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中西方餐桌文化差異

時間:2019-05-15 06:46:06下載本文作者:會員上傳
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第一篇:中西方餐桌文化差異

中西方餐桌文化差異

中國餐桌文化

一、概述

中國餐桌文化的歷史源遠流長。古有“民以食為天”(Food is eating well-deserved for human life)、“豐衣足食”之說,今有“人是鐵,飯是鋼,一頓不吃餓得慌”的俗語。人們把飲食文化作為生活的重要部分,常我國古代一般“尚左尊東”、“面朝大門為尊”。然而由于器具、幾案、餐桌椅形和時代、地域的不同,“上座”的標準也有所不同。兩漢以前,“席南向并向,以西方為上”(《史記·項羽本紀》),既以而朝東坐為上。而在坐北朝南的“堂”上,則是以南向為最尊,次為西向,再為東向。隋唐以后,開始了由床向垂足高坐起居方式的轉變,方形、矩形餐桌均已齊備,座次利益也隨之有了新新的變化。清中葉后圓桌出現,一般取向陽或向門之位為首以飲食的好壞來衡量生活水平的高低。而盛大的節日也都與飲食相聯系。由此可見,自古以來,中國人對飲食的重視一直延續至今。

另一方面,作為東方禮儀之邦,重視宴席座次禮儀、守禮儀是中國人數千年的傳統。據有關史料記載,至少在周代,我國飲食禮儀就已初步形成,經過不斷地發展變化,逐漸形成體系,并對西方餐桌文化產生一定影響。

隨著時代的變遷,飲食文化正向多元化發展。自清代以來,一些西餐禮儀被引進。中西餐餐桌文化的交流,使得餐飲禮儀更加科學合理。

二、分配方式的演進

中國最早實行“分餐制”(the individual serving),到了北宋后期才進化到如今的合餐制。分餐制的歷史遠遠長于合餐制。由于早期食物相對匱乏,“按人均分”是比較合適的分配原則。無法滿足人們的口味、習慣的不同是分餐制的缺陷。隨著生產力的進步,食物逐漸充足起來,種類越來越豐盛,分餐制顯然不能適應食物多樣化的發展。于是合餐制便逐漸取代了分餐制。

合餐是歷史的進步,不僅體現在其演進過程的本身,也體現在對社會行為和文化的巨大影響上。合餐共食拉近了人們之間的親密關系,養成了對他人關心照顧以及我們民族廉讓的美德,也使中國人變得溫良和善,進而增加了家人的凝聚力和整個社會的和諧;培養了中國人的溝通能力,創造了溝通場所,增加了合作機會;滿足了人們對食物多樣性的需求,以及豐富的精神和情感需求;也養成了中國人好商量、好通融的性格。

三、宴席座次禮儀

“不學禮,無以立。”中國人自古崇尚禮儀,而中國最早的禮和最普及、最重要的禮,可以說就是食禮。在中國宴會繁溽食禮的基礎儀程和中心環節即是宴席上的座次之禮——“安席”。宴席上的貴客或主人應坐“上座”。

位。

現代較為流行的座次禮儀是在繼承傳統與參考國外禮儀的基礎上發展而來的:借西方宴會上以右為尊的法則,第一主賓就坐于主人右側,第二主賓在主人左側或第一主賓右側,變通處理。

四、餐具的演進

我們的祖先也曾與現代人一樣,使用刀叉而非筷子。刀叉要同時使用左右手,因此人與人之間要保持相當的距離。同時刀叉只適于近距離的傳輸,大概也就限于從胸前的盤子到嘴之間。如果這個距離按合餐制的要求,至少要延長到嘴到桌子的中心,也就是說至少要比桌子的半徑更長。顯然,刀叉承擔不了這個距離的傳輸功能。而筷子出現后,合餐就方便多了。從這個角度,我們大概可以這樣理解,西方人至今仍然使用刀叉進食,與他們保持分餐制是互為因果的。

現代中國常用的餐具有:筷子(chopsticks)、勺子(ladle)、盤子(plate)等,它們分別與西方的刀叉(knives and forks)、鐵匙(spoon)及碗(bowl)相對應。它們的使用,亦有講究。

五、餐桌禮儀與宗教、迷信、節日的關系

中國人不單止十分尊重吃的藝術及禮儀,甚至會敬拜由“火神”衍生而來的“灶君”,人們認為“灶君”能保佑廚房避開火災及各種不幸事件的發生。每年農歷12月24日,各家都準備一頓美味佳肴祀奉“灶君”,包括一只完事的雞、燒豬、多樣蔬菜、飯等,以多謝“灶君”對他們過去一年的保佑。而許多節日亦與飲食息息相關。如春節吃年夜飯、元宵節吃元宵、端午節吃粽子、中秋節吃月餅等等。凡此種種,都表達了人們對美好、團圓生活的向往與追求。中國人認為飲食與個人命運幾乎是息息相關的,用飯時犯了禁忌,便會惹來衰運。例如吃魚,當吃完了一面魚身,不要用筷子把整條魚翻到另一面。人們認為若翻魚時弄破魚身,便意味著漁船會翻沉,這是由于香港在開埠初期是一個漁港,漁民很關注船只的安全航行。此外,中國人從不會端上七碟菜肴用飯。因為葬禮后的“解慰酒”須有七碟菜肴。不可用筷子垂直插入飯碗的中央,因這樣有點象在拜祭祖先。用飯后不可說“我吃完了”,這意謂自己已死去,不會再有機會吃飯,而應該說“我吃飽了”。很嚴格的順序上菜。通常在意大利宴請少量賓客時一般只有三道菜,桌上放有面包,可以自取。而這與在中國滿桌的美味珍饈是完全不同的。在此時飲咖啡與茶上也有一些不同。在中國比較隨意,由主人給客人一杯杯斟茶,沒有用小碟。而在意大利,飲茶與咖啡時只端杯子,將小碟留在臺上,喝完后,一定要把杯子放回碟上。

在席間,中國的主人往往很熱情,敦促客人在吃大喝是完全合理的,并頻頻給客人夾菜、勸酒。在意大利,主人一般不管這些,而是只與客人聊天,旨在創造一種自由吃飯時避免筷子觸碰飯碗面發出聲音,這不單只是不禮貌,亦意味前“無飯吃”。要培養吃光碗中飯的習慣,一粒飯也不可剩余在飯碗,否則將來的太太或丈夫是“痘皮臉”的,亦不尊重辛勞耕種的農夫。這些迷信的飲食習俗流傳到今,或多或少仍然成為中國人的飲食禮儀。

西方餐桌文化

一、意大利與中國餐桌禮儀的不同之處

意大利(Italy)的美食眾多,是世界的美食之都之一。中國的飲食文化同樣博大精深,源遠流長。但兩國的餐桌禮儀卻是大相徑庭。不同的餐桌禮儀也彰顯出兩國文化上的迥異與不同的東西方的風土人情。

我們暫且就兩國請客吃飯的話題展開,以局部觀整體。

就從客人進門開始說起。意大利人舉辦聚會,主人都要早早地在門口迎接,客人也一般會帶來酒、甜食或一些紀念品,這在中國也是一樣的。但意大利接受禮品后,禮貌的做法是當面拆開禮品并加以贊美,而這在中國是相當不禮貌的一種做法。在中國主人收到禮品后應先放置在一處,待客人回去后再拆封。

入席時,單從餐桌的選擇上,就有不同。在中國,圓形餐桌受歡迎,因為可以坐更多人,而且大家可以面對面坐,以右為尊,主人坐在右首并面對正門而坐。而在意大利宴請賓客則喜用長桌,一家之主的身份因而比在圓桌上好辨認。此外,在意大利安排座位也比較隨意,依客人喜愛而定。

上菜是有最大的不同。在中國是在桌上擺滿所有的菜,客人隨意夾取。而在意大利,實行分餐制,并且菜是按沙拉、開胃菜、副菜、主菜、甜食、咖啡或茶一道道按

自在、寬松從容的氛圍。

二、加拿大餐桌禮儀

加拿大(Canada)是一個移民國家,擁有豐富多彩的飲食文化。其中,“三不”飲食文化別有一番情趣。

對中國人來講,不論是家里還是酒店宴請朋友,一般都離不開煙酒,否則就有怠慢之嫌。然而,在加拿大請客吃飯則都不設煙酒。飲酒者只能在領有酒牌的地方或住宅內喝酒。在這些地方以外飲酒都是違法的。由此可見,加拿大人十分重視健康,甚至將禁煙禁酒的規則搬到了餐桌。而在中國則沒有這樣的特殊禮儀。

