win three gold medals.She retired from diving after Atlanta and went to study economics at university.While there she decided to make a comeback and went on to compete at the Sydney Olympic Games, where she won her fourth Olympic gold, again making Olympic history.Martin Strel Date of Birth: 1st October, 1954 Country: Slovenia Strel was trained as a guitarist before he became a professional marathon swimmer in 1978.He has a passion for swimming the world's great rivers.In 2000, he was the first person ever to swim the entire length of the Danube River in Europe504.5 kilometres in the Danube River in 84 hours and 10 minutes.Martin won his third entry in the Guinness Book of World Records in 2002 when he beat his own record for long distance swimming by swimming the length of the Mississippi River in North America in 68 days, a total of 3,797 kilometres.Then in 2003 he became the first man to have swum the whole 1,929 kilometres of the difficult Parana River in South America.In 2004, Strel again broke his own Guinness record by swimming the length of the dangerous Changjiang River(4,600 km), the third longest fiver in the world.選修9 Unit 2 Sailing the oceans-Reading

SRILING THE OCERNS We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ship's position on a map.The voyages of travellers before the 17th century show that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids.So how did they navigate so well? Read these pages from an encyclopedia.Page 1: Using nature to help Keeping alongside the coastline This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried the minimum amount of risk.Using celestial bodies North Star At the North Pole the North Star is at its highest position in the sky, but at the equator it is along the horizon.So accomplished navigators were able to use it to plot their positions.Sun On a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by.They can use the height of the sun to work out their latitude.Clouds Sea captains observed the clouds over islands.There is a special cloud formation which indicates there is land close by.Using wildlife Seaweed Sailors often saw seaweed in the sea and could tell by the colour and smell how long it had been them.If it was fresh and smelled strongly,then the ship was close to land.Birds Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen.In the evening nesting birds return to land and their nests.So seamen could follow the birds to land even if they were offshore and in the open sea.Using the weather Fog Fog gathers at sea as well as over streams or rivers.Seamen used it to help identify the position of a stream or river when they were close to land.Winds Wise seamen used the winds to direct their sailing.They could accelerate the speed, but they could also be dangerous.So the Vikings would observe the winds before and during their outward or return journeys.Using the sea Certain tides and currents could be used by skillful sailors to carry ships to their destination.These skills helped sailors explore the seas and discover new lands.They increased their ability to navigate new seas when they used instruments.Page 2: Using navigational instruments to help Finding longitude There was no secure method of measuring longitude until the 17th century when the British solved this theoretical problem.Nobody knew that the earth moved westwards 15 degrees every hour, but sailors did know an approximate method of calculating longitude using speed and time.An early method of measuring speed involved throwing a knotted rope tied to a log over the side of the ship.The rope was tied to a log which was then thrown into the sea.As the ship advanced through the water the knots were counted as they passed through a seaman's hands.The number of knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour.Later, when seamen began to use the compass in the 12th century they could calculate longitude using complicated mathematical tables.The compass has a special magnetic pointer which always indicates the North Pole, so it is used to help find the direction that the ship needs to go.In this way the ship could set a straight course even in the middle of the ocean.Finding latitude The Bearing Circle It was the first instrument to measure the sun's position.A seaman would measure the sun's shadow and compare it with the height of the sun at midday.Then he could tell if he was sailing on his correct rather than a random course.A Bearing Circle The Astrolabe The astrolabe, quadrant and sextant are all connected.They are developments of one another.The earliest, the astrolabe, was a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky.This gave the seamen the local time and allowed them to find their latitude at sea.However, it was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself.The Quadrant This was a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe.It measured how high stars were above the horizon using a quarter circle rather than the full circle of the astrolabe.It was easier to handle because it was more portable.Its shortcoming was that it still used the moving ship as one of the fixed points of reference.As the ship rose and plunged in the waves, it was extremely difficult to be accurate with any reading.The sextant The sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced the tendency to make mistakes.It proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments.It works by measuring the angle between two fixed objects outside the ship using two mirrors.This made the calculations more precise and easier to do.THE GREATEST NAVIGATIONAL JOURNEY:A LESSON IN SURVIVAL

I am proud to have sailed with Captain Bligh on his journey of over 40 days through about 4,000miles in an open boat across the Pacific Ocean in 1789.Our outward voyage in the “Bounty” to Tahiti had been filled with the kind of incidents that I thought would be my stories when I returned home.But how wrong I was!On our departure from Tahiti, some of the crew took over the ship.They deposited the captain into a small boat to let him find his own way home.But who else was to go with him? Those of us on board the “Bounty” were caught in a dilemma.Was it better to risk certain death by sitting close together on a small, crowded open boat with very little food and water? Or should one stay on the “Bounty” with the crew and face certain death from the British Navy if caught? The drawback of staying on the ship seemed to grow as I thought about how wrong it was to treat Captain Bligh in this way.So I joined him in the small boat.As dusk fell, we seemed to face an uncertain future.We had no charts and the only instruments the captain was allowed to take with him were a compass and a quadrant.Once we were at sea, our routine every day was the same.At sunrise and sunset the captain measured our position using the quadrant and set the course using the compass.It was extremely difficult for us to get a correct reading from the quadrant as the boat moved constantly.The captain used a system called “dead reckoning”.He knew there was land directly northwest of our original position.So his task was to make sure we stayed on that course.As you can see from the map we kept to a straight course pretty well.In addition, the captain kept us all busy reading the tables to work out our position.Although this took a great deal of time, it didn't matter.Time was, after all, what we had a lot of!Our daily food was shared equally among us all: one piece of bread and one cup of water.It was starvation quantities but the extreme lack of water was the hardest to cope with psychologically.Imagine all that water around you, but none of it was safe to drink because the salt in it would drive you mad!All the time the captain tried to preserve our good spirits by telling stories and talking hopefully about what we would do when we got back to England.We only half believed him.The tension in the boat got worse as the supply of food and water gradually disappeared.We could foresee that we would die if we could not reach land very soon and we sank gradually into a sleepy, half-alive state.The captain was as weak as the rest of us, but he was determined not to give up.He continued his navigational measurements every day.He kept us busy and tried to take our minds off our stomachs and our thirst.He kept us alive.You could not imagine a more disturbing sight than what we looked like when arriving in Timor over forty days after being set loose in our small boat.Our clothes were torn, we had fever and our faces showed the hardships we had suffered.But after a rest, some good meals and some new clothes, everything changed.We couldn't stop talking about our voyage and everybody wanted to hear about it.We were the heroes who had escaped the jaws of death by completing the greatest navigational feat of all time!

選修9 Unit 3 Australia-Reading

GLIMPSES OF AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA Capital: Canberra

Offcial name: Commonwealth of Australia Area: 7,686,850 km2

Population: 20 million Highest point: Mount Kosciuszko, 2,228 metres above sea level Lowest point: Lake Eyre, 15 metres below sea level Australia is the only country that is also a continent.It is the sixth largest country in the world and is in the smallest continentfrom the rolling hills surrounding Adelaide to the rusty reds of Australia's centre and the tropical splendour of Darwin.For more information, timetables and fares go to www.tmdps.cn Catholic missionaries who, by the middle of the 18th century, were beginning to set themselves up in China.One such missionary, Father d'Incarville, was sent to Beijing in the 1740s.He collected seeds of trees and bushes including those of the Tree of Heaven.Just before he died, he sent some Tree of Heaven seeds to England.They arrived in 1751 and plants from these seeds were grown throughout Europe and later, in 1784, the species was introduced in North America.Sir Joseph Banks was a very famous British plant collector, who accompanied James Cook on his first voyage from England to Oceania.The purpose of the trip for Banks was to record the plant and animal life they came across.He and his team collected examples whenever they went onto dry land.In 1769, Banks collected vast quantities of plants in the land now known as Australia.None of these plants had been recorded by Europeans before.Cook called the bay where the Endeavour had anchored Botany Bay.Keeping plants alive during long land or sea voyages was an enormous challenge.Large numbers of seeds failed to grow after long sea voyages or trips across land between Asia and Europe.One plant explorer lost several years' work when his plants were mined with seawater.The world of plant exploration was completely changed with Dr Nathaniel Ward's invention of a tightly sealed portable glass container.This invention, called the Wardian case, allowed plants to be transported on long journeys.In 1833, Ward shipped two cases of British plants to Sydney, Australia.All the plants survived the six-month journey.In 1835, the cases made a return trip with some Australian species that had never been successfully transported before.After eight months at sea, they arrived safely in London.A British man called Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant collectors to use Wardian cases.He made several trips to China between 1843 and 1859.At that time, there were restrictions on the movement of Europeans and so, in order to travel unnoticed, he developed his fluency in Chinese and dressed as a Chinese man, even shaving his head in the Chinese style.He experienced many adventures including huge thunderstorms in the Yellow Sea and pirates on the Yangtze River.Not only did Fortune introduce over 120 species of plants to Western gardens but he also shipped 20,000 tea plants from Shanghai to India, where a successful tea industry was established.The second half of the nineteenth century was a very important period of plant exploration.During this time many Catholic missionaries were sent to China from France.They valued the study of the natural sciences and many of the missionaries knew a lot about plants and animals.Their expeditions resulted in huge plant collections, which were sent back to France.One of the collectors was Father Farges, who collected 37 seeds from a tree that had appealed to him.This tree was later called the Dove Tree.He sent the seeds back to France in 1897 but only one seed grew.Although the missionaries collected large numbers of soecimens.there was not enough material for growing particular species in Western gardens.However, European botanists were very excited with the knowledge that China had a vast variety of plants, so many plant collectors were sent on collecting trips to China.One of these collectors was E H Wilson who, in 1899, was able to collect a large quantity of seeds of the Dove Tree that Father Farges had discovered.Wilson and other plant collectors introduced many new plants to Western gardens.Reading and discussing

Before you read the text on page 38, have a quick glance at it.What is the text about? What do the pictures show you? What is the chart about?

