第一篇：參考文獻(xiàn)中英對照

[1]雷斌，肖建莊.再生混凝土抗碳化性能的研究[J].建筑材料學(xué)報(bào)，2008(10):605-611 [1] LeiBin ,XiaoJianZhuang.Research on Carbonation Resistance of Recycle Aggregate Concret [J].Journal of building materials, 2008(10): 605-611.[2]張雷順，王娟，黃秋風(fēng)，鄧宇.再生混凝土抗凍耐久性實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].工業(yè)建筑，2005(9):64-66 [2] Zhang Leishun, wang Juan, Huang Qiufeng Deng Yu.Study on frost resistance frost durability of recycled aggregate concrete.[J].Industrial construction, 2005(9): 64-66.[3]葉青，納米復(fù)合水泥結(jié)構(gòu)材料的研究與開發(fā)[ J].新型建筑材料，2002(1):15-19 [3] Ye Qing, the research and development of nanometer composite cement structure [J].Journal of new building materials, 2002(1): 15 to 19

[4]黃功學(xué)，謝曉鵬，納米SiO2對水工混凝土耐久性影響試驗(yàn)研究[J].人民黃河，2011(70): 138-140 [4]Huang Gongxue, Xie Xiaopeng, Experimental Study on the Effect of Nano-SiO_2 to Durability in Hydraulic Concrete.[J].The people of the Yellow River, 2011(70): 138-140

[5]肖建莊，劉瓊，李文貴，Vivian Tam.再生混凝土細(xì)微觀結(jié)構(gòu)和破壞機(jī)理研究[J].青島理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2009(4):24-30 [5] Xiao Jianzhuang, Liu Qiong Li Wengui, Vivian Tam, On the Micro-and Meso-Struture and Failure Mechanism of Recycle Concrete.[J].journal of qingdao technological university , 2009(4): 24 to 30

[6]楊青，錢曉倩，錢匡亮，王章夫，周堂貴.再生混凝土納米復(fù)合強(qiáng)化實(shí)驗(yàn)[J].材料科學(xué)與工程學(xué)報(bào)，2011(10):66-69 [6]Yang qing ,Qian Xiaoqian, Qian Kuangliang, Wang Zhangfu, Zhou, Tanggui.Recycled Concrete Intensified by Nano-materious [J].Journal of materials science and engineering, 2011(10): 66-69

[7]7]J.Camiletti,A.M.Soliman, M.L.Nehdi..Effects of nano-and micro-limestone addition on early-age properties of ultra-high-performance concrete[J].Materials and Structures，2012(10)[8][8]P.Hosseini,A.Booshehrian,A.Madari.Developing Concrete Recycling Strategies by Utilizationof Nano-SiO2 Particles[J].Waste Biomass Valor，2011(2):347–355

[9]杜江濤.再生混凝土細(xì)觀結(jié)構(gòu)研究綜述[M].廣東建材，2010(4):55-57 [9] Du Jiangtao.The Review of recycled concrete mesoscopic structure review [M].Guangdong building materials, 2010(4): 55 to 57

[10]肖建莊，蘭陽，李佳彬，王軍龍.再生混凝土長期使用性能研究進(jìn)展[J].結(jié)構(gòu)工程師，2005(6): 72-76 [10]Xiao jianzhuang.lan-yang, Li Jiabin Wang Junlong.The Research of Long-term recycled concrete.[J].Journal of structural engineers, 2005(6): 72-76

[11]Laila Raki,James Beaudoin,Rouhollah Alizadeh,Jon Makar.Cement and Concrete Nanoscience and Nanotechnology[J].Materials 2010(3):918-942

[12]謝德文，納米材料在混凝土中的應(yīng)用研究[J].能源技術(shù)與管理，2008(5):105-113 [12]Xie Dewen.The application of nano material in the concrete [J].Energy technology and management, 2008(5): 105-113

第二篇：文獻(xiàn)中英對照

11.1 BMC Family Practice IF：2.032 一個(gè)實(shí)用臨床試驗(yàn)的原理和設(shè)計(jì)，以評估家庭血壓監(jiān)測和降壓藥自滴定對控制不良的高血壓的影響

摘要：

Lack of control of hypertension is one of the most prevalent problems encountered by general practitioners(GPs).Self-measured blood pressure monitoring at home(SMBP)and self-titration of medication could be a good strategy to improve hypertension management, however, evidence is limited and not conclusive.We aimed to assess the effectiveness, in the primary care setting, of an intervention that includes educational components, SMBP and self-titration of antihypertensive medication to decrease systolic blood pressure compared to usual care, in a population with poorly controlled hypertension, during a 12-month period.背景:高血壓控制不足是全科醫(yī)生遇到的最普遍的問題之一。家庭自測血壓(SMBP)和藥物自滴定可能是改善高血壓管理的一個(gè)好策略，然而，證據(jù)有限，沒有結(jié)論性。我們的目的是評估在基層醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中，在高血壓控制不足的人群中，相比于常規(guī)治療，包含教育、SMBP和自滴定降壓藥的干預(yù)措施在12個(gè)月內(nèi)降低收縮壓的效果。

Methods: Pragmatic, controlled, randomized, unblinded clinical trial with two parallel groups assigned in a ratio of 1:1 to self-management(which includes educational components, SBMP and self-titration of antihypertensive medication based on a patient s GP s pre-established adjustment plan)or to usual care(with educational components too)

方法:采用實(shí)用的、隨機(jī)對照非盲的臨床試驗(yàn)，將兩平行組按1:1的比例分配給自我管理組(其中包括教育成分、SBMP和基于患者的家庭醫(yī)生預(yù)先制定的調(diào)整計(jì)劃自我滴定降壓藥）或常規(guī)護(hù)理組(也包括教育成分)。

Discussion: If the data from this trial show positive results, the study may contribute to a change of strategy in the treatment of hypertension, focusing on the patient as the main actor to achieve blood pressure control.Furthermore, this approach might contribute to the financial sustainability of the National Health Service

討論:如果本試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)顯示為陽性，本研究可能有助于改變高血壓治療策略，以患者為主要角色控制血壓。此外，這種做法可能有助于國家衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的財(cái)政可持續(xù)性。

試驗(yàn)注冊:本試驗(yàn)已在數(shù)據(jù)庫中注冊，編號EudraCT: 2016-003986-25。2017年5月5日注冊 關(guān)鍵詞:自我監(jiān)測;血壓;高血壓；自我滴定；基層醫(yī)療；實(shí)用的臨床試驗(yàn)

背景：

The presence of hypertension is one of the most important issues in the global burden of disease [1].In developed countries, the degree of control of hypertension has increased progressively over the last 15 years and has contributed to a decline in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [2 8].However, a recent study carried out in 12 European countries showed that more than 50% of patients treated for hypertension continued to have uncontrolled blood pressure(BP)[9] and that results are far from ideal.As a large part of hypertension management is carried out in primary care(PC)and it is one of the most prevalent problems encountered by General Practitioners(GP), interventions aimed at improving its management should preferably be made in this setting.Recent hypertension clinical guidelines put emphasis on self-measured blood pressure monitoring(SMBP)by patients and on team-based systems to manage the condition [10].高血壓的存在是全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)[1]中最重要的問題之一。在發(fā)達(dá)國家，高血壓的控制程度在過去15年中逐步提高，心血管發(fā)病率和死亡率下降[2-8]。然而，最近在12個(gè)歐洲國家進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究表明，50%以上接受高血壓治療的患者仍然無法控制血壓(BP)[9]，這一結(jié)果遠(yuǎn)非理想。由于高血壓管理的很大一部分是在基層醫(yī)療(PC)中進(jìn)行的，它是全科醫(yī)生遇到的最普遍的問題之一，因此改善管理的干預(yù)在這種機(jī)構(gòu)下進(jìn)行可能更好。最近的高血壓臨床指南強(qiáng)調(diào)由患者在家庭自行測量血壓(SMBP)和基于團(tuán)隊(duì)的系統(tǒng)來管理[10]。

Self-measured blood pressure monitoring at home(SMBP)is practiced extensively nowadays.In the United Kingdom and Canada it is highly recommended by GPs and used by more than 30% of patients [11, 12].Systematic reviews have shown disparate information regarding the effectiveness of SMBP alone in reducing blood pressure(BP).On the other hand, self-monitoring in conjunction with co-interventions(including systematic medication titration by doctors, pharmacists, or patients;education;or lifestyle counseling)has been shown to lead to clinically significant BP reduction, which persists for at least 12 months.Nevertheless, the effectiveness of SMBP requires additional evaluation given that its definition in those studies is highly heterogeneous(different clinical protocols, different strategies for additional support and management)and given the fact that most studies have short follow-ups(1 year or less)[13, 14].目前家庭自測血壓廣泛應(yīng)用。在英國和加拿大，全科醫(yī)生高度推薦它（家庭自測血壓），超過30%的患者使用[11,12]。系統(tǒng)評價(jià)顯示單獨(dú)SMBP降低血壓(BP)有效性的不同信息。另一方面，自我監(jiān)測與聯(lián)合干預(yù)相結(jié)合(包括醫(yī)生、藥劑師或患者的系統(tǒng)藥物滴定;教育;或者生活方式咨詢)已經(jīng)被證明會引起顯著臨床意義的血壓下降，至少持續(xù)12個(gè)月。然而，鑒于SMBP在那些研究中的定義高度異質(zhì)性(不同的臨床方案，不同的額外支持和管理策略)，并且考慮到大多數(shù)研究的隨訪時(shí)間較短(1年或更短)，SMBP的有效性需要額外的評估[13,14]。

Regarding home titration of antihypertensive medication, evidence is more limited and shows mixed results.Two clinical essays, the TASMINH2 [15]and the TASMINH-SR[16], both in the United Kingdom and developed in the primary care setting by the same research team, are some of the most recent and interesting clinical trials carried out in this field.In these studies, SMBP together with self-titrate medications(according to a previously agreed plan), combined with telemedicine components, was compared with usual care.In both studies systolic blood pressure(SBP)decreased from baseline to 12 months, with significant differences between the intervention and control group(5.4 and 9.2 mmHg, respectively).Frequency of side effects was similar in both groups [15, 16].The TASMINH-SR study is of special relevance because it was carried out with high risk patients(with a personal history of stroke, ischemic cardiopathy, diabetes or kidney failure), a population of special interest to achieve BP targets [16].On the other hand, a clinical trial carried out in the US in a low-income, predominantly minority population, aimed to determine whether health coaching, SMBP and home titration of antihypertensive medications could improve BP control compared with SMBP and health coaching alone.The results showed that both the home-titration arm and the no–home-titration arm had a reduction in SBP, with no significant differences between them from baseline to 6 months [17].關(guān)于降壓藥的家庭滴定，證據(jù)更有限，結(jié)果不一。兩篇臨床論文，TASMINH2[15]和TASMINH-SR[16]，都在英國，由同一研究小組在基層醫(yī)療環(huán)境下進(jìn)行的，是在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域最新和令人關(guān)注的臨床試驗(yàn)。在這些研究中，將SMBP和自滴定藥物(根據(jù)先前商定的計(jì)劃)，以及遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療成分，與常規(guī)治療進(jìn)行比較。在這兩項(xiàng)研究中，從基線到12個(gè)月收縮壓(SBP)在干預(yù)組和對照組之間下降有顯著差異(分別為5.4mmHg和9.2 mmHg)。兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生頻率相似[15,16]。TASMINH-SR研究之所以具有特殊意義，是因?yàn)樗轻槍Ω唢L(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者(有中風(fēng)、缺血性心臟病、糖尿病或腎衰竭的個(gè)人病史)進(jìn)行的，而這些患者對達(dá)到BP目標(biāo)[16]特別感興趣。另一方面，美國在一個(gè)以少數(shù)族裔為主的低收入人群中進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)，目的是確定，與單獨(dú)進(jìn)行SMBP和健康指導(dǎo)相比，健康指導(dǎo)、SMBP和降壓藥家庭滴定是否能改善血壓控制。結(jié)果表明，家庭滴定和非家庭滴定SBP均有降低，從基線到6個(gè)月[17]無顯著差異。

Finally, when interpreting hypertension studies over time, it is important to procede with caution, as the definition of the condition changes almost with every update of guidance.For instance, earlier versions of guidelines such as those of the the Joint National Committee(JNC)and of the European Society of Hypertension(ESH)/European Society of Cardiology(ESC), suggested more restrictive BP control objectives than recent versions(especially in patients over 60 years old, diabetics and patients with renal failure)[18-20].These objectives may be modified again in the light of the results of recent studies [21 23].最后，隨著時(shí)間的推移，在解釋高血壓研究時(shí)，必須謹(jǐn)慎行事，因?yàn)檫@種情況的定義幾乎隨著指南的更新而改變。例如,早期版本的指南如聯(lián)合國委員會的(JNC)和歐洲高血壓協(xié)會（ESH）/歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(ESC)的,相比最新的指南，提出更加嚴(yán)格的血壓控制目標(biāo)(特別是在60歲以上患者,糖尿病患者和腎衰患者){18-20]。根據(jù)最近的研究結(jié)果，這些目標(biāo)可能會再次修改[21 23]。

