第一篇:高中英語課文解讀
“The key to a lock”, this is my understanding of learning method.The high school curriculum more, different subjects have different characteristics, learning methods may not follow the same pattern.It is best to follow the teacher's thinking to identify the subject law, way to get started, and constantly enrich and improvethe formation of different disciplines, different learning styles.As I said before, wemust continue to induce improvement in the learning process, find out a most suitable method.The following is my own learning experience.?
Some people say that the language test to luck, also some people said to feel.Good luck or feel about it, you can achieve high scores, even may burst awinner.At the beginning I also hold a half-believe in attitude, each will be“brewing” a language test before, hoping to find the so-called “feeling”.Later,with a few classmates exchange, plus oneself also saw some brothers and sistersthe learning experience of the book, I began to feel, to learn the language, is the need for a set of scientific method.?
First of all, to read more books, this is everyone has experience.By looking at some literary classics, or newspapers and magazines, can cultivate the sense of language, but also learn a lot of knowledge of literature, and some new and interesting ideas.Now the Chinese test, reading accounted for a considerable proportion.Not only has the classical Chinese reading, science and technology,the modern article reading.Succeed in the classroom all these abilities werecultured is simply impossible, can only rely on the extra effort.
第二篇:高中英語課文
Unit 1
ANNE’S BEST FRIEND
Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her best friend.你是不是想有一位無話不談能推心置腹的朋友呢?或者你是不是擔(dān)心你的朋友會嘲笑你,會不理解你目前的困境呢?安 妮?弗蘭克想要的是第一種類型的朋友,于是她就把日記當(dāng)成了她最好的朋友。
Anne lived in Amsterdam in Netherlands during Would WarⅡ.Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazi.She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered.During that time the only true friend was her diary.She said ,”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do ,but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.”Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942.安妮在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間住在荷蘭的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是猶太人,所以他們不得不躲藏起來,否則他們就會被 德國納粹抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了兩年之后才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。在這段時間里,她唯一的忠實朋友就是她的日記了。她說,“我不 愿像大多數(shù)人那樣在日記中記流水賬。我要把這本日記當(dāng)作我的朋友,我要把我這個朋友稱作基蒂”。安妮自從 1942年 7月 起就躲藏在那兒了,現(xiàn)在,來看看她的心情吧。
Thursday 15 Dear Kitty,th
June 1944 I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.That’s changed since I was here.我不知道這是不是因為我長久無法出門的緣故,我變得對一切與大自然有關(guān)的事物都無比狂熱。我記得非常清楚,以前,湛藍(lán)的天空、鳥兒的歌唱、月光和鮮花,從未令我心迷神往過。自從我來到這里,這一切都變了。
…For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself.But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window.Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut.The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power;it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face….……比方說,有天晚上天氣很暖和,我熬到 11點半故意不睡覺,為的是獨自好好看看月亮。但是因為月光太亮了,我不 敢打開窗戶。還有一次,就在五個月以前的一個晚上,我碰巧在樓上,窗戶是開著的。我一直等到非關(guān)窗不可的時候才下樓 去。漆黑的夜晚,風(fēng)吹雨打,雷電交加,我全然被這種力量鎮(zhèn)住了。這是我一年半以來第一次目睹夜晚……
…Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows.it’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.……令人傷心的是……我只能透過臟兮兮的窗簾觀看大自然,窗簾懸掛在沾滿灰塵的窗前,但觀看這些已經(jīng)不再是樂趣,因為大自然是你必須親身體驗的。
Your, Anne
Friday, 10 July 1942 When we arrived at Prinsengracht, we went quickly upstairs and the hiding place.We closed the door behind us and we were alone.Margot had come faster on her bicycle and already waiting for us.All the rooms were full of boxes.They lay on the floor and the beds.The little room was filled with bedclothes.We had to start clearing up at once, if we wished to sleep in comfortable beds that night.Mummy and Margot were not able to help.They were tired and lay down on their beds.But Daddy and I, the two “helper” of the family, started at once.The whole day we unpacked the boxes, filled the cupboards and tidied, until we were extremely tired.We did sleep in clean beds that night.We hadn’t had any warm food to eat all day, but we didn’t care.Mummy and Margot were too tired and worried to eat, and Daddy and I were too busy.Every culture has its own ways to show friendship.On the islands of Hawaii, friendship is part of the “aloha spirit”.InthelanguageoftheHawaiianswhofirstsettledtheislandslongago,alohahadaveryspecialmeaning.That is “to be with happiness”.Hawaiians believe that once somebody loves the land, they are ready to love their people or community.This is the second most import sign of friendship.It is called lokahi in Hawaiian language, which means “oneness with all people”.To enjoy the land you should not be selfish.The land is for everyone who lives on it.Today many different people call Hawaii their home.Indeed, Hawaii is a place where people make one big community from many smaller communities.Each person gives kokua(help)to other people so that all fell stronger.It’s believed that the islands can be a paradise when the people live in peace.People are told that their actions should be as gentle as the wind that blows from the sea.When problems happen, people are asked to solve them with understanding.So when people of Hawaii talk about ohana(family), they are really talking about all those who live on the islands.Living in peace, Hawaiians have developed a third sign of friendship.This personal friendship is shown by giving leis to one another.The lie, a string of flowers, is put over a friend’s neck.Then the friend is given a kiss on cheek.Visitors to the islands are also given lies.When they hear aloha, visitors begin to feel at home.Aloha also means “goodbye”, so visitors will hear it again when they leave.It can also mean “our hearts singing together”.Perhaps this is how most visitors will remember their new friendship.Unit 2