FLOWERS AND THEIR ANIMAIL POLLINATORS Over time, many flowering plants and their animal pollinators have evolved together.The plant needs the animal to pollinate it and the animal is rewarded with food called nectar when it visits the flowers.Pollen becomes attached to the animal during its visit to a flower and is then passed on to another plant's blossom on its next visit.So pollination takes place, therefore increasing the chances of the survival of the plant species.Through evolution, most flowers have adapted to attract specific types of pollinators.Bees, moths and butterflies are the most important pollinators.Flies, wasps, beetles and other animals such as birds and bats are less common.The type of pollinator depends on the characteristics of the flower such as its colour, shape, size and smell.For example, yellow flowers attract bees, while red flowers attract butterflies.The nectar in some flowers can only be reached by a bird with a long bill or a long-tongued moth or butterfly.The chart below describes some features of flowers that attract certain kinds of pollinators.Pollinator Typical flower characteristics Bees Colour: bright yellow, blue;the flower often has a special pattern to guide the bees to the nectar inside.Shape: the petals are wide enough for bees to land on;usually the nectar is at the end of a small, narrow tube whose length is the same as the tongue of a particular species.Smell: delicate, fragrant.Butterflies Colour: red, orange.Shape: the petals form a tube of a suitable length for butterflies.Tiny flowers are often in tight bunches that provide a place for butterflies to land on, eg daisies.Smell: odourless.Moths Colour: white, light-coloured so moths can see them at night.Shape: the petals form a deep tube to match the length of a specific moth's tongue.The petals lie fiat or bend back so the moth can get close to the flower.Smell: strong, sweet perfume, typically only given out at night.Flies Colour: dull-coloured, brownish red.Smell: strong like rotting meat.Humming-birds Colour: brightly coloured, especially red and orange.Shape: tube-shaped;petals bent back so birds can get close.Smell: no odour.Bats Colour: white, light-coloured so bats can see them at night.Shape: open at night;large, strong with wide mouths for long tongues.Smell: musty, fruity smell.選修9 Unit 5 Inside advertising-Reading HOW ADVERTISINC WORKS Do you know how many advertisements you are exposed to in your daily life? Every day, we pass by advertisements on buses and billboards, on trains and in train stations, in shop windows, outside restaurants and on public notice boards.At home, we see advertisements in magazines and newspapers and in the middle of our favourite television programmes.We hear advertisements on the radio and come across them on the Internet.Even some of the casual garments we wear have brand names attached to them which turn us into walking advertisements.With so many messages from advertisers filling our daily lives, it is important to understand how advertisements work.Then we can avoid being controlled by them.What is an advertisement? An advertisement is a message or announcement that informs or influences people.It can use words, pictures, music or film to communicate its message.Adverts are not only made and paid for by business, but also by individuals, organizations and associations that wish to inform or educate the public.How do advertisers make effective advertisements? Identify your target Advertisers must pay the media for displaying their ads.Their money would be wasted if the message didn't reach its target audience, in other words the people the advertisement intends to persuade.For example, adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than any other group, so it makes sense to make computer game ads that appeal to this group.Having identified the target group, researchers find out as much as possible about those in the target group, such as their likes and dislikes, and how the product would fit into their lives.This information then forms the basis for decisions about what type of advertising techniques to use with this group.Appeal to your target In order to persuade people to do something, advertisements often appeal to our hopes and dreams or our emotions.For example, the one on the right, which advertises sports shoes, shows young people doing exciting things.The colours and the flames also suggest excitement.The message it is sending is: “Buy our shoes and you'll live an exciting life in the 'fast lane'.” The ad above, with the star in it, is for a new radio station.It appeals to people's desire to “fit in” and be part of the group.The message is: “Everyone else is listening and if you want to be part of the group, you'd better listen too.”

Some advertisements appeal to people's desire to save money.Others are more likely to be noticed if they are funny.Ads that feature rich and famous people will grab the attention of those who admire people like that.Some adverts, like the environmental protection advertisement below, appeal to our conscience or our desire to be worthy citizens.Use a suitable medium As well as reaching the fight audience with the fight technique, advertisers must also place their ads in the right medium.Obviously, cost will play a.big part in this decision.Television adverts are expensive to make and to show.You have to be a big corporation with a big budget to afford television ads.Advertisements in newspapers, on the other hand, are much cheaper.As well as worrying about the expense, advertisers must also consider which media are most appropriate for their product and which their target audience is most likely to see or hear.Because most cars have radios, ads broadcast via radio can reach a lot of drivers very easily.For this reason, it would be appropriate to use radio to advertise goods and services relating to cars.However, it would be no use advertising products on radio if the ad relies on visual effects.Television adverts are great for generating emotional responses to a product, but magazines and newspapers can give more detail.How effective are advertisements? However good an advertisement is, people are unlikely to be persuaded if the product is unsuitable for them.For example, no matter how good an ad for a car stereo system is, people who don't own cars are unlikely to run out and buy one.Look at the advertisements in this unit.How many of the goods or services suit your interests or lifestyle? Would really good advertising persuade you to buy products and services you are not interested in or have no use for? On the other hand, being constantly exposed to advertisements can help to change our opinions over time.This is why governments all over the world pay a lot of money for ads on such things as road safety.They believe these adverts will affect the way people think about their driving habits and will subsequently reduce the number of road accidents.KEEPING ADVERTISEDRS HONEST

Organizations and individuals advertise because they want to persuade people to behave in certain ways, for example to buy a certain brand of rice, stop speeding or see a movie at their cinema.Advertisers go, to a lot of trouble and expense to make adverts and so they want to make sure they achieve their purpose.Unfortunately, not all advertisers are good or honest people.Unless we have ways to protect ourselves, these dishonest advertisers will tell lies or use methods that may mislead us.Fortunately, most countries have developed ways to control advertising and prevent false or unsuitable advertising.The law One way to control advertising is to make laws that prevent advertisers doing the wrong thing.Many countries have laws that forbid ads being shown at inappropriate times or in unsuitable places.For example, an ad that has an adult theme cannot be shown during children's television programmes.In some countries advertising alcoholic drinks or tobacco is banned altogether.There are also laws in most places that prevent advertisers making false statements about their products or from promoting immoral or harmful behaviour.Advertising organizations Most advertisers are decent and honest, and they are as interested as everyone else in making sure ads are ethical.For this reason, most advertisers belong to advertising organizations that not only educate and support their members, but also make rules for everyone in the organization to follow.They are called a code of ethics and include such rules as: Advertisements must not be untruthful or misleading;Advertisements must not say bad things about other people's products.If well-known people are used in advertisements, they must be honest and truthful about products they advertise.Complaints organization Even though there are laws and advertisers' codes of conduct, some bad ads do get made.This is why many countries have a government organization which examines complaints about ads.A consumer can complain to the organization, giving reasons for their complaint, and if the complaint is correct, the organization can make the company stop using the offending advertisement.The consumer You may have heard the saying: “Buyer Beware”.This means that the consumer is responsible for checking the product before buying.When it comes to advertising, consumers need to be educated about techniques used by advertisers so they can judge the claims for themselves and not blindly accept everything that is said in advertisements.As we are flooded with advertisements in our modem world, many schools believe it is their duty to educate students about advertising.

第二篇：高中英語選修6課文逐句翻譯(人教新課標)

1.選修六Unit1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING 西方繪畫藝術簡史

Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people.藝術是受著人民生活習俗和信仰的影響的。Styles in Western art have changed many times.西方的藝術風格經歷了多次變革。As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text.由于西方的藝術風格多種多樣，在短短的一篇課文里不可能進行全面的描述。Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.因此,本文只談及從公元6世紀以來最主要的幾種藝術風格。

The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD)中世紀(公元5世紀到15世紀)

During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes.在中世紀,畫家的主要任務是把宗教的主題表現出來。A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were.一個傳統的藝術家無意于如實地展現自然和人物。A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God.那個時期的典型的繪畫充滿了宗教的(象)特征,體現出了對上帝的愛戴與敬重。But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.但是,很顯然到了13世紀時,觀念發生變化,像喬托這樣的畫家開始以一種比較現實的風格來畫宗教場景。The Renaissance(15th to 16th century)文藝復興時期(15世紀到16世紀)

During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages.在文藝復興時期,新的思想和價值觀逐漸取代了中世紀的思想和價值觀。People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life.人們開始較少關注宗教主題而采取一種更人性化的生活態度。At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art.同時畫家們回到了羅馬、希臘的古典藝術理念上。They tried to paint people and nature as they really were.他們力爭如實地畫出人物和自然。Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses.富人們想擁有自己的藝術品并用來裝飾自己的高級宮殿和豪宅They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.,他們出價聘請著名藝術家來為自己畫像,畫自己的房屋和其他財物,以及他們的活動和成就。

One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective.在此期間,最重要的發現之一就是如何用透視法來畫出事物。This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428.這一手法是1428年由馬賽其奧第一次使用的。When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene.當人們第一次看到他的畫時,還以為是透過墻上的小洞來觀看真實的場景,并對此深信不疑。If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures.如沒有發現透視法,人們就不可能畫出如此逼真的畫。By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper.巧合的是這一時期油畫顏料也得到了發展,它使得繪畫的色彩看上去更豐富、更深沉。Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.沒有新的顏料和新的(繪畫)手法,我們就不能看到很多使這一時代著名的杰作。Impressionism(late 19th to early 20th century)印象派時期(19世紀后期到20世紀初期)