你聽說過加拿大的“冷餐宴會”嗎?那就是因為菜肴燒得比較早,時間一長,也就成了涼菜。加拿大人喜歡吃冷食,而中國人則有所不同,熱菜是中國飲食文化的一大特色。

加拿大人宴請客人是不安排桌席的。通常是客人們手拿一次性使用的塑料餐盒和叉子,自己動手隨意選取自己喜愛吃的食物和菜肴,然后自找地方用餐。客人們可無拘無束,如果沒吃飽,還可以去取食。食畢要將一次性餐具放到廢物的大塑料袋中。而中國人熱鬧,大多一堆人圍成一桌進餐,而且講究排列位次,通常是有主次尊卑之別。在中國的宴席中,必須要所有人都到齊了,才能開始進餐。中國人用筷子最有講究了,如和人交談時,要暫時放下筷子,不能一邊說話,一邊象指揮似地舞筷子,不能把筷子豎插放在食物上面,這樣不吉利。

加拿大的餐桌禮儀除了以上幾種特別的要求外,大多數與其他西方國家的沒有什么差異,同樣要注意坐姿和刀叉的使用,同樣與中國的餐桌禮儀大有不同之處。

[總結] 餐桌文化由于地域、環境、風俗習慣等因素的影響,會出現在原料、口味、飲食習慣上的不同程度的差異。中西文化之間的差異造就了中西飲食文化的差異,而這種差異來自中西方不同的思維方式和處世哲學。中國人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人為本”。

一、兩種不同的飲食觀念

對比注重“味”的中國飲食,西方是一種理性飲食觀念。這種理性使之在自然科學上、心理學上、方法論上實現了突飛猛進的發展。但卻大大阻礙了如飲食文化的發對自我的尊重。但各吃各的,互不相擾,缺少了一些中國人聊歡共樂的情調。

三、餐桌上用語的差異

中西方在請客吃飯上的文化差異也要注意,否則會引起笑話。

中國人熱情好客,請客吃飯時一般都是菜肴滿桌,但無論菜多么豐盛,嘴上總要謙虛的說:“沒什么好吃的,菜做得不好,隨便吃點。”然而,當英美人聽到這樣的客套話,會覺得很反感:“沒什么吃的,又何必請我?菜做展。西餐講究營養、菜色的搭配,講究餐具與服務,但滋味上各種原料互不相干、調和,各是各的味,較為單一。

而在中國的烹調術中,對美味追求幾乎達到極致。這也是中餐在世界各地廣受歡迎的主要原因。遺憾的是,當我們把追求美味作為第一要求時,我們卻忽略了食物最根本的營養價值。“民以食為天”的后半句是“食以味為先”,就是這種對美味的追求,使不夠營養成為中國飲食文化的最大弱點。這種飲食觀與中國傳統的哲學思想也是吻合的。它包含了中國哲學豐富的辯證法思想,一切以菜的味的美好、諧調為度,度以內的千變萬化就決定了中國菜的豐富和富于變化,決定了中國菜菜系的特點。

二、飲食方式的不同

中西方的飲食方式有很大不同,這種差異對民族性格也有影響。

在中國,任何一個宴席,不管是什么目的,都只會有一種形式,就是大家團團圍坐,共享一席。筵席要用圓桌,這就從形式上造成了一種團結、禮貌、共趣的氣氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣賞、品嘗的對象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。雖然從衛生的角度看,這種飲食方式有明顯的不足之處,但它符合我們民族“大團圓”的普遍心態,反映了中國古典哲學中“和”這個范疇對后代思想的影響,便于集體的情感交流,因而至今難以改革。

西式飲宴上,食品和酒盡管非常重要,但實際上那是作為陪襯。宴會的核心在于交誼,通過與鄰座客人之間的交談,達到交誼的目的。與中國飲食方式的差異更為明顯的是西方流行的自助餐。這種方式便于個人之間的情感交流,不必將所有的話擺在桌面上,也表現了西方人對個性、得不好,又為什么要拿來招待我?”。按照中國的習俗,為了表示禮貌,習慣上會一再勸客人多吃點,而中國人往往是“言不由衷”,明明肚子餓,嘴上卻說:“我飽了,不用了。”;直到主人一請再請,才慢條斯理地“恭敬不如從命”。而英美人招待客人一般沒那么講究,簡簡單單三四道菜就可以了。用餐時,一般主人會說:“Help yourself, please!”(“請吃。”即你想吃什么就吃什么。)英美人待客尊重個人意志,講究實事求是,一再問客人要不要食物或強塞食物給客人,是很不禮貌的。所以,當主人給你添菜或問你要什么時,如:“Would you like another piece of meat pie?”(“想再來一塊肉餡餅嗎?”),如果你想吃的話,可以直截了當地回答:“Yes, please!”或“Thank you.A piece of meat pie.”倘若你確實什么也不想吃,只需簡單地說:“No.Thank you.”就可以了。而客人在用餐期間,一定要贊美主人所準備的食物好吃,稱贊主人的手藝好,否則不管你吃得多飽,主人都會不高興。典型的英語客套話是:

客人:It’s delicious.(味道好極了。)/ This meat is beautifully tender.(這肉鮮嫩可口。)

主人:Thank you.I’m glad you like it.(謝謝,我很高興你喜歡吃。)

有些不了解英美人習慣的中國人,到英美人家里做客,也客氣一番,結果他們請你一遍,至多兩遍,便以為你真的不想吃。英美人第二次的問法經常是:“Are you sure? It’s no trouble.”(“真的不要嗎?一點也不麻煩的。”)注意,這可是最后一請,如果你再客氣,只好去喝西北風了。此外,英美人認為菜吃不完留在盤子里,是很不文明的行為,所以寧可第一次少要一些,吃不飽,可大大方方地跟主人說:”Oh, this is delicious.”(“哦,這真好吃啊。”)并再要些剛才吃過的菜,主人對你欣賞他們的菜,會感到很高興。

結論:所以,中西方餐桌文化差異歸根結底還是感性與理性之間的差異。文化促進飲食的形成,飲食反映出各國的文化。但是,這種差異似乎在隨著科學的發展和世界體現了不同的餐桌禮儀。

(一)座次安排

在中國的餐桌禮儀中:先請客人入座上席,再請長者入座客人旁依次入座。入座時要從椅子左邊進入,入座后不要動筷子,更不要弄出響聲來,也不要起身走動。如果有什么事要向主人打招呼。客人應該等候主人邀請才可坐下,主人必須注意不可叫客人坐在靠近上菜的座位,此為一大忌。如果你是主人,則以和緩的動手,指向某張椅子并對客人說:“請坐這里。”如果你是客人,等主人示意你坐下時,才坐下。如果主人徑自坐下而沒有示意你坐在哪里,你就坐在最靠近他的位置。要是坐圓桌子,對著大門的是主座。的交流而變的模糊。中西方餐桌文化互相影響,互相融合,使兩者更趨于完善、科學。

中西方文化差異-中西餐桌禮儀

中方——據文獻記載,至少在周代,飲食禮儀就已形成一套相當完善的制度。作為漢族傳統的古代宴飲禮儀,自有一套程序。這種傳統宴飲禮儀在我國大部分地區保留至今,如山東、香港及臺灣,許多影視作品中多有體現。清代受西餐傳入的影響,一些西餐禮儀也被引進,中西餐飲文化的交流,使得餐飲禮儀更加科學合理。