THE ROAD TO MODERN ENGLISH At the end of the 16 century, about five to seven million people spoke English.Nearly all of them lived in England.Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English begin to be spoken in many other countries.Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.16世紀(jì)末期大約有 5百萬到 7百萬人說英語,幾乎所有這些人都生活在英國。后來,在 17世紀(jì)英國人開始航海征服了 世界其它地區(qū)。于是,許多別的國家開始說英語了。如今說英語的人比以往任何時候都多,他們有的是作為第一語言來說,有的是作為第二語言或外語。
Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English.Look at this kind of example: 以英語作為母語的人,即使他們所講的語言不盡相同,也可以互相交流。請看以下例子: British Betty: Would you like to see my flat? 英國人貝蒂:“請到我的公寓(flat)里來看看,好嗎?” American Amy: Yes.I’d like to come up to your apartment.美國人艾米:“好的。我很樂意到你的公寓(apartment)去。
So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicatewitheachother.AtfirsttheEnglishspokeninEnglandbetweenaboutAD450and1150wasverydifferent the English spoken today.It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.Then gradually between about AD800 to 1150, English became less like germen because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French.These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary.So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.In 1620 some British settlers moved to American.Later in the 18 century some British people were taken to Australia too.English began to be spoken th th in both countries.那么,英語在一段時間里為什么會起變化呢?事實上,當(dāng)不同文化互相交流滲透時,所有的語言都會有所發(fā)展,有所變 化。首先,在公元 450年到 1150年間,人們所說的英語跟今天所說的英語就很不一樣。當(dāng)時的英語更多地是以德語為基礎(chǔ)的,而現(xiàn)代英語不是。然后,漸漸地,大約在公元 800年到 1150年期間,英語不那么像德語了。因為那時的英國的統(tǒng)治者起初講 丹麥語后來講法語。這些新的定居者大大豐富了英語語言,特別是在詞匯方面。所以到 17 世紀(jì),莎士比亞所用的詞匯量比 以前任何時期都大。在 1620年,一些英國人搬遷到美洲定居。后來,到了 19世紀(jì),有些英國人也被送往澳大利亞,兩個國 家的人都開始說英語了。
first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English Language.The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.最后,到 20世紀(jì),英語才真正定形。那時,英語在拼寫上發(fā)生了兩大變化:首先,塞繆爾?約翰遜編寫了詞典,后來,諾厄 ?韋伯斯特編纂了《美國英語詞典》,后者體現(xiàn)了美國英語拼寫的不同特色。
English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia.For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.during that time English became the language for government and education.English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa.Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly.In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners.Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.現(xiàn)在,英語在南亞也被當(dāng)作外語或第二語言來說。比如說,印度擁有眾多講英語很流利的人,這是因為英國于 1765年到 1947 年統(tǒng)治過印度。在那期間,英語成了官方語言和教育用語。在新加坡、馬來西亞和非洲其它國家,比如南非,人們也說英語。目前在中國學(xué)習(xí)英語的人數(shù)正在迅速增長。事實上,中國可能擁有世界上最多的英語學(xué)習(xí)者。中國英語會發(fā)展出自己的特色 嗎?這只能由時間來回答了。
STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTS What is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English.Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is standard English.This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak.什么是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語?是在英國、美國、加拿大、澳大利亞、印度、新西蘭所說的英語嗎?信不信由你,(世界上)沒有什么標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)英語。許多人認(rèn)為,電視和收音機(jī)里所說的就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語,這是因為在早期的電臺節(jié)目里,人們期望新聞播音員所說的英 語是最好的英語。然而,在電視和收音機(jī)里,你也會聽出人們在說話時的差異。When people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”, it is called a dialect.American English has many dialects, especially the Midwestern, southern, African American and Spanish dialects.Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring towns speak a little differently.American English has so many dialects because people have come from all over the world.當(dāng)人們用不同于“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語言”的詞語時,那就叫做方言。美國英語有許多方言,特別是中西部和南部地區(qū)的方言,以及黑 人和西班牙人的方言。在美國有些地區(qū),即使是相鄰城鎮(zhèn)的兩個人所說的語言都可能稍有不同。美國英語之所以有這么多的 方言是因為美國人是來自世界各地的緣故。
Geography also plays a part in making dialects.Some people who live in the mountains of the eastern USA speak with an older kind of English dialect.When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them.So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialects as people in the northwestern USA.The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each other’s dialects.地理位置對方言的產(chǎn)生也有影響。住在美國東部山區(qū)的一些人說著比較古老的英語方言。當(dāng)美國人從一個地方搬到另一個地 方時,他們也就把他們的方言隨著帶去了。因此,美國東南部山區(qū)的人同美國西北部的人所說的方言就幾乎相同。美國是一 個使用多種方言的大國。雖然許多美國人經(jīng)常搬遷,但是他們?nèi)匀荒軌虮鎰e、理解彼此的方言。
THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY You may think that English dictionaries have been used for many, many centuries.The spelling of English has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary.Then people could spell word in different ways which you might find it interesting.But it made reading English much more difficult.So dictionaries were invented to encourage everybody to spell the same.In fact, an English dictionary like the kind you use today wasn’t made until the time of the late Qing Dynasty.There men did most of the important early work on dictionaries: Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, and James Murray.These men spent nearly all of their lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries.For them, it wasn’t only a job;it was a wonderful journey of discovery.The largest dictionary in the world is the Oxford English Dictionary, or OED for short.The idea for this dictionary came from an important meeting in Britain in 1857.Twenty-two years later, Oxford University th
Murray had never been to college.At the age of fourteen, he left his village school in Scotland and taught himself while working in a bank.Later he became a great teacher.After Oxford gave him the job, Murray had a place built in the garden behind his house to do his work.Part of it was one meter underground.In winter it felt like a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put his feet in a box to keep warm.Every morning, Murray got out of bed at five o’clock and worked several hours before breakfast.Often he would work by the candle light into the evening.Murray hoped to finish the new dictionary in ten years.But after five years, he was still adding words for the letter A!then others went to work with Murray, including his two daughters.He worked on the dictionary until he was very old.Forty-four years later, in1928, other editors finished it.It included more than 15,000 pages in twelve books.And you thought your dictionary was big!Unit 3
JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG PART 1 THE DREAM AND THE PLAN My name is Wang Kun.Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip.Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one.Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming.They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries.Wang Wei soon got them interested in cycling too.After graduating from college.we finally got the chance to take a bike trip.I asked my sister, “Where are we going?” It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.Now she is planning our schedule for the trip.我的名字叫王坤。從高中起,我姐姐王薇和我就一直夢想作一次偉大的自行車旅行。兩年前,她買了一輛昂貴的山地自行車,然后還說服我買了一輛(山地車)。去年她去看望了我們的表兄弟——在昆明讀大學(xué)的刀衛(wèi)和宇航。他們是傣族人,在云南 省西部靠近瀾滄江的地方長大,湄公河在中國境內(nèi)的這一段叫瀾滄江,在其他國家(境內(nèi))叫湄公河。很快,王薇使表兄弟 也對騎車旅游產(chǎn)生了興趣。大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后,我們終于有了機(jī)會騎自行車旅行。我問我姐姐:“我們要去哪兒?”首先想到要 沿湄公河從源頭到終點騎車旅游的是我的姐姐。現(xiàn)在她正在為我們的旅行制定計劃。I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming.She can be really stubborn.Although she didn't know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly.Now, I know that the proper way is always her way.I kept asking her, “When are we leaving and when are we coming back?” I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet.Of course, she hadn't;my sister doesn't care about details.So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province.She gave me a determined look—the kind that said she would not change her mind.When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 metres, she seemed to be excited about it.When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience.I know my sister well.Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.Finally, I had to give in.我很喜歡我姐姐,但是她有一個很嚴(yán)重的缺點。她有時確實很固執(zhí)。盡管她對去某些地方的最佳路線并不清楚,她卻堅持要 自己把這次旅游安排得盡善盡美。于是,我就知道這個盡善盡美的方式總是她的方式。我不停地問她,“我們什么時候出發(fā)? 什么時候回來?”我還問她是否看過地圖。當(dāng)然她并沒有看過——我的姐姐是不會考慮細(xì)節(jié)的。于是,我告訴她,湄公河的 源頭在青海省。她給了我一個堅定的眼神——這種眼神表明她是不會改變主意的。我說,我們的旅行將從 5, 000多米的高地 出發(fā),這時她似乎顯得很興奮。當(dāng)我告訴她那里空氣稀薄,呼吸困難,而且天氣很冷時,她卻說這將是一次有趣的經(jīng)歷。我 非常了解我的姐姐,她一旦下了決心,什么也不能使她改變。最后,我只好讓步了。Several months before our trip,Wang Wei and I went to the library.We found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography.From the atlas we could see that the Mekong River begins in a glacier on a Tibetan mountain.At first the river is small and the water is clear and cold.Then it begins to move quickly.It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, travelling across western Yunnan Province.Sometimes the river becomes a waterfall and enters wide valleys.We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is inChina.AfteritleavesChinaandthehighaltitude,theMekongbecomeswide,brownandwarm.AsitentersSoutheast
Asia, its pace slows.It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows.At last, the river delta enters the South China Sea.在我們旅行前的幾個月,王薇和我去了圖書館。我們找到一本大型地圖冊,里面有一些世界地理的明細(xì)圖。我們從圖上可以 看到,湄公河發(fā)源于西藏一座山上的冰川。起初,江面很小,河水清澈而冷冽,然后它開始快速流動。它穿過深谷時就變成 了急流,流經(jīng)云南西部。有時,這條江形成瀑布,進(jìn)入寬闊的峽谷。我們倆驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)這條河有一半是在中國境內(nèi)。當(dāng)流出 中國,流出高地之后,湄公河就變寬了,變暖了,河水也變成了黃褐色。而當(dāng)它進(jìn)入東南亞以后,流速減緩,河水蜿蜒緩慢 地穿過低谷,流向生長稻谷的平原。最后,湄公河三角洲的各支流流入中國南海。
PART2 A NIGHT IN THE MOUNTAINS Although it was autumn,the snow was already beginning to fall in Tibet.Our legs were so heavy and cold that they felt like blocks of ice.Have you ever seen snowmen ride bicycles?That’s what we looked like!Along the way children dressed in long wool coats stopped to look at us.In the late afternoon we found it was so cold that our water bottles froze..However,the lakes shonelike glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.Wangwei rode in front of me as usual.She is very reliable and I knew I didn’t need to encourage her.To climb the mountains was hard work but as we looked around us, we were surprised by the view.We seemed to be able to see for miles.At one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds.Then we began going down the hills.It was great fun especially as it gradually became much warmer.In the valleys colourful butterflies flew around us and we saw many yaks and sheep eating green grass.At this point we had to change our caps, coats,gloves and trousers for T-shirts and shorts.雖然是秋天,但是西藏已經(jīng)開始下雪了。我們的腿又沉又冷,感覺就像大冰塊。你看到過雪人騎自行車嗎?我們看上去就像 那樣。一路上,一些身著羊毛大衣的孩子們停下來看著我們。下午晚些時候,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)由于天冷我們的水壺都凍上了。然而,湖水在落日的余暉下閃亮如鏡,景色迷人。像往常一樣,王薇在我的前面,她很可靠,我知道我用不著給她鼓勁兒。上山很 艱難,但是當(dāng)我們環(huán)顧四周,(眼前的)景色讓我們感到驚奇,我們似乎能看到幾百里以外的地方。在某個時刻,我們發(fā)現(xiàn) 自己置身高處,彷佛騎車穿越云層。然后我們開始下山,這非常有趣,特別是天氣逐漸變得暖和多了。在山谷里,五彩斑斕 的蝴蝶翩翩飛舞在我們身旁,我們還看到牦牛和羊群在吃草。這時,我們不得不把帽子、外衣、手套和長褲脫掉,換成 T恤 衫和短褲。
In the early evening we always stop to make camp.We put up our tent and then we eat.After supper Wang Wei put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but I stayed awake.At midnight the sky became clearer and the stars grew brighter.It was so quiet.There was almost no wind—only the flames of our fire for company.As I lay beneath the stars I thought about how far we had already travelled.一到傍晚,我們通常就停下來宿營,(于是),我們先把帳篷支起來,然后吃飯。晚飯后,王薇把頭放在枕頭上就睡覺了,而 我卻醒著。半夜里,天空變得清朗了,星星更亮了。(夜晚)非常安靜——幾乎沒有風(fēng),只有篝火的火焰和我們做伴。當(dāng)我 躺在星空下,我想著我們已經(jīng)走了多遠(yuǎn)。
We will reach Dali in Yunnan Province soon, where our cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang will join us.We can hardly wait to see them!我們很快就要到達(dá)云南的大理。在那里,我們的表兄弟刀衛(wèi)和宇航將加入我們的行列。我們迫不及待地想要見到他們!