In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one.19世紀后期,歐洲發生了巨大的變化,從以農業為主的社會變成了以工業為主的社會。Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities.許多人從農村遷入到新城市。There were many new inventions and social changes.有著許多新發明,還有許多社會變革。Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles.這些變革也自然而然地促成了新的繪畫風格。Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.在那些突破傳統畫法的畫家中有生活和工作在法國巴黎的印象派畫家。

The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors.印象派畫家是第一批室外寫景的畫家。They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day.他們急切地想把一天中不同時間投射到物體上的光線和陰影呈現出來。However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly.然而由于自然光的變化很快,印象派畫家們必須很快地作畫,Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters.因此,他們的畫就不像以前那些畫家們的畫那樣細致了。At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it.起初,許多人都不喜歡這種畫法,甚至還怒不可遏。They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.他們說這些畫家作畫時漫不經心、粗枝大葉,而他們的作品更是荒謬可笑。Modern Art(20th century to today)現代藝術(20世紀至今)

At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call “modern art”.在印象派作品的創建初期,它們是存在著爭議的,但是如今己被人們接受而成為現在我們所說的“現代藝術”的始祖了。This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways.這是因為印象派鼓勵畫家用一種嶄新的視角看待他們的環境。There are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist.如今,現代藝術風格有好幾十種,然而如果沒有印象派,那么這許多不同的風格就不可能存在。On the one hand, some modern art is abstract;that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them.一方面,有些現代藝術是抽象的,也就是說,畫家并不打算把我們眼睛看到的東西如實地畫出來,而是集中展現物體的某些品質特性,用色彩、線條和形狀把它們呈現出來。On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs.而另一方面,有些現代派的藝術作品卻是那么寫實,看上去就像是照片。These styles are so different.這些風格如此不同。Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?誰能預言將來會有什么樣的繪畫藝術風格?

2.選修六Unit 1 THE BEST OF MANHATTAN’S ART GALLERIES曼哈頓藝術畫廊薈萃 The Frick Collection(5th Avenue and E.70th Street)弗里克收藏館(第5大道和第70街大道之間)

Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New York.在紐約,比起其他藝術館許多藝術愛好者都更樂意參觀這家小型藝術陳列館。Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collection to the American people.亨利·克萊·弗里克是紐約的一位富豪,于1919年去世,把他的房子、家具和藝術收藏品全部留給了美國人民。Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth century Western paintings, and these are well-represented in this excellent collection.弗里克對20世紀以前的西方繪畫有偏愛,而在這個陳列館的珍藏品里這些繪畫得以很好展出。You can also explore Frick's beautiful home and garden which are well worth a Visit.你還可以好好考察一下弗里克美麗的故居和花園,它們是很值得一看的。Guggenheim Museum(5th Avenue and 88th Street)古根海姆博物館(第5大道和第88街交匯處)

This museum owns 5,000 superb modern paintings, sculptures and drawings.這家博物館擁有5000幅非常好的現代油畫、雕塑和素描。These art works are not all displayed at the same time.The exhibition is always changing.這些藝術品并不是同時展出的,展品總是在不斷地更換。It will appeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings.展覽將吸引印象派和后印象派作品的愛好者。The Guggenheim Museum building is also world-famous.古根海姆博物館的大樓也是世界聞名的。When you walk into gallery, you feel as if you were inside a fragile, white seashell.當你走進畫廊的時候,你會覺得你進入了一個易碎的白色貝殼之中。The best way to see the paintings is to start from the top floor and walk down to the bottom.看畫展最好是從頂層看起,一直往下看到底層。There are no stairs just a circular path.The museum also has an excellent restaurant.展廳里沒有樓梯,只有一條環形的小道。博物館里還有一家極好的餐館。

Metropolitan Museum of Art(5th Avenue and 82nd Street)大都會藝術博物館(第5大道與第82街交匯處)

The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its art collection.這家博物館以收藏藝術品種類繁多而享有盛名。This covers more than 5,000 years of civilization from many parts of the world, including America, Europe, China, Egypt, other African countries and South America.它的藝術品收藏涵蓋了5000多年來世界上眾多國家的文明史,其中包括美洲、歐洲、中國、埃及、其他非洲國家和南美洲。The museum displays more than just the visual delights of art.It introduces you to ancient ways of living.這家博物館展出的不只是可以看得見的藝術之美,它還向你介紹了古代的生活方式。You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant Ming garden, a typical room in an 18th century French house and many other special exhibitions.你可以看到埃及的寺廟,馥郁的明朝花園,18世紀法國住宅中的典型房間,以及許多其他特殊展品。Museum of Modern Art(53rd Street, between 5th and 6th Avenues)現代藝術博物館(第53街,位于第5和第6大道之間)

It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century to the 21st century are housed in the same museum.令人驚奇的是,在同一家博物館里竟能容納下19世紀后期到21世紀的如此眾多的名家巨作。The collection of Western art includes paintings by such famous artists as Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse.西方藝術的收藏包括有莫奈、凡高、畢加索和馬蒂斯等著名藝術家的作品。A few words of warning: the admission price is not cheap and the museum is often very crowded.有幾句話需要提醒你注意:博物館票價不菲,而且常常十分擁擠。

Whitney Museum of American Art(945 Madison Avenue, near 75th Street)惠特尼美國藝術博物館(麥迪遜大道945號,靠近第75街)

The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contemporary American painting and sculpture.惠特尼博物館藏有極好的當代美國繪畫和雕塑品。There are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions change all the time.館內沒有永久性的展出,展品都是隨時更換的。Every two years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists.惠特尼博物館每兩年有一次特殊的展覽,展品是仍然在世的藝術家們的新作。The museum also shows videos and films by contemporary video artists.這家博物館還展出當代影視藝術家的錄像和電影作品。

3.選修六Unit 2 A FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF ENGLISH POEMS 簡體英文詩

There are various reasons why people write poetry.人們寫詩有著各種各樣的理由。Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression.有些詩是為了敘事，或者說是描述某件事并給讀者以強烈的印象。Others try to convey certain emotions.而有些詩則是為了傳達某種感情。Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves.詩人用許多不同風格的詩來表達自己的情感。In this text, however, we will look at a few of the simpler forms.本文只談了幾種格式比較簡單的詩。

Some of the first poetry a young child learns in English is nursery rhymes.孩子們最早學習的英文詩是童謠。These rhymes like the one on the right(A)are still a common type of children's poetry.像右邊的這首童謠（A）至今仍然是常見的。The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition.童謠的語言具體但富有想象力，這使得小孩子們快樂，因為它們押韻，節奏感強，并較多重復。The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite.童謠不一定有什么意義，甚至有的看來自相矛盾，但是它們容易學，也容易背誦。By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.通過童謠中的文字游戲，孩子們學習了語言。（A）

Hush, little baby, don't say a word,小寶寶，別說話，Papa's going to buy you a mockingbird.爸爸給你買個小嘲鳥。If that mockingbird won't sing,小嘲鳥，不會唱，Papa's going to buy you a diamond ring.爸爸給你買個鉆石戒。If that diamond ring turns to brass,鉆石戒，變成銅，Papa's going to buy you a looking-glass.爸爸給你買個小鏡子。If that looking-glass gets broke,小鏡子，打破了，Papa's going to buy you a billy-goat.爸爸給你買個小山羊。If that billy-goat runs away,小山羊，跑掉了。

Papa's going to buy you another today.爸爸今天再去給你買一只。

One of the simplest kinds of poems are those like B and C that list things.像（B）和（C）這樣的列舉事物的清單詩是詩歌中最簡單的一種。List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem.清單詩可長可短，可以重復一些短語，較為靈活。形成固定句型和詩的節奏。Some rhyme(like B)while others do not(like C).有些清單詩有韻腳（如B）,但有一些沒有（如C）。（B）

I saw a fish-pond all on fire我看到魚塘在燃燒 I saw a fish-pond all on fire,我看到魚塘在燃燒，I saw a house bow to a squire,我看到房子向地主哈腰，I saw a person twelve-feet high,我看到人高一丈八，I saw a cottage in the sky,我看到茅屋在天郊。I saw a balloon made of lead,我看到氣球用鉛做，I saw a coffin drop down dead,我看到棺材把死人拋。I saw two sparrows run a race,我看到兩只麻雀在賽跑，I saw two horses making lace,我看到兩匹馬兒繡花包。I saw a girl just like a cat,我看到姑娘像只貓，I saw a kitten wear a hat,我看到小貓帶花帽。I saw a man who saw these too,我看到有人在一旁瞄，And said though strange they all were true.雖奇怪，但也把實情報。（C）

Our first football match我們的第一場球賽 We would have won...我們本來會得冠軍…… if Jack had scored that goal,如果杰克踢進了那個球，if we'd had just a few more minutes,如果我們還有幾分鐘，if we had trained harder,如果我們訓練的更嚴格，if Ben had passed the ball to Joe,如果本把球傳給了喬，if we'd had thousands of fans screaming,如果有大批球迷助威，if I hadn't taken my eye off the ball,如果我死死盯住球，if we hadn't stayed up so late the night before,如果我們頭晚不熬夜，if we hadn't taken it easy,如果我們沒有放松警惕，if we hadn't run out of energy.如果我們沒有精疲力竭，We would have won...我們本來是會的冠軍的…… if we'd been better!如果我們能干的更好！

Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a poem made up of five lines.另外一種學生容易寫的簡體詩是由五行組成的，叫做五行詩。With these, students can convey a strong picture in just a few words.用五行詩，學生可以用少量的詞語傳遞一幅動人的畫面。Look at the examples(D and E)on the top of the next page.請看下一頁上端的D和E兩個例子。（D）Brother兄弟

Beautiful, athletic愛美，又愛運動

Teasing, shouting, laughing愛鬧，愛叫，又愛笑 Friend and enemy too是我的朋友 Mine也是我的敵人（E）Summer夏天

Sleepy, salty困乏，咸澀

Drying, drooping, dreading干涸，枯萎，恐怖 Week in, week out周而復始 Endless永無止境

Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of 17 syllables.俳句詩（Haiku）是一種日本詩，由17個音節組成。It is not a traditional form of English poetry, but is very popular with English writers.它不屬于英詩的傳統形式，但是在用英語寫作的人們中間，這種詩也是很流行的。It is easy to write and, like the cinquain , can give a clear picture and create a special feeling using the minimum of words.它容易寫，而且像五行詩一樣，它可以用最少的詞語呈現出一幅清晰的畫面，表達出一種特殊的感情。The two haiku poems(F and G)above are translations from the Japanese.下面兩首俳句詩（右邊的F和G）就是從日文翻譯過來的。（F）

A fallen blossom落下的花朵

Is coming back to the branch.回到了樹枝上。Look, a butterfly!瞧啊，是只蝴蝶！(by Moritake)（作者：Moritake）（G）

Snow having melted,雪兒融化了，The whole village is brimful整個村莊充滿著 Of happy children.歡樂的兒童。(by Issa)（作者：Issa）

Did you know that English speakers also enjoy other forms of Asian poetryall of which will make life for human beings better." 漢布利實際上是這樣說的： “二氧化碳含量的增加實際上是件好事，它使植物成長更快，莊稼產量更高，還會促進動物的生長——所有這些都能改善人類的生活。”

Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere.溫室氣體繼續在大氣層中聚集。Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries.即使我們開始減少二氧化碳和其他溫室氣體的含量，在（未來）幾十年或幾個世紀內，氣候仍會持續轉暖。No one knows the effects of global warming.沒有人知道全球變暖帶來什么樣的影響。Does that mean we should do nothing? 這是不是意味著我們就不必采取任何措施呢？Or, are the risks too great? 還是說，這樣不采取任何措施危險性會很大呢？

8.選修六Unit4 WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING? 關于全球變暖，我們能干些什么呢？ Dear Earth Care, 親愛的“關愛地球”組織：

I am doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming.我正代表學校做一項關于全球變暖的課題研究。Sometimes I feel that individuals can have little effect on such huge environmental problems.有時候我覺得，像這樣一個巨大的環境問題，個人是起不了什么作用的。However, I still think people should advocate improvements in the way we use energy today.然而我仍然認為人們應該支持改善日常能源的消耗方式。As I'm not sure where to start with my project, 由于我還不清楚我該從哪里著手開始我的研究。I would appreciate any suggestions you may have.我希望能得到你們的建議。Thank you!謝謝！Ouyang Guang歐陽光

Dear Ouyang Guang, 親愛的歐陽光：

There are many people who have a commitment like yours, but they do not believe they have the power to do anything to improve our environment.有許多人承擔你這樣的義務，而他們不相信自己有能力來影響環境。That is not true.這種想法是不正確的。Together, individuals can make a difference.眾人拾柴火焰高。We do not have to put up with pollution.我們不必去忍受污染。

The growth of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide in the air actually comes as a result of many things we do every day.空氣中的溫室氣體，二氧化碳的增長的確是來自我們許多的日常活動。Here are a few suggestions on how to reduce it.這兒有幾條關于減少空氣中二氧化碳含量的建議。They should get you started with your project.這些建議應當能夠促進你的研究。1 We use a lot of energy in our houses.It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using itthis includes cars as well as smaller things like fridges and microwaves.4.勸你的父母去買那些節約能源的產品，包括汽車和像冰箱、微波爐之類的小件物品。5 Plant trees in your garden or your school yard, as they absorb carbon dioxide from the air and refresh your spirit when you look at them.5.在你的花園或校園里栽種樹木，它們能吸收空氣中的二氧化碳，還能在你觀賞的時候使你感覺清爽。Finally and most importantly, be an educator.Talk with your family and friends about global warming and tell them what you have learned.6.最后，也是最重要的是，做一個教育者。同你的家人和朋友談一談全球變暖的問題，并把你學到的東西告訴他們。Rememberthe volcano.然而，最重要的是，通過我的工作能保護普通百姓免遭火山的威脅——這是世界上最大的自然威力之一。

I was appointed as a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory(HVO)twenty years ago.作為一名火山學家，我被派到夏威夷火山觀測站（HVO）工作。My job is collecting information for a database about Mount Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii.我的任務是收集有關基拉韋厄火山的數據資料，這是夏威夷最活躍的火山之一。Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast.收集和評估了這些信息之后，我就幫助其他科學家一起預測下次火山熔巖將往何處流去，流速多少。Our work has saved many lives because people in the path of the lava can be warned to leave their houses.我們的工作拯救了許多人的生命，因為熔巖要流經之地，老百姓都可以得到離開家園的通知。Unfortunately, we cannot move their homes out of the way, and many houses have been covered with lava or burned to the ground.遺憾的是，我們不可能把他們的家搬離巖漿流過的地方，因此，許多房屋被熔巖淹沒，或者焚燒殆盡。

When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth, it causes less damage than you might imagine.當滾燙的巖石從火山噴發出來并撞回地面時，它所造成的損失比想象的要小些，This is because no one lives near the top of Mount Kilauea, where the rocks fall.這是因為在巖石下落的基拉韋厄火山頂附近無人居住。The lava that flows slowly like a wave down the mountain causes far more damage because it buries everything in its path under the molten rock.而順著山坡下流的火山熔巖所造成的損失卻大得多，這是因為火山巖漿所流經的地方，一切東西都被掩埋在熔巖下面了。However, the eruption itself is really exciting to watch and I shall never forget my first sight of one.然而火山噴發本身的確是很壯觀的，我永遠也忘不了我第一次看見火山噴發時的情景。It was in the second week after I arrived in Hawaii.那是在我抵達夏威夷后的第二個星期。Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early.那天我辛辛苦苦等干了一整天，很早就上床睡覺了。I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window.我在熟睡中突然感到床鋪在搖晃，接著我聽到一陣奇怪的聲音，就好像有列火車在我的窗外行駛一樣。Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn't take much notice.因為我在夏威夷曾經經歷過多次地震，所以對這種聲音我并不在意。I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day.我剛要再睡，突然我的臥室亮如白晝。I ran out of the house into the back garden where I could see Mount Kilauea in the distance.我趕緊跑出房間，來到后花園，在那兒我能遠遠地看見基拉韋厄火山。There had been an eruption from the side of the mountain and red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air.在山的一邊有火山噴發，紅色發燙的巖漿像噴泉一樣，朝天上噴射達幾百米高。It was an absolutely fantastic sight.真是絕妙的奇景！

The day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at it.就在這次火山噴發的第二天，我有幸做了一次近距離的觀察。Two other scientists and I were driven up the mountain and dropped as close as possible to the crater that had been formed during the eruption.我和另外兩位科學家驅車上山，到最靠近這次火山噴口的地方才下車。Having earlier collected special clothes from the observatory, we put them on before we went any closer.早先從觀測站出發時就帶了一些特別的安全服，于是我們穿上安全服再走近火山口。All three of us looked like spacemen.我們三個人看上去就像宇航員一樣，We had white protective suits that covered our whole body, helmets, big boots and special gloves.我們都穿著白色的防護服遮住全身，戴上了頭盔和特別的手套，還穿了一雙大靴子。It was not easy to walk in these suits, but we slowly made our way to the edge of the crater and looked down into the red, boiling centre.穿著這些衣服走起路來實在不容易，但是我們還是緩緩往火山口的邊緣走去，并且向下看到了紅紅的沸騰的中央。The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them.另外兩人攀下火山口去收集供日后研究用的巖漿，我是第一次經歷這樣的事，所以留在山頂上觀察他們。

Today, I am just as enthusiastic about my job as the day I first started.如今，我和當初從事這項工作時一樣滿懷熱情。Having studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage.雖然我從事火山研究很多年了，但是我對火山的壯麗景色以及它那潛在的巨大破壞力至今仍然感到驚愕不已。

10.選修六Unit5 THE LRKE OF HERVEN天上的湖（天池）

Changbaishan is in Jilin Province, Northeast China.Much of this beautiful, mountainous area is thick forest.長白山在東北的吉林省，這個美麗的山區大部分是茂密的林區。Changbaishan is China's largest nature reserve and it is kept in its natural state for the people of China and visitors from all over the world to enjoy.長白山是中國最大的自然保護區，保持著它的原始狀態，以供中國人民和世界各地的游客欣賞。The height of the land varies from 700 metres above sea level to over 2,000 metres and is home to a great diversity of rare plants and animals.這里地面的高度從海拔700米到2000多米不等，是多種多樣動物植物的生長地。Among the rare animals are cranes, black bears, leopards and tigers.珍稀動物有白鶴、黑熊、豹子和虎。Many people come to Changbaishan to study its unique plants and animals.許多人到長白山來研究珍奇的動植物。Others come to walk in the mountains, to see the spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in the hot water pools.另外一些人則是到山里來走一走，看看那些蔚為壯觀的瀑布，或者在溫水池里泡個澡。However, the attraction that arouses the greatest appreciation in the reserve is Tianchi or the Lake of Heaven.然而保護區里最令人欣賞的地方則是天池，或者說是天上的湖。