西方——西方餐桌禮儀起源于法國梅羅文加王朝,當時因著拜占庭文化啟發,制定了一系列細致的禮儀。到了羅馬帝國的查里曼大帝時,禮儀更為復雜,甚至專制。皇帝必須坐最高的椅子,每當樂聲響起,王公貴族必須將菜肴傳到皇帝手中。在十七世紀以前,傳統習慣是戴著帽子用餐。在帝制時代,餐桌禮儀顯得繁瑣、嚴苛,不同民族有不一樣的用餐習慣。高盧人坐著用餐;羅馬人臥著進食;法國人從小學習把雙手放在桌上;英國人在不進食時要把雙手放在大腿上。歐洲的餐桌禮儀由騎士精神演變而來。在十二世紀,意大利文化流入法國,餐桌禮儀和菜單用語均變得更為優雅精致,教導禮儀的著作亦紛紛面世。時至今日,餐桌禮儀還在歐洲國家繼續傳留下去。若你前往朋友家做客,須穿上得體的衣服,送上合宜的禮物,處處表現優雅的言談舉止 西方家庭素有“把餐桌當成課堂”的傳統。從孩子上餐桌的第一天起,家長就開始對他們進行有形或無形的“進餐教育”,幫助孩子學會良好的進餐禮儀。西方孩子一般兩歲時開始系統學習用餐禮儀,四歲時就學到用餐的所有禮儀;五歲左右的孩子都樂于做一些餐前擺好所有餐具、餐后收拾餐具等力所能及的事。

在兒童的餐桌禮儀中,美國人還注重進行環保教育。五六歲的孩子應知道哪些是經過再生制造的“環保餐具”,哪些塑料袋可能成為污染環境的“永久垃圾”。外出郊游前,他們會在家長指導下自制飲料。盡量少買易拉罐等現成食品,并注意節約水電,因為他們懂得“濫用資源,即意味著對環境保護的侵害”。[3 ]對于這種餐桌教育,美國一位老師說:“文明禮貌對個人事業的成功極有幫助。大的商業交易或愛情往往是從餐桌上開始。”

中國和美國在餐桌上的要求存在很大差異,并各有特色,檔次高一點的飯店,會用餐巾予以區分,餐巾最高大的位置不能隨便坐,除非你打算好請客。

現代較為流行的中餐宴飲禮儀是在繼續傳統與參考國外禮儀的基礎上發展而來的。其座次借西方宴會以右為上的法則,第一主賓就坐于主人右側,第二主賓在主人左側或第一主賓右側,門邊面對主人的,自然是跑腿招呼的陪客坐的。變通處理,斟酒上菜由賓客右側進行,先主賓,后主人,先女賓,后男賓。

在西方的餐桌禮儀中:女主人宣布晚宴準備就緒后,男主人便會引領客人依次入座,而女主人則走在最后面。有些細心的主人也會在餐桌上放置姓名卡,以示座次,如果沒有這項安排,那么座位安排原則一般為:座次安排以男女分隔而坐為原則,男主客優先入座,其位置在女主人右邊,而女主客在男主客右邊,其它夫婦則以對角方式就座。男女夫婦分坐顯示出了美式宴會的開放及活潑,希望能藉由宴席上座次的安排來增進彼此間的熟稔,同時也可使用餐話題多樣化,氣氛和樂。

入坐原則是客人先入坐,長者先于年輕人入坐,已婚者先于未婚者入坐,陌生人又先于熟識客人或家人入坐。(二)上菜順序

中餐上菜順序是:先上冷菜、飲料及酒,后上熱菜,然后上主食,最后上甜食和水果。宴會上桌數很多時,各桌的每一道菜應同時上。上菜順序依然保持傳統,先冷后熱。這些程序不僅可以使整個宴飲過程和諧有序,更使主客身份和情感得以體現和交流。因此,餐桌之上的禮儀可使宴飲活動圓滿周全,使主客雙方的修養得到全面展示。

西餐上菜程序通常是:面包黃油→冷菜→湯斗海鮮→主菜→甜點心→咖啡和水果。冷菜、湯,同時就著面包吃。冷菜也叫開胃小菜,作為第一道菜,一般與開胃酒并用。湯分漬湯和奶油濃湯。主菜有魚、豬肉、牛肉、雞等。甜食常有冰淇淋、布丁等。然后是咖啡或紅茶。至于水果,可上可不上。

(三)餐具

中餐的餐具主要包括筷子、碟子、調羹、碗、調盤等。在正式的宴會上,水杯放在菜盤左上方,酒杯放在右上方。筷子與湯匙可放在專用座子上或放在紙套內。公用的筷子和湯匙最好放在專用的座子上。

西餐餐具主要有刀、叉、匙、盤子、玻璃杯等。在擺放方法上,中餐較為簡單,而西餐就比較復雜。世界上高級的西式宴會擺臺是基本統一的。共同原則是:墊盤居中,叉左刀右,刀尖向上,刀口向內,盤前橫匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右,其余用具酌情擺放。酒杯的數量與酒的種類相等,擺法是從左到右,依次擺烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香檳酒杯,啤酒杯。西餐中餐巾放在盤子里,如果在賓客尚未落坐前需要往盤子里放某種事物時,餐巾就放在盤子旁邊。(四)表示停餐方法

中方:筵席中暫時停餐,可以把筷子直擱在碟子或者調羹上。如果將筷子橫擱在碟子上,那是表示酒醉飯飽不再進膳了。西方:略事休息時,刀叉的擺法。如果吃到一半想放下刀叉略作休息,應把刀叉以八字形狀擺在盤子中央。若刀叉突出到盤子外面,不安全也不好看。邊說話邊揮舞刀叉是失禮舉動。用餐后,將刀叉擺成四點鐘方向即可。

(五)手機:在吃西餐的時候基本上都不會開手機,除非你有非常重要的事情,而手機鈴聲都會很小聲,有電話要中西宴客方面的另一大差異,也就是餐桌氣氛上的差異。總的來說是西方餐桌上靜,中國餐桌上動。西方人平日好動,揮手聳肩等形體語言特別豐富。但一坐到餐桌上便專心致志的去靜靜的切割自家的盤中餐。中國人平日好靜,一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不絕,相互讓菜,勸酒。

所以,中國人餐桌上的鬧與西方餐桌上的靜反映出了中西飲食文化上的根本差異。中國人以食為人生之至樂,所以餐桌上人們盡情的享受這美味佳肴。餐桌上的熱鬧反映了食客發自內心的歡快。西方人以飲食為生存的必要條件,他們自然要遵守某些規范,以保證機器的正常運轉。通過中西餐桌禮儀的比較,不僅僅反映了各地的文化傳統,還折射出不同民族心理、價值觀與道德標準、社會關系、社會禮儀和社會風俗等方面,即西方文化主張個人榮給大家說“對不起”,然后起身出去聽電話。這一條吃中餐的時候也適用,在用餐的時候聽電話走到哪里都是讓人唾棄的。

講到吃的禮節,不同的國家或文化常存在著許多差異,亞洲人認為挺禮貌的舉動,歐洲人見了可能感到很不文雅;中東國家餐桌上特殊的用餐禮儀,到了美國人的餐桌上使用起來就變成了粗魯的動作了盡管有著許多不同。換個角度來看,西方的宴客形式,從正式到非正式,遠遠多于中國。大致說來,他們有以下八種宴請形式:有席位的宴請(seated dinners),自助餐(buffet dinners),正式午餐(luncheons),招待會(receptions),雞尾酒會(cocktail parties),聚餐會(BYOB and BYOF=Bring your own bottles and bring your own food),野餐(picnics),茶會(tea parties)。而從傳統習俗上說,中國人請客,不論按長、尊、主、次圍桌而坐,滿桌豐盛的酒菜,主人頻頻勸酒,客人謙讓禮到。中國人覺得這樣的宴客方式才能體現主人的熱情和誠懇。另外宴客時崇尚熱鬧歡快的氣氛,講究面子排場。排場之大,氣氛之熱鬧常常令人嘆為觀止。

較隨便的形式則是主人邀上三五知己,到家中由女主人炒幾個菜,小酌一番。這種隨便的宴客形式不講究禮儀,不講究坐次,不講究飯菜,只講氣氛的和諧、主人的熱誠、主客談話的投機。當然,近年來西方的一些宴客形式,如酒會、招待會、自助餐或冷餐也會傳到中國,但這些多是官方或單位出面組織的宴請形式,平民百姓還少有實行。其次,中西在宴客的觀念上有較大的差異。而中國人請客吃飯,重在飯菜本身。宴席上的酒菜一定要豐富多彩。如果做得到,一定是山珍海味,美味佳肴。否則,很難稱的上是在請客。中國人宴客時重視飯菜本身起源于中國人的傳統價值觀念:民以食為天;食色性也。在衣食住行四大生活要素中食為首。