PART 6 THE END OF OUR JOUNEY Cambodia was in many ways similar to Laos, although it has twice the population.At another inn, we talked with a teacher who told us that half of the people in her country couldn’t read or write.Her village couldn’t even afford to build a school, so she had to teach outside under a large tent.When we said goodbye, we all felt very lucky to have studied in college.Back on the road, we passed between many hills and forests.Then we came to the plains and entered Phnom Penh,the capital of Cambodia.In many ways it looked like Vientiane and Ho Chi Minh City;it also had wide streets with trees in rows and old French houses.Unlike Vientiane, ships could travel the Mekong River here.In the center of the city we visited the palace and a beautiful white elephant.It can only be seen outside the palace on special days.We ate an early supper and went to see a great temple with floors made of sliver.The next morning our group slept late.We were very tired from the long bike ride the day before.Cycling in the hills had been diffcuilt.Now our couins had the chance to make jokes about Wangwei and me.Perhaps,they said,they were the strong ones!We had lunch at a nice outdoor cafe,then rode out of the city.Two days later we crossed the border into Vietnam.We began to see many more people,but I wasn’t surprised.I
第三篇:高中英語課文原文
英文的文章是不很難去理解,下面就由小編為大家整理高中英語課文原文,歡迎大家查看!
必修一 Unit
1Anne’s Best Friend Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend.Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War Ⅱ.Her family was Jewish so nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered.During that time the only true friend was her diary.She said, ”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942.Thursday 15th June, 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.That’s changed since I was here.…For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by my self.But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window.Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.I didn’t go downstairs until the window bad to be shut.The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power;it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… …Sadly …I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows.It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.Yours, Anne
第一單元 友誼Reading 安妮最好的朋友 你是不是想有一位無話不談能推心置腹的朋友呢?或者你是不是擔(dān)心你的朋友會嘲笑你,會不理解你目前的困境呢?安妮·弗蘭克想要的是第一種類型的朋友,于是她就把
日記當(dāng)成她最好的朋友。安妮在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間住在荷蘭的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是猶太人,所以他們不得不躲藏起來,否則他們就會被德國納粹抓去。她和她的家人躲藏兩年之后才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。在這段時間里,她唯一的忠實朋友就是她的日記。她說,“我不愿像大多數(shù)人那樣在日記中記流水賬。我要把這本日記當(dāng)作我的朋友,我要把我這個朋友稱作基蒂”。安妮自從1942年7月起就躲藏在那兒,現(xiàn)在,來看看她的心情吧。親愛的基蒂: 我不知道這是不是因為我長久無法出門的緣故,我變得對一切與大自然有關(guān)的事物都無比狂熱。我記得非常清楚,以前,湛藍(lán)的天空、鳥兒的歌唱、月光和鮮花,從未令我心迷神往過。自從我來到這里,這一切都變。比方說,有天晚上天氣很暖和,我熬到11點半故意不睡覺,為的是獨自好好看看月亮。但是因為月光太亮,我不敢打開窗戶。還有一次,就在五個月以前的一個晚上,我碰巧在樓上,窗戶是開著的。我一直等到非關(guān)窗不可的時候才下樓去。漆黑的夜晚,風(fēng)吹雨打,雷電交加,我全然被這種力量鎮(zhèn)住。這是我一年半以來第一次目睹夜晚 令人傷心的是我只能透過臟兮兮的窗簾觀看大自然,窗簾懸掛在沾滿灰塵的窗前,但觀看這些已經(jīng)不再是樂趣,因為大自然是你必須親身體驗的。Using Language Reading, listening and writing 親愛的王小姐: 我同班上的同學(xué)有件麻煩事。我跟我們班里的一位男同學(xué)一直相處很好,我們常常一起做家庭作業(yè),而且很樂意相互幫助。我們成非常好的朋友。可是,其他同學(xué)卻開始在背后議論起來,他們說我和這位男同學(xué)在談戀愛,這使我很生氣。我不想中斷這段友誼,但是我又討厭人家背后說閑話。我該怎么辦呢? Reading and writing 尊敬的編輯: 我是蘇州高中的一名
學(xué)生。我有一個難題,我不太善于同人們交際。雖然我的確試著去跟班上的同學(xué)交談,但是我還是發(fā)現(xiàn)很難跟他們成為好朋友。因此,有時候我感到十分孤獨。我確實想改變這種現(xiàn)狀,但是我卻不知道該怎么辦。如果您能給我提些建議,我會非常感激的。
Unit
2the Road to Modern English At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English.Nearly all of them lived in England.Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world, and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries.Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English.Look at this example: British Betty: Would you like to see my flat? American Amy: Yes.I’d like to come up to you apartment.So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other.At fist the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.It was base more on German than the English we speak at present.Then gradually between about AD 500 and 1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French.These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary.So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.In 1620 some British settlers moved to America.Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia to.English began to be spoken in both countries.Finally by the 19th century the language was settled.At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English language.The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia.For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.During that time English became the language for government and education.English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa.Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly.In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners.Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.第二單元 世界上的英語 Reading 通向現(xiàn)代英語之路 16世紀(jì)末期大約有5百萬到7百萬人說英語,幾乎所有這些人都
生活在英國。后來,在17世紀(jì)英國人開始航海征服世界其它地區(qū)。于是,許多別的國家開始說英語。如今說英語的人比以往任何時候都多,他們有的是作為第一語言來說,有的是作為第二語言或外語。以英語作為母語的人,即使他們所講的語言不盡相同,也可以互相交流。請看以下例子: 英國人貝蒂:“請到我的公寓(flat)里來看看,好嗎?” 美國人艾米:“好的。我很樂意到你的公寓(apartment)去。” 那么,英語在一段時間里為什么會起變化呢?事實上,當(dāng)不同文化互相交流滲透時,所有的語言都會有所發(fā)展,有所變化。首先,在公元450年到1150年間,人們所說的英語跟今天所說的英語就很不一樣。當(dāng)時的英語更多地是以德語為基礎(chǔ)的,而現(xiàn)代英語不是。然后,漸漸地,大約在公元800年到1150年期間,英語不那么像德語。因為那時的英國的統(tǒng)治者起初講丹麥語后來講法語。這些新的定居者大大豐富英語語言,特別是在詞匯方面。所以到17世紀(jì),莎士比亞所用的詞匯量比以前任何時期都大。在1620年,一些英國人搬遷到美洲定居。后來,到19世紀(jì),有些英國人也被送往澳大利亞,兩個國家的人都開始說英語。最后,到20世紀(jì),英語才真正定形。那時,英語在拼寫上發(fā)生兩大變化:首先,塞繆爾·約翰遜編寫詞典,后來,諾厄·韋伯斯特編纂《美國英語詞典》,后者體現(xiàn)美國英語拼寫的不同特色。現(xiàn)在,英語在南亞也被當(dāng)作外語或第二語言來說。比如說,印度擁有眾多講英語很流利的人,這是因為英國于1765年到1947年統(tǒng)治過印度。在那期間,英語成官方語言和教育用語。在新加坡、馬來西亞和非洲其它國家,比如南非,人們也說英語。
目前在中國學(xué)習(xí)英語的人數(shù)正在迅速增長。事實上,中國可能擁有世界上最多的英語學(xué)習(xí)者。中國英語會發(fā)展出自己的特色嗎?這只能由時間來回答。Using Language 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語和方言 什么是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語?是在英國、美國、加拿大、澳大利亞、印度、新西蘭所說的英語嗎?信不信由你,(世界上)沒有什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語。許多人認(rèn)為,電視和收音機(jī)里所說的就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語,這是因為在早期的電臺節(jié)目里,人們期望新聞播音員所說的英語是最好的英語。然而,在電視和收音機(jī)里,你也會聽出人們在說話時的差異。當(dāng)人們用不同于“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語言”的詞語時,那就叫做方言。美國英語有許多方言,特別是中西部和南部地區(qū)的方言,以及黑人和西班牙人的方言。在美國有些地區(qū),即使是相鄰城鎮(zhèn)的兩個人所說的語言都可能稍有不同。美國英語之所以有這么多的方言是因為美國人是來自世界各地的緣故。地理位置對方言的產(chǎn)生也有影響。住在美國東部山區(qū)的一些人說著比較古老的英語方言。當(dāng)美國人從一個地方搬到另一個地方時,他們也就把他們的方言隨著帶去。因此,美國東南部山區(qū)的人同美國西北部的人所說的方言就幾乎相同。美國是一個使用多種方言的大國。雖然許多美國人經(jīng)常搬遷,但是他們?nèi)匀荒軌虮鎰e、理解彼此的方言。