Tianchi is a deep lake that has formed in the crater of a dead volcano on top of the mountain.天池是一個深水湖，是由山頂的一個死火山的火山口形成的。The lake is 2,194 metres above sea level, and more than 200 metres deep.In winter the surface freezes over.海拔高度為2194米，水的深度超過200米，到冬天湖面就全部結冰了。It takes about an hour to climb from the end of the road to the top of the mountain.從路的盡頭到山頂約需一個小時。When you arrive you are rewarded not only with the sight of its clear waters, but also by the view of the other sixteen mountain peaks that surround Tianchi.你一到達山頂就會得到回報——你不僅可以看到天池那清澈如鏡的湖水，而且還可以看到四周的16座山峰。

There are many stories told about Tianchi.The most well-known concerns three young women from heaven.天池有著許多傳說故事，其中最著名的是關于從天上下凡的三位少女的故事。They were bathing in Tainchi when a bird flew above them and dropped a small fruit onto the dress of the youngest girl.她們在天池洗澡時，突然有一只鳥飛到她們的上方，把一個小小的水果扔在最年輕的姑娘的衣服上。When she picked up the fruit to smell it, it flew into her mouth.當她拿起來聞的時候，它飛進了她的嘴里。Having swallowed the fruit, the girl became pregnant and later gave birth to a handsome boy.姑娘吞食了這個果子，后來就懷孕了。過了一段時間，她生下了一個漂亮的男孩。It is said that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.據說這個男孩就是滿族人的祖先，具有語言天賦和很強的說服力。

If you are lucky enough to visit the Lake of Heaven with your loved one, don't forget to drop a coin into the clear blue water to guarantee your love will be as deep and lasting as the lake itself.如果你有幸同你所愛的人去游天池，別忘了投一枚硬幣到清澈碧藍的水中，以確保你們的愛情像湖水一樣深厚、持久。

第三篇：高中英語選修八課文及翻譯

選修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity-Reading

CALIFORNIA California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world.The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home.This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.Unit1 加利福尼亞

加利福尼亞是美國的第三大州，而且是人口最多的州。加州與眾不同之處在于它也是美國最具多元文化的一個州，它吸引了來自世界各地的人們。這些移民的風俗習慣以及語言在他們的新家都得以延續。當你了解了加利福尼亞的歷史后，你就不會對此感到驚訝了。NATIVE AMERCANS

Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly.Thousands were killed or forced into slavery.In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans.However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more

Native Americans living in California than in any other state.美洲土著人

最早的一批人具體是在什么時候來到我們現在所知道的加利福尼亞地區的，誰也說不清楚。然而，很可能至少在15 ,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亞了。科學家們認為，這些遷居者通過一條史前時代曾經存在的大陸橋穿越北極地區的白令海峽到達美洲。歐洲人在16世紀來到這兒后，土著人遭受了極大的苦難，成千上萬的人被殺害或被迫成為奴隸。此外，歐洲人帶來了疾病，使許多人染病而死，不過，還是有一些人在經歷了這些恐怖時期后活下來了。今天住在加利福尼亞的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。

THE SPANISH In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain.Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land.Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States.Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives.In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain.California then became part of Mexico.In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA.However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state.That is why today over 40 of

Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.西班牙人

在18世紀的時候，加利福尼亞是由西班牙統治的西班牙士兵最早是在1 6世紀初期來到南美洲的，他們同土著人打仗，并奪去了他們的土地3兩個世紀以后，西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地區定居下來，而且還在我們現在稱之為美國的西北沿海地區住下來c在首批移

居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他們的職責是向原住民傳授天主教。1821年，墨西哥人從西班牙獲得了獨立-加利福尼亞于是成了墨西哥的一部分。1846年美國向墨西哥宣戰，美國贏得戰爭勝利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亞割讓給美國。但是，這個州至今仍然保留著很強的西班牙的影響。這就是為什么今天還有40%的加利福尼亞人仍然把西班牙語作為第一或第二語言的緣故。

RUSSIANS In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California.Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.俄羅斯人

19世紀初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄羅斯獵人開始在加利福尼亞定居下來。今天，住在圣弗朗西斯科（舊金山）及其周邊地區的美籍俄羅斯人約有25,000人。GOLD MINERS In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in

California.The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world.The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States.Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed.In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich.Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship.They settled in the new towns or on farms.By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.淘金礦工

1848年，在美國同墨西哥開戰之后不久，在加利福尼亞發現了金礦。發財夢很快就吸引了世界各地的人。距離最近因而來得最早的是南美洲人和美國人。隨后跟著來的有歐洲和亞洲的探險家。事實上很少有人圓了發財夢。一些人死了或回家了，但是盡管條件十分艱苦，多數人還是留在了加利福尼亞勞作謀生，并在新的城鎮或農場里定居下來。到1850年加利福尼亞成為美國第31個州的時候，它已經是一個有著多種文化的社會了。

LATER A RRIVALS Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s.Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large

percentage have chosen to stay in the “Chinatowns” of Los Angeles and San Francisco.Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century.In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture.By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California.The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people.Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States.Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there.People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico.However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries.后來的移民

雖然中國移民在淘金熱時期就開始到來了，但是更大批量的移民卻是在1 9世紀60年代為了修建貫穿美國東西海岸的鐵路而來的。今天，加利福尼亞州各地都有美籍華人，盡管有很大比例的華人還是選擇住在洛杉磯和圣弗朗西斯科（舊金山）的“中國城”里。

19世紀后期，其他國家的移民，比如意大利人來到了加利福尼亞，他們主要是漁民，也有制酒工人。1911年，丹麥的移民建立了自己的城鎮，至今仍然保留著丹麥文化。20世紀20年代，電影業在加州的

好萊塢建立了起來。這個行業吸引了大量的歐洲人，包括許多猶太人。今天，加利福尼亞的猶太人口在美國占第二位。

日本農民是在20世紀初期開始到加利福尼亞來的，而從20世紀80年代以來就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亞定居了。非洲人從1 9世紀就在加利福尼亞住下來，他們是從墨西哥向北遷來的。然而，更多的非洲人是在1942年至1945年期間來到加利福尼亞的，當時他們是到船廠和飛機廠工作。

MOST RECENT ARRIVALS In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians.Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.最近期的移民

在最近的幾十年里，加利福尼亞成了更多的亞洲人的家，包括朝鮮人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老撾人。從20世紀70年代以來，計算機工業吸引了印度人和巴基斯坦人來到加州。

THE FUTURE People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California.It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.未來展望

世界各地的人，由于受到氣候條件和生活方式的吸引，仍然在繼續遷入加利福尼亞。人們認為，要不了多久，多種國籍的混合將會非常之大，以致不可能存在一種主要的種族或文化群體，而是多種族、多文化的混合體。

GEORGE’S DIARY 12TH—14TH JUNE Monday 12th, June Arrived early this morning by bus.Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage, shower and shave.Then went exploring.First thing was a ride on a cable car.From top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city.Built in 1873, the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn trams.Apparently he'd been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.Had a late lunch at Fisherman's What.This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry.Now it's a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries.It's also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay.Did so much exploring at Fisherman's What.Am exhausted and don't feel like doing anything else.Early bed tonight!

Tuesday 13th, June

Teamed up with a couple from my hotel(Peter and Terri)and hired a car.Spent all day driving around the city.There's a fascinating drive marked out for tourists.It has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go.It's a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots.Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different angles and take photographs.Now have a really good idea of what the city's like.In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri.Chinese immigrants settled in this area in the 1850s.The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old buildings in southern China.Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants.Also art galleries and a museum containing documents, photographs and all sorts of objects about the history of Chinese immigration, but it is closed in the evening.Will go back during the day.Had a delicious meal and then walked down the hill to our hotel.Wednesday 14th, June

In morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in San Francisco Bay.On the way had a good view of the Golden Gate Bridge.From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA.The cells in the station

were very small, cold and damp;some did not even have light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go.Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them.They wrote poems on the walls about their loneliness and mourned their former life in China.In 1940 the civil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA.Made me very thoughtful and thankful for my life today.選修8 Unit 2 Cloning-Reading CLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US? Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay.It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant.It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones.It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg.The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.Unit2 克隆：它將把我們引向何方？

克隆一直與我們同在，而如今它還要持續下去。這是一種用來生產與原型完全相同的動植物的方法。當園藝師從生長著的植物上剪下枝條來培植新植物時，就會產生這種現象。這種現象也發生在動物身上，從同一個原生卵子產生性別和相貌相同的雙胞胎也是克隆。實際上，這些都是自然克隆現象。

Cloning has two major uses.Firstly, gardeners use it all the

time to produce commercial quantities of plants.Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals.Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.It is a difficult task to undertake.Many attempts to clone mammals failed.But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthroughthe telephone in 1876.Bell never

set out to invent the telephone and what he was trying to design was a multiple telegraph.This original telegraph sent a message over distances using Morse code(a series of dots tapped out along a wire in a particular order).But only one message could go at a time.Bell wanted to improve it so that it could send several messages at the same time.He designed a machine that would separate different sound waves and allow different conversations to be held at the same time.But he found the problem difficult to solve.One day as he was experimenting with one end of a straw joined to a deaf man's ear drum and the other to a piece of smoked glass, Bell noticed that when he spoke into the ear, the straw drew sound waves on the glass.Suddenly he had a flash of inspiration.If sound waves could be reproduced in a moving electrical current, they could be sent along a wire.In searching to improve the telegraph,Bell had invented the first telephone!Bell was fully aware of the importance of his invention and wrote to his father: “The day is coming when telegraph wires will be laid on to houses just like water or gas – and friends will talk to each other without leaving home.” The patent was given in 1876, but it was not until five days later that Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson.The words have now become famous:

