第一篇：2012北大中文系畢業演講

2012北大中文系畢業演講——盧新寧

敬愛的老師和親愛的同學們上午好謝謝你們叫我回家。讓我有幸再次聆聽老師的教誨分享我親愛的學弟學妹們的特殊喜悅。一進家門光陰倒轉。剛才那些美好的視頻同學的發言老師的講話都讓我覺得所有年輕的故事都不曾走遠。可是站在你們面前親愛的同學們我才發現自己真的老了。1988年我本科畢業的時候你們中的絕大多數人還沒有出生。那個時候你們的朗朗部長還是眾女生仰慕的帥師兄你們的渭毅老師正在與我的同屋女孩愛的地老天荒——而現在他們的孩子都該考大學了。就像剛才那首歌唱的“記憶中最美的春天難以再回首的昨天。”如果把生活比做一段將理想“變現”的過程我們只是一疊面額有限的現鈔而你們是即將上市的股票。從一張白紙起步的書寫前程無遠弗屆一切皆有可能。面對你們我甚至缺少一份抒發“過來人”心得的勇氣。但我先生力勸我來我的朋友也勸我來他們都是84級的中文系學長。今天他們有的是一介文人清貧淡泊有的已經主政一方功成名就有的發了財做了富二代的爹也有的離了婚生活并不如意。但在網上交流時聽說有今天這樣的一個機會他們都無一例外地讓我一定要來代表他們代表那一代人向自己的弟弟妹妹說點什么。是的跟你們一樣我們曾在中文系就讀甚至度過同一門課程青澀的背影都曾被燕園的陽光定格在五院青藤纏滿的綠墻上。但那是上個世紀的事了我們之間橫亙著二十多年的時光。那個時候我們稱為理想的今天或許你們笑稱其為空想那時的我們流行書生論政今天的你們要面對誡勉談話那時的我們熟悉的熱詞是民主自由今天的你們記住的是拼爹、躲貓貓、打醬油那個時候的我們喜歡在三角地游蕩而今天的你們習慣隱形于偉大的互聯網。我們那時的中國依然貧窮卻豪情萬丈而今天這個世界第二大經濟體還在苦苦尋找迷失的幸福無數和你們一樣的青年喜歡用“囧”形容自己的處境。二十多年時光中國到底走了多遠存放我們青春記憶的三角地早已蕩然無存見證你們少年心緒的一塔湖圖正在創造新的歷史。你們這一代人有著遠比我們當年更優越的條件更廣博的見識更成熟的內心站在更高的起點。

我們想說的是站在這樣高的起點由北大中文系出發你們不缺前輩大師的蔭庇更不少歷史文化的熏染。詩經楚辭的世界老莊孔孟的夢想李白杜甫的詞章構成了你們生命中最為激蕩的青春時光。我不需要提醒你們未來將如何以具體瑣碎消磨這份浪漫與絢爛也不需要提醒你們人生將以怎樣的平庸世故消解你們的萬丈雄心更不需要提醒你們走入社會要如何變得務實與現實因為你們終將以一生浸淫其中。我唯一的害怕是你們已經不相信了不相信規則能戰勝潛規則不相信學場有別于官場不相信學術不等于權術不相信風骨遠勝于媚骨。你們或許不相信了因為追求級別的越來越多追求真理的越來越少講待遇的越來越多講理想的越來越少大官越來越多大師越來越少。因此在你們走向社會之際我想說的只是請看護好你曾經的激情和理想。在這個骯臟的社會我們仍然需要干凈在這個懷疑的時代我們依然需要信仰。北大是守護這些的底線北大人應該是守護這些的社會柱墻。也許有同學會笑話大師姐寫報社論寫多了吧這么高的調子。可如果我告訴各位這是我的很多中文系同學共同的想法你們是否會稍微有些重視是否會多想一下為什么二十多年過去他們依然如此我知道與我們這一代相比你們這一代人的社會化遠在你們踏上社會之前就已經開始了國家的盛事集中在你們的大學時代但社會的問題也凸顯在你們的青春歲月。你們有我們不曾有的機遇但也有我們不曾經歷的挑戰。文學理論無法識別毒奶粉的成分古典文獻擋不住地溝油的泛濫。當利益成為唯一的價值很多人把信仰、理想、道德都當成交易的籌碼我很擔心懷疑會不會成為我們時代否定一切、解構一切的粉碎機我們會不會因為心灰意冷而隨波逐流變成錢理群先生所言“精致利己主義”世故老道善于表演懂的配合而北大會不會像那個日本年輕人說的有的是人才卻不培養精英