西方人的飲食觀念不同于中國人,林語堂先生說,英美人僅以“吃”為對一個生物的機器注入燃料,只要他們吃了以后能保持身體的結識,足以抵御病菌的感染,其他皆再不足道中。由于這一點,英語國家的飲食文化,尤其在烹飪方面不但遜色于中國,也遠不如法意等國。他們的傳統飯菜比較單一乏味。但比較注重營養,力求口味的清淡和膳食的均衡。

譽、自我中心、創新 精神和個性自由,而中國文化主張謙虛謹慎、無私奉獻、中庸之道和團結協作;西方人平等意識較強、家庭結 構簡單,由父母以及未成年子女組成核心家庭;而中國人等級觀念較強,家庭結構較復雜,傳統的幸福家庭多 為四代同堂等。

在跨文化交際中,由于文化障礙而導致的信息誤解,甚至傷害對方的現象屢見不鮮。有時善意的言談會使對方尷尬無比,禮貌的舉止會被誤解為荒誕粗俗。因此,研究不同文化之間的差異,研究正確的跨文化交際行為已成為不可忽視的問題。另外—— 用餐俗例

在飯食方式方面,中國人與西方人有點不同,西方人喜歡各自品嘗放在自己面前的食物,中國人則有一定的用飯規例,他們喜歡叫數碟佳肴,放在飯桌的中央位置,各人有一碗飯共同配這數碟菜肴,飯吃完可再添;夾起的菜肴通常要先放在自己的飯碗中,直接把菜肴放入口是不禮貌的;依照慣例,客人出席正式或傳統的晚餐,是不會吃光桌上的菜肴,以免令主人家誤以為菜肴預備不足,因而感到尷尬。餐桌擺設

日常飯食的擺設是在各座席擺上一個飯碗、一雙筷子、一只湯匙、一碟調味醬,用飯后通常會給客人一條熱毛巾,代替紙巾抹手及抹嘴巴。所有菜肴同時端上餐桌中央,各人用自己的筷子直接從各碟共享的菜肴夾取食物;湯水一大鍋的端上,各人同飲一鍋湯。客人用飯時絕對可以來一招「飛象過河」,夾取放在遠處的菜肴。由於中國人喜歡全體共享菜肴,他們的餐桌大多數是圓形或方形,而不是西方人多用的長形餐桌。

差異:中國與西方在飲食文化方面有不同之處,中國人比較喜歡大伙兒到茶樓,因可品嘗更多款的點心及菜肴,雖然茶樓都備有二人飯桌,但大多數是供四位或以上食客用的飯桌。茶樓通常很噪吵,氣氛不像西式餐廳浪漫,若二人吃飯,可考慮不選擇去茶樓。

第二篇:中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異[范文]

中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異

財管09-13班

宋佳

從比較中西餐桌禮儀的餐具使用差異、座次安排差異、就餐氛圍差異、及餐桌話語差 論文摘要 異四個方面來看跨文化交際中的文化差異,旨在說明堅持自己的優秀文化傳統的同時,要采用 一個客觀、寬容、尊重的心態對待異國文化以便能在跨文化交際中能恰當地、得體地進行交際。易中天先生曾經在《餐桌上的文化》里對中西文化進行了精妙闡釋中國文化的思想內核是“群。所以西方人即使請客吃飯,也是各點各的菜、體意識”,西方文化的思想內核則是“個體意識” 各喝各的酒,以免把自己的意志強加于人。中國文化則認為個人的意志,必須服從群體的共同 意志。其目的既然意在人情,意在血緣,則其方式禮儀,自然也就以和為貴了,因此中國人愛 聚餐、喜共食、講和合。筆者認為在跨文化交際中,面對陌生文化,因思維方式、生活習慣和 行為方式不同,交往過程中難免發生文化沖突。筆者從如下四個方面對中西餐桌禮儀進行簡單 的比較,以便在跨文化交際中能恰當地、得體地進行交際。

一、從餐具使用上看中西文化差異

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌禮儀最基本差異。浙江大學游修齡教授認為:東西方出現進食工具筷子和 刀叉的不同,和環境有關系。筷子要發源于有竹子的地方。我國北方多木,南方多竹,祖先就 地取材,竹木均成為我國最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出現比筷子要晚很多。據游修齡教授的研 究,刀叉的最初起源和歐洲古代游牧民族的生活習慣有關,他們馬上生活隨身帶刀,往往將肉 燒熟,割下來就吃。大約 15 世紀前后,為了改進進餐的姿勢,歐洲人才使用了雙尖的

叉。到 18 世紀才有了四個叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子,不僅帶來了進食習慣的差異,還影響了東西方人 生活觀念。游修齡教授認為,刀叉必然帶來分食制,而筷子肯定與家庭成員圍坐桌邊共同進餐 相配。西方一開始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人講究獨立,子女長大后就獨立闖世界的想法和習慣。而筷子帶來的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭單元,從而讓東方人擁有了比較牢固 的家庭觀念。筆者提醒在使用餐具時中西均有不同的規范。如中餐進餐時不可玩弄筷子(把它 們當鼓槌是非常失禮的做法),更不可以用筷子向人指指點點或打手勢示意。當然,絕對不可吸 吮筷子或把筷子插在米飯中,這是大忌(這好像葬禮上的香燭,被認為是不吉利的)。在使用刀 叉時也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿著刀叉時切勿指手畫腳。發言或交談時,應將刀叉放在盤上才合 乎禮儀。忌用自己的餐具為別人夾菜。餐具掉落不要彎腰拾撿。餐品不要一次性切好,尤其帶 湯汁的餐品,要一小塊的逐一切食等等。

二、從座次安排上看中西文化差異

中西都講究正式的宴請活動的座次安排。中國人請客傳統上用八仙桌。對門為上,兩邊為偏座。請客時,年長者、主賓或地位高的人坐上座,男女主人或陪客者坐下座,其余客人按順序坐偏 座。西方人請客用長桌,男女主人分坐兩端,然后按男女主賓和一般客人的次序安排座位,即 男女穿插安排,以女主人的座位為準,主賓坐在女主人的右上方,主賓夫人坐在男主人的右上 方,講究“女士優先”的西方紳士,都會表現出對女士的殷勤。在中國,左為尊,右為次;上 為尊,下為次;中為尊,偏為次。而在西方,右為尊,左為次。筆者特別提示西餐入座禮儀:最得體的入座方式是從左側入座。手肘不要放在桌面上,不可蹺 足。不可在進餐時中途退席(如有事確需離開應向左右的客人小聲打招呼)用餐時。坐姿端正,背挺直,脖子伸長。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持約一個拳頭的距離。記得要抬頭挺 胸著吃,在把面前的食物送進口中時,要以食物就口,而非彎下腰以口去就食物。

三、從就餐氛圍上看中西文化差異

中國人餐桌上的鬧與西方餐桌上的靜是中西餐桌禮儀最根本差異。餐桌氣氛上的差異,中國餐桌上動,西方餐桌上靜。中國人以食為人生之至樂,排場之大,氣氛之熱鬧常常令人嘆為觀止。中國人一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不絕,相互讓菜,勸酒,盡情的享受山珍海味,美味佳肴。這樣的 宴客方式才能體現主人的熱情和誠懇,餐桌上的熱鬧反映了食客發自內心的歡快。這種“鬧” 能從某種程度上折射中國人家庭溫馨、鄰里和睦、國人團結的“一團和氣”。西方人一坐到餐桌 上便專心致志的去靜靜的切割自家的盤中餐。喝湯時不能發出響聲,如湯菜過熱,可待稍涼后 再吃,不要用嘴吹。吃東西時要閉嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴發出聲音。進餐時可以與左右客 人交談,但不要只同幾個熟人交談。左右客人如不認識,可先自我介紹。別人講話不可搭嘴插 話。音量保持對方能聽見的程度。咀嚼食物不要說話,即使有人同你講話,也要等咽下食物后 再回答。