“Mr WatsonI want to see you.” Alexander Graham Bell was not a man to rest and he interested himself in many other areas of invention.He experimented with helicopter designs and flying machines.While searching for a kite strong enough to carry a man into the air, Bell experimented putting triangles together and discovered the tetrahedron shape.Being very stable, it has proved invaluable in the design of bridges.Bell was an inventor all his life.He made his first invention at eleven and his last at seventy-five.Although he is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, he was indeed a continuing searcher after practical solutions to improve the quality of everybody's life.選修8 Unit 4 Pygmalion-Reading

PYGMALION MAIN CHARACTERS: Eliza Doolittle(E): a poor flower girl who is ambitious to improve herself Professor Higgins(H): an expert in phonetics, convinced that the quality of a person's English decides his/her position in society Colonel Pickering(CP): an officer in the army and later a friend of Higgins' who sets him a task

Unit4 皮格馬利翁

主要人物：

伊菜扎·杜利特爾（伊）：窮苦的賣花姑娘，立志要改善自己的生活 希金斯教授（希）：語音學專家，堅信一個人的英語水平決定這個人的社會地位皮克林上校（皮）：陸軍軍官，后來成了希金斯教授的朋友，并給他安排了一項任務

Act One FATEFUL MEETINGS 11 :15 pm in London, England in 1914 outside a theatre.It is pouring with rain and cab whistles are blowing in all directions.A man is hiding from the rain listening to people's language and watching their reactions.While watching, he makes notes.Nearby a flower girl wearing dark garments and a woollen scarf is also sheltering from the rain.A gentleman(G)passes and hesitates for a moment.E: Come over’ere, cap’in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl.G: I'm sorry but I haven't any change.E: I can giv’ou change, cap’in.G:(surprised)For a pound? I'm afraid I've got nothing less.E:(hopefully)Oah!Oh, do buy a flower off me, Captain.Take this for three pence.(holds up some dead flowers)G:(uncomfortably)Now don't be troublesome, there's a good girl.(looks in his wallet and sounds more friendly)But, wait, here's some small change.Will that be of any use to you? It's raining heavily now, isn't it?(leaves)E:(disappointed at the outcome, but thinking it is better than nothing)

Thank you, sir.(sees a man taking notes and feels worried)Hey!I ain’t done nothing wrong by speaking to that gentleman.I've a right to sell flowers, I have.I ain’t no thief.I'm an honest girl I am!(begins to cry)H:(kindly)There!There!Who's hurting you, you silly girl? What do you take me for?(gives her a handkerchief)E: I thought maybe you was a policeman in disguise.H: Do I look like a policeman? E:(still worried)Then why did 'ou take down my words for? How do I know whether 'ou took me down right? 'ou just show me what 'ou've wrote about me!H: Here you are.(hands over the paper covered in writing)E: What's that? That ain't proper writing.I can't read that.(pushes it back at him)H: I can.(reads imitating Eliza)“Come over' ere, cap'in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl.”(in his own voice)There you are and you were born in Lisson Grove if I'm not mistaken.E:(looking confused)What if I was? What's it to you? CP:(has been watching the girl and now speaks to Higgins)That's quite brilliant!How did you do that, may I ask? H: Simply phonetics studied and classified from people's own speech.That's my profession and also my hobby.You can place a man by

just a few remarks.I can place any spoken conversation within six miles, and even within two streets in London sometimes.CP: Let me congratulate you!But is there an income to be made in that? H: Yes, indeed.Quite a good one.This is the age of the newly rich.People begin their working life in a poor neighbourhood of London with 80 pounds a year and end in a rich one with 100 thousand.But they betray themselves every time they open their mouths.Now once taught by me, she'd become an upper class lady...CP: Is that so? Extraordinary!H:(rudely)Look at this girl with her terrible English: the English that will condemn her to the gutter to the end of her days.But, sir,(proudly)once educated to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an ambassador's garden party.Perhaps I could even find her a place as a lady's maid or a shop assistant, which requires better English.E: What's that you say? A shop assistant? Now that's sommat I want, that is!H:(ignores her)Can you believe that? CP: Of course!I study many Indian dialects myself and...H: Do you indeed? Do you know Colonel Pickering? CP: Indeed I do, for that is me.Who are you?

H: I'm Henry Higgins and I was going to India to meet you.CP: And I came to England to make your acquaintance!E: What about me? How'll you help me? H: Oh, take that.(carelessly throws a handful of money into her basket)We must have a celebration, my dear man.(leave together)E:(looking at the collected money in amazement)Well, I never.A whole pound!A fortune!That'll help me, indeed it will.Tomorrow I'll find you, Henry Higgins.Just you wait and see!All that talk of(imitates him)“authentic English”...(in her own voice)I'll see whether you can get that for me...(goes out)第一幕

決定性的會面

1914年的某日晚上11點15分，在英國倫敦某劇場夕。正下著傾盆大雨，四處響著出租車的鳴笛聲。有一位男士在躲雨，邊聽人們談話邊觀察著人們的反應。他一邊觀察，一邊作記錄。附近一個穿著黑色衣裙圍著羊毛圍巾的賣花姑娘也在躲雨。這時有位先生（先）從這兒路過，他遲疑了片刻。

伊：長官，過這邊來呀，買我這個苦命的孩子一束花吧！先：對不起，我沒有零錢，伊：長官，我可以給你找零錢呀。

先：（驚奇地）一個英鎊你找得開嗎？沒有再小的錢了。

伊：（帶有希望的神色）啊！好啦，從我這買一束吧。拿這一束，只要三個便士o（舉起一些已經枯萎的花）

先：（不舒服地）現在別煩我，好姑娘。（在他的口袋里找什么，這時語氣好些了）等一等，這兒有幾個零錢。這點錢對你有用嗎？雨下大了，不是嗎？（說完就走了）

伊：（對先生付的錢表現出失望的樣子，但是有總比沒有好）先生，謝謝了。（看到有人在記什么，感到擔心）嗨，我跟那位先生講話，又沒做錯什么事。我有權賣花吧，我有權嘛！我不是小偷，我是個老實姑娘，老老實實的！（開始哭起來）

希：（友善地）好啦，好啦！誰傷害你了，傻姑娘？你把我當成什么人了？（遞給她一條手帕）

伊：我還以為你是一個便衣警察呢。希：我像警察嗎？

伊：（仍在擔心）那你為啥要把我說的話記下來呢？我怎么知道你是不是寫對了呢？那你把你寫的關于我的東西給我看看。希：你看吧！（把寫滿字的紙遞給她）

伊：這是什么呀？不像規規矩矩的字，我看不懂。（把紙退回給他）希：我懂。（模仿伊的聲音讀）長官，過這邊來呀，買我這個苦命孩子一束花吧！（改用自己的聲音）好了吧，你呀，如果我沒有弄錯的話，你出生在里森格羅佛：

伊：（困惑不解的）如果我是又怎樣呢？跟你有什么關系呢？ 皮：（本來是一直望著這個姑娘的，這時跟希金斯說話了）太棒了！請問你是怎么知道的呢？

希：對人的發音進行研究、分類，如此而已。這是我的專業，也是我 的業余愛好。你可以根據幾句話判定是哪個地方的人。我可以根據任何談話來判定他們是哪個地方的人，差距不過六英里，有時候在倫敦甚至不超過兩個街區呢。

皮：恭喜你了！不過，你這樣做有收入嗎？

希：當然有哆，還挺高呢。這是個致富的年代

人們從倫敦的窮人區開始工作，年收入才80英鎊，最后到了富人區工作，年收入就是10萬英鎊了，但是他們一張嘴就會露出馬腳（暴露自己的身份）。如今如果讓我一教，她就會變成一個上層階級的淑女…… 皮：是嗎？那太妙了！

希：（粗魯地）你瞧這個姑娘，英語說得那樣糟糕，使她注定要在貧民窟里待上一輩子。不過，先生，（高傲地）要是一旦有人教她把英語說好了，她就可以在三個月以內冒充公爵夫人出席大使主辦的花園晚會了。說不定我還可 以給她找份工作，當一名貴夫人的侍女或商店的店員。這些工作都要求英語說得好呢。

伊：你說啥來著？店員？這正是我想要做的，真的！希：（不理睬她）你相信我說的話嗎？

皮：當然相信。我自己就學了好多種印度方言，而且…… 希：真的嗎？那你認不認得皮克林上校呢？ 皮：當然認得，皮克林就是我。那么請問您是誰？ 希：我是亨利·希金斯。我還打算要去印度見你呢： 皮：我也正是到英國來找你的！伊：我呢？你們怎么幫助我呢？

希：啊，拿去吧！（漫不經心地朝她的籃子里扔去一把錢）好老兄，我們該美美地慶祝一番了。（一道離去）

伊：（驚奇地看著收集起來的錢）啊，我還從來沒有見過！整整一個英鎊呢！一筆財富呀！這的確給我幫大忙了，真的。明天我一定去找你，亨利·希金斯。等著瞧吧！你那口（模仿他的聲音）“真正的英語”……（用自己的聲音）我倒要看看你能不能幫我找到……（離去）