研究目的

The primary aim of the ADAMPA TRIAL is to assess the effectiveness, in the primary care setting, of an intervention that includes educational components, SMBP and self-titration of antihypertensive medication to decrease SBP compared to usual care, in a population with poorly controlled hypertension, during a 12-month period.In addition, an extension with passive follow-up is planned for 24 months, collecting a reduced set of outcome variables as secondary variables.ADAMPA試驗(yàn)的主要目的是評估在基層醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中，在高血壓控制不足的人群中，相比于常規(guī)治療，包含教育、SMBP和自滴定降壓藥的干預(yù)措施在12個(gè)月內(nèi)降低收縮壓的效果。此外，計(jì)劃進(jìn)行24個(gè)月的被動隨訪延伸，收集結(jié)果變量減少的組作為次要變量。

Main research questions 1.Does a self-management intervention based on SMBP and self-titration medication allow for better control of blood pressure? 2.What is the impact of this intervention on adherence to treatments, lifestyle changes, quality of life, clinical outcomes and use of health services? 3.Is this intervention cost-effective? 4.What are patients , caregivers and health professionals views and experiences of SMBP plus self-titration in poorly controlled hypertension 主要研究問題 1.2.3.4.基于SMBP和自滴定藥物的自我管理干預(yù)能夠更好地控制血壓嗎? 這種干預(yù)對治療依從性、生活方式改變、生活質(zhì)量、臨床結(jié)局和醫(yī)療服務(wù)的使用有什么影響? 這種干預(yù)是否具有成本效益? 在控制不良的高血壓中，患者、護(hù)理人員和衛(wèi)生專業(yè)人員對SMBP加自滴定有什么看法和經(jīng)驗(yàn)

Methods

Study design and setting

The ADAMPA study is a pragmatic, controlled, randomized, unblinded clinical trial with two parallel groups assigned in a ratio of 1:1 to self-management(which includes educational components, SBMP and self-titration of antihypertensive medication based on a patient sGP s pre-established adjustment plan)or to usual care(with educational components too).方法

研究設(shè)計(jì)和設(shè)置

ADAMPA研究是一個(gè)務(wù)實(shí)的,控制,隨機(jī)選取臨床試驗(yàn)和兩個(gè)平行組分配比例1:1的自我管理(包括教育部分,SBMP和s基于患者的全科醫(yī)生預(yù)先制定的調(diào)整計(jì)劃進(jìn)行降壓藥自滴定)或常規(guī)治療(也有教育部分)。

All participants belong to a Health Area in the Valencia Region(Spain), with a population coverage of 345,500 inhabitants and a geographical area covering the north-east of the city of Valencia and some surrounding towns that are served by sixteen Primary Care Centers(PCC), two Hospitals and a Medical Specialty Centre.This trial has been registered in the https://eudract.ema.europa.eu/ database with reference number EudraCT: 2016 003986-25.所有參與者屬于瓦倫西亞地區(qū)的衛(wèi)生區(qū)域(西班牙),人口為345500的人口覆蓋率，地理區(qū)域覆蓋瓦倫西亞城市的東北部和一些周邊城鎮(zhèn)，有十六個(gè)基層醫(yī)療中心(PCC),兩家醫(yī)院和醫(yī)療專業(yè)中心提供服務(wù)。

該試驗(yàn)已在數(shù)據(jù)庫注冊https://eudract.ema.europa。eu/，編號為EudraCT: 2016 003986-25。

Study participants

Identification and recruitment Potential patients eligible to participate in the study will be selected by their General Practitioners(GP)among all patients attending their general practice(case-finding).In their general practice at the PCC, the GPs will inform patients of the study objective and in the case that they meet the inclusion criteria and none of exclusion criteria, GPs will give them the information sheet and informed consent form, responding to all queries and concerns.研究參與者 識別和招募

有資格參與研究的潛在患者將由他們的全科醫(yī)生(GP)在就診的所有患者中選擇(病例發(fā)現(xiàn))。在基層醫(yī)療中心，如果患者符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而沒有排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，全科醫(yī)生會告知患者研究目的，全科醫(yī)生會給他們信息表和知情同意書，同時(shí)對所有的懷疑和憂慮作出回應(yīng)。

Eligibility criteria Eligibility criteria will aim to recruit patients with treated hypertension managed in primary care, who are aged 40 years or older, have a diagnosis of hypertension in their electronic history(coded),haveameanBPreading on the reference arm of SBP > 145 or diastolic blood pressure(DBP)> 90 mmHg on the baseline examination, who voluntarily accept participation in the study and sign the corresponding informed consent.The mean BP will be obtained as follows: In the first visit, BP should be measured on both arms.If there are differences, the reference arm should be that with the highest value of BP.Subsequently, the average BP of at least two measurements, in the sitting position, spaced 1-2 min apart should be calculated.If the first two readings are very different, an additional measurement should be done and the mean BP will be the average of the two readings considered valid [8].合格的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

合格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)旨在招募在基層醫(yī)療管理且高血壓在治療的患者，40歲以上,在電子病歷診斷過高血壓(編碼), 基線檢查時(shí)參照臂的SBP平均值 > 145或舒張壓(DBP)的平均值> 90 mmHg,自愿參與研究并簽署相應(yīng)的知情同意。平均血壓得到的方法如下:第一次就診時(shí)，血壓需要測量雙上臂。如果有差異，參考臂應(yīng)該是BP值最高的那個(gè)。隨后，至少兩次坐姿血壓測量的平均值，間隔1-2分鐘計(jì)算。如果前兩個(gè)讀數(shù)區(qū)別不同，則需要進(jìn)行額外測量，兩次有效的讀數(shù)的平均值即為血壓平均值[8]。

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria will include inability to self-manage their BP, including dementia or significant cognitive impairment(at the discretion of the researcher performing the recruitment), a history of orthostatic hypotension(fall> 20 mmHg from SBP after taking the orthostatic position), SBP > 200 or DBP > 100 mmHg in the baseline examination, being prescribed more than 4 antihypertensive drugs, inclusion in another hypertension study or clinical trial, presence of tremor or neurological disease that makes it difficult to perform SMBP, presence of arrhythmia, presence of terminal illness, chronic incapacitation to leave home, an acute cardiovascular event in the last 3 months, hypertension managed directly by other specialist doctors outside the primary care environment，pregnant women or those actively seeking to become pregnant, having a household member already enrolled in the study and non-or temporary residents.排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括,沒有自己管理血壓的能力的，包括癡呆或重大的認(rèn)知損害(由負(fù)責(zé)招募的研究者判斷),直立性低血壓病史(立位后SBP下降> 20毫米汞柱),在基線檢查時(shí)SBP > 200或DBP> 100毫米汞柱,開超過4種降壓藥,參與另外的高血壓研究或臨床試驗(yàn),存在震顫或神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病，使得SBPM有困難的，存在心律失常，存在終末期疾病，長期不能離開家，在過去3個(gè)月發(fā)生急性心血管事件，高血壓在基層醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)之外的由其他專科醫(yī)生直接管理的。懷孕婦女或那些積極準(zhǔn)備懷孕的，家庭成員已經(jīng)登記參加研究和非或臨時(shí)居民。

Randomization Patients with uncontrolled hypertension will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either usual care or self-management using a computer randomization system via internet.Minimization will be used [24], taking into account age, gender, SBP > 160 mm HG, diabetes, cardiovascular disease(ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy and peripheral arterial disease), stroke(chronic stroke)and chronic kidney disease status.Similar approaches have been used in previous clinical trials of self-monitoring in the control of hypertension [15, 16].隨機(jī)化

通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用計(jì)算機(jī)隨機(jī)化系統(tǒng)將高血壓控制不好的患者以1:1的比例隨機(jī)化分為常規(guī)醫(yī)療或自我管理。將使用最小化[24]，考慮年齡、性別、SBP > 160mm HG、糖尿病、心血管疾病(缺血性心臟病、心力衰竭、心肌病和外周動脈疾病)、中風(fēng)(慢性中風(fēng))和慢性腎病狀態(tài)。在以往高血壓控制的自我監(jiān)測的臨床試驗(yàn)中也使用了類似的方法[15,16]。

Participant flow through the study該研究參與者經(jīng)過

An overview of the schedule of enrolment, interventions, and assessments in the ADAMPA study, according to the SPIRIT guidelines is shown in Fig.1.Each aspect will be described in more detail throughout the present protocol.在ADAMPA研究中，根據(jù)SPIRIT指南的注冊、干預(yù)和評估的時(shí)間表概述如圖1所示。每一個(gè)方面都將在本協(xié)議中詳細(xì)描述。

Recruited hypertensive patients who meet the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria, who have been duly informed(by their GP)of the characteristics of the study, have signed the informed consent and been randomly assigned to the intervention or control group, will proceed as follows

招募符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)但沒有排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的高血壓患者，他們已經(jīng)(由他們的家庭醫(yī)生)充分被告知研究的特征，已經(jīng)簽署知情同意書并被隨機(jī)分配到干預(yù)組或?qū)φ战M，將按照如下步驟進(jìn)行 干預(yù)組

At their practice, the GPs will have established, with each patient in the intervention group, the BP target according to the European Guide for the management of Hypertension 2013 [19] and how to act according to their BP measurements(Fig.2), including instructions for medication self-adjustment(if necessary).At the same time, the GP will inform them that they will be recalled to make an appointment with a member of the research team, who will provide them with additional information about their self-management of BP and for completing data corresponding to the baseline visit.在他們的實(shí)踐中，全科醫(yī)生(GPs)與干預(yù)組的每個(gè)患者一起，根據(jù)2013年歐洲高血壓管理指南[19]設(shè)定血壓目標(biāo)值和如何根據(jù)他們測量的血壓采取行動(圖2)，包括藥物自我調(diào)整的說明(如果必要的話)。同時(shí)，全科醫(yī)生將告知他們，他們將被召回（通知）與研究小組中的那名向他們提供關(guān)于血壓自我管理信息成員預(yù)約，完成與基線來訪相對應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)。

Subsequently, patients will be given-and trained in the use of-a validated home blood pressure monitor(Omron M3 model HEM-7131-E), as well as the Intervention group booklet containing: the patient s code, the reference arm on which BP is measured, the BP target, general information and basic recommendations for improving BP control, instructions to manage the home blood pressure monitor, how to act according to their BP(Fig.2)and the monthly registration sheets for a six month period in order to register their blood pressure twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening(for the first seven days of each month)and to register contacts related to their BP(by phone, regular or urgent consultation at the office or hospital consultation)during that follow-up period.隨后，患者將接受驗(yàn)證過的家用血壓計(jì)(歐姆龍M3型hemi-7131-e)的使用培訓(xùn)，以及包含以下內(nèi)容的干預(yù)組小冊子:病人編碼,血壓測量的手臂,血壓目標(biāo),改善BP控制的一般信息和基本建議、家庭血壓計(jì)管理說明,根據(jù)他們的BP(圖2)如何行動和在六個(gè)月內(nèi)的每月登記表，這個(gè)表一天登記兩次的血壓，每天早上和晚上一次(每月的頭七天)，并登記隨訪期間與BP相關(guān)的聯(lián)系(通過電話、定期或緊急咨詢診室或醫(yī)院咨詢)。

對照組

Patients will be informed by their GP that they will continue their usual care regarding their BP and that they will be recalled to make an appointment with a member of the research team, who will provide them with information and basic recommendations for improvement of BP control and for completing the data corresponding to the baseline visit.Subsequently, members of the research team will deliver the Control group booklet containing the patient s code, general information and basic recommendations for improving BP control, as well as the monthly registration sheets for a six month period in order to register contacts related to their BP(by phone, regular or urgent consultation at the general practice or hospital consultation)during the follow-up period.全科醫(yī)生告知病人,繼續(xù)他們血壓的常規(guī)治療,他們將被召回與研究小組中那名向他們提供改善血壓控制基本建議的成員預(yù)約，完成與基線來訪相對應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)。隨后,研究團(tuán)隊(duì)的成員給對照組小冊子，包含病人編號,一般信息和改善BP控制的基本建議,以及在六個(gè)月內(nèi)的每月登記表，這個(gè)表登記隨訪期間與BP相關(guān)的聯(lián)系(通過電話、定期或緊急咨詢診室或醫(yī)院咨詢)。