Unit
3Journey Down the Mekong My name is Wang Kun.Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip.Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one.Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college if Kunming.They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries.Wang Wei soon got time interested in cycling too.After graduating from college, we finally got the chance to take a bike trip.I asked my sister, “Where are we going?” It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.Now she is planning our schedule for the trip.I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming.She can be really stubborn.Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly.Now I know that the proper way is always her way.I kept asking her, “When are we leaving and when are we coming back?”
I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet.Of course she hadn’t;my sister doesn’t care about details.So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province.She gave me a determined look--the kind that said she would not change her mind.When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters, she seemed to be excited about it.When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience.I know my sister well.Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.Finally, I had to give in.Several months before our trip, Wang Wei and I went to the library.We found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography.From the atlas we could see that the Mekong River begins in a glacier to move quickly.It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, traveling across western Yunnan Province.Sometimes the river becomes a water fall and enters wide valleys.We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China.After it leaves China and high altitude, the Mekong becomes wide, brown and warm.As it enters Southeast Asia, its pace slows.It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows.At last, the river delta enters the South China Sea.第三單元
游記Reading 沿湄公河而下的旅程 第一部分夢想與計劃 我的名字叫王坤。從高中起,我姐姐王薇和我就一直夢想作一次偉大的自行車
旅行。兩年前,她買一輛昂貴的山地自行車,然后還說服我買一輛(山地車)。去年她去看望我們的表兄弟——在昆明讀大學(xué)的刀衛(wèi)和宇航。他們是傣族人,在云南省西部靠近瀾滄江的地方長大,湄公河在中國境內(nèi)的這一段叫瀾滄江,在其他國家(境內(nèi))叫湄公河。很快,王薇使表兄弟也對騎車旅游產(chǎn)生興趣。大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后,我們終于有機(jī)會騎自行車旅行。我問我姐姐:“我們要去哪兒?”首先想到要沿湄公河從源頭到終點騎車旅游的是我的姐姐。現(xiàn)在她正在為我們的旅行制定計劃。我很喜歡我姐姐,但是她有一個很嚴(yán)重的缺點。她有時確實很固執(zhí)。盡管她對去某些地方的最佳路線并不清楚,她卻堅持要自己把這次旅游安排得盡善盡美。于是,我就知道這個盡善盡美的方式總是她的方式。
我不停地問她,“我們什么時候出發(fā)?什么時候回來?”我還問她是否看過地圖。當(dāng)然她并沒有看過——我的姐姐是不會考慮細(xì)節(jié)的。于是,我告訴她,湄公河的源頭在青海省。她給我一個堅定的眼神——這種眼神表明她是不會改變主意的。我說,我們的旅行將從5, 000多米的高地出發(fā),這時她似乎顯得很興奮。當(dāng)我告訴她那里空氣稀薄,呼吸困難,而且天氣很冷時,她卻說這將是一次有趣的經(jīng)歷。我非常解我的姐姐,她一旦下決心,什么也不能使她改變。最后,我只好讓步。在我們旅行前的幾個月,王薇和我去圖書館。我們找到一本大型地圖冊,里面有一些世界地理的明細(xì)圖。我們從圖上可以看到,湄公河發(fā)源于西藏一座山上的冰川。起初,江面很小,河水清澈而冷冽,然后它開始快速流動。它穿過深谷時就變成急流,流經(jīng)云南西部。有時,這條江形成瀑布,進(jìn)入寬闊的峽谷。我們倆驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)這條河有一半是在中國境內(nèi)。當(dāng)流出中國,流出高地之后,湄公河就變寬,變暖,河水也變成黃褐色。而當(dāng)它進(jìn)入東南亞以后,流速減緩,河水蜿蜒緩慢地穿過低谷,流向生長稻谷的平原。最后,湄公河三角洲的各支流流入中國南海。Using Language 夜晚的西藏山景 第二部分山中一宿 雖然是秋天,但是西藏已經(jīng)開始下雪。我們的腿又沉又冷,感覺就像大冰塊。你看到過雪人騎自行車嗎?我們看上去就像那樣。一路上,一些身著羊毛大衣的孩子們停下來看著我們。下午晚些時候,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)由于天冷我們的水壺都凍上。然而,湖水在落日的余暉下閃亮如鏡,景色迷人。像往常一樣,王薇在我的前面,她很可靠,我知道我用不著給她鼓勁兒。上山很艱難,但是當(dāng)我們環(huán)顧四周,(眼前的)景色讓我們感到驚奇,我們似乎能看到幾百里以外的地方。在某個時刻,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己置身高處,彷佛騎車穿越云層。然后我們開始下山,這非常有趣,特別是天氣逐漸變得暖和多。在山谷里,五彩斑斕的蝴蝶翩翩飛舞在我們身旁,我們還看到牦牛和羊群在吃草。這時,我們不得不把帽子、外衣、手套和長褲脫掉,換成T恤衫和短褲。一到傍晚,我們通常就停下來宿營,(于是),我們先把帳篷支起來,然后吃飯。晚飯后,王薇把頭放在枕頭上就睡覺,而我卻醒著。半夜里,天空變得清朗,星星更亮。(夜晚)非常安靜——幾乎沒有風(fēng),只有篝火的火焰和我們做伴。當(dāng)我躺在星空下,我想著我們已經(jīng)走多遠(yuǎn)。我們很快就要到達(dá)云南的大理。在那里,我們的表兄弟刀衛(wèi)和宇航將加入我們的行列。我們迫不及待地想要見到他們!
第四篇:課文解讀
課文《說“屏”》的解讀指導(dǎo)
曾小妹
10師范教育班
學(xué)號:42
一、教學(xué)設(shè)想:
《說“屏”》是一篇說明文,主要通過對屏的特點、作用、種類的說明,讓我們了解“屏”這種事物,增強(qiáng)對中國傳統(tǒng)文化的熱愛。作為八年級的學(xué)生,已在七年級上冊接觸了說明文,并且本單元的前四篇課文也是典型的說明文,所以學(xué)生在說明對象、說明方法的掌握上不會存在太大問題。
教學(xué)目標(biāo):
1、能正確識讀本課的生字、詞。
2、能把握說明文的文體特征,可以準(zhǔn)確地找出說明對象的特征,并了解作者對“屏”的感情。
3、理解文中古詩詞的含義。理解課文內(nèi)容,了解“屏”的有關(guān)知識。
4、通過對課文的學(xué)習(xí),讓學(xué)生開闊眼界,激發(fā)對祖國文化的自豪感。
二、教學(xué)步驟
(一)激發(fā)興趣,導(dǎo)入新課
1、導(dǎo)入:從學(xué)生日常生活中在餐廳、賓館中見到的“屏”說起,使用多媒體展示屏風(fēng)圖片,告訴他們“屏”以來已久,并且在
古詩詞中出現(xiàn)多次,而且充滿詩情畫意,引出本課-------《說“屏”》。(這種導(dǎo)入從學(xué)生身邊的事物說起,又能引發(fā)學(xué)生興趣:古詩詞中怎么寫的?為什么說它充滿詩情畫意?可以充分調(diào)動學(xué)生積極性。)
2、讓學(xué)生通過查閱工具書解決字詞問題,教師可做指導(dǎo)。(掃除閱讀中的障礙,為課堂下一環(huán)節(jié)的進(jìn)行打下基礎(chǔ),并且體現(xiàn)了語文工具性)(二)學(xué)生閱讀課文,探討問題
提問:(1)本文的說明對象是什么?
(2)本文圍繞說明對象講了哪些特征?
(根據(jù)題目概括課文內(nèi)容要點,理清課文思路,從總體上把握課文,實際上也是訓(xùn)練學(xué)生提取關(guān)鍵信息和歸納、概括信息的能力的過程,也能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行深層思考。)
(三)探究質(zhì)疑,精讀課文。
1、作者從哪三個方面介紹了有關(guān)屏的知識?(明確:屏的作用,屏的種類,屏在設(shè)置上應(yīng)注意的問題。★作用:遮擋視線;起分隔作用;藝術(shù)點綴;擋風(fēng)。★ 種類:按屏的建造材料及其裝飾的華麗程度,分為金屏、銀屏、錦屏、畫屏、石屏、木屏、竹屏等。★設(shè)置上應(yīng)注意的問題:屏的設(shè)置,在與整體的相稱、安放的位置與作用、曲屏的折度、視線的遠(yuǎn)近諸方面,均要做到得體。)
2、找出你最喜歡的句子,例如文中的古詩詞,說說為什么喜歡?
然后有感情地讀一讀。
(1)“銀燭秋光冷畫屏,輕羅小扇撲流螢”
明確:出自唐詩人杜牧《秋夕》詩。全詩如下:“銀燭秋光冷畫屏,輕羅小扇撲流螢。天階夜色涼如水,臥看牽牛織女星。”這是一首描寫封建帝王后宮宮女生活圖景的詩。整首詩描繪出寂靜凄清的環(huán)境氣氛,烘托出人物內(nèi)心世界的痛苦。(2)“錦屏人忒看得這韶光賤”
明確:出自明代戲劇家湯顯祖《牡丹亭》的“游園”一出。杜麗娘為自己沒有珍惜大好春光而感到惋惜,也因此激起了追求青春幸福的熱望。“錦屏人”指閨中女郎。“韶光”指美麗的春光,也暗指自己的青春。“忒”讀“tu太”的意思。這句話凝聚著主人公心中的無限哀怨。
(3)“抱膝看屏山”
明確:出于張恨水的《金粉世家》,填的是“臨江仙”的詞牌。寫女主人公冷清秋在小樓參佛誦經(jīng),頓悟一生得失。
3、課文多處引用古詩詞,有什么好處?
多處引用古詩詞,使全文具有濃濃的詩意和韻味,這和本文的說明對象——屏風(fēng)——這種中國傳統(tǒng)器具是相稱的。
引用《秋夕》詩句,表達(dá)了作者幼時對屏風(fēng)無限地向往與喜愛之情,放在開篇,易引起讀者的閱讀興趣。《牡丹亭》中“銀屏人忒看得這韶光賤”放在屏風(fēng)的定義后既補(bǔ)充了屏風(fēng)的含義,又使語言生動有趣。結(jié)尾兩處引用古詩佳句,點出“屏”這種古代器具所具有的文化內(nèi)涵,表達(dá)了作者希望人們更好地開發(fā)和使用屏風(fēng)的愿望。
4、從全文看,作者推“屏”的感情是怎樣的?作者的寫作意圖是什么?