Act Two, Scene 1 MAKING THE BET It is 11am in Henry Higgins' house the next day.Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering are sitting deep in conversation.H: Do you want to hear any more sounds? CP: No, thank you.I rather fancied myself because I can pronounce twenty-four distinct vowel sounds;but your one hundred and thirty beat me.I can't distinguish most of them.H:(laughing)Well, that comes with practice.There is a knock and Mrs Pearce(MP), the housekeeper, comes in with cookies, a teapot, some cream and two cups.MP:(hesitating)A young girl is asking to see you.H: A young girl!What does she want? MP: Well, she's quite a common kind of girl with dirty nails.I thought perhaps you wanted her to talk into your machines.H: Why? Has she got an interesting accent? We'll see.Show her in, Mrs Pearce.MP:(only half resigned to it)Very well, sir.(goes downstairs)H: This is a bit of luck.I'll show you how I make records on wax disks...MP:(returning)This is the young girl, sir.(Eliza comes into the room shyly following Mrs Pearce.She is dirty and wearing a shabby dress.She curtsies to the two men.)H:(disappointed)Why!I've got this girl in my records.She's the one we saw the other day.She's no use at all.Take her away.CP:(gently to Eliza)What do you-want, young lady? E:(upset)I wanna be a lady in a flower shop 'stead o' selling flowers in the street.But they won't take me 'less I speak better.So here I am, ready to pay him.I'm not asking for any favourswhy, it's the best offer I've had!(to Eliza)But if I teach you, I'll be worse than a father.CP: I say, Higgins.Do you remember what you said last night? I'll

say you're the greatest teacher alive if you can pass her off as a lady.I'll be the referee for this little bet and pay for the lessons too...E:(gratefully)Oh, yer real good, yer are.Thank you, Colonel.H: Oh, she is so deliciously low.(compromises)OK, I'll teach you.(to Mrs Pearce)But she'll need to be cleaned first.Take her away, Mrs Pearce.Wash her and burn her horrible clothes.We'll buy her new ones.What's your name, girl? E: I'm Eliza Doolittle and I'm clean.My clothes went to the laundry when I washed last week.MP: Well, Mr Higgins has a bathtub of his own and he has a bath every morning.If these two gentlemen teach you, you'll have to do the same.They won't like the smell of you otherwise.E:(sobbing)I can't.I dursn't.It ain't natural and it'd kill me.I've never had a bath in my life;not over my whole body, neither below my waist nor taking my vest off.I'd never have come if I'd known about this disgusting thing you want me to do...H: Once more, take her away, Mrs Pearce, immediately.(Outside Eliza is still weeping with Mrs Pearce)You see the problem, Pickering.It'll be how to teach her grammar, not just pronunciation.She's in need of both.CP: And there's another problem, Higgins.What are we going to do once the experiment is over?

H:(heartily)Throw her back.CP: But you cannot overlook that!She'll be changed and she has feelings too.We must be practical, mustn't we? H: Well, we'll deal with that later.First, we must plan the best way to teach her.CP: How about beginning with the alphabet.That's usually considered very effective...(fades out as they go offstage together)

選修8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors-Reading A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAIN CAVES A group of students(S)from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves for a visit.An archaeologist(A)is showing them round.A: Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China.It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England, who are interested in archaeology.You must be aware that it's here that we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world.We've been excavating here for many years and...S1: I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here? There are only rocks and trees.A: Good question.You are an acute observer.We have found human and animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as

tools and other objects.So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves, regardless of the cold.S2: How did they keep warm? They couldn't have mats, blankets or quilts like we do.It must have been very uncomfortable.A: We've discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves where they made fires.That would have kept them warm, cooked the food and scared wild beasts away as well.We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter.We haven't found any doors but we think they might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out the cold during the freezing winter.S3: What wild animals were there all that time ago? A: Well, we've been finding the bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think these were their most dangerous enemies.Now what do you think this tells us about the life of these early people?(shows picture of a sewing needle)S2.: Gosh!That's a needle.Goodness, does that mean they repaired things? A: What else do you think it might have been used for? S4: Let me look at it.It's at most three centimetres long.Ah yes, it seems to be made of bone.I wonder how they made the hole for the...S2:(interrupting)Do you mean that they made their own clothes? Where did they get the material? A: They didn't have material like we have today.Can you guess what they used? Sl: Wow!Did they wear clothes made entirely of animal skins? How did they prepare them? I'm sure they were quite heavy to cut and sew together.A: Our evidence suggests that they did wear clothes made from animal skins.We continue discovering tools that were sharpeners for other tools.It seems that they used the sharpened stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin.Then smaller scrapers were probably used to remove the fat and meat from the skin.After that they would rub an ample amount of salt onto the skin to make it soft.Finally, they would cut it and sew the pieces together.Quite a difficult and messy task!Now look at this.(shows a necklace)S2:Why, it's a primitive necklace.Did early people really care about their appearance like we do? It's lovely!A:Yes, and so well preserved.What do you think it's made of?.S4:Let me see.Oh, I think some of the beads are made of animal bones but others are made of shells.A:How clever you are!One bone is actually an animal tooth and the shells are from the seaside.Can you identify any other bones?

S1:This one looks very much like a fish bone.Is that reasonable? A:Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.Probably there were fish in it.S3:But a lake is not the sea.We are miles from the sea, so how did the seashells get here? A:Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside on their journeys.We know that they moved around, following the herds of animals.They didn't grow their own crops, but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals.That's why they are called hunters and gatherers.Now, why don't we go and visit the caves?

Unit5 周口店洞穴參觀記

一群英國學生（學）來到周口店洞穴參觀。有一位考古學家（考）正領著他們參觀。

考：歡迎到中國來參觀周口店洞穴。很高興見到你們這些從英國來的對考古學感興趣的學生。你們想必都很清楚，正是在這個地方，我們找到了世界上居住在這個地方最早人類的證據。我們在這兒進行的挖掘工作已經很多年了，而且…… 學1：

對不起，打斷一下你的講話，請問他們是怎么住在這個地方的呢？這兒只有石頭和樹木。考：問得好。你是個敏銳的觀察者，在高山上的那些洞穴里我們找到了人骨和獸骨，還有工具和其他物品因此，我們有理由認為他們不顧嚴寒，就住在這些洞穴里。

學2：那他們是怎樣取暖的呢？他們不可能像我們現在這樣有墊子、毯子和被子。想必是很不舒服的了。

考：我們發現在洞穴中央有生火用的地爐。他們用地爐里的火來取暖、做飯，還可以用火來嚇跑野獸。我們一直在挖掘一層層的積灰，幾乎有六米厚，這意味著他們可能整個冬天都在燒火。我們還沒有找到門，但我們認為在天寒地凍的冬季他們可能是用獸皮掛在洞口來防寒的。學3：在那以前有些什么野獸嗎？考：嗯，我們在洞里發現了老虎和熊的骨頭。我們認為這些野獸對他們來講是最危險的敵人了。現在，你們看這個東西能告訴我們有關早期人類生活的什么情況呢？（指著一張有針線的照片讓大家看）

學2：哎呀，那是一根針！天哪，難道他們還會修補東西嗎？ 考：除此之外，你認為還可能派別的什么用場嗎？

學4：讓我看看。這個東西最多三厘米長，看起來像是用骨頭做的。我不知道他們是怎樣做成針眼的……

學2：（插話）你是不是說他們自己做衣服穿？他們又是從哪里得到衣料的呢？

考：他們沒有像我們今天穿的這種衣料。你能猜出他們用的是什么嗎？ 學1：哇，他們穿的衣服全都是用獸皮做的嗎？他們那些衣服是怎樣做

成的？我確信它們裁剪并縫起來又厚又重。

考：我們有證據表明，他們的確穿的是用獸皮制的衣服。我們不斷發現一些磨削其他工具用的工具。看樣子他們可能是用磨尖的石器來切割野獸并剝皮，再用小一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉。然后，他們可能在獸皮上擦上大量的鹽，使皮變柔軟。最后進行剪裁，縫起來就成了。確實是既難又臟的活！現在來看看這個吧。（指著一串項鏈）考：你真聰明！有塊骨頭實際上是野獸的牙齒，貝殼是從海邊撿來的。你還認得別的骨頭嗎？ 學1：這根很像魚骨頭，對嗎？

考：很對。植物學的分析結果明確地告訴我們，這兒四周曾經是一個很．大的淺水湖。毫無疑問，當時湖里是有魚的。

學3：不過，湖并不是海呀，我們離海還遠著呢¨眷客，更殼又是怎么來的呢？

考：早期人類之間也許有貿易來往，或者他們也可能旅行到海邊去。我們知道，他們跟著獸群四處走。他們并不種植谷物，而是在野果熟了的時候采摘它們并捕殺野獸來充饑。這就是他們被稱之為獵人和采摘者的緣故。現在，咱們去參觀洞穴好嗎？ THE FEAST: 18,000 BC Worried about the preparations for her feast, Lala quickly turned for home with her collection of nuts, melons and other fruit.It was the custom of family groups to separate and then gather again at different sites for reunions as they followed the animal herds across

the grasslands.A wrinkle appeared on her forehead.If only it could be just like last year!At that time she had been so happy when Dahu chose her as the future mother of his children.He was the best toolmaker in the group and it was a great honour for her to be chosen.She remembered the blood pulsing through her veins.She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choice.If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!Then she wouldn't have been feeling so worried now.Having heard wolves howling in the forest, Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her.She had no man with his spear to protect her.She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped.So the men had brought home the meat for the feast!The smell of cooking meat filled the air surrounding her, and her senses became dizzy with hunger.She could see her mother and the older children preparing the deer and pig meat over the fire.Her aunts were making clothes with animal skins.Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna.Lala smiled with relief.It was good to have her family around her.Just then a tall man came up behind her.He had a large, square face, with strongly pronounced eyebrows and cheekbones.Over his

shoulder he carried several fish and some pieces of wood under his arm.Lala smiled and handed some stone scrapers over to Dahu, who smiled and went outside the cave to begin his task.First he looked carefully at the scrapers and then went to a corner of the cave and pulled out some more tools.They were in a pile with other sharp arrowheads and stone axe-heads.He chose one large stone and began to use it like a hammer striking the edge of the scraper that needed sharpening.Now and then Dahu would stop, look at it and try it against his hand before continuing his task.He stopped when he felt the scrapers were sharp enough to cut up the meat and scrape the fish.As he passed them to Lala, the first of the guests from the neighbouring caves began to arrive for dinner.Lala's spirits rose.Yes, it was going to be just as wonderful as last year!She smiled to herself gaily and went out of the cave to welcome her friends and neighbours.