Patients in the control and intervention groups will be informed that the research team will phone them four weeks after the baseline visit to clarify any doubts raised.If necessary, on-site visits will be arranged for further clarification.對照組和干預(yù)組的患者將被告知，研究小組將在基線隨訪4周后給他們打電話，以闡明任何疑問。如有需要，將安排現(xiàn)場隨訪進(jìn)一步澄清。

Both groups will be contacted by phone at 3 months to clarify any doubts and at 6 months a follow-up visit will be established at the PCC, where the corresponding variables will be collected.The same will be done at 12 months.The follow-up variables will be collected up to a maximum of 6 weeks after the end of the follow-up period.An extension of the study will be performed with passive follow-up at 24 months, collecting a reduced set of outcome variables as secondary variables.Participants flow through the trial is outlined in Fig.3.3個(gè)月后，都會通過電話聯(lián)系兩組闡明任何疑問，6個(gè)月后將在PCC進(jìn)行隨訪，收集相應(yīng)的變量。12個(gè)月后也是如此（在PCC隨訪）。隨訪變量將在隨訪期結(jié)束后最多6周內(nèi)收集。本研究的延伸將在24個(gè)月的被動隨訪中進(jìn)行，收集一組結(jié)局變量減少作為次要變量。試驗(yàn)的參與者流程如圖3所示。

Patients have the right to leave the study at any time.In addition, the researcher may discontinue a patient from the study if deemed necessary for any reason including: non-eligibility(retrospective if not detected at the time of inclusion, or prospective e.g.pregnancy during the follow up), an adverse event or disease progression involving incapacity to comply with trial procedures.患者有權(quán)隨時(shí)退出研究。此外，如有必要，研究者可終止患者參與本研究，理由包括:不合格(回顧時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，納入時(shí)未發(fā)現(xiàn)，或未來發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨訪時(shí)懷孕)，不良事件或包括無法遵守試驗(yàn)規(guī)定的疾病進(jìn)展。樣本量估算

A sample size of 382 patients was estimated in order to have 90% power to detect a difference in SBP of 5 mmHg(SD 15 mmHg)between the intervention and the control group with a contrast of two-tailed hypotheses and an alpha error of 0.05.This figure represents a clinically relevant difference(which should represent a reduction of approximately 19% in strokes)and is in line with the results observed in previous trials in this field(TASMINH2 and TASMINH-SR)[15, 16].These figures will be increased by 20% to compensate for possible drop-outs and follow-up loss, resulting in a total sample size of 458 participants.我們對382名患者的樣本量進(jìn)行了估計(jì)，以便有90%的能力檢測干預(yù)組和對照組之間SBP 5 mmHg(SD 15mmhg)的差異，采用雙尾假設(shè)對比，α誤差為0.05。這一數(shù)據(jù)（α）代表了一個(gè)臨床相關(guān)的差異(這應(yīng)該代表中風(fēng)減少了大約19%)，并且與該領(lǐng)域以前的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致(TASMINH2和TASMINH-SR)[15,16]。這些數(shù)字將增加20%，以彌補(bǔ)可能的退出和失訪，從而使總樣本量達(dá)到458人。干預(yù)組

Blood pressure self-monitoring Patients will be trained to perform SMBP by the research team through a validated home blood pressure monitor(Omron model M3 HEM-7131-E).Patients will take their BP in the morning and in the afternoon, every day of the first week of each month.This will be done in the morning, before breakfast and before taking their medication(between 6 am.and 9 am.)and in the evening before dinner and before taking their medication(between 6 pm.and 9 pm.).These measurements will be recorded by the patients for the first seven days of each month on the monthly registration sheets located in the Intervention group booklet.If patients want to monitor their BP during the remaining weeks of the month, it is recommended that they just do so one day a week.Patients are instructed to act according to a table that contains easy-to-follow colour coded action steps.This guideline prompts the patient to contact the GP or visit the health center when BP values are very high or very low.Four or more above target readings in a month will require a change in medication(See Fig.2).研究小組訓(xùn)練血壓自我監(jiān)測的患者用經(jīng)驗(yàn)證的家庭血壓計(jì)(歐姆龍M3型HEM-7131-E)來SMBP。患者將在每個(gè)月的第一周的每天早上和下午進(jìn)行血壓檢查。這將在早上，早餐之前和服藥之前(早上6點(diǎn)到9點(diǎn)之間)完成。在晚餐前和服藥前(下午6點(diǎn)到9點(diǎn)之間)。這些測量數(shù)據(jù)將由患者在每個(gè)月的頭七天記錄在干預(yù)組手冊的每月登記表上。如果病人想在每月的最后幾周監(jiān)測他們的血壓，建議他們一周只監(jiān)測一天。病人被指示根據(jù)一張表格采取行動，表格中包含易于遵循的彩色編碼動作步驟。當(dāng)血壓值非常高或非常低時(shí)，該指南提示患者聯(lián)系全科醫(yī)生或醫(yī)療中心就診。一個(gè)月內(nèi)超過目標(biāo)值4次以上的患者需要改變用藥(見圖2)。

Target blood pressure

Patients will be informed of their target BP, which will be established by their own GP and individualized for each patient based on the Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension(ESH)and European Society of Cardiology(ESC)[19].Recommendations on target BP, according to cardiovascular risk and reflecting home as compared to office readings are shown in Table 1.目標(biāo)血壓 患者將被告知他們的目標(biāo)血壓，目標(biāo)血壓將由他們?nèi)漆t(yī)生根據(jù)歐洲高血壓協(xié)會(ESH)和歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(ESC)[19]高血壓管理指南個(gè)性化制定。根據(jù)心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和與診室讀數(shù)相比反映家庭的目標(biāo)血壓的建議如表1所示。

Self-titration

In order to reach their target BP, each patient will be given a self-management plan to adjust medication if necessary depending on blood pressure measurements(See Fig.2).The self-adjustment plan will consist of either an increase in the dose or additional medication.Therapeutic plan choice will be at the discretion of the GP, who will receive a copy of the Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology [19] to aid decision-making.If self-adjustment takes place, the participant will have an appointment with his/her GP within 3 weeks following self-adjustment, and a new tailored self-management plan will be provided.自我滴定 為了達(dá)到目標(biāo)血壓，給每個(gè)患者自我管理計(jì)劃，必要時(shí)根據(jù)血壓測量情況調(diào)整藥物(見圖2)。自我調(diào)整計(jì)劃包括增加劑量或加其他藥物。治療方案的選擇將由GP決定，GP將收到歐洲心臟病學(xué)會[19]臨床實(shí)踐指南的副本，以幫助決策。如果進(jìn)行自我調(diào)整，參與者將在自我調(diào)整后的3周內(nèi)預(yù)約全科醫(yī)生，并提供新的量身定制的自我管理計(jì)劃。對照組

Patients allocated to the control group will receive routine hypertension care with appointments and medication changes following the GP s criteria in the context of routine clinical practice.在對照組的患者將接受常規(guī)高血壓治療，并按照全科醫(yī)生在常規(guī)臨床實(shí)踐中的準(zhǔn)則進(jìn)行預(yù)約和調(diào)藥。

In both, the intervention and control group, all relevant concomitant care within usual clinical practice will be at the discretion of the GP.在干預(yù)組和對照組中，所有日常臨床實(shí)踐相關(guān)的將由全科醫(yī)生決定。結(jié)果

The primary outcome will be the change in mean SBP-mmHg-between baseline and 12 months.Secondary outcomes will include:

1.Change in mean SBP at 6 and 24 months of follow-up.2.Change in mean DBP at 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up.3.Percentage of patients with SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg at 6, 12 and 24 months of follow-up.4.Quality of life(as measured by EuroQoL-5D)at 6, 12 and 24 months of follow-up.5.Adherence measured by proportion of days covered(PDC)at 6 and 12 months of follow-up.6.Persistence, defined as period of continuous use of the corresponding drug from the beginning of the follow-up until its discontinuation at 6 and 12 months of follow-up.7.Therapeutic inertia(TI), defined as the number of patients whose pharmacological treatment had not been modified, divided by the number of patients not reaching the target values(SBP and/or DBP measurements taken at 6 and 12 months of follow-up), according to the recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology [19].主要結(jié)果是在基線和12個(gè)月之間平均SBP-mmhg的變化。次要結(jié)果包括: 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.隨訪6個(gè)月和24個(gè)月時(shí)平均SBP的變化。隨訪6個(gè)月、12個(gè)月和24個(gè)月時(shí)平均DBP變化。

隨訪6、12、24個(gè)月，SBP < 140 mmHg, DBP < 90 mmHg的患者百分比。隨訪6個(gè)月、12個(gè)月和24個(gè)月時(shí)的生活質(zhì)量(以EuroQoL-5D衡量)。隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月時(shí)，以覆蓋天數(shù)占比(PDC)來測量依從性。持久性，指從隨訪開始到隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月停止使用相應(yīng)藥物的時(shí)間。

治療慣性(TI),定義為沒有調(diào)藥的患者數(shù)量除以沒有目標(biāo)(在6和12個(gè)月的隨訪時(shí)測量的SBP和/或DBP)病人的數(shù)量,目標(biāo)值是根據(jù)歐洲高血壓協(xié)會和歐洲心臟病學(xué)會的建議[19]。其他結(jié)果指標(biāo)：

1.Changes in lifestyle(smoking, exercise, body weight)at 6, 12, and 24 months compared to these characteristics at baseline.2.Clinical events: We will assess if any of the following adverse events are present during the follow-up: angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypotensive crisis and death.3.Use of health services for hypertension at 6, 12 and 24 months.4.Incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year gained in the intervention group compared to the control group.5.Views and experiences of patients and health professionals on the self-management(SMBP plus self-titration)of hypertension.1.6個(gè)月、12個(gè)月和24個(gè)月時(shí)與基線時(shí)相比生活方式(吸煙、鍛煉、體重)的變化。

2.臨床事件:我們將評估在隨訪期間是否存在以下不良事件:心絞痛、心肌梗死、中風(fēng)、低血壓危機(jī)和死亡。3.4.5.在6個(gè)月、12個(gè)月和24個(gè)月因高血壓醫(yī)療服務(wù)的使用。干預(yù)組與對照組相比，每質(zhì)量調(diào)整生命年增加的成本。

患者和醫(yī)療專家對高血壓自我管理(SMBP +自我滴定)的看法和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

數(shù)據(jù)收集

Data will be collected at the different participant study sites.Details on type of data and timing of collection are shown in Fig.1.Data entry, coding, security, and storage, including any related processes to promote data quality(eg, double data entry, etc)and other aspects related to data management such as data monitoring of the ADAMPA study, will be performed by the SCReN platform(for more information on the Screen platform and its role regarding the ADAMPA study, see:http://www.tmdps.cnplete cases.We will use mixed models(general linear modeling GLM)to compare SBP at 12 months between the intervention and control groups.This analysis will be presented in both crude and adjusted forms for the different covariates of interest(baseline BP, gender, GP/PCC-random effect, diabetes, etc.).A sensitivity analysis will be performed to examine the potential effect of missing data, which will include substitution by multiple imputation, replacement of data lost by the most recent data or by the mean of the series.Additionally, analyses of the main outcome measure by subgroups of age, gender, comorbidity, level of chronicity, better control at baseline, etc.will be performed.分析將基于為了案列完整的意向性治療。我們將使用混合模型(通用線性建模GLM)來比較干預(yù)組和對照組12個(gè)月的SBP。該分析將以粗糙和調(diào)整的形式呈現(xiàn)，以適應(yīng)不同的協(xié)變量(基線血壓、性別、GP/ pccs隨機(jī)效應(yīng)、糖尿病等)。將進(jìn)行敏感性分析，以檢查缺失數(shù)據(jù)的潛在影響，這將包括通過多重插補(bǔ)替代，用序列的平均值或最近數(shù)據(jù)替代缺失的數(shù)據(jù)。此外，還將根據(jù)年齡、性別、合并癥、慢性程度、基線控制的更好等亞組分析主要結(jié)果指標(biāo)。

Differences in secondary outcome measures(DBP, percentage of patients controlled, PDC, persistence and TI)will be analyzed using methods similar to those used for analysis of the main outcome measure.將使用與主要結(jié)果分析方法類似的方法分析次要結(jié)果(DBP、患者控制百分比、PDC覆蓋天數(shù)占比、持久性和TI治療慣性)的差異。經(jīng)濟(jì)分析