5、文中運(yùn)用哪些說明方法?并分析其作用。明確:舉例子、分類別、引用等
(四)拓展延伸:
1、查找積累與屏風(fēng)有關(guān)的詩句。
2、你還知道哪些圖畫描繪了屏?全班交流,請你引詩配畫作解說。
3、想像一下,今后的屏風(fēng)將會有怎樣的用途?
(五)課堂小結(jié):
本文的作者用生動的語言介紹了屏風(fēng)的使用功能和裝飾功能,并發(fā)表了自己的看法,抒發(fā)了對屏風(fēng)的熱愛之情。希望
借此喚起建筑師和家具師乃至使用者的注意,以期屏風(fēng)所具有的文化內(nèi)涵永遠(yuǎn)散發(fā)不朽的藝術(shù)魅力。我們也期待著,屏風(fēng)在今天的藝術(shù)裝飾中重新大放異彩。
第五篇:高中英語教學(xué)大綱解讀
高中英語教學(xué)大綱目標(biāo)解讀
普通高中是基礎(chǔ)教育的一個重要階段,《普通高中英語教學(xué)大綱》是高中外語教學(xué)的實施綱要。高中英語課通過本學(xué)科知識的傳授和能力的培養(yǎng),提高全體學(xué)生素質(zhì)。根據(jù)《大綱》的規(guī)定,高中三年分為兩個教學(xué)目標(biāo):頭兩年要求達(dá)到第一級目標(biāo),第三年(文、理科選修)要求達(dá)到第二級目標(biāo)。要認(rèn)真貫徹《大綱》的指導(dǎo)思想,使高中英語教學(xué)目標(biāo)分級,分層次教學(xué),調(diào)動絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性,從而提高英語教學(xué)效益。就《大綱》的“教學(xué)目的”部分,我們海頭高級中學(xué)英語教研組認(rèn)為從以下四個方面深入理解。
一、英語語言教學(xué)
《大綱》規(guī)定:在義務(wù)教育初中英語教學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上,鞏固、擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)知識,發(fā)展聽、說、讀、寫的基本技能,培養(yǎng)在口頭上和書面上初步運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際的能力,側(cè)重培養(yǎng)閱讀能力,并使學(xué)生獲得一定的自學(xué)能力,為繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用英語切實打好基礎(chǔ)。
(一)培養(yǎng)在口頭上和書面上初步運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際的能力
交際能力至少要包含三個方面的能力:第一是語言能力,即掌握語音、語法、詞匯等語言的形式,也就是有語法能力、遣詞造句的能力;第二是運(yùn)用語言有效地交流思想的能力,指在預(yù)先未知的真實(不是課堂上模擬的)情景中使用語言進(jìn)行交流,填補(bǔ)信息溝,達(dá)到交流思想的目的的能力;第三是社會語言能力,要求學(xué)生對所學(xué)語言國家的文化要有所了解,懂得何時、何地、何種場合、對誰該用什么方式和態(tài)度說什么話,要求得體地使用語言達(dá)到交流的目的。
《大綱》教學(xué)內(nèi)容部分列出了語音、詞匯、語法等項目,詳細(xì)列出了日常交際用語41項,約有300多個基本句型和用語,能運(yùn)用日常交際用語表中的表達(dá)方法,圍繞日常生活話題,進(jìn)行初步的交際。因此要設(shè)法創(chuàng)造交際活動的情景,開展多種形式的交際性活動,例如,角色表演、調(diào)查、解題、討論、辯論、采訪、寫便條、寫信、記日記等,使學(xué)生能有充分的機(jī)會通過口、筆頭使用英語表達(dá)自己的思想。
(二)側(cè)重培養(yǎng)閱讀能力
在教學(xué)中應(yīng)盡可能加強(qiáng)聽讀訓(xùn)練,特別要增加泛讀訓(xùn)練,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行課外閱讀。《大綱》對學(xué)生閱讀能力的要求是根據(jù)總的教學(xué)目的制訂的,學(xué)生需要具備以下閱讀技能: 1.能使用詞典、語法工具書等進(jìn)行獨立閱讀;
2.閱讀生詞率不超過3%的文段(包括圖表和常見標(biāo)志),能根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義,把握文段的中心思想和主要事實;
3.能夠把握所讀材料的主要邏輯線索、時間和空間順序; 4.能根據(jù)上下文理解作者的態(tài)度和觀點;
5.能根據(jù)已知的事實推斷出文段未直接寫出的意思。
培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀能力主要依靠課文的教學(xué),高中課文的閱讀量至多有兩三萬詞,平均每個學(xué)期才有數(shù)千詞。因此,要大力提倡泛讀,同時閱讀課文的教學(xué)方法也應(yīng)改進(jìn),應(yīng)把重點放在對課文內(nèi)容的理解上,應(yīng)注意以下幾點:
1.在學(xué)生閱讀課文之前,應(yīng)就其內(nèi)容提出關(guān)鍵性問題,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考,預(yù)測其中的內(nèi)容;
2.對影響理解課文的關(guān)鍵詞語進(jìn)行重點講解;
3.學(xué)生默讀課文,用眼掃視,逐句(不是逐字)閱讀,用腦思考,根據(jù)上下文猜測個別非關(guān)鍵性詞的意思,抓住文段大意,驗證自己的預(yù)測,對讀前的問題做出回答,并思考新的問題;
4.鼓勵學(xué)生提出問題,并有針對性地、簡明扼要地分析語言現(xiàn)象,講解文段中新的語法結(jié)構(gòu); 5.向?qū)W生提出更多的問題,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生再次閱讀課文,熟悉細(xì)節(jié),掌握全部內(nèi)容; 6.當(dāng)學(xué)生完全理解課文后,放錄音讓學(xué)生模仿朗讀,要求他們帶著感情、繪聲繪色地朗讀,進(jìn)一步體會語篇中的涵義,同時提高語音語調(diào)水平;
7.圍繞課文開展各種形式的口、筆頭交際性活動,如復(fù)述、討論(文段直接寫出的和未寫出的意思)、摘要(全文或段落大意、按時間順序羅列史實等)、角色扮演、采訪、調(diào)查(與課文同類的問題)、寫報告等。
(三)使學(xué)生獲得一定的自學(xué)能力 在這方面應(yīng)注意以下幾點: 1.獨立學(xué)習(xí)英語詞匯的能力在初中語音和詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上,形成一套學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的方法:能夠運(yùn)用拼讀規(guī)則、音標(biāo)和構(gòu)詞法知識拼讀和記憶單詞,并結(jié)合上下文正確理解詞義;自覺地按讀音或拼法特點將所學(xué)單詞歸類,記在小本上,隨身攜帶,不斷復(fù)習(xí);在課外閱讀中不斷吸收新詞,記入小本,有意識地擴(kuò)大英語詞匯量。除了學(xué)習(xí)單詞,還應(yīng)特別注意習(xí)慣用語和固定搭配,注意它們在課文中的用法,把那些與漢語差異大的、較難理解的短語記入小本,典型的例句也最好記住。對于《大綱》詞表