四、從餐桌話語上看中西文化差異

中國人請客吃飯時,擺在桌上的菜花樣繁多,至少有七、八道菜,如果是盛宴,主菜會更多,越名貴、越奇特的菜會越顯示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人卻往往要說“今天沒有什么好 菜招待大家”“菜做得不好,多吃一點” “多多包涵” “怠慢了您”之類的話。而西方盛宴、、一般四至五道菜,份量以吃完或稍有剩余為最佳。如果在家里,最好是吃完所有的菜,這樣女 主人會很高興,認為大家喜歡她做的菜。面對豐盛的宴席,主人會說“已經傾其所有來招待大 家” 的話。對中西主人的餐桌話語進行推理,很容易得出:中國人遵循了“貶己尊人”的原則。而西方人強調效率和實用主義價值觀,在交際中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人 不議論令人作嘔之事,會千方百計采用含蓄文雅的詞來替代 toilet,如: “Where can I wash my hand?”“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外,在西方國家不要問“吃飯了嗎?”等我國習慣的問候語。“您吃飯了嗎?”容易使人莫名其妙,甚至會出 現誤會。如在英國,你若問人吃飯沒有,其含義是你有意請對方吃飯;這對于未婚男女,則表 明你有意約會對方。

五、結語

世界上各種文化都是平等的。文化無優劣之分。應該避免用自己的文化、道德、價值觀作為標 準去衡量、評判而應采用一種客觀的、寬容的態度對待異國文化;同時,又要避免盲目的追隨、模仿異國文化,而應堅持自己的優秀文化傳統。

第三篇:中西方餐桌禮儀的文化差異

中西方餐桌禮儀的文化差異

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF TABLE MANNERS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

Abstract and Key Words

Abstract: Table manners are the rules of etiquette used while eating.Different cultures observe different rules for table manners.This article has some contrastive analysis and research on the cultural differences of table manners between East and West from the point of view on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication.It is concluded that with the wide spreading of intercultural communication people in East and West are deeply transformed,permeated and accepted to one another.They come to respect and tolerate different table manners, thus are even assimilative and syncretize with each other.Key words: table manners;cultural differences;syncretism

摘要:餐桌禮儀是用餐時的禮儀規則。不同的文化遵循不同的餐桌禮儀規則。本文從時間觀念、座次安排、上菜順序、餐具、行為和語言幾個方面對中西方餐桌禮儀的文化差異做出對比分析,并由此得出結論,隨著跨文化交際活動越來越廣泛,中西方人經歷了深刻的轉變,從相互滲透到彼此接受,人們逐漸能夠尊重和容忍不同文化的餐桌禮儀,甚至趨于同化和融合。關鍵詞:餐桌禮儀;文化差異;融合

CONTENTS

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 2.Literature Review…………………………………………………………………...1 3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners...................................……………………...2

3.1 Sense of Arriving Time 3.2 Seat Arrangement 3.3 Order of Serving Dishes 3.4 Tableware 3.5 Behaviour and Communication

4.Main Factors Causing the Differences.................................................…………….6

4.1 Geography

4.2 Tradition

4.3 Custom

5.Trend of Syncretism.............................................................................…………….7 6.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….9

Bibliography…………………………………………………………….…………….9 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………....10

Cultural Differences of Table Manners between

East and West

1.Introduction

With the rapid development of economy and culture, having meals is not only for the basic physical satisfaction, but also the important skill in social communication.Striving for civic virtues and having good manners have become increasingly common understanding of the public.In China, which has been a nation of etiquette and particular about food being the first necessity of the people since antiquity, table manners has a long history and has naturally become an important part of dining culture.With the deepening of open policy in our country and the strengthening of communication between East and West, people have more and more opportunities to cooperate with foreigners.Naturally, Chinese cannot avoid having dinners with foreigners.A series of table manners including sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication reflect different culture and life-style in nations or countries.There are many differences of table manners between eastern and western countries.To understand these differences can not only avoid committing a breach of etiquette to each other, but also promote the development of humanity culture in both countries and achieve interpersonal harmony in cross-cultural communication.2.Literature Review