The economic analysis will include a cost-consequence analysis, estimating both the costs(hospitalizations, outpatient visits, emergency visits and antihypertensive drugs)and the potential benefits(e.g.reduced incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction, etc.)in natural units.In addition, we will collect information on Health-Related Quality of Life(HRQOL)through the EQ-5d questionnaire, which will allow us to obtain utilities and therefore perform a cost-utility analysis with the estimated benefits in terms of Quality-Adjusted Life-Years(QALY).經(jīng)濟(jì)分析將包括成本-后果分析，估計(jì)成本(住院、門診、急診和抗高血壓藥物)和潛在效益(如減少卒中、心肌梗死等)在自然單元。此外，我們將通過EQ-5d問卷收集與健康有關(guān)的生活質(zhì)量(HRQOL)的信息，（歐洲五維健康量表）可以讓我們獲得效用值，從而進(jìn)行成本-效用分析，根據(jù)質(zhì)量調(diào)整生命年(QALY)來估計(jì)效益。

A modeling will be performed to obtain longer-term predictions of the results observed in the trial.The results on which this modeling will be based will be survival, quality of life and costs associated with clinical events.A sensitivity analysis(deterministic and probabilistic)will be performed to analyze the robustness of the results.Key parameters will be modified to determine their impact on results.All analyses will be performed using STATA version 14.將進(jìn)行建模以獲得對試驗(yàn)中觀察到的結(jié)果的長期預(yù)測。這個(gè)模型所基于的結(jié)果是生存，生活質(zhì)量和與臨床事件相關(guān)的成本。將進(jìn)行敏感性分析(確定性和概率性)來分析結(jié)果的穩(wěn)健性。將修改關(guān)鍵參數(shù)以確定它們對結(jié)果的影響。所有分析將使用STATA 14進(jìn)行。質(zhì)量亞組分析

Qualitative research techniques will seek to provide an in-depth understanding of the positive elements and areas of improvement related to self-titration and self-monitoring intervention.To this end, two meetings will be held, one with professionals(GPs and nurses)and one with patients, using the Nominal Group Technique(NGT).The NGT is a working methodology that establishes a framework for highly structured interaction that enables participation and equal consideration of the contributions of all members of the working group, and allows the identification of priorities, consensus and disagreement, solution generation and decision-making in an agile and objective manner [25

定性研究技術(shù)將力求深入了解與自我滴定和自我監(jiān)測干預(yù)有關(guān)的積極因素和改進(jìn)領(lǐng)域。為此目的，將舉行兩次會議，一次與專業(yè)人員(全科醫(yī)生和護(hù)士)和一次與病人，使用名義群體技術(shù)(NGT)。NGT是一種工作方法，它為高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的交互建立了一個(gè)框架，允許工作組所有成員參與和平等地考慮其貢獻(xiàn)，并允許以敏捷和客觀的方式確定優(yōu)先級、共識和分歧、生成解決方案和決策[25] 討論

The ADAMPA trial is a clinical research project that aims to improve the control of BP through training the patient for self-management of their hypertension.Hypertension is a risk factor of high prevalence that, even today, presents an unacceptable percentage of uncontrolled patients, according to the recommendations of the guidelines of clinical practice for BP control.ADAMPA試驗(yàn)是一項(xiàng)臨床研究項(xiàng)目，目的是通過訓(xùn)練患高血壓自我管理來改善血壓控制。根據(jù)《血壓控制臨床實(shí)踐指南》的建議，高血壓是高患病率的危險(xiǎn)因素，即使在今天，仍有不可接受的比例的患者不受控制。

If the data from this trial show positive results, the study may contribute to a change of strategy in the treatment of hypertension, focusing on the patient as the main actor to achieve these objectives.Furthermore, this approach might contribute to the financial sustainability of the National Health Service.如果本次試驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示陽性結(jié)果，本研究可能有助于改變高血壓治療策略，以患者為主以達(dá)到這些目標(biāo)。此外，這種做法可能有助于國家衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的財(cái)政可持續(xù)性。

第三篇：供應(yīng)商質(zhì)量管理文獻(xiàn)翻譯(外文翻譯,中英對照)

互利共贏的供應(yīng)商質(zhì)量控制

前言

近年來，隨著對供應(yīng)鏈的重視，供應(yīng)商管理正逐漸成為企業(yè)和學(xué)術(shù)界的關(guān)注對象，IS09000族標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及QS 9000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都對供應(yīng)商的管理提出了相應(yīng)的要求，與供應(yīng)商管理有關(guān)的研究成果正逐漸增多，一些軟件巨頭也推出了供應(yīng)商關(guān)系管理的軟件，但是在這些研究成果和應(yīng)用軟件中，涉及到的供應(yīng)商質(zhì)量控制的內(nèi)容只是一些最基本的要求，而供應(yīng)商質(zhì)量控制恰恰是供應(yīng)商管理的最基本、最重要的內(nèi)容。另一方而，質(zhì)量管理界對質(zhì)量控制的研究取得了大量的成果，遺憾的是這些成果大多依然局限于企業(yè)的內(nèi)部控制，僅僅研究從企業(yè)內(nèi)部各環(huán)節(jié)如何改善產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量，而基于供應(yīng)鏈的角度來研究質(zhì)量控制的成果尚不多見。因此，系統(tǒng)地研究經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化形勢下供應(yīng)商質(zhì)量控制的理論與方法，將有助于推動我國企業(yè)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的快速提高和供應(yīng)鏈競爭優(yōu)勢的形成與鞏固。

1、質(zhì)量與企業(yè)共存

質(zhì)量一直是一個(gè)隨著時(shí)代的變化而不斷變化的概念，人們對質(zhì)量的認(rèn)識也往往因關(guān)注點(diǎn)不同而有所不同。如，早在1908年，通用汽車公司的工程師們在皇家汽車俱樂部會員們的面前拆解了3輛凱迪拉克轎車，并把這些零件混在一起，而后從中選擇零件重新組裝成車，然后駕車絕塵而去。這令在場的會員極為震驚，認(rèn)為凱迪拉克車質(zhì)量之高令人驚嘆。顯然在當(dāng)時(shí)，汽車零件具有互換性是一種了不起的質(zhì)量特性，這也是福特公司的N型車和T型車取得輝煌成功的重要原因。時(shí)至今日，即使農(nóng)用三輪車的零部件也具有極高的互換性，零部件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和互換性已經(jīng)是理所當(dāng)然的事情，不再是吸引顧客的重要質(zhì)量特性。可見質(zhì)量的內(nèi)涵是不斷變化的。那么究竟什么是質(zhì)量呢?（1）市場竟?fàn)幘褪瞧髽I(yè)間對“顧客”的爭奪，在日益激烈的“顧客”爭奪戰(zhàn)中，質(zhì)量、價(jià)格、交付(交付日期、方式和手段)和服務(wù)是企業(yè)常用的四個(gè)法寶，其中質(zhì)量是根本，離開質(zhì)量其他三項(xiàng)將變得毫無意義，因此可以說質(zhì)量己成為市場競爭的焦點(diǎn)。它反映了產(chǎn)品是否能夠反映顧客需求、能否滿足顧客需求，從面決定了產(chǎn)品的市場前途。有鑒于此，質(zhì)量己成為一項(xiàng)全球性運(yùn)動，世界上所有優(yōu)秀企業(yè)無一不把質(zhì)量作為企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容，從戰(zhàn)略的角度來規(guī)劃質(zhì)量。

（2）對于企業(yè)經(jīng)營者來說，認(rèn)識到質(zhì)量對企業(yè)的重要意義只是經(jīng)營企業(yè)的第一步，重要的是如何利用科學(xué)的方法來保證產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量，使顧客滿意，來保證過程和工作的質(zhì)量來獲互利共炭的供應(yīng)商質(zhì)量控制得良好的業(yè)績。

眾所周知，企業(yè)管理是社會生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到一定程度的歷史產(chǎn)物，質(zhì)量管理作為企業(yè)管理的組成部分，同樣也是社會發(fā)展的客觀要求，特別是顧客處于主導(dǎo)地位的今天，要使顧客滿意，就必須有過硬的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和服務(wù)質(zhì)量，這就要求企業(yè)積極推行先進(jìn)的質(zhì)量管理理論與方法，不斷進(jìn)行質(zhì)量管理創(chuàng)新。

2、企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商質(zhì)量控制

隨著生產(chǎn)社會化的不斷發(fā)展，企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)活動分工越來越細(xì)，專業(yè)化程度越來越強(qiáng)，促使生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平越來越高，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量得到大幅度改善。通常，某一產(chǎn)品不可能由一個(gè)企業(yè)從最初的原材料開始加工直至形成顧客最終使用的產(chǎn)品，往往是通過多個(gè)企業(yè)分工協(xié)作來完成。另外，先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)方式的廣泛應(yīng)用，如準(zhǔn)時(shí)生產(chǎn)、敏捷制造、零庫存等，使企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商的關(guān)系愈加緊密，企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商的關(guān)系也由單純的買賣關(guān)系向互利共底的合作關(guān)系演變。

ISO 9000族標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自1987年誕生以來受到了世界各國的一致追捧，全球約50多萬家企業(yè)通過ISO 9001質(zhì)量管理體系認(rèn)證足以說明這套管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在引領(lǐng)國際管理潮流方面的巨大成功。在備受企業(yè)歡迎的新版標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO 9000:2000中，互利的供應(yīng)商關(guān)系被作為八項(xiàng)質(zhì)量管理原則之一，充分體現(xiàn)了供應(yīng)商關(guān)系管理在企業(yè)經(jīng)營實(shí)踐中的作用和價(jià)值。企業(yè)要貫徹這一原則，就必須從思l 想上認(rèn)識到供應(yīng)商的重要性，重視與供應(yīng)商良好關(guān)系的培育，并采取有力措施與之建立一種互利共贏的合作性關(guān)系。

3、供應(yīng)商選擇

選擇合適的供應(yīng)商是對供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制最有效手段，如果供應(yīng)商選擇不當(dāng)，無論后續(xù)的控制方法多么先進(jìn)、控制手段多么嚴(yán)格，都只能起到事倍功半的效果。因此要對供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制首先必須科學(xué)合理地選擇供應(yīng)商。

（1）企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營過程中，所需要的原材料和零部件不可能都由自己生產(chǎn)提供，決定其中哪些應(yīng)由供應(yīng)商提供不是一個(gè)簡單的買不買的問題，因?yàn)檫@涉及企業(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)流程，甚至涉及到企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商之間的業(yè)務(wù)流程再造，屬于企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略層次的問題。因而對零部件的自產(chǎn)和外購的選擇必須綜合考慮企業(yè)的經(jīng)營環(huán)境、企業(yè)自身實(shí)際情況以及供應(yīng)商的總體情況。

1）經(jīng)營環(huán)境分析

企業(yè)對于零部件自產(chǎn)還是外購的決策需要建立在對其經(jīng)營環(huán)境的準(zhǔn)確分析和把握的基礎(chǔ)之上。企業(yè)所在行業(yè)的整體狀況與發(fā)展態(tài)勢、國家宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢、企業(yè)產(chǎn)品的社會需求現(xiàn)狀及未來預(yù)側(cè)等因素都會影響到企業(yè)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)銷量。而預(yù)期的企業(yè)產(chǎn)銷量是企業(yè)進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)決策如互利共贏的供應(yīng)商質(zhì)量控制投資規(guī)模、設(shè)備配置的主要依據(jù)，也是企業(yè)零部件自產(chǎn)與外購決策的重要依據(jù)。另外，競爭對手的零部件自產(chǎn)與外購情況也是企業(yè)進(jìn)行決策的重要參考依據(jù)。

2)市場供應(yīng)情況

零部件的社會供應(yīng)狀況也是企業(yè)決定自產(chǎn)還是外購的重要依據(jù)。企業(yè)與其供應(yīng)商的關(guān)系的實(shí)質(zhì)就是相互依存的關(guān)系，正如一家勢力雄厚、規(guī)模巨大的企業(yè)會吸引很多供應(yīng)商在其周圍投資設(shè)廠一樣，具有完善配套供應(yīng)商的區(qū)域也常常吸引大的企業(yè)甚至跨國公司前來投資辦廠。某種零部件的社會供應(yīng)能力、價(jià)格、質(zhì)量和服務(wù)水平在很大程度上影響著企業(yè)的自產(chǎn)與外購決策。因此，企業(yè)應(yīng)全面了解其產(chǎn)品中零部件的社會供應(yīng)情況，注意從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上、展覽會、供應(yīng)商來信等渠道收集供應(yīng)商的企業(yè)介紹、產(chǎn)品樣本、獲獎證書、代理商授權(quán)書、營業(yè)執(zhí)照、產(chǎn)品實(shí)物質(zhì)量水平以及市場行情等方面的信息。然后，按照供應(yīng)商提供物資種類，可分別建立原材料、零部件、包裝材料等不同類別的潛在供應(yīng)商檔案。