我有一位清華畢業的同事從大學開始就自稱是北大的跟屁蟲對北大人甚是敬重。談到“大清王朝北大荒”的江湖傳言他特認真地對我說“這個社會需要的不是北大人的適應而是北大人的堅守。”這讓我想起中文系百年時陳平原先生的一席話。他提到西南聯大時的老照片給自己的感動一群衣衫襤褸的知識分子器宇軒昂地屹立于天地間。這應當就是國人眼里北大人的形象。不管將來的你們身處何處不管將來的你們從事什么職業是否都能常常自問作為北大人我們是否還存有那種浩然之氣那種精神的魅力充實的人生“天地之心生民之命往圣絕學”是否還能在我們心中激起共鳴 馬克思曾慨嘆法蘭西不缺少有智慧的人但缺少有骨氣的人。今天的中國同樣不缺少有智慧的人但缺少有信仰的人。也正因此北大給我們的教育才格外珍貴。從母校的教誨出發二十多年社會生活給我的最大啟示是當許多同齡人都陷于時代的車輪下那些能幸免的人不僅因為堅強更因為信仰。不用害怕圓滑的人說你不夠成熟不用在意聰明的人說你不夠明智不要照原樣接受別人推薦給你的生活選擇堅守、選擇理想因為這個時代說你幼稚是給對有良心者最大的褒獎。梁漱溟先生寫過一本書《這個世界會好嗎》我很喜歡這個書名它以樸素的設問提出了人生的大問題。這個世界會好嗎事在人為未來中國的分量和質量就在各位的手上。最后我想將一位學者的話送給親愛的學弟學妹——無論中國怎樣請記得你所站立的地方就是你的中國你怎么樣中國便怎么樣你相信光明便不再有黑暗

第二篇：2014北大畢業演講

變革時代，如何堅守？

——王恩哥校長在2014年本科生畢業典禮上的講話

尊敬的各位老師、各位學長、各位嘉賓，親愛的同學們：

大家上午好！

“紅樓飛雪，一時英杰，先哲曾書寫，愛國進步民主科學。”剛才，教師和學生合唱團演唱了《燕園情》，這首歌雖然還不是我們正式的校歌，但這么多年來，它的旋律、它的歌詞、它所包含的深厚感情以及北大人以四海為家、以天下為己任的情懷，已經深深刻在了我們的心中。在座每一位北大同學的本科生活，都是由《燕園情》開始的，今天在這里，也將以《燕園情》畫上一個休止符。四年前,充滿朝氣和活力的你們從五湖四海匯聚到燕園，開始了在北大的求學

生涯。那時，你們在一體的操場上第一次學唱《燕園情》；而今天，在同樣悠揚的歌聲里，你們就要帶著在北大收獲的知識、友情以及愛情，帶著一生一世的北大印記，走向天南海北。前段時間，我們的一張本科畢業生合影在網絡上“走紅”，這張一個人的“合影”來自元培學院的薛逸凡同學，她所在的古生物學專業，或許是中國唯一的只有一個學生的專業。很多網友贊她為“女漢子”，紛紛留言——“一個人的寂寞誰懂？”，“專業第一名和最后一名都占了”??其實，無論什么專業，寂寞也好，熱鬧也罷，作為校長和老師，只要你們學有所成，只要你們快樂成長，就是我們內心最大的滿足。2014屆畢業的全體本科生同學們，祝賀你們！