As we all know, different countries have different cultures.Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another(Hofstede, 1991).As a kind of social customs, table manners are influenced by culture and vary in different areas.China, known as civilized ancient country, has characteristic table manners with a long history.Western countries also formed their own table manners during the syncretism of nations and modernization.To a certain degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation's civilization and an expression of a person's moral cultivation and accomplishment level as well.With the deepen of open policy in our country and the strengthen of communication between East and West, it is necessary for us to improve the consciousness of cross-cultural communication and know the differences of table manners, such as sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour, communication and so on.The fully understanding of the differences can prevent the failure in politeness and promote personal status on the dinner table.Only if we realize cultural connotation of table manners and the differences between East and West, can we talk and behave decently in cross-cultural communication and make social communication harmonious.With an acute eye and an irrepressible wit, Margaret Visser takes a fascinating look at the way we eat our meals in the book The Rituals of Dinner.From the ancient Greeks to modern yuppies, from cannibalism and the taking of the Eucharist to formal dinners and picnics, she thoroughly defines the eating ritual.She takes the different table manners in different areas and races to show the development of the world civilization.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian(2004)says that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.Westerners order respective dishes by themselves rather than ask others for what they want.On the contrary, Chinese agrees that personal will should obey group common thought.In the book Differences and Syncretize of Etiquette Culture between East and West, Mr.Li Xiaojun explores the syncretism of etiquette culture between East and West on the basis of table manners to achieve the harmonious society.Yu Lin and Zhou You compare the cultural differences between East and West from the point of view on tableware, seat arrangement, dinner atmosphere and language.It aims at warning people to treat exotic culture with an objective, tolerant and respectful attitude while insisting on their own culture, in order to communicate properly and appropriately in cross-cultural communication.3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners 3.1 Sense of Arriving Time Hall has classified two kinds of people according to his observation.One is monochromic time and the other is polychromic time(Edward Hall, 1976:17).People from western countries hold monochromic time assuming time is linear and can be cut, so they pay much more attention to timetables and pre-arrangements.They are slaves to nothing but the clock, and time is treated as if it were something almost precious.While people from eastern countries insist on polychromic time, having no ideas of fixed timetable.Therefore, this difference is more obvious when attending a banquet.Generally speaking, Chinese people which holding polychromic time tend to be later to show up.They often arrive half an hour later than the prescribed time and the host also seems to have prepares for that.They always arrange some other programs for guests while waiting, such as playing cards, drinking tea or chatting, so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring.Both the host and guests are used to this phenomenon and they do not regard this as a contempt or impolite behavior to the host.While in western countries, people do things strictly abide by the schedule and all the activities begins according to the predetermined time.People should arrive at the party on time especially the formal banquets.It is considered as impolite and contempt for the host and other guests if one arrives 10 minutes later.3.2 Seat Arrangement The seating arrangement is probably the most important part of Chinese table manners.The seat of honor, reserved for the master of the banquet or the guest with highest status, is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to the master of the banquet.The guests of lowest position sit furthest from the seat of honor.If the guest of honor is not seated, other people are not allowed to be seated.And if he hasn’t eaten, others should not begin to eat.When a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.If it is a round table, then the one facing the entrance door is the guest of honor.The seats on the left hand are in turn second, fourth and sixth, etc, while those on the right hand are in turn third, fifth and seventh, etc, until they join together.In ancient times there was a piece of furniture known as an Eight Immortals table, a big square table with benches for two people on each side.If it is an Eight Immortals table and there is a seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the entrance door is for the guest of honor.If there is no seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the east is the seat of honor.Then the seats on the left side of the seat of honor are the second, fourth, sixth and eighth and those on the right side are the third, the fifth and the seventh.While in western countries, after the hostess announced dinner ready, male host will lead guests to the table in turn, and the hostess walks behind them.Some attentive host will also place name card on the table to show the seat.If there has no arrangement, the general principle for seat arrangement is that men and women sit separately.Men guests of honour take the prior seats which on the right hand of hostess while women guests of honour seat on the right hand of him, and the other couples sit in diagonal respectively.Men and women sitting separately shows the open and lively of the American banquet.It can promote the familiarity between each other and make the dining topic diversification and dining atmosphere peaceful.The principle for the seat arrangement is that the guest takes the seat first, the elderly prior to young people, the married prior to unmarried and stranger prior to the acquaintance and families.3.3 Order of Serving Dishes In China, many dishes have symbolic connotations, representing everything from wealth to a long life and the order of serving dishes shows Chinese characteristics.A Chinese meal begins with appetizers which are accompanied by beverage and wine.There are usually four or five of these appetizers, including cold meats, preserved eggs, smoked fish and vegetable relishes, all beautifully arranged either on separate dishes or on one large platter.Hot dishes that were boiled or poached are usually served first, followed by foods that were fried, such as stir-fried chicken and stir-fried shrimp, which are omitted most of the time.Hot food should be served from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honour.When serving the whole duck, chicken and fish, the head and tail can not be put toward the major seat.After the hot dishes, then comes the main course, rice, which is China's staple food.While in a feast or banquet, people always eat little because of the abundant of the food.At last, desserts and fruits are provided to help digestion.If there are lots of tables on the banquet, every dish should be served simultaneously.These programs can not only make the whole process in harmony and order, but also make host and guests expression and communication well.Therefore, the table manners can make the dinner perfect and make host and guests both cultivation fully display.In western countries, the first dish is also appetizer which with distinctive flavor.It is always with salty and acid taste and small quantity but high quality.The second dish is soup, which very different from China.The soup can be roughly divided into four categories of clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cold soup.Generally, the third dish is fish dish, also known as side dish, which including many kinds of fish, shellfish and molluscs.As fish is easy to digest, it is served in front of meat dishes.Meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main course.The most representative is beef and steak.Vegetable dishes, called salad in western, can be arranged either after or with the meat dish, so it can be a kind of side dish.The six dish is dessert, which including all the food after the main course in a sense, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on.The final is beverage that often includes coffee with cream or tea with sugar.3.4 Tableware Of course, the main difference on the dinner table between East and West is the different tablewares.Chopsticks, which have a long history, are the most important tableware in China.The tradition of using chopsticks as tableware was introduced to many other countries in the world.The invention of chopsticks reflects the wisdom of Chinese ancient people.A pair of chopsticks, though they look simple, can nip, pick, rip and stir food.When having a meal, chopsticks should be put tidily on the right of the bowl.When finishing a meal, they should be put vertically on the mid-line of the bowl.Spoon is mainly used to drink soup or take quite small food.Do not get too full when using the spoon to get food, lest overflow make the table and clothes dirty.Plate is mainly used to fill the food, according the amount and shape of food it served.The plate that slight small should be put on the left of bowl to temporarily put food taken from the public dishes.Food wastes and bone should be put in the front of the small plate with chopsticks instead of directly spitting into it.Generally speaking, people do not use much tablewares when having meals in China.Chinese people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and spoons.While in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and sizes.For example, there are different kinds of glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.The use of tableware also shows different food culture in different countries.The main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and napkin.To start with, the fork is on the left side of the plate and the knife is on the right side.The knife which used to cut food into small pieces should be hold in the right hand.The fork and spoon can be placed either on the left or right hand of the table with the plate in the middle, depending on the person's preference on using the tableware.In general, the spoon is usually for soup.When using the spoon, start from the one closest to the bowl which closest to you and ladle out soup then sip from the spoon.If no soup is being served then it's meant for dessert.If you are right handed, then the knife goes into your right hand, fork in your left hand, and using the knife for cutting and eating with the fork.Some people refer to cut their meat or other items on their place into small pieces all at once and then just use their fork in their right hand and in most instances this is still considered good table manners.3.5 Behaviour and Communication Chinese people talked a lot and enjoy the delicious food when on the dinner table, which can reflect the hospitality and sincere of hostess.The lively atmosphere on the dinner table reflects the cheerful of guests, and it can reflect the warmth of family, the peace of neighbourhood and unite of the whole nation in a sense.While in western, people talked little and cut their own food in the plate quietly.They should not make any sounds when drinking and eating.If the soup is hot, they should wait instead of blowing with mouth.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, at least seven dishes.But host will say “There are not so much food for you all.” “The dish does not cook well.” and similar words.If the host asks “Would you like some more?”, then the guest may answer “No, thank you.I am full.” even if he is not full.After the host ask for many times, they maybe accept with embarrassment and little shameful.While in western, a dinner generally has four or five dishes and the host will simply say “Help yourself, please”.When the host asks “Would you like another piece of meat pie?”, you can answer directly “Yes, please.” or “Thank you, a piece of meat pie.” if you are not full.During the dinner, guests can praise the host such as “It is delicious.” or “This meat is beautifully tender.” to make host happy.Chinese followed the principle that belittle themselves and respect others.While westerners emphasize efficiency and pragmatism values and pay much attention to saving face and keeping their prestige.4.Main Factors Causing the Differences 4.1 Geography As we all know, different areas have different culture and custom.Because of the different location, natural conditions and geographical environment, different areas formed different regional culture which shows in that different nationalities using different language expression forms for the same kind of phenomenon or things.The geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures.China is a big country with a vast territory abounding in natural resources, and the people’s way of life, customs, economic and cultural development, as well as general local conditions, all vary.For example, Chopsticks and, knife and fork is the most basic differences between Chinese and western table manners.You Xiuling, the professor of Zhejiang University, said that east and west appear different tablewares are related to the environment.Chopsticks should be originated in the place of lots of bamboo.There are much wood in north China and much bamboo in south China.So ancestors use local materials to make chopsticks and they became China's most primitive raw materials of chopsticks.The emergence of knife and fork is much later than that of chopsticks.According to the research of professor You Xiuling, the origin of knife and fork is related to the life habit of ancient European nomads, who always took knife along them and live on horseback.They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked.From then on, westerners use knife and fork as their tablewares.4.2 Tradition

The different ethnic and national historical development process may result in different history and tradition.Thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture reflected in the Chinese Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.As the core of Chinese traditional culture, Confucianism produces a profound and long influence on Chinese society.Confucianism has the traditional thought mainly emphasized “benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, faith”.Taoists advocated “accustomization nature”, “pure” and he Buddhist is advocated “merciful Purdue beings” and “harmony”, “continued”.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness.In sharp contrast, the western culture is a kind of “guilt”culture.They believe in god created man.The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is clear and they do not allow mutual interference.This individual culture contributed to western table manners without sharing a plate of food.But Chinese love peace and quiet life in the forest, and in the dining room use cheap chopsticks as tableware.The chopsticks can also reflect Chinese collective consciousness.Westerners prefer to colonize in restaurants, use a knife and fork in the class.Knife and fork also can reflect individual consciousness, and noble west of life.From the use of chopsticks we can see the whole course of using chopsticks is collaborative work.If one of them is absent, the whole work cannot be completed.It shows that collectivism is the core thought of Chinese nation.And knife and fork is born in modern industrial society, which is the production of socialization.Its main material is metal which shows social function of modern society, and failed to get rid of its offensive during socialization process.4.3 Custom