（2）供應(yīng)商的檢測設(shè)備是供應(yīng)商賴以測量、分析和改進(jìn)的基礎(chǔ)條件。如果供應(yīng)商不具備必要的檢測手段，就無法提供真實(shí)準(zhǔn)確的質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)，供應(yīng)商的質(zhì)量控制就如空中樓閣。所以，在初選供應(yīng)商時(shí)，了解供應(yīng)商的檢測設(shè)備的配備情況和先進(jìn)程度同樣是十分必要的。

（3）過程能力指數(shù)和過程性能指數(shù)是反映供應(yīng)商生產(chǎn)過程質(zhì)量保證能力的兩個(gè)重要參數(shù)。過程能力指數(shù)反映供應(yīng)商短期的過程能力滿足公差要求的程度。過程性能指數(shù)反映供應(yīng)商長期的過程能力滿足公差要求的程度。供應(yīng)商是否進(jìn)行過程能力指數(shù)和過程性能指數(shù)的計(jì)算分析，可以在一定程度上反映其是否在生產(chǎn)過程中進(jìn)行了預(yù)防控制。過程能力指數(shù)和過程性能指數(shù)的變化則可以反映供應(yīng)商的質(zhì)量保證能力和質(zhì)量改進(jìn)潛力的大小，在很大程度上反映供應(yīng)商的實(shí)力和管理水平。因此，調(diào)查供應(yīng)商的過程能力指數(shù)和過程性能指數(shù)是選擇供應(yīng)商的重要依據(jù)。

4、供應(yīng)商的質(zhì)量控制

質(zhì)量管理的一項(xiàng)重要原則是“過程方法”，企業(yè)為了有效運(yùn)作，必須識別并管理許多相互關(guān)聯(lián)的過程，特別是這些過程之間的相互作用。供應(yīng)商是過程管理的源頭之一，是過程輸入的重要因素，因而，供應(yīng)商提供的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量如何，對于企業(yè)的過程質(zhì)量、體系質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量具有舉足輕重的作用。

（1）產(chǎn)品開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)階段，根據(jù)不同產(chǎn)品的不同要求，在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)建議書或產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)任務(wù)書中提出先行試驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目和課題，有針對性地為采用新原理、新結(jié)構(gòu)、新材料、新工藝，進(jìn)行先行試驗(yàn)，為了確保試驗(yàn)的效果和以后批量生產(chǎn)的需要，這一階段的一項(xiàng)重要工作就是對供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行初步控制，確保在新產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的各個(gè)階段以及批量生產(chǎn)時(shí)，都能夠有適合新產(chǎn)品或新服務(wù)需要的合格供應(yīng)商。

l（2）企業(yè)在批量生產(chǎn)過程中，對供應(yīng)商的質(zhì)量控制主要包括監(jiān)控供應(yīng)商的過程能力指數(shù)和過程性能指數(shù)、監(jiān)控供應(yīng)商的測量系統(tǒng)、審核供應(yīng)商的質(zhì)量管理體系、進(jìn)貨質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)、推動供應(yīng)商的質(zhì)量改進(jìn)、以及來自供應(yīng)商的不合格品的處置和質(zhì)量問題的解決等活動。

1）批量生產(chǎn)階段，供應(yīng)商提供的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的質(zhì)量直接決定了企業(yè)向顧客提供的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的質(zhì)量特性，企業(yè)在供應(yīng)商合作的過程中，應(yīng)監(jiān)控供應(yīng)商的質(zhì)量保證能力的變化，為了使監(jiān)控有效，企業(yè)應(yīng)就此與供應(yīng)商達(dá)成一致，并遵循協(xié)商一致的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和程序進(jìn)行。監(jiān)控的目的一般有兩個(gè)，一是防止供應(yīng)商的質(zhì)量保證能力出現(xiàn)下降的情況，確保最終產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的質(zhì)量，實(shí)現(xiàn)顧客滿意;二是與供應(yīng)商共同發(fā)現(xiàn)改進(jìn)的機(jī)會，尋找改進(jìn)的切人點(diǎn)，在更高層次上創(chuàng)造價(jià)值。

由于在批量生產(chǎn)階段供應(yīng)商大批量連續(xù)供貨，采購產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、價(jià)格、供貨的及時(shí)性等對企業(yè)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)其經(jīng)營方針、目標(biāo)都有十分重要的作用，為了更加科學(xué)地評價(jià)和選擇供應(yīng)商，這一階段的供應(yīng)商評價(jià)應(yīng)盡量采用定量分析的方法。根據(jù)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的不同，定量分折的方法也不同，以下簡單介紹常用的過程能力分析、測量系統(tǒng)分析、質(zhì)量管理體系評價(jià)、水平對比法和優(yōu)秀模式等方法。

①供應(yīng)商過程能力分析

過程能力是指過程加工質(zhì)量方面的能力，而不是加工數(shù)量方面的能力。在批量生產(chǎn)階段，為了保證批量生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品滿足顧客的需求和期望，供應(yīng)商生產(chǎn)過程的穩(wěn)定性就十分重要了，決定供應(yīng)商是否有能力穩(wěn)定地連續(xù)提供符合質(zhì)量要求的產(chǎn)品的眾多因素中，供應(yīng)商的過程能力是一個(gè)決定性的因素。因?yàn)楫?dāng)供應(yīng)商的過程能力不足時(shí)，供應(yīng)商提供合格產(chǎn)品只是個(gè)良好的愿望，即便是加大檢驗(yàn)力度，也只能是在短期內(nèi)有效，難以持續(xù)。所以，對過程能力不足，短期改進(jìn)無望的供應(yīng)商，應(yīng)該停止合作。

②供應(yīng)商測量系統(tǒng)分析

企業(yè)對供應(yīng)商的質(zhì)量控制，包括對供應(yīng)商的選擇、評價(jià)和控制，都離不開數(shù)據(jù)和對數(shù)據(jù)的分析，缺少足夠的數(shù)據(jù)，僅僅靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)和直覺對供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行選擇和評價(jià)，其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是不言而喻的。對供應(yīng)商的評價(jià)和控制所使用的數(shù)據(jù)大多是由測量提供的，如果測量數(shù)據(jù)失真或誤差很大，都會導(dǎo)致采購行為的缺陷或失敗。因此，在批量生產(chǎn)階段，為了確保采購的質(zhì)量，應(yīng)該對供應(yīng)商的測量系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行監(jiān)控。

2）與供應(yīng)商的溝通

與供應(yīng)商溝通的方式是多種多樣的，但是這些方式的目的是一致的，企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商共同關(guān)注顧客，建立企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商共同滿意的融洽的合作伙伴關(guān)系，共同對產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)進(jìn)行持續(xù)的改進(jìn)，以便及時(shí)、有效地適應(yīng)市場的變化。滿足顧客的需求和期望，實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商共同的價(jià)值，共同追求并實(shí)現(xiàn)卓越。

（3）不合格品的判定、分析和處置

雖然有了以上各種控制措施，但是不合格品的出現(xiàn)仍然是正常現(xiàn)象，除單件或少數(shù)幾件產(chǎn)品、安全性要求較高的產(chǎn)品等少數(shù)產(chǎn)品以外，在許多情況下不合格品的出現(xiàn)是難以完全避免的。這時(shí)候就要根據(jù)不合格的性質(zhì)、對最終產(chǎn)品的影響程度、供應(yīng)商的信譽(yù)等因素對不合格品進(jìn)行必要的評審，然后采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┨幹貌缓细衿罚苑乐共缓细衿返姆穷A(yù)期使用或交付當(dāng)出現(xiàn)不合格品以后，要分析產(chǎn)生不合格的囚素，采取糾正和預(yù)防措施。防止不合格的再次發(fā)生。對由于異常因素發(fā)生的不合格品，供應(yīng)商要采取相應(yīng)的措施，消除這些異常因素。

1）一致的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和抽樣方案

使用、提出和制定規(guī)格的部門必須合理地描述出擬采購的產(chǎn)品是什么，以便使供應(yīng)商得到準(zhǔn)確的理解，使采購人員能夠準(zhǔn)確地采購所需的產(chǎn)品。根據(jù)ISO 9001:2000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求和企業(yè)的實(shí)際情況，這些技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一般是由設(shè)計(jì)、采購、管理、生產(chǎn)等部門制定，但在采購的實(shí)施時(shí)，采購部門要使用這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因此.采購部門從一開始就應(yīng)該介入這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的策劃、起草和修訂，否則，一旦這此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)止式發(fā)布實(shí)施，可能會使采購部門處于被動的地位，給采購工作帶來麻煩。

l

2）不合格品的質(zhì)量責(zé)任

當(dāng)采購產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)超出技術(shù)規(guī)范規(guī)定界限的不合格時(shí)，企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商應(yīng)在協(xié)商的原則下確定不合格產(chǎn)品的原因、商定解決產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的辦法，并據(jù)此進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。當(dāng)企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商對不合格的認(rèn)定分歧很大，雙方無法協(xié)商解決，需要訴諸法律時(shí)，不合格產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量責(zé)任的性質(zhì)就發(fā)生了變化，必要時(shí)不排除需要追究某一方的法律責(zé)任。所以對產(chǎn)品技術(shù)要求和其他采購信息，企業(yè)一定要表述清除、完整、準(zhǔn)確，并經(jīng)過授權(quán)人員評審后再與供應(yīng)商溝通，在與供應(yīng)商達(dá)成一致的前提下再簽訂合同，并妥善保存采購、檢驗(yàn)文件和記錄。

3）不合格品的控制

當(dāng)出現(xiàn)不合格品，如果是抽樣檢驗(yàn)，且不合格品的數(shù)量小于或等于合格判定數(shù)時(shí)，這種不合格屬于正常現(xiàn)象，只要將不合格品更換成合格品，就應(yīng)該判定交驗(yàn)批合格，企業(yè)應(yīng)根據(jù)文件要求接受該批產(chǎn)品。這些個(gè)別的不合格產(chǎn)品可能屬于正常波動引起的不合格，可以不必專門查找原因供應(yīng)商可以作為止常的質(zhì)量改進(jìn)，逐步提高過程能力，減少這些不合格。

5、供應(yīng)商的契約化控制

為了保證顧客對產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)的滿意，企業(yè)必須對產(chǎn)品形成的全過程進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的管理與控制。為了使整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈中每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，即合作伙伴，明確他們對質(zhì)量的責(zé)任與義務(wù)，并保證實(shí)現(xiàn)，伙伴之間必須以契約的形式形成承諾，并按照承諾的內(nèi)容測量質(zhì)量與服務(wù)。這里所說的契約僅指得到相關(guān)方簽署的，規(guī)定供應(yīng)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)之間質(zhì)量責(zé)任的文件化條款，包括合同和協(xié)議。嚴(yán)肅合理的契約對雙方不僅起到可靠的約束作用，而且可以有效保護(hù)雙方的利益。

（1）保證契約內(nèi)容與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、法規(guī)和企業(yè)制度的統(tǒng)一性

契約可引用或借鑒既定的法律、法規(guī)或規(guī)章制度、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。如可規(guī)定進(jìn)廠檢驗(yàn)抽樣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行GB2828 抽樣標(biāo)準(zhǔn);電器產(chǎn)品安全性能必須符合GB4706等。如發(fā)現(xiàn)有與相關(guān)法律、法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、制度不一致之處，發(fā)現(xiàn)方應(yīng)及時(shí)提出修改。如在執(zhí)行過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)不一致，發(fā)現(xiàn)方應(yīng)及時(shí)通知不知情方，并按符合法律、法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、制度的方式執(zhí)行。

（2）契約內(nèi)容應(yīng)實(shí)際有效

起草與簽署契約時(shí)，必須考慮產(chǎn)品形成過程中的實(shí)際情況，考慮契約執(zhí)行的可操作性。有些協(xié)議在制定時(shí)可能需要考慮的因素較多，規(guī)定需較為詳細(xì)，但如果過于繁瑣，缺乏可操作性，反而起不到應(yīng)有的作用。例如，某公司需從供應(yīng)商采購大量的加工軸承用的鋼材。由于軸承對材料要求較嚴(yán)，加工精度較高，公司為保證質(zhì)量，在協(xié)議中要求對方對每一批材料進(jìn)行化學(xué)成分分析和物理性能試驗(yàn)。供應(yīng)商如果引進(jìn)整套試驗(yàn)設(shè)備，勢必耗費(fèi)大量的成本，同時(shí)要配備相應(yīng)的技術(shù)人員。如果不增加資源配置，那么每次都要送社會檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)檢驗(yàn)，支付昂貴的試驗(yàn)費(fèi)用。象這種契約，如果供應(yīng)商仔細(xì)審驗(yàn)的話，他就會考慮進(jìn)行利潤-成本-風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析，在價(jià)格上提高要求。這種協(xié)議履行起來就有較大難度，同時(shí)也容易引起一些不必要的糾紛，不利于供應(yīng)鏈的穩(wěn)固和質(zhì)量價(jià)值鏈的形成。