同學們，大學時光匆匆而過，以至于身為“90后”的你們都開始慨嘆：“時間都去哪兒了”？是的，對一個始終在奮斗、始終在攀登的年輕人來說，時間總是過得特別快，四年光陰轉瞬間就流走了。我想，這四年的時間，已經凝結成了你們在無數次“刷夜”苦讀之后的哲思與明辨，凝結成了你們在國際交流舞臺上閃光的才華與自信的氣度，也已經變成了悄悄爬上父母和師長雙鬢的縷縷白發。當你們在回憶過往，追問青春的意義時，我希望，大家懷著一顆感恩的心，向默默哺育你們的父母、悉心教導你們的師長以及四年來相互關愛、相互扶助的“小伙伴”們說一聲——“謝謝！”正是他們時時在你的左右，你的人生才擁有了如此精彩！今天，請把掌聲獻給他們！

此時此刻，站在這個講臺上，我的心情也很不平靜，愿意與大家分享一點自己的時間印記。我和我的同齡人，是在中國經濟社會大變革的時代成長起來的，雖然歷經波折，卻也幸運地搭上了改革開放、社會轉型的時代列車。1978年我上大學的時候，人們還在討論收音機和電視對未來教育的影響。而現在，我也同你們一樣，經常看看BBS和微博，也試圖用微信與朋友們交流。時至今日，科學技術的發展已經極大地改變了我們的生活，突破了時間與空間的界限，拉近了人與人、國與國之間的距離。相信就在此刻，你們當中有不少人正通過微博、微信將畢業的體悟和感恩的心情傳遞給千里之外的親友。這在幾十年前，甚至幾年前，都是很多人難以想象的事情。

同學們，變革是當今時代的主題。包括我們所身處的燕園，每天也都在發生著許多細微但深刻的變化。我們的北大，正變得更加國際化、更具包容性，也更充滿了創新的活力。這一切的變化，是所有的北大人，包括在座各位同學共同努力的結果。

那么，在這個快速變革的時代，北大人應如何作為？我們除了與時俱進，緊緊跟上時代的潮流，更需要堅守什么？哪些東西需要不斷變化，而哪些東西又亙古不變？利用這個機會，我想和同學們一起探討。

今年5月4日，總書記來到北大，與我們共度校慶和五四青年節。在師生座談會上，總書記給大學生算了一筆“人生賬”：“現在在高校學習的大學生都是20歲左右，到2020年全面建成小康社會時，很多人還不到30歲；到本世紀中葉基本實現現代化時，很多人還不到60歲。也就是說，實現‘兩個一百年’奮斗目標，你們和千千萬萬青年將全過程參與。”

同學們，總書記指明的這筆“人生賬”，不就是擺在你們面前的歷史“際遇”和“機緣”么！總書記還以“人生的扣子從一開始就要扣好”為喻，勉勵青年從現在做起、從自己做起，勤學、修德、明辨、篤實，身體力行，努力在實現中國夢的偉大實踐中創造自己的精彩人生。

五四運動的先驅、北大校友羅家倫先生在《寫給青年》一書的序言中談到：“我們不能背著時代后退，我們也不能隨著時代前滾，我們要把握住時代的巨輪，有意識的推動他，進向我們光輝的理想。”在五四時代，他們那一批“90后”通過對舊思想、舊文化、舊禮教的徹底批判，在改造國民性的基礎上，重塑人的靈魂，實現了中華民族的覺醒，也開啟了中國現代化的征程。以“愛國、進步、民主、科學”為核心的五四精神，成為指引一代又一代青年奮發圖強的精神燈塔，也為當代中國構建社會主義核心價值體系提供了重要的文化因子和思想資源。

“君子務本，本立而道生。”在全球化浪潮洶涌而來、各種思潮相互碰撞的變革時代，堅守核心價值觀就是“務本”，將自己的人生事業融入國家發展和人類文明進步的洪流，這就是最大的“道”。今天，中國正作為國際社會的重要一員，重新回到世界舞臺的中央，我們比歷史上任何時期都更接近中華民族偉大復興“中國夢”的實現。北大人不應沉湎于以往作出的貢獻，而要參與到人類文明的和諧與共同發展之中。希望在座的諸位同學，將來能夠代表我們這個國家，對人類文明的傳承與進步起到推動作用。