Custom culture refers to the culture that formed in the daily social life and human communication activity by ethnic and habits.The differences of custom between east and west are various.Different nationalities show different ethnic culture and custom on many aspects such as greeting, thanks, flattery, apology, or making telephone calls.For example, when Chinese meet acquaintance, they always greet each other by asking “have you eaten” or “where are you going”.While in western culture, it does not belong to the greeting but a real problem.They may think “why does he ask me whether I have eaten” “does he want to invite me to have dinner”.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, but host says repeatedly “there is nothing for you” “have a potluck” and similar words.The host also helps pick food for guests and try his best to make guests eat and drink more.Westerner often doubted about this phenomenon.It is not realistic behaviour that host said there is nothing when there are so many dishes on the table.And their meal is very simple which often with a small number of delicious vegetables when they treat others.Host just says “help yourself” and they never carry food to guest's bowl.5.Trend of Syncretism As a country that pays great attention to courtesy, the cuisine culture is deep rooted in Chinese history.In either a Chinese home or restaurant, it is easy to find that table manners are essential.And the distinctive courtesies displayed will invariably add to the enjoyment of meals and keep people in high spirits.It is really an admirable custom to respect others at the table, including the aged, teachers and guests while taking good care of children.Chinese people stress filial piety all the time.The practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless generations.In ancient times the common people led a needy life but they still tried their best to support the elder mother or father who took it for granted.Although the hosts in China are all friendly and hospitable, we should also show them respect.Before starting to eat dinner, the host may offer some words of greeting.Guests should not start to eat until the host says, 'Please enjoy yourself' or something like that, otherwise it suggests disrespect and causes displeasure.When hosts place dishes on the table, they will arrange the main courses at the center with the supporting dishes evenly placed around them.When the main dishes are prepared in a decorative form either by cut or other means they will be placed facing the major guests and elder people at the table, which also embodies virtue.Westerners have gradually accepted Chinese sentimental thought.And Chinese food has always been very popular in America.Many Americans grew up frequently eating lunches with dishes like wonton soup, chow mein and fried rice.There are abundant and extensive table manners forming in the east, while there are exquisite and distinctive table manners forming in the west.Nowadays, the trend of syncretism of table manners between east and west is mainly reflected in Chinese learning from westerners.More and more western restaurants appear in many cities in China and more and more people like to have meals in it.People have learned western table manners gradually in daily life.It is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, western diet idea is rational.This difference seems to become blurred with the strengthening of communication between East and West and the development of science.Like westerners, instead of paying attention to the color, flavour and taste of the food, Chinese people pay more attention to its health and nutrition.We should learn from western manners not only learn its form but also adopt its inner spirit.Only in this way can we build up our confidence and superiority and establish our appeal.And western style food, which was introduced into our country several hundred years ago, has grown up to be a vital new force on the Chinese food and beverage market.The dissemination and development of western style food in China has unavoidably exerted great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry and made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so on.6.Conclusion Table manners reflect many differences between east and west, whether on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware or behaviour and language.Knowing the differences people can easily understand the culture of each other.In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and should remember that every culture is equal and there is no one prior to the other.Thus we can decently communicate with each other.Only recognizing cultural differences between East and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious society.Bibliography [1]Albala, K.The Cambridge World History of Food [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.[2]Finn, Carrie.Manners at the Table [M].America:Picture Window Books,2007.[3]King, Mia.Table Manners[M].America:Berkley Trade,2009.[4]李曉軍.中西禮儀文化的差異與融合[J].內江科技,2007(03).[5]瑪格麗特﹒維薩.餐桌禮儀[M].劉曉媛譯.北京:新星出版社,2007.[6]彭健.淺議中西餐桌禮儀差異[J].新西部(下半月), 2009(06).[7]余琳,周游.從餐桌禮儀看中西文化差異[J].硅谷, 2008(18).[8]楊柳,田丹丹,苑富山.中美餐桌禮儀芻議[J].內江師范學院學報, 2008(01).[9]易中天.餐桌上的文化[J].當代學生, 2004(10).[10]張亞紅.中西方飲食文化差異以及餐桌禮儀的對比[J].邊疆經濟與文化, 2009(04).

第四篇:中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異總結

中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異總結

飲食文化、餐具、進餐方式以及一系列的餐桌禮儀等都反映了不同民族的社會生活樣式和文化取向。現代社會禮儀無處不在, 用餐不單是滿足基本生理需要, 也是很重要的社交經驗,而中西方在餐桌禮儀方面的要求也有許多差別, 了解了兩者的不同防止失禮于人。1.餐桌氣氛上的差異

總的來說是:西方餐桌上靜, 中國餐桌上動。西方人平日好動, 但一坐到餐桌上便專心致志地去靜靜切割自家的盤中餐。中國人平日好靜, 一坐上餐桌, 便滔滔不絕, 相互讓菜, 勸酒。中國人餐桌上的鬧與西方餐桌上的靜反映出了中西飲食文化上的根本差異。

2.邀請的提前與赴宴的守時的差異

一般,不管是中方還是西方,邀請別人吃飯或者赴宴都要提前預定。

中方若是大型的婚宴請客要提前幾天以上,這是表達一種對客人的尊重。

而西方宴請也要提前通知,像答應對方的邀請后,如果臨時有事要遲到甚至取消約會,必須事先通知對方。另外,如果宴會時間是7點,你最好是6點55就要到。赴會時稍遲是可以接受的,但若超過15分鐘便會給對方不重視約會的壞印象。

3.中西方座次安排上的差異

古代中國素有“禮儀之邦”之稱,我國的傳統作法是“以左為上”,即認為居左之位高于居右之位。并且先請客人入座上席,在請長者入座客人旁依次入座,入座時要從椅子左邊進入。入座后不要動筷子,更不要弄出什么響聲來,也不要起身走動,如果有什么事要向主人打招呼。

而國際通行作法并排排列座次時,國際上的通行作法是“以右為上”,即認為居右之位高于居左之位。他們會注意:以主人和女主人為中心,左手的位置為上,靠近主人女主人的位置為上;夫婦不應相鄰,男女依次相鄰,主人和主方陪客應與客人依次相鄰;譯員可以坐在主賓的右側。有些大型場合,也可以在主人和主賓背后,另外安排用餐。4.從餐具的擺放中看差異

我們知道在中國的餐具中一般只有杯子,筷子,和碗、盤子等。它的擺放就相對比較簡單。餐具的擺放是這樣的:大盤是離身體最近的,正對領帶;餐布一角壓在大盤之下,一角垂落桌沿;小盤疊在大盤之上;大盤左側放手巾;左前側放小碗,小瓷湯勺放在碗內;右前側放置酒杯;右側放筷子。

西餐中的餐具,它的用餐順序是有外向內的,所以,他的擺放也是有外向內的。它是根據一道道不同菜的上菜順序精心排列起來的。座位最前面放食盤(或湯盤),左手放叉,右手放刀。湯匙也放在食盤右邊。食盤上方,放著吃甜食用的匙和叉、咖啡匙,再往前略靠右放酒杯。右起依次是:葡萄酒杯、香檳酒杯、啤酒杯(水杯)。而餐巾疊放啤酒杯(水杯)里或放在食盤里。面包盤放在左手,上面的黃油刀橫擺在盤里,刀刃一面要向著自已。正餐的刀叉數目要和菜的道數相等,按上菜順序由外到里排列,刀口向內,用餐時按順序由外向中間排著用,依次是吃開胃菜用的、吃魚用的、吃肉用的 比較正式的餐會中,餐巾是布做的。另外,要注意高檔的餐廳餐巾往往疊得很漂亮,有的還系上小緞帶。注意,別拿餐巾擦鼻子或擦臉。通過對比,我發現造成這些差異的原因主要有兩點。首先是中西方思維方式不同。從筷子與刀叉的區別看出,筷子是由兩根組成的,缺一不可,在協同中完成整個的吃飯過程。可見,這樣一個看似簡單的吃飯過程卻體現了中華民族團結的民族心理和集體主義的國家理念。而西方國家體現的是,在具體使用的過程中,用刀進行切,然后用叉將其夾住,最后才是送到口中的過程,通過這樣的一個過程就可以分析出,每個獨立的工具所承擔的是各自獨立的責任,完成的是分別的任務。

其次便是中西方價值觀不同。每一個社會和國家都在使用自己所認可的價值觀。在餐桌禮儀中人們所表現出的行為是各個國家的價值觀的一個縮影,是在各自不同的價值觀的指引下采取的與之相對應的行為。如在中國這樣一個以“禮儀之邦”,并強調“孝”、“忠”的國度里,體現出集體主義價值觀。在餐桌上就餐的時候,人們點好了菜以后,從座次就可以很明顯的表現出來,中國人強調尊老愛幼,因此,座位的擺放很有規律,座位不僅有上下等級之分,而且還有具體的座位排序。對于西方國家來說,個人主義價值觀占據主導地位,人們之間實行的是各自的價值,體現的是每個人的個體力量。這是因為在西方人的哲學思想中,傾向于側重個人主義、個性發展與自我表現。他們認為一個人若達不到自己的目的,那不是天命,而是自己懶惰,缺乏斗爭的精神。通過在就餐時候的分餐制就可以看出,他們每個人都是自己吃自己餐具里的東西,每個人都選擇自己愛吃的東西,不會出現在中國可能出現自己勉強吃主人夾的菜肴。