（3）契約應(yīng)明確雙方的權(quán)利和責(zé)任，鼓勵供應(yīng)商的持續(xù)改進(jìn)與創(chuàng)新

契約中應(yīng)明確供需雙方的權(quán)利和責(zé)任，同時(shí)也應(yīng)規(guī)定必要的獎懲性條款，一方面約束供應(yīng)商的質(zhì)量行為，另一方面鼓勵供應(yīng)商不斷提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。對供應(yīng)商的獎懲包括兩種類型。其一是因質(zhì)量責(zé)任的劃分而產(chǎn)生的獎懲;其二是根據(jù)業(yè)績考核而產(chǎn)生的獎懲。在實(shí)際的操作中，適當(dāng)?shù)莫剟羁赡軙a(chǎn)生意想不到的管理效果。某供應(yīng)商的產(chǎn)品在顧客手中出現(xiàn)了較為嚴(yán)重的質(zhì)量問題，企業(yè)立即通知供應(yīng)商分析原因，采取整改措施。供應(yīng)商接通知后，積極地派人到現(xiàn)場進(jìn)行協(xié)助調(diào)查和分析，使問題很快得到了解決。本來根據(jù)雙方的協(xié)議規(guī)定，該供應(yīng)商除應(yīng)承擔(dān)全部質(zhì)量責(zé)任外，還應(yīng)承擔(dān)數(shù)額不菲的罰款。但企業(yè)考慮到該供應(yīng)商是自己的重要供應(yīng)商，一直合作很順利，質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定，決定獎勵供應(yīng)商對質(zhì)量問題的快速反應(yīng)和積極的態(tài)度，免除了所有的罰款。結(jié)果年終評定發(fā)現(xiàn)該供應(yīng)商的產(chǎn)品合格率比上年有較大幅度的提高。

（4）契約的內(nèi)容應(yīng)公正、公平

l 契約應(yīng)是經(jīng)過雙方充分協(xié)商達(dá)成的共識，不應(yīng)只是一方對另一方的宣言或要求，內(nèi)容要經(jīng)過雙方認(rèn)可和確認(rèn)。另外，契約內(nèi)容應(yīng)涵蓋從產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、試制、檢驗(yàn)、包裝運(yùn)送到不合格品處理、售后服務(wù)的全過程，所以契約可包含多個(gè)層次，如供貨合同、質(zhì)量保證協(xié)議、技術(shù)協(xié)議、售后服務(wù)協(xié)議等。

6、供應(yīng)商的業(yè)績評定與動態(tài)管理

供應(yīng)商作為產(chǎn)品實(shí)現(xiàn)的重要資源之一必然要講求其有效性。2000版ISO9000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就把管理體系的有效性作為一個(gè)重點(diǎn)來考慮，因此對供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行業(yè)績評定十分重要，它是進(jìn)行動態(tài)管理、擇選劣汰的依據(jù)。

（1）評定方法

按照采購要求，對關(guān)鍵材料、主要材料和次要材料定期進(jìn)行質(zhì)量缺陷分級評定。規(guī)定關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的缺陷分記為3分，主要缺陷為2分，次要缺陷為1分。一批材料中根據(jù)規(guī)定的抽樣方法最大分?jǐn)?shù)為6分。質(zhì)量工程師據(jù)此對供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行等級評定，并向供應(yīng)商發(fā)出通知。這種方法操作簡單，節(jié)省人力，但評價(jià)指標(biāo)偏少。

（2）動態(tài)管理

根據(jù)業(yè)績記錄，定期對所有供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行動態(tài)分級評定。將所有供應(yīng)商劃分為A、B、C、D四級，根據(jù)材料價(jià)值、質(zhì)量要求、加工難易程度、社會供應(yīng)狀況等因素確定供應(yīng)商定點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)。定點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)為1的A類供應(yīng)商，訂單分配為100%;定點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)為1的B類供應(yīng)商，訂單分配為100%，但需開發(fā)該材料的新供應(yīng)商;定點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)為2的A、B類供應(yīng)商分別分配訂單60%和40%;定點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)為3的A、B、C類供應(yīng)商分別分配訂單55%、30%和15%;D類供應(yīng)商應(yīng)被淘汰。這種分級評定與管理將供貨訂單與供應(yīng)商績效、材料分級結(jié)合起來，使訂單的分配比較科學(xué)合理。當(dāng)然，這種方法對企業(yè)管理的整體水平也提出了很高的要求。