(一)中的短語要倍加重視,要熟記,而且會造句,經(jīng)常用以進(jìn)行口、筆頭自由的表達(dá)。最好選擇一種英漢雙解詞典做自己的良師益友,遇有詞匯方面的疑問不等待或僅依靠教師解答,自己查字典求得答案。經(jīng)常使用字典,會越用越熟練,查找迅速,而且可以學(xué)會根據(jù)上下文找到恰當(dāng)?shù)尼屃x。2.學(xué)習(xí)語法的能力學(xué)習(xí)語法是為了正確地理解語言和運(yùn)用語言,不是為語法而學(xué)語法,不必細(xì)摳語法,鉆牛角尖兒。要善于通過語篇分析和語言實踐發(fā)現(xiàn)新的語法結(jié)構(gòu),能在教師的點撥下歸納出語法規(guī)則。用不同顏色的筆標(biāo)注出典型的語法例句及其中典型的部分。例如,They found two people killed inthe fire.(過去分詞用作賓語補(bǔ)足語),背記一些有代表性的例句,如定語從句This is the room in which we lived l ast year等。認(rèn)真完成語法作業(yè),對自己練習(xí)中的錯誤要弄清原因,然后訂正,決不囫圇吞棗,不明不白地放過錯誤。每學(xué)期期中和期末要復(fù)習(xí)前一階段所學(xué)語法,學(xué)習(xí)課本中的語法小結(jié)。自備一本為中學(xué)生編輯的實用英語語法工具書,經(jīng)常翻閱。在口、筆頭實踐中有意識地運(yùn)用所學(xué)的語法知識。
3.聽英語重視聽力訓(xùn)練,懂得聽是吸收語言和信息的重要手段之一。課上專心聽教師講英語,認(rèn)真做聽力訓(xùn)練練習(xí);課下利用一切條件聽英美人士的錄音、聽廣播、看電視英語節(jié)目、聽英文報告等。所選的聽力材料不必過難,聽時要弄清目的,克服心理障礙,情緒放松,精神集中,不要求字字句句都聽懂,而是善于捕捉主要的信息,抓住大意即可。遇有機(jī)會,主動接觸外國人或講英語的人,大膽與他們交談,多聽他們的講話,聽懂了就會感到有信心,興趣倍增。
4.讀英語懂得讀是吸收語言和信息的最重要手段,愛讀書。善于選擇適合自己水平的讀物,隨身攜帶,分秒必爭地讀。每本書的篇幅不必太長,可以迅速讀完,使自己經(jīng)常有成功感,保持閱讀的興趣。精、泛讀結(jié)合,快速掃視,用眼不用口,動腦思索,猜測詞義,必要時使用字典,摘記警句和重要詞語,便于記憶,甚至用于口、筆語表達(dá)。讀到一本好書,可以廢寢忘食,好似“入了境”,這時腦中的英語仿佛多了,也活了,這恐怕就是人們常說的“語感”產(chǎn)生了。高中學(xué)生仍以讀簡易讀物為主,以后讀原著就自然容易上路。
5.說英語懂得口頭上運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際是學(xué)習(xí)的目的,愿意說,也愛說。明白中國人說英語有錯誤是必然的,不怕犯錯,不怕別人笑話。教科書中的對話能夠大聲地說出來,主動找人對話,即使無人時也能自言自語。課上積極發(fā)言,課下創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(組織小組、“英語角”)開展口語活動。在交談時開動腦筋,主動發(fā)問,并能隨機(jī)應(yīng)變,用簡單的語言表達(dá)較復(fù)雜的意思,設(shè)法使交談持續(xù)下去。為使自己說得有信心、有興趣,在討論之前可做些準(zhǔn)備,從聽讀的材料中吸取營養(yǎng),復(fù)習(xí)必要的詞匯,盡可能提高說話的質(zhì)量。6.寫英語懂得筆頭上運(yùn)用英語傳遞信息進(jìn)行交際,也是學(xué)習(xí)的目的,而且寫是四項技能中最難的一種,因此要重視寫的練習(xí)。高中的寫與初中的寫有明顯的區(qū)別,初中學(xué)生說什么寫什么,即寫話。而高中學(xué)生要琢磨組句成段、連段成文,考慮篇章結(jié)構(gòu),而且語言從口語逐步轉(zhuǎn)為書面語。因此,需注意語言結(jié)構(gòu)合理、用詞恰當(dāng)、表達(dá)通順、書寫工整、拼法正確。在教師指導(dǎo)下,逐步形成良好的寫作習(xí)慣:首先,經(jīng)過醞釀和收集資料,確定要寫的內(nèi)容;理清思路,擬定提綱,增強(qiáng)文章的邏輯性;起草;修改潤色;定稿并謄清。像這樣寫出的文章可以達(dá)到思路清晰、文字通順、表達(dá)基本正確。高中學(xué)生的自學(xué)能力不僅表現(xiàn)在以上幾個方面,應(yīng)該相信他們的潛力很大,教師要加以引導(dǎo),不可包辦代替,影響他們發(fā)揮自己的能力。要幫助學(xué)生制定學(xué)習(xí)計劃,分析自己的優(yōu)點和弱點,制定學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),定期檢查自己的進(jìn)步和問題,采取對策,有效地提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。
二、思想情感教育
《大綱》在教學(xué)目的部分要求:使學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過程中受到思想品德、愛國主義和社會主義等方面的教育,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。這兩點都可納入思想情感教育的范疇。
道德感是以人對人、人對社會的態(tài)度為其內(nèi)容的。屬于道德感的有:愛感、同情、善心、仁愛、忠誠等。熱愛祖國、熱愛社會主義、熱愛人民、熱愛真理都是崇高的道德情感。使學(xué)生具有這些情感和社會公德、職業(yè)道德、家庭美德,正是我國社會主義精神文明建設(shè)的基本任務(wù)。英語選材范圍很廣,可以用中外優(yōu)秀的文化傳統(tǒng)、杰出人物的事跡和精神陶冶學(xué)生的情操,幫助他們樹立正確的人生觀、世界觀、價值觀,使他們自覺地遵循社會道德規(guī)范、準(zhǔn)則,履行道德義務(wù)。要讓學(xué)生清楚,做新世紀(jì)的人必須參與社會生活,每個人要認(rèn)識自己的社會角色,履行角色義務(wù),這就需要具有強(qiáng)烈的使命感和社會責(zé)任感。英語教材中大量的內(nèi)容是有關(guān)社會科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)、人口、環(huán)境、生態(tài)、能源、法制、災(zāi)害、饑餓、貧困等當(dāng)代世界熱點問題。教師應(yīng)利用教學(xué)內(nèi)容激發(fā)學(xué)生改造世界的情感。教材中也有關(guān)于人際關(guān)系、行為規(guī)范方面的內(nèi)容,可以啟迪人生,教育學(xué)生對待自己要自愛、自尊,而不自悲;對待他人真誠熱情,而不虛偽;對待工作認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)、勤奮努力,而不輕率。教師的表率作用和師生之間的誠摯關(guān)系不僅可以促進(jìn)教學(xué),而且對學(xué)生必然產(chǎn)生潛移默化的影響,有利于他們的成長。
美感表現(xiàn)了對各種生活事實及對藝術(shù)的反映的態(tài)度。美感表現(xiàn)在對各種事物的評價之中,識別和判斷它們是真、善、美、高雅,還是假、惡、丑、庸俗。
理智感表現(xiàn)與反映一個人對認(rèn)識過程的態(tài)度。屬于理智感范疇的有:興趣、求知欲、熱情、發(fā)現(xiàn)、意志、毅力等。激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的興趣既是目的,也是手段。興趣是一種積極的情緒,能促進(jìn)語言知識的獲得和技能的熟練,而且不斷加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)的動機(jī)。
思想情感教育是人生的教育,非一個學(xué)科教育所能完成。《大綱》將它做為教學(xué)目的的一部分,表明人們對高中英語課在素質(zhì)教育中的作用有了新的認(rèn)識。