以上,就是對于中西方餐桌禮儀差異的總結。

第五篇:中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異

中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異

一、中國的餐桌禮儀

根據文獻的記載,早在我國周代,飲食禮儀就已經形成了一套相當完善的制度。比如漢族傳統的宴飲禮儀程序是:主人向客人發出請柬,屆時主人在門口相迎。出席的賓客也要互致問候,開席前客人先在客廳小坐,吃些茶點。

待客人到齊后一一就座,以左為上,相對上座的是二座,上座之下為三座。等到客人都坐定之后,主人開始敬酒讓菜。

敬酒時先敬長輩和主賓,最后才是主人。這種傳統的宴請禮儀在我國的大多數地方流傳至今,我們在影視劇中也經常可以看到。

中國餐桌禮儀中的禁忌:與中國的傳統家庭一起用餐,一定要尊重他們的習俗,不要觸犯了他們的禁忌,因為中國人通常認為飲食與人的命運息息相關,如果在用餐時犯了禁忌會帶來厄運。比如說吃魚,當吃完一面魚身,需要用筷子翻轉到另一面時,通常開車的人是不會動筷子去翻的。他們認為:如果翻了魚身,那么駕車的時候就會翻車。

這些迷信的習俗流傳至今,餐桌禮儀在現代中國人的生活中占有相當重要的地位。用餐不僅是滿足生理需要,而且也是重要的社交經驗,體現著一個人的教養和素質。

二、西方的餐桌禮儀

西方家庭素有把餐桌當成課堂的習俗。從孩子上餐桌的第一天開始,家長就對其進行餐桌禮儀的培養。在西方,孩子一般在四歲時就學會了用餐的所有禮儀。五歲的孩子都樂于做一些餐前擺好所有的餐具,餐后收拾餐具等力所能及的事情。另外,他們還非常注重環保教育,讓孩子知道哪些是可再生的“環保餐具”,哪些是不可再生的“永久垃圾”。教育孩子們盡量少用易拉罐等現成的食品,并注意節約用水、用電。因為他們懂得“濫用資源,即意味著對環境保護的侵害”。

在西方餐桌上也有一些注意事項:比如不要在餐桌上化妝,用餐巾擦鼻涕。用餐時打嗝是大忌,更不要對著人或者是菜打嗝或打噴嚏。取食時,拿不到的食物可以請別人傳遞,千萬不要站起來。每次送到嘴里的食物不要太多,在咀嚼時不要說話。就餐時不可以狼吞虎咽。遇到自己不愿吃的食物也應一點放在盤中,以示禮貌。不應在進餐中途退席。確實需要離開,要向左右的客人小聲打招呼。飲酒干杯時,即使不喝,也應該將杯口在唇上碰一碰,以示敬意。

當別人為你斟酒時,如果不需要,可以簡單地說一聲“No,thanks!”或以手稍蓋酒杯,表示謝絕。進餐過程中,不要解開紐扣或當眾脫衣。

三、中西方餐桌禮儀的比較

1.座次安排:中國的餐桌禮儀是:先請客人入座上席,再請長輩入座客人旁。入座的時侯要從椅子的左邊進入。主人必須注意的一點是切不可讓客人坐在靠近上菜的座位,此為一大忌。如果是圓桌子,則對著大門的是主座。

現代較為流行的中餐宴飲禮儀,其座次借西方以右為上的法則,第一主賓坐在主人的右邊,第二主賓坐在主人的左邊或者第一主賓的右邊。

在西方的餐桌禮儀中,女主人宣布晚宴準備就緒后,男主人引賓客依次就座,一般座位的安排以男女分隔而坐的原則,男主賓先就座,其位置在女主人的右邊,而女主賓則在男主賓的右邊,其他的夫婦則以對角方式入座。

2.上菜順序:中餐的上菜順序一般是先上涼菜、飲料或酒,然后是熱菜、主食和湯,最后是水果和甜點。而西方的上菜程序通常是:黃油面包、冷菜、海鮮、主菜、甜點、咖啡和水果。冷菜也叫開胃小菜,作為第一道菜,一般和開胃酒并用。3.餐具:中餐的餐具主要有筷子、碟,碗、勺子等。在正式的宴會上,水杯通常放在菜盤的左上方,酒杯放在菜盤右上方。西餐的餐具主要有刀子、叉子、碗、盤子、碟子等。4.餐巾:中餐在正式用餐前,服務員會為每人遞上一·9·塊熱毛巾,它只能用來擦手,擦完手之后,應放回原來的盤子里,由服務員拿走,在宴會結束前,會再上一塊濕毛巾用來擦嘴,千萬不能用來擦汗、抹臉。西餐中,餐巾放在盤子里,要么放在盤子的旁邊。

5.停菜方法:在中餐結束時,筷子應整齊地放在靠碗右邊的桌上,并應等客人們都放下筷子以后,主人示意離席后方可以離開,不能自己吃完了放下筷子就走,這樣做是很沒禮貌的表現。而在西餐結束的時候,要將叉子的下面向上,刀子的刀刃側向內與叉子并攏,平行地放在盤子上,而且要把柄放在盤子內以便于服務員收拾。

四、從餐具使用上看中西文化差異中國人吃飯慣用筷子,而西方人用刀叉。對此,浙江大學的游修齡教授認為,這與環境有關。在我國,北方多木,南方多竹,而筷子的主要原料就是木頭和竹子。而刀叉的起源與歐洲古代的游牧民有關,他們隨身帶刀,往往遇到獵物,用刀子割下來,燒熟了,用刀子分著吃。大約到15世紀前后,為了改變進餐姿勢,才慢慢開始使用叉子。不同的餐具反映了不同的生活觀念。在中國,一家人坐在一起,用筷子合餐,體現了老老少少坐在一起的家庭單元,而西方人一開始就分吃,由此反映出西方人講究獨立,子女長大后就獨立闖世界的想法和習慣。

五、從就餐氛圍上看中西文化差異中國人就餐,圖的是一個熱鬧,而西方人則好靜。中國有句古話“民以食為天”,中國人以食為人生之至樂,其場面之宏大,常常熱鬧得令人嘆為觀止。中國人在一起就餐,常常相互勸酒、劃拳,在古代還行酒令,這樣方能顯示主人的熱情與真誠。這也正顯示了中國人家庭和睦,鄰里團結的文化氛圍。而西方人坐在餐桌上則靜靜地劃開自家的盤中餐,喝湯時不能發出聲響。如果湯太燙,也不能用嘴吹,只能待湯稍涼些再喝。這也顯示了西方人好靜的特點。

六、從餐桌話語上看中西文化差異中國人請客吃飯時,擺在餐桌上的菜花樣繁多,五花八門。如果是盛宴,主菜則會更多,越豐盛、越昂貴方能顯示主人的殷勤和客人的身份。而在宴請結束時,主人往往會說“今天沒什么好菜招待大家”“,菜做得不好,請多包涵”“,怠慢了您”等等的話語。而西方盛宴一般只有四到五個菜,以恰好吃完或者稍有剩余為最佳。如果在家里,最好吃完所有的菜,這樣女主人會很高興,認為這樣是大家喜歡她做的菜,對她烹飪手藝的一種認可。面對豐盛的宴席,主人會說已經傾其所有來招待大家。對中西方主人的話語進行推敲,不難得出,中國人遵循“貶己尊人”的原則,而西方人強調效率和實用主義價值觀,在交際中十分注重自身面子的需要。例如,西方人在宴會上常用文雅的詞來代替令人作嘔之事。問廁所在哪會說“WherecanIwashmyhand?”“,IwonderifIcangosomewhere?”另外,中國人見面打招呼經常會問“你吃飯了嗎?”但是在西方國家,這樣容易使人產生誤解,以為你有意請對方吃飯,尤其是對于未婚男女,對方會以為你有意約會。

綜上所述,通過對中西方餐桌禮儀差異的分析,了解到了中西方之間不同的文化傳統。掌握二者之間的不同,對于我們提高自身的素質有著很大的幫助,對于我們更加了解西方的餐桌禮儀對中國文明的發展和更好地與人交往發面也起到了導向的作用。使得我們今后在社會上,與人交往的過程中,更多了一份從容。

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