l Mutually beneficial supplier quality control Preface In recent years, with the emphasis on the supply chain, vendor management is becoming a business and academia about the object, IS09000 standards QS 9000 family of standards and vendor management are all put forward the corresponding requirements, and supplier management-related Research is gradually increased, the software giant also introduced a number of supplier relationship management software, but in these research results and application software, related to the quality control of the content provider is only the most basic requirements, and supplier quality control Supplier management is precisely the most fundamental and important content.The other party, quality management, quality control sector made a lot of research results, unfortunately, most of these results is still limited to the company's internal controls, only the link from the internal study how to improve product quality, and based on supply chain Point of view of the results of quality control is still rare.Therefore, the systematic study of the economic globalization supplier quality control theories and methods, will help promote China's rapid increase in product quality and supply chain formation and consolidation of competitive advantage.1、Quality and corporate co-existence Quality has been a change with the times changing the concept of people's understanding of quality is often due to concerns vary.For example, as early as 1908, GM engineers at the Royal Automobile Club members in front of dismantling the three Cadillac cars, and these components mixed together, and then choose the parts re-assembled into a car, then driving Pull away.This makes the presence of members of a very shocked that the high quality Cadillac amazing.Obviously at the time, with interchangeable parts is a great quality features, this is Ford's Model N Model T achieved brilliant success and an important reason.Today, even if the farm also has a very high tricycle parts interchangeability, standardization and interchangeability of parts is already a matter of course, is no longer an important quality characteristics to attract customers.Visible quality content is constantly changing.So what is the quality?（1）Market competition among enterprises is the “customer ” of the competition, in the increasingly fierce “customers” in the battle, quality, price, delivery(delivery dates, means and methods)and the service is commonly used in the four magic, where quality is Simply leave the quality of the other three will become meaningless, it can be said the quality has become the focus of market competition.It reflects whether a product can reflect the customer needs, can meet customer needs, from the surface determines the future of products in the market.In view of this, quality has become a global movement, all the world's best companies are all the quality as a key element of corporate strategy, from a strategic perspective to planning quality.（2）For business operators, it recognizes the importance of quality on business enterprises is the first step, it is important how to use scientific methods to ensure l product and service quality, customer satisfaction, to ensure the quality of the process and work to Be mutually beneficial and win-win supplier quality control with good results.As we all know, corporate management is the development of social productive forces to a certain degree of historical product, quality management as an integral part of business management, is also the objective requirement of social development, especially in today's dominant customer, make customer satisfaction, there must be strong Product quality and service quality, which requires enterprises to actively implement the advanced quality management theories and methods of continuous quality management innovation.2、Quality control of enterprises and suppliers With the continuous development of socialization of production, the production activities of the division of labor is getting smaller, growing degree of specialization, prompting increasing the level of production technology, product quality has been greatly improved.Typically, a product can not be from a business started from the initial processing of raw materials until the formation of the product end-use customers, often through multiple corporate division of labor to complete.In addition, the extensive application of advanced production methods, such as JIT, agile manufacturing, zero inventory, so that the relationship between enterprises and suppliers increasingly close relationship between companies and suppliers are from a simple buyer-seller relationship to the mutual cooperation between the end of a total evolution of.ISO 9000 family of standards since its inception in 1987 has been the consistent pursuit of the world, more than 50 million businesses around the world through the ISO 9001 quality management system certification standards sufficient to explain this management trend in the leading international management's great success.Welcome to the new business in much the standard ISO 9000:2000, the mutually beneficial supplier relationships is one of eight quality management principles as a fully embodied the supplier relationship management practice in the business role and value.Enterprises to implement this principle, we must recognize the ideological importance of supplier and attach importance to good relations with suppliers cultivation, and to take effective measures with the establishment of a mutually beneficial and win-win cooperative relations.3、Vendor Selection Choose the right supplier is a supplier of the most effective means of quality control, supplier selection if improper, no matter how advanced the follow-up control, controls how strict, can only play a less effective results.So to the quality control of suppliers must first be scientific and rational choice of suppliers.（1）Enterprises in the production process, raw materials and parts needed for production can not be provided by their own to decide which of them should be suppliers of buying a not a simple issue because it involves business processes, even involving Between enterprises and suppliers to the business process reengineering, strategic-level issues in enterprises.Thus parts of the self-produced and purchased options to be taken into account the business environment, the l actual situation of their own and suppliers in general.1）Analysis of business environment Enterprises are outsourcing parts production for the decision or need to create in the accurate analysis of their operating environment and grasp basis.The overall position of companies and the industry development trend, the national macroeconomic situation, the social needs of enterprise products for predicting the future status and other factors will affect production and sales of enterprise products.Anticipated production and sales of enterprise decision-making enterprise for the mutual benefit of suppliers, such as quality control of the scale of investment, mainly based on device configuration, but also business and outsourcing parts production for an important basis for decision making.In addition, competitors and the outsourcing of parts production for corporate decision-making situation is an important reference.2）Market supply Supply situation in parts of the social enterprise decision is an important basis for self-produced or purchased.Business relationships with its suppliers is the essence of interdependence, as a strong power, large-scale enterprises will attract many suppliers set up plants in their surroundings, like, a complete set of regional suppliers often attract large enterprises and even Multinational companies to invest and set up factories.Some parts of the social supply capacity, price, quality and service levels of the enterprise is largely self-produced and outsourcing decisions.Therefore, enterprises should fully understand the social components of their products, availability, attention from the Internet, exhibitions, suppliers and other channels to collect letters from suppliers of business introduction, product samples, award certificates, power of attorney agents, business license, Products quality level and market conditions and other information.Then, in accordance with the types of suppliers to provide materials, were established to raw materials, components, packaging materials, such as different types of potential suppliers file.（2）Testing equipment supplier which the supplier measurement, analysis and improvement of basic conditions.If the supplier does not have the necessary means of detection, we can not provide true and accurate quality data, quality control of suppliers like castles in the air.Therefore, in the primary suppliers to understand the supplier's testing equipment and advanced levels with the situation is also very necessary.（3）Process capability index and process performance index of the production process is reflected in supplier quality assurance capabilities of the two important parameters.Process capability index reflects the ability of suppliers to meet short-term course of the degree of tolerance requirements.Process performance index reflects the ability of suppliers to meet long-term process requirements of the degree of tolerance.Does the supplier to process capability index and process performance index calculation and analysis, to a certain extent, reflect the production process is conducted in the prevention and control.Process capability index and the change process performance index can reflect the ability of the supplier quality assurance and quality improvement of the size of the potential, l largely reflecting the strength and supplier management.Therefore, the investigation supplier process capability index and process performance index is an important basis for selection of suppliers.4、Supplier Quality Control Quality management is an important principle is the “process approach”, enterprises in order to function effectively, must identify and manage the many interrelated processes, especially the interaction between these processes.Supplier is one of the sources of process management is an important factor in the process input, and thus, the quality of suppliers to provide products for business process quality, system quality and product quality has a pivotal role.（1）Product development and design stage, according to the different requirements of different products, product development, design or product design and development of proposals put forward in the book first pilot project tasks and issues, targeted for the introduction of new principles, new structures, new materials, new processes, The first test, in order to ensure test results and future production needs, an important task at this stage is that of the suppliers under control, to ensure that all stages of new product design and mass production, are to have fit the new Product or service needs of qualified suppliers.（2）Enterprises in the production process, quality control of suppliers include monitoring supplier process capability and process performance index, monitor supplier measurement system, the audit supplier quality management system, purchase quality inspection, and promote supplier Quality improvement, and defective products from suppliers, disposal and quality of problem solving and other activities.1）Production stage, suppliers of products or services directly determine the quality of the business to provide customers with the quality of the product or service features, enterprises in the process of suppliers, vendors should monitor changes in the quality assurance capabilities, in order to Monitoring effective, enterprises should reach agreement on this with the supplier, and follow the agreed standards and procedures.The purpose of monitoring generally have two, one supplier's quality assurance to prevent the decline in capacity, to ensure that the quality of the final product or service to achieve customer satisfaction;the second is working with vendors to find opportunities for improvement, looking for people to improve the cutting Point, at a higher level to create value.Production stage due to high volume supplier of continuous availability, purchase products, quality, price, availability, timeliness and other quality products for enterprises and businesses realize their operating principles, and target has a very important role, in order to more scientific Evaluation and selection of suppliers, supplier evaluation at this stage should be a quantitative analysis.According to the different products and services, quantitative differences in methods of folding points, the following brief analysis of commonly used process capability, measurement system analysis, quality management system assessment, comparing the level of law and good models and other methods.①Supplier process capability analysis l Process capability refers to the ability of the process of processing quality, rather than the number of processing capacity.In the production stage, in order to ensure mass production of products to meet customer needs and expectations, supplier stability of the production process is very important to determine whether the supplier has ability to consistently meet the quality requirements to provide continuous product of many factors, Supplier process capability is a decisive factor.Because when the supplier's process capability is insufficient, to provide qualified products supplier is only a good will, even if efforts to increase testing, can only be effective in the short term, unsustainable.Therefore, lack of process capability, supplier of short-term improvement of hopelessness, should stop cooperation.②Measurement System Analysis provider Company quality control of suppliers, including supplier selection, evaluation and control, are inseparable from the data and analysis of the data, the lack of sufficient data, experience and intuition alone the supplier selection and evaluation of the risk Is self-evident.Supplier evaluation and control of the data used are mostly provided by the measure, if the measurement error of the data distortion or large, will lead to purchases defect or failure.Therefore, in the mass production stage, in order to ensure the quality of procurement, suppliers should monitor the measurement system.2）Communication with suppliers Way of communicating with suppliers are diverse, but the purpose of these approaches is consistent, enterprise customers and suppliers of common concern, the establishment of enterprises and suppliers satisfaction of harmonious cooperation partnership for sustainable products and services Improvements in order to timely and effectively adapt to market changes.Meet customer needs and expectations of enterprises and suppliers of common values and common aspirations and achieve excellence.（3）Determination of nonconforming product, analysis and disposal of Even with these various control measures, but there is still substandard products is a normal phenomenon, in addition to single or a few pieces of products, products with higher security requirements and a few other products, in many cases, the emergence of non-conforming product Is hardly avoidable.This time will be based on the nature of failure, the degree of influence on the final product, the supplier's reputation and other factors necessary for the assessment of nonconforming product, and then take appropriate measures to deal with nonconforming product to prevent unintended non-conforming product When a nonconforming use or delivery of goods after the prisoners failed to analyze the factors have to take corrective and preventive measures.To prevent the failure from happening again.Anomalies occur due to defective products, suppliers to take appropriate measures to eliminate these abnormal factors.1）Consistent technical standards and sampling plan Use, and develop specifications proposed department must reasonably describe what the products to be purchased, to enable vendors to get an accurate understanding of the procurement staff to purchase the required products l accurately.According to ISO 9001:2000 standards and the actual situation, the technical standard is normally provided by the design, procurement, management, production and other departments to develop, but in the implementation of the procurement, the procurement departments should use these standards, so.Procurement from Beginning, these standards should be involved in the planning, drafting and revision, otherwise, if only for publish this implementation of this standard, may make the purchasing department in a passive position, to the procurement of trouble.2）Responsibility for substandard quality of goods When purchasing products in excess of unqualified technical specification limits, companies and suppliers should be identified in consultation with substandard products under the principle of reason, the agreed approach to solve product quality and make improvements accordingly.When the enterprise failed and suppliers found great differences on the two sides can not be resolved through consultation, need to resort to the law, the substandard nature of the responsibility of product quality changes, if necessary, do not rule out the need to pursue a party's legal responsibility.Therefore, the product requirements and other procurement information, enterprises must express clear, complete, accurate, and after review by authorized personnel to communicate with suppliers, in agreement with the supplier under the premise of re-signing of the contract, and retain procurement, Inspection documents and records.3）Control of nonconforming product When nonconforming product, if it is sampling, and the number of unqualified or less qualified to determine the number, this failure is a normal phenomenon, as long as the replacement of defective products into the qualified product, you should determine the approved inspection Qualified enterprises should be based on documents required to accept the batch.The failure of these individual products may be part of the normal fluctuations of the failure, you can not find the cause of the specialized supplier of quality can be improved as the only constant, and gradually improve the process capability and reduce the failure.5、Control of contract suppliers In order to ensure customer satisfaction with products and services, companies must form the whole process of product management and strict control.In order to make the whole supply chain, every link, that is, partners, specifically the quality of their responsibilities and obligations, and to ensure implementation of the contract between the partners must be in the form of the formation of commitment, and commitment to the contents of the measure in accordance with quality and service.Mentioned here refers only to the contract signed by the relevant parties to provide the quality of the supply chain responsibilities between the terms of documentation, including contracts and agreements.Serious and reasonable contract for both sides not only play the role of reliable constraints, and can effectively protect the interests of both.（1）Content and standards to ensure that contracts, regulations, and the unity of enterprise system l Contract may be quoted or learn from the established laws, regulations or rules and regulations, standards.Such as to require incoming inspection standards GB2828 random sample of standard;electrical products must comply with GB4706 and other security features.If found with the relevant laws, regulations, standards, system inconsistencies found shall timely changes.If found inconsistencies in the implementation process, that party shall promptly notify the innocent party, according to compliance with laws, regulations, standards, institutional manner.（2）Content of the contract should be practical and effective Drafting and signing of contract, we must consider the actual process of product formation, considering the operability of contract enforcement.Some protocols may need to consider in the development of many factors that need more detailed provisions, but if too cumbersome, the lack of maneuverability, but would not achieve its proper role.For example, a company should purchase from a supplier of processing a large number of bearing steel.As bearing on the material requirements more stringent, higher precision, quality assurance company, ask for in the agreement for each batch of material chemical composition analysis and physical properties.If the introduction of full set of suppliers of test equipment, is bound to spend a lot of cost, while equipped with the appropriate technical staff.If you do not increase the allocation of resources, so each must be sent to community inspection institutions, to pay for expensive testing costs.Like this contract, if the supplier careful testing, he will consider the profitsrisk analysis, the price increase request.Such an agreement more difficult to perform up there, but also easily lead to unnecessary disputes, is not conducive to the stability and quality of supply chain value chain formation.（3）Contract should be clear rights and responsibilities of both parties, to encourage suppliers to continuous improvement and innovation Contract should be clear rights and responsibilities of both supply and demand, but also should provide the necessary incentive provisions, on the one hand the quality of binding behavior of suppliers, on the other hand encourage suppliers to continuously improve product quality.Incentive of suppliers, including two types.One is the division of responsibility for the quality of the resulting rewards and punishments;the other is based on performance appraisal and reward and punishment generated.In the actual operation, the appropriate reward management may produce unexpected results.A supplier of the product in the hands of customers appeared more serious quality problems, companies immediately notify the supplier of the cause and take corrective measures.Suppliers take notice, sent to the site to actively assist in the investigation and analysis of the problem was quickly resolved.According to the agreement originally provided that the supplier should bear all the responsibility for quality in addition, we must also bear the amount of money in fines.However, taking into account the supplier companies is their key suppliers, have been working very smoothly, stable quality, decided to reward quality supplier of rapid response and a positive attitude, eliminating all of the fine.Year-end evaluation results found that the rate of qualified products suppliers are more substantial than the increase over the previous year.l（4）The contents of the contract should be fair and equitable Contract should be negotiated through the full consensus of both parties, not just one party against another or request a declaration, content to go through both the recognition and confirmation.In addition, the contract terms should cover product development, trial production, testing, packaging, delivery to non-conforming product processing, service the whole process, so the contract can contain multiple levels, such as supply contracts, quality assurance agreements, technology agreements, service Agreement.6、Supplier performance evaluation and dynamic management Suppliers as an important resource for product realization is bound to emphasize its effectiveness.2000 put the ISO9000 standard management system effectiveness to consider as a priority, so the assessment of supplier performance is important, it is the dynamic management, eliminating the basis by choosing inferior.（1）Evaluation Method Accordance with the procurement requirements of key materials, the main material and secondary materials on a regular basis for quality assessment of defect classification.Provisions of sub-critical parameters of the defects recorded as 3 points, 2 points for major defects, minor defects was 1.Some materials, in accordance with the provisions of the sampling method the maximum score is 6 points.Quality Engineer accordingly suppliers rating, give notice to the supplier.This method is simple, save manpower, but the index below normal.（2）Dynamic Management Based on performance records, all suppliers on a regular basis for dynamic classification assessment.All suppliers will be divided into A, B, C, D four, according to the material value, quality, ease of processing, social availability and other factors point to determine the number of the supply agreement.A fixed number of classes is 1 supplier order allocation was 100%;fixed number of Class B-1 supplier order allocation is 100%, but the need to develop new supplier of the material;fixed number of 2 A, B type distribution of order suppliers respectively 60% and 40%;fixed number 3 of the A, B, C category vendors were assigned the order 55%, 30% and 15%;D class of suppliers should be eliminated.The assessment and management of hierarchical order with the supplier to supplier performance, material grade combine to make more scientific and rational allocation of orders.Of course, this method the overall level of enterprise management also made very high demands.l

第四篇：工程造價(jià)與管理論文英文文獻(xiàn)中英對照

英文文獻(xiàn)

Engineering cost management Project cost control emphasis should be transferred to the project construction early days, is transferred to the project decision and design stage.Project cost control in construction projects throughout the entire process, the key lies in the pre construction investment decision-making with design phase, whereas in the investment decision is made, the key lies in designing.According to expert analysis: architectural design, in the preliminary design stage, design stage, construction design stage to the engineering effect were 75% ~ 95%, 35% ~ 75%, 5% ~ 35%;while in the construction phase, through the optimization of construction organization design, construction cost saving the possibility of only 5% to 10%.We should put the focus shifted to the design stage, in order to get twice the result with half the effort.Pay attention to the technical and economic optimization combination.The combination of technology with economy is most effective way to control engineering cost.China engineering fields for a long time did not do this.The lack of technical personnel economy idea, design thought is conservative, the design of the outcome of the economy are not fully reflect.Therefore, we should solve the problem is to improve economic efficiency as the goal, in the construction process, organization, technology and economy organic ground union rises.Through the economic analysis, comparative study and effect evaluation, correct processing of advanced technology and reasonable in economy between the relation of unity of opposites, strive to advanced technology under the conditions of economic rational, reasonable in economy based on advanced technology.Carry out “l(fā)imitation is designed” method.To be consciously put the application of value engineering to the specific design, actively promote quota design in engineering design contract, by way of bidding.This has been proven in practice is an effective way, it is not only an economic problem, more precisely a technical and economic problems.This “l(fā)imitation is designed” to effectively control the project cost.In order to make the “l(fā)imitation is designed” to achieve the desired objectives, should be involved in the design personnel must be experienced skilled economic designer.Their design results must be practical, advanced and reasonable cost.Control of engineering cost on the other hand is the need for comparison, because the outcome is a process of gradual improvement, and not to decide, so the comparison is a measure of its practical, advanced and economical means.Do good project cost control in the process.(1)compilation of economic and feasible construction scheme.Before construction, construction enterprises should be combined with the construction drawings and the actual situation at the scene, their mechanical equipment, construction experience, the management level and technical specification acceptance criteria, a set of practical and feasible construction scheme.The construction scheme is engineering implementation of the programme of action.(2)to technical personnel, materials, machinery and personnel staff communication

and coordination.In the process of construction, construction technology, materials and mechanical personnel should cooperate closely, understand each other, to management as the core, to reduce costs for the purpose of.(3)to the project completion settlement.Strict supervision system.Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision(including cost management)system.Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.Strict supervision system.Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision(including cost management)system.Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.To establish and perfect the independent project cost advisory body, cultivate a Zhi De have both engineering team.To establish a real sense of independent engineering cost consulting agencies.Through improving the laws and regulations, normative behavior, separate government functions from enterprise management, the establishment of independent business partnership, share-holding system, the limited responsibility system and other forms of organization, an industry-based, diversified services integrated project consulting company, build and development and reform the engineering cost intermediary service institutions, make construction project management of a gradual transition by an independent specialized agency in charge of project cost whole process tracking management, truly between owner and contractor plays an intermediary role.To strengthen engineering cost consulting industry association construction, establish project cost consulting industry self-discipline mechanism, and constantly improve the Engineering Cost Association in engineering cost consulting industry status, to be truly representative of the interests of the majority of the industry practitioners, government and enterprises to become connection link and the bridge.At the same time to strengthen the project cost specialty in higher education and in service education.As a result of project cost management in construction projects and various economic interests are closely related, and the whole social economic activities play a very important role, it requires the cost engineering technical personnel should have different levels of knowledge, in addition to their professional knowledge and have a deep understanding, also deal with the design content, design process, construction technology, project management, economic laws and regulations have a comprehensive understanding of.Therefore, the project cost management, project cost per unit of society groups, has already obtained a cost engineer qualification personnel, in order to carry out plan, has the goal, multiple levels of continuing education and training, to understand and master Chinese bilateral agreements with countries project cost technology, regulations, management system and its development trend, to expand domestic and foreign exchanges, and actively participate in international or regional engineering activities, improve their professional quality, so that the current practitioners in intelligent

structure, theory and working experience three aspects can meet the needs of engineering cost management.Cost engineering professionals need to strengthen their own learning, in addition to the professional knowledge to upgrade, should also work in combination with a broad understanding and master the relevant engineering and technical expertise, educational organizations and industry regulatory bodies constitute a complete education system, so as to the field of engineering senior talent development to create good conditions.中文譯文：