面對紛紜復雜、瞬息萬變的世界，如何實現“小我”與“大我”的協同進步？是被社會的慣性所牽引，還是追隨自己內心的召喚？是選擇安逸的生活，還是選擇奉獻和付出的人生？在面臨嚴峻的現實時，是選擇放棄，還是義無返顧地

前行？是做憤世嫉俗者，還是積極的建設者？在此，我對大家有三點希望：

一是希望大家堅守“砥礪德行，立己立人”的道德追求。宋代理學家楊時曾說“一德立而百善從之”，無論什么時代，砥礪德行對于修身、齊家、治國、平天下都具有基礎性的重要作用。只有個人的德行修養立得住，才能推己及人，影響和教化別人。“君子之志于道也，不成章不達。”在我們身邊，就有許許多多堅守本心，德行高尚的前輩，他們的堅守讓我們在時代波瀾中看到了北大人默默擔當的身影，感受到了北大人濃郁沉淀的家國情懷。這其中，第三屆“蔡元培獎”獲得者，醫學部教授彭瑞驄先生便是典型代表。彭瑞驄先生生于二十世紀二十年代，1940年考入北京大學醫學院。成長于內憂外患，社會動蕩的時代，彭先生較早便開始關注社會現實，關注民生疾苦。1947年，他與方亮教授、王光超教授等人在北京公主墳附近的什坊院村辦起了保健院，組織北醫師生輪流為附近農民義診。在這段實踐中，彭先生目睹了農民飽受病痛之苦和貧困的折磨，堅定了為大多數人服務的理念。從醫70多年，無論身處順境還是逆境，先生都堅定不移、勇往直前。彭老曾這樣寄語醫學生：“‘無德不醫’。學校只能教育你認識是非，但是社會太復雜了。你要是想拿學醫當敲門磚去賺錢的話，那就別來學醫，此路不通。”彭老甘受清貧，默默奉獻，正是老一輩北大人畢生堅守的群體特質的生動寫照。希望這種高尚的道德追求能夠在你們身上生生不息，薪火相傳。

二是希望大家堅守“守正篤實，久久為功”的平和心態。今年3月，我在學工部舉辦的“教授茶座”活動中與一些同學進行了面對面的交流。在座談中，同學們最關心的問題是生涯規劃。物理學院一位同學說，學物理、做科研壓力很大，需要犧牲很多東西，不知道是不是應該堅持。我告訴他，北大人做什么都可以做得很出色，但要做好任何事，都需要一個基本素質——那就是忍耐。今天在這里，我還想跟大家分享哲學系湯一介先生治學的例子。作為老一輩哲學家，編纂一部能夠挖掘傳統文化的真精神、呈現中國儒學源流的《儒藏》，是湯先生長期以來的愿望。2002年，經過反復論證，湯先生將編纂《儒藏》的設想提交學校和教育部并得以正式立項。這一年，76歲高齡的湯先生受命成為《儒藏》工程首席專家。《儒藏》工程是一項旨在傳承中華優秀傳統文化的重大基礎性國家文化工程，也是一項迄今為止人文社科領域規模最大的國際合作工程。《儒藏》“精華編”收入中外儒家典籍650余種，約計2.6億字；而“大全編”則收入儒家經典著

作3000余種，約10億字；此外還將編纂著錄兩萬余部“儒家經典文獻總目”。面對這項浩如煙海又繁瑣龐雜的巨大工程，已是耄耋之年的湯一介先生義無反顧。他說：“在中華民族走向偉大復興的過程中，必須有中華文化的復興來配合。今天，我們編纂《儒藏》可以說正在實現著400多年來中國學者、也可以說是中國人民的夢想。我最大的心愿就是把《儒藏》編好，將儒家文化瑰寶系統全面地收藏，成為全世界最權威的范本，之后一百年內不會有人超過。”湯先生秉持著這樣的赤忱之心，在本該頤養天年的年紀，仍然不遺余力地傳承和發揚中國傳統文化。這種守正篤實，久久為功的精神，值得大家用心學習。