三、文化素質(zhì)培養(yǎng)
語言是文化的重要載體,文化是語言形式所負(fù)荷的內(nèi)容,語言與文化密切聯(lián)系。通過英語教學(xué)使學(xué)生擴(kuò)大視野,了解英語國家文化和社會風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。理解語言必須了解文化,理解文化必須了解語言"。理解和掌握語言的深層基礎(chǔ)是文化。高中英語涉及英、美、加、澳等國家英語的變體,涉及各國體態(tài)語的異同。要弄清這些就必須研究這些國家的歷史和文化背景。語言是文化的一部分,反映一個民族的特征,蘊(yùn)藏著該民族對人生的看法、生活方式和思維方式。僅僅掌握英語的語音、詞匯和語法,對英語國家的文化一點不懂,是不可能獲得運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際的能力的,在實際交往中還可能產(chǎn)生誤解,出現(xiàn)尷尬。
四、智力開發(fā)
“發(fā)展學(xué)生的智力,提高他們的觀察、注意、記憶、思維和想象等能力”也是《大綱》規(guī)定的一個教學(xué)目的。這一目的必然會對英語教學(xué)和對學(xué)生的素質(zhì)教育產(chǎn)生積極的影響。
(一)觀察語言的功能體現(xiàn)在言語的行為上,學(xué)生應(yīng)善于通過觀察使用英語的人的行為模仿習(xí)得。榜樣所顯示的行為的功能性價值高,學(xué)生反復(fù)觀察學(xué)習(xí)的速度可以加快。學(xué)校應(yīng)盡可能使用錄音、錄像、投影等電化教學(xué)手段,質(zhì)量高的錄像或電視節(jié)目可提供最好的榜樣。學(xué)生在觀察中可以不知不覺地學(xué)到地道的語言、自然的語調(diào)、表情和體態(tài)。由于印象深刻,這些聽覺和視覺映像容易長時間記憶。教師還可以放手組織學(xué)生進(jìn)行語言的操練和多種形式的練習(xí),就是讓學(xué)生用自己的行為顯示出其觀察學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容,然后根據(jù)信息反饋進(jìn)行自我矯正的調(diào)整,逐步熟練完成言語的行為。在這個過程中,對于觀察認(rèn)真、模仿得好的學(xué)生應(yīng)加以鼓勵,使學(xué)生自覺地培養(yǎng)觀察力。
(二)記憶主要包括識記、保持、再現(xiàn)與回憶。高中學(xué)生已學(xué)習(xí)了1000多個英語單詞和一定量的習(xí)慣用語,以及最基本的語法結(jié)構(gòu),他們的抽象邏輯思維已比較發(fā)達(dá),應(yīng)指導(dǎo)他們運(yùn)用合理的識記方法。例如,要求學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)課文和單詞,課上教師不必單教單詞,進(jìn)行機(jī)械記憶,而應(yīng)結(jié)合課文重點講解,加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的理解記憶。在呈現(xiàn)新語言時,利用學(xué)生熟悉的知識,以舊帶新,新舊對比,通過比較發(fā)展邏輯識記。教學(xué)內(nèi)容要結(jié)合學(xué)生的生活實際,符合他們生理和心理發(fā)展的需要,教師講課生動活潑,語言風(fēng)趣幽默,就能引起學(xué)生的興趣,調(diào)動起學(xué)生的情緒。凡是有趣的內(nèi)容就能促成積極的智力活動,識記就更有效。為了保持記憶,必須不斷復(fù)習(xí)鞏固。每節(jié)課以復(fù)習(xí)開始,以鞏固結(jié)束;每一課或一單元、每一個學(xué)段結(jié)束時都要復(fù)習(xí)。這就是再現(xiàn)和回憶,從記憶中提取過去已產(chǎn)生的心理內(nèi)容,并轉(zhuǎn)為操作記憶的方法,使該心理內(nèi)容得以恢復(fù)的記憶過程。要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對所學(xué)的知識進(jìn)行分類,例如,把英語詞匯按讀音、詞性、詞義(同義、反義、近義)、構(gòu)詞特點分類,會有效地加強(qiáng)記憶。成串地記英語單詞效率高,就是這個原理。整個記憶的心理過程就是與遺忘進(jìn)行斗爭的過程。凡是納入個人活動之中,并對人始終具有意義的內(nèi)容一般是不會遺忘的。學(xué)了語言必須用,越用越熟,記得越牢,久而久之就成為自己語言機(jī)制的一部分。
(三)思維是人類認(rèn)識世界、改造世界的最重要的主觀來源。高中學(xué)生對客觀事物的認(rèn)識已有了基礎(chǔ),已獲得一些英語的知識和能力。在語言實踐過程中,過多地依賴直觀動作思維和直觀形象思維已不適宜,要特別注意發(fā)展抽象(理論)思維。教師應(yīng)幫助學(xué)生在初中階段已形成的對英語認(rèn)識的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí),啟發(fā)他們思考,經(jīng)過歸納推理和演繹推理,形成新的概念。例如,接觸和感知課文中出現(xiàn)的-ing形式、過去分詞和不定式等非謂語形式,教師應(yīng)利用初中教學(xué)過的有關(guān)動詞詞形變化和句子成分的知識加以引導(dǎo),逐步歸納,讓學(xué)生自己分析和實際練習(xí),理解和掌握這些新的語法的用法。學(xué)生進(jìn)行分析、綜合、概括,最后由原有的認(rèn)識(由詞承擔(dān)句子成分),遷移到新的認(rèn)識(動詞非謂語形式可用作主語、賓語、賓補(bǔ)、定語和狀語)。在這樣的過程中,教師不可一股腦兒地把知識灌給學(xué)生,而應(yīng)誘導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考和分析,觸類旁通,應(yīng)鼓勵學(xué)生自己預(yù)先閱讀、思考和發(fā)現(xiàn)問題。找問題和提出問題常常比隨后解決問題要求付出更大的智力勞動,在口語問答和交談中,提問和開始挑起話題的人要比答話的人更需要獨立的思維。在做口、筆頭練習(xí)題時,教師應(yīng)先讓學(xué)生思考怎樣解題,然后再給予提示和幫助,這樣更有利于啟發(fā)學(xué)生的思維。在現(xiàn)代教育中,尤其要重視發(fā)展學(xué)生的個性,鼓勵學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)和提出疑問,同時啟發(fā)學(xué)生自己努力解決問題,這是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨立的、創(chuàng)造性思維的重要方法。另外,還要注意在課內(nèi)或課外造成輕松愉快、平靜和諧的環(huán)境,這樣有利于學(xué)生訓(xùn)練思維的靈活性和敏捷性。
(四)想象是人的創(chuàng)造活動的一個必要因素,通過有關(guān)的英語課文教學(xué),不僅可以向?qū)W生展示這些偉人閃光的思想,啟發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)他們的創(chuàng)造性思維,還應(yīng)在運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行口、筆頭交際方面,鼓勵學(xué)生大膽想象。學(xué)了一組單詞和短語后,可以讓學(xué)生想象出情境,編一段話,運(yùn)用這些詞語;根據(jù)所學(xué)內(nèi)容編成小劇進(jìn)行表演,要演得惟妙惟肖,沒有想象力不行,可以進(jìn)行命題作文,如“我家鄉(xiāng)的未來”等進(jìn)行練習(xí)。