工程造價(jià)與管理

工程造價(jià)控制重點(diǎn)應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的前期，即轉(zhuǎn)移到項(xiàng)目決策和設(shè)計(jì)階段。工程造價(jià)控制貫穿于項(xiàng)目建設(shè)全過程，關(guān)鍵在于施工前的投資決策和設(shè)計(jì)階段，而在做出投資決策后，關(guān)鍵在于設(shè)計(jì)。據(jù)有關(guān)專家分析：建筑設(shè)計(jì)方案，在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段、技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)階段、施工圖設(shè)計(jì)階段對工程的影響分別達(dá)75％～95％、35％～75％、5％～35％；而在施工階段，通過優(yōu)化組織施工設(shè)計(jì)，節(jié)約工程造價(jià)的可能性只有5％～10％。所以應(yīng)該把重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到設(shè)計(jì)階段，以取得事半功倍的效果。

注重技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)的優(yōu)化結(jié)合。技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)相結(jié)合是控制工程造價(jià)最有效的手段。中國工程設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域長期以來沒有做到這點(diǎn)。技術(shù)人員缺乏經(jīng)濟(jì)觀念，設(shè)計(jì)思想保守，使設(shè)計(jì)成果的經(jīng)濟(jì)性得不到充分體現(xiàn)。因此，我們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該解決的問題是以提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益為目的，在工程建設(shè)過程中將組織、技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來。通過經(jīng)濟(jì)分析、技術(shù)比較及效果評價(jià)，正確處理技術(shù)先進(jìn)與經(jīng)濟(jì)合理兩者之間的對立統(tǒng)一的關(guān)系，力求在技術(shù)先進(jìn)條件下的經(jīng)濟(jì)合理，在經(jīng)濟(jì)合理基礎(chǔ)上的技術(shù)先進(jìn)。

推行“限額設(shè)計(jì)”方法。要自覺地把價(jià)值工程運(yùn)用到具體的設(shè)計(jì)中去，積極推行限額設(shè)計(jì)，在工程設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)包中采用招投標(biāo)方式。這是被實(shí)踐證明的有效途徑，它不單純是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，更準(zhǔn)確地說是一個(gè)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。這種“限額設(shè)計(jì)”能有效地控制整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的工程造價(jià)。為使“限額設(shè)計(jì)”達(dá)到預(yù)期目的，應(yīng)該做到參與設(shè)計(jì)人員必須是有經(jīng)驗(yàn)懂技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)師。他們設(shè)計(jì)的成果必須實(shí)用、先進(jìn)而且造價(jià)合理。控制工程造價(jià)的另一方面是必須進(jìn)行多方案比較，因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)成果是一個(gè)逐步完善的過程，并不是一開始就能確定下來，所以多方案比較是衡量其實(shí)用性、先進(jìn)性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性的重要手段。

做好工程實(shí)施過程中的造價(jià)控制。（1）編制經(jīng)濟(jì)可行的施工方案。施工前，施工企業(yè)要結(jié)合施工圖紙及現(xiàn)場實(shí)際情況、自身的機(jī)械設(shè)備、施工經(jīng)驗(yàn)、管理水平和技術(shù)規(guī)范驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，編制一套切實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)可行的施工方案。該施工方案是工程實(shí)施的行動綱領(lǐng)。（2）做好技術(shù)人員、材料人員、機(jī)械人員的溝通與配合。施工過程中，施工技術(shù)人員，材料人員和機(jī)械人員要密切配合，互相了解，以經(jīng)營管理為核心，以節(jié)約成本為目的。（3）做好工程竣工結(jié)算。

嚴(yán)格實(shí)行監(jiān)理制度。有效地控制工程造價(jià)，在項(xiàng)目建設(shè)前期階段必須實(shí)行監(jiān)理（含造價(jià)監(jiān)理）制度。通過對設(shè)計(jì)過程的監(jiān)理，使設(shè)計(jì)趨于合理，造價(jià)控制在限額范圍內(nèi)，真正做到用最小的投入取得最大的產(chǎn)出。

建立和完善獨(dú)立的工程造價(jià)咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)，培養(yǎng)一支德才兼?zhèn)涞墓こ淘靸r(jià)隊(duì)伍。要建立一批真正意義上獨(dú)立的工程造價(jià)咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)。通過健全法規(guī)，規(guī)范行為，政企分開，建立自主經(jīng)營的合伙制、股份制、有限責(zé)任制等多種組織形式，一業(yè)為主、多種經(jīng)營服務(wù)的綜合性工程項(xiàng)目咨詢顧問公司，建立和發(fā)展與改革相適應(yīng)的工程造價(jià)中介服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，使建設(shè)項(xiàng)目管理逐步過渡到由一個(gè)獨(dú)立的專業(yè)化中介機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)對工程造價(jià)進(jìn)行全過程跟蹤管理，真正在業(yè)主與承包商之間起中介作用。要加強(qiáng)工程造價(jià)咨詢行業(yè)協(xié)會的建設(shè)，建立工程造價(jià)咨詢行業(yè)自律機(jī)制，不斷提高工程造價(jià)協(xié)會在工程造價(jià)咨詢行業(yè)的地位，使之成為真正代表行業(yè)內(nèi)多數(shù)從業(yè)

者的利益，成為政府與企業(yè)聯(lián)系的紐帶和橋梁。同時(shí)要加強(qiáng)工程造價(jià)專業(yè)高等教育及在職人員的再教育。由于工程造價(jià)管理在建設(shè)項(xiàng)目中和各方經(jīng)濟(jì)利益密切相關(guān)，且對全社會的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動起著十分重要的導(dǎo)向作用，它要求造價(jià)工程專業(yè)技術(shù)人員應(yīng)具有多層次的知識，他們除了要對本專業(yè)的知識有深入的了解外，還應(yīng)對設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容、設(shè)計(jì)過程、施工技術(shù)、項(xiàng)目管理、經(jīng)濟(jì)法律法規(guī)等有全面的了解。為此，工程造價(jià)行業(yè)管理機(jī)構(gòu)，工程造價(jià)學(xué)會團(tuán)體等部門單位，對目前已經(jīng)獲得造價(jià)工程師資格的人員，要進(jìn)行有計(jì)劃、有目標(biāo)、多層次的繼續(xù)教育及培訓(xùn)，了解和掌握與中國達(dá)成雙邊協(xié)議的國家的工程造價(jià)技術(shù)、法規(guī)、管理體系及其發(fā)展動向，擴(kuò)大內(nèi)外交流，積極參與國際性或區(qū)域性工程造價(jià)組織的活動，不斷提高他們的業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)，使目前從業(yè)人員在智能結(jié)構(gòu)、理論水平和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)三方面都能滿足工程造價(jià)管理工作的需要。工程造價(jià)專業(yè)人員也要加強(qiáng)自身的學(xué)習(xí)，除了對本專業(yè)的知識進(jìn)行更新提高外，還應(yīng)該結(jié)合工作廣泛了解和掌握有關(guān)工程技術(shù)專業(yè)的知識，國民教育機(jī)構(gòu)和行業(yè)管理機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)成完備的教育體系，從而為工程造價(jià)領(lǐng)域高級人才的成長創(chuàng)造良好的條件。

第五篇：中英對照

行政主體在對行政相對人作出不利行政決定時(shí)，是否必須說明理由，二戰(zhàn)之后伴隨民主法治的發(fā)展，經(jīng)歷從無到有的過程。法國、德國、美國、日本及我國臺灣地區(qū)和澳門地區(qū)的行政程序法都有相關(guān)規(guī)定，說明理由已成為行政程序中一項(xiàng)重要的制度。行政主體在作出影響對人權(quán)利義務(wù)的行政行為時(shí)，向相對人說明作出該行為的事實(shí)根據(jù)、法律根據(jù)及進(jìn)行自由裁量時(shí)所考慮的公共利益、社會習(xí)慣、政策考量等因素。這一方面有利于規(guī)范行政主體依法行使行政權(quán)，保障行政合法性和合理性，降低行政恣意和專斷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；另一方面，將作出行政決定所依據(jù)的事實(shí)、法律根據(jù)及裁量因素告知行政相對人，可以增強(qiáng)相對人對行政決定的理解和認(rèn)同。此外，如果相對人對行政決定不服，可根據(jù)行政決定的依據(jù)和理由尋求法律救濟(jì)，保障其合法權(quán)益。本文以行政程序中的說明理由制度為視角，以我國工商系統(tǒng)推行的說理式行政處罰決定的相關(guān)案例，總結(jié)我國工商系統(tǒng)說明式行政處罰決定書的特點(diǎn)和問題，并在此基礎(chǔ)之上提出完善建議，以期將說理式行政決定書推廣適用到行政處罰、行政強(qiáng)制等執(zhí)法領(lǐng)域，增強(qiáng)行政決定的合理性和正當(dāng)性，更有效地規(guī)范行政權(quán)力，保障公民合法權(quán)益。

Whether the administrative subject has to give the reasons why making negative administrative decision on administrative counterpart, which appears accompany with the development of democracy and the rule of law.The administrative procedure law in France, Germany, the United States, Japan, Taiwan and Macao of china has relative regulations, and giving the reasons has become an important system in administrative procedure system.When the administrative subject takes administrative actions that will impact the rights and obligations of the administrative counterpart, it should explain to the administrative counterpart the fact and foundation and the law, on which it take the action, also it should explain the public interests, social habits, policy considerations and other factors that it has to take into account when make discretions.on one hand, this is conductive to standardize the administrative subject to execute administrative power according to the law, and guarantee the administrative legality and rationality, reduce administrative arbitrariness and abuse of administrative power;on the other hand, to inform the administrative decision basis of facts, law and discretion factors to the administrative counterpart could enhance the understanding and recognition of the decisions for the administrative counterpart.Besides, if the administrative counterpart doesn’t accept the decisions, could according to the foundations and reasons of the administrative decisions seek for legal redress to protect his/her legal interests.This report base on the reasons explanation system to summarize the characteristics and existing problems of the persuasive administrative penalties notifications in our country’s industrial and commercial systems, and make suggestions on how to improve it, in order to make the administrative decision be applicable to administrative penalty, administrative compulsory enforcement and other executive fields, to enhance the rationality and legitimacy of the administrative decision, effectively regulate the use of the administrative power, protect the legal rights and interests of the citizens.本文分為五部分：

The report has five parts:

引言部分簡單介紹我國學(xué)界關(guān)于行政程序中說明理由制度的研究概況，說明當(dāng)前關(guān)于說明理由制度研究重心和熱點(diǎn)問題。

The brief introduce the general situation of the study of the reasons explanation system in administrative procedure of our law circles, and illustrates the focus and hot issues in current study of the reasons explanation system.第一部分為全文概述，簡要介紹選題依據(jù)和來源，從憲政角度分析行政決定的說理性理論基

礎(chǔ)，并從行政機(jī)關(guān)、行政相對人和受理爭議機(jī)關(guān)復(fù)審三方面分析行政決定說理性的價(jià)值所在。第二部分著重研究我國工商系統(tǒng)推行的說理式行政處罰決定書案例，總結(jié)工商系統(tǒng)說理式行政處罰決定書的特點(diǎn)及存在的問題。

The first part is the general overview of the report, give a brief introduction to the basis and resource of the selection of the topic, analyze the rationality theory foundation of the administrative decision from the constitutional perspective, and analyze the value of the administrative decision rationality from the administrative organ, the administrative counterpart and the request of the controversy dispute acceptance organ.Part two focuses on the study of the cases on the persuasive administrative penalty notification pushed by our country’s industrial and commercial system, and summarize the characteristics and existing problems of the persuasive administrative penalties notifications in our country’s industrial and commercial systems.第三部分對我國目前關(guān)于行政決定說理性的立法規(guī)范進(jìn)行分析，指出當(dāng)前我國相關(guān)立法存在的缺陷和問題。

The third part analyzes the current legal regulations in our country on the rationality of the administrative decisions, and point out the existing defects and problems in our country’s relative laws.