第四篇：高中英語選修六課文原文

高中英語選修6 Unit 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING

Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people.Styles in Western art have changed many times.As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text.Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones.Starting from the sixth century AD.The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD)During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes.A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were.A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God.But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.The Renaissance(15th to 16th century)During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages.People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life.At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art.They tried to paint people and nature as they really were.Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses.They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective.This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428.When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene.If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures.By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper.Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century)In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal, from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one.Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities.There were many new inventions and social changes also led to new painting styles.Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors.They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day.However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly.Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters.At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it.They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.Modern Art(29th century to today)At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call “modern art”.This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways.There are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist.On the one hand, some modern art is abstract;that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates n certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them.On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs.These styles are so different.Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?

Unit 3 It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden.I have just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle.It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon.It's my birthday in two weeks' time and I’ll be82years old!I think my long and active life must be due to the healthy life I live.This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson.Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and how you are finding it difficult to give it up.Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is to stop.You see, during adolescence I also smoked and became addicted to cigarettes.By the way, did you know that this is because you become addicted in three different ways.First, you can become physically addicted to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes.This means that after a while your body becomes accustomed to having nicotine in it.So when the drug leaves our body, you get withdrawal symptoms.I remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even in pain.Secondly, you become addicted through habit.As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically.Lastly, you can become mentally addicted.I believed I was happier and more relaxed after having a cigarette, so I began to that I could only feel good when I smoked.I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to quit.But I did finally manage.When I was young, I didn't know much about the harmful effects of smoking.I didn't know, for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant.I certainly didn't know their babies may have a smaller birth weight or even be abnormal in some way.Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect the health of non-smokers.However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible.She said my breath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow.She told me that she wouldn't go out with me again unless I stopped!I also noticed that I became breathless quickly, and that I wasn't enjoying sport as much.When I was taken off the school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was time t quit smoking.I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet It might help you to stop and strengthen your resolve.I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.Love from Grandad

Unit 4 THE EARTH IS BECOMIG WARMER-BUT DOES IT MATTER? During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about one degree Fahrenheit.That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid increase when compared to other natural changes.So how has this come about and does it matter? Earth care's Sophie Armstrong explores these questions.There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer(see Graph 1)and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth's temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy.Some byproducts of this process are called “greenhouse” gases, the most important one of which is carbon dioxide.Dr Janice Foster explains: “There is a natural phenomenon that scientists call the ”greenhouse effect“.This is when small amounts of gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trap heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth.Without the greenhouse effect he earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is.So, we need those gases.The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years.It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997.He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million(see Graph 2)All scientists accept this data.They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide.So how high will the temperature increase go? Dr Janice Foster says that over the next 100 years the amount of warming could be as low as 1 to 1.5 degrees Celsius, but it could be as high as 5 degrees.However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise in completely different.On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases the temperature by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe.She says, ” We can't predict the climate well enough to know what to expect, but it could be very serious.“ Others who agree with her think there may be a rise of several metres in the sea level, or predict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species.On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.They predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental consequences.In fact, Hambley states, ”More carbon dioxide is actually a positive thing.It will make plants grow quicker;crops will produce more;it will encourage a greater range of animals-all of which will make life for human beings better." Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere.Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries.No one knows the effects of global warming.Does that mean we should do nothing? Or, are the risks too great?

Unit 5

AN EXCITING JOB I have the greatest job in the world.I travel to unusual places and work alongside people from all over the world.Sometimes working outdoors, sometimes in an office, sometimes using scientific equipment and sometimes meeting local people and tourists, I am never bored.Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I don't mind because danger excites me and makes me feel alive.However, the most important thing about my job is that I help protect ordinary people from one of the most powerful forces n earth-the volcano.I was appointed as volcanologist information for a database about Mount Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii.Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast.Our work has saved man lives because people in the path of the lava can be warned to leave their houses.Unfortunately, we cannot move their homes out of the way, and many houses have been covered with lava or burned to the ground.When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth, it causes less damage than you might imagine.This is because no one lives near the top of Mount Kilauea, where the rocks fall.The lava that flows slowly like a wave down the mountain causes far more damage because it buries everything in its path under the molten rock.However, the eruption itself is really exciting to watch and I shall never forget my first sight of one.It was in the second week after I arrived in Hawaii.Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early.I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window.Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn't take much notice.I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day.I ran out of the house into the back garden where I could see Mount Kilauea in the distance.There had been an eruption from the side of the mountain and red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air.It was an absolutely fantastic sight.The day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at it.Two other scientists and I were driven up the mountain and dropped as close as possible to the crater that had been formed during the eruption.Having earlier collected special clothes from the observatory, we put them on before we went any closer.All three of us looked like spacemen.We had white protective suits that covered our whole body, helmets, big boots and special gloves.It was not easy to walk in these suits, but we slowly made our way to the edge of the crater and looked down into the red, boiling centre.The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them.Today, I am just as enthusiastic about my job as the day I first started.Having studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage.

第五篇：高中英語選修7課文翻譯

第一單元籃球

邁克爾 喬丹——籃壇超人

20世紀90年代，邁克爾 喬丹可能是獅山最著名的運動員，他是NBA的頂尖邱yuan1984nean到1993年間效力于芝加哥公牛隊，他曾5次榮膺最有價值的球員的稱號。身著著名的23號球衣，邁克爾 喬丹成為籃球運動史上最成功的球員。

喬丹出生于紐約，在北卡羅來納州長打在加入芝加哥公牛隊之前，他在北卡羅來納大學習了一年。在第一賽季（1984-1985），他就以平均每場28.2分的成績成為聯盟得分最高的球員之一。

1987年，喬丹成為在一個笑傲江湖重點額分超過3000分的第二個球員。以后連續七個賽季（1987-1993），他都是NBA的得分王。這期間，他每場比賽的平均分都超過30分。有了他的參與，公牛隊在1991年首次獲得NBA總冠軍。在這段日子里，捷報頻傳，他們在1992年和1993年偶蟬聯了總冠軍。馳奧迪也是人稱“夢之隊”的美國奧林匹克籃球隊的成員。這支球隊在1992年西班牙巴塞羅那奧運會上奪去了金牌。

1993-1994賽季前喬丹退役，舉世震驚。但后來他有回到了芝加哥公牛隊，并和隊友們一起在1996年到1998年間有獲得了三次冠軍。2003年40歲的馳奧迪在最終退出體壇前，還曾效力于華盛頓奇才隊。數百萬的球迷們都很欽佩喬丹的運動才能，動力和信心。他們可以講述很多管用邁克爾 喬丹的傳奇故事，例如一次他在比賽的關鍵時刻拯救了公牛隊，從而避免達成平局。他走向罰球線發了兩次球，每次他都把球直接投進了籃球——每次都是閉著眼睛投進去的。

離開籃壇，邁克爾 喬丹開了一家自己的牛排館，因為他很愛吃牛排。在和著名卡通人物賓尼兔一起演出的影片《空中大灌籃》中，他也獲得了成功！

對于這位世界上最優秀的球員，只有一個詞能用來形容他——令人敬佩。

高蹺威爾特——神力之巔

邁克爾 喬丹是一個賽季中得分超過３０００分的第二人，第一人是威爾特 張伯倫。張伯倫于１９３６年８月２１日出生于費城。他是家里１１個孩子中唯一一個長得很高的。父親威廉在造船廠干活，母親奧利維亞是一名清潔工。孩童時的張伯倫有各種各樣的健康問題。他１０歲時得過肺炎，差點兒死去。

張伯倫是整個賽季中平均每場得分超過５０分的唯一一個ＮＢＡ球員。曾幾何時，張伯倫比起他所有運動員都優秀得多，以至于他們改變了比賽規則來試圖限制他！

１９５９－１９６０賽季間，這位籃壇巨人加盟NBA費城勇士隊并立即獲得成公在為四支不同球隊效力的14個賽季期間，張伯倫四次被評聯盟最有價值的球員。1962年3月2日，他單場比賽得了100分——迄今為止還沒有人打破那一記錄！最后的比分是勇士169對紐約尼克斯147！

在加盟洛杉磯湖人隊度過五個美好的賽季后，威爾特結束了他職業生涯。一直到退役，威爾特還保持著多項NBA記錄：118次單場比賽得50分或50分以上，32次得60分或60分以上。

威爾特 張伯倫比邁克爾 喬丹還要優秀嗎？誰知道呢？但是毫無疑問，他無愧于“一代杰出球員”這一稱號。

學校籃球令人眩暈的高度

籃球是在安全的體育運動之一。不想摔跤和拳擊，通常它是沒有危險的。原因之一是球員的力量部分是向上的，與地面形成90度的角，而且在其他人的頭上方。所以兩個球員之間碰撞的風險是很小的。

在其他的運動中，比如棒球和美式足球，球員的力量運行方向與地面是平行的，并且朝著他們的對手，所以他們帶著頭盔來給他們的頭部以充分的保護。