三是希望大家堅守“寵辱不驚，自信自勵”的人生哲學。隨著人生階段的轉變，你們將迎來一個更加復雜、更加多元的世界。面對信息時代各種思潮的相互激蕩，面對紛繁蕪雜的社會現實，同學們可能一時會有些疑惑、彷徨和失落。這是正常的。但我希望，你們在偶爾“吐槽”之余，勇做積極的建設者，化難為易、化壓力為動力、化自卑自滿為自信自勵，寵辱不驚，處之泰然。不久前，阿里巴巴集團董事會主席馬云先生在北大演講時說：“今天很多年輕人抱怨這不對、那不對的東西，可能正是我們可以發展的機會。與其抱怨，不如把它變成現實。”改變別人也許很難，但改變自己只需要堅持。我校國際關系學院潘維教授也講過一段很有啟迪性的話：“我們昨天的理想，決定了中國今日社會的現實。如果你們今天對現實不滿，那么你們的理想就是祖國的未來。我希望這未來不是更墮落，而是更美好。”美好的未來就掌握在各位自己手中，希望大家不畏難、多歷練，始終保持昂揚向上的精神狀態，努力完善自我，抵達“踏遍青山人未老，風景這邊獨好”的人生新境界。

同學們，時代在變，北大人“愛國、進步、民主、科學”的傳統不會改變，“勤奮、嚴謹、求實、創新”的學風不會改變，“思想自由，兼容并包”的胸懷不會改變，“以天下為己任”的抱負不會改變，“常為新”的奮斗精神和創新意識不會改變！這些帶有“北大印記”的精神特質，應當就是我們在大變革時代永遠不變的堅守。

同學們，我一直認為，北大是不可復制的，每一個北大人的人生也是不可復制的。希望大家永遠不要被喧囂、浮躁所迷惑，請勇敢地做你自己，一個更好的自己，做一個堂堂正正、獨一無二的北大人。

從今天開始，我相信，無論你們走到哪里，所有的道路都有一個共同的起點，那就是北大，這里是你們永遠的精神家園。無論時代如何變革，植根在我們內心

深處的“燕園情”將始終超越時間與空間的界限，這是永遠割不斷的！

最后，我想把自己思考和醞釀已久的一句話送給在座的各位同學，“一個人的一生，要有追求，要有方向。如果你能在年輕的時候確立自己的目標，你就會節省很多時間，走更少的彎路，你離自己夢想的距離就會更近，實現的可能性就會更大。”

同學們，依依惜別，再見珍重。母校永遠祝福你們！祝愿你們乘風破浪，前程萬里！

謝謝大家！

第三篇：北大中文系本科生課程

北京大學中文系研究生入學考試綜合科目出題范圍

現代漢語，包括：語音、詞匯、語法、方言、修辭、現代漢字；

古代漢語，包括：音韻、訓詁、古代語法、古文字；

語言學理論；

文學理論，包括：基本原理、西方文論、中國古代文論；

中國文學史，包括：中國古代、現代、當代文學；

外國文學史；

比較文學；

中國古代史；

文獻學知識。

北京大學中文系不指定考研參考書目，不提供以往考試試題以及導師姓名，以下為中文系本科生各專業四年必修課程及所用教材，僅供參考：

（加括號的課程或書目為2001年9月調整后“沒有”列出的），“主要參考書”為調整后新增的。

一、中文系各專業共同必修課及所用教材：

課程名稱 教材名稱/版別 編著者 出版單位 出版時間

古代漢語 古代漢語（修訂本上、下）郭錫良 等 商務印書館 1999年1月

現代漢語 現代漢語 北京大學中文系現代漢語教研室 商務印書館 1993年7月

（邏輯導論 新邏輯教程 宋文堅 北京大學出版社 1992年9月）

中國古代文學 中國文學史（1—4）游國恩 等 人民文學出版社 1963年7月

中國文學史參考資料簡編（第二版上、下）北京大學中文系古典文學教研室 北京大學出版社 1998年6月

中國現代文學 中國現代文學三十年（修訂本）錢理群 等北京大學出版社 1998年7月

中國當代文學（當代中國文學概觀（第三版）張鐘 等北京大學出版社 1998年3月）

中國當代文學史 洪子誠 北京大學出版社 1999年8月

中國當代文學史料選 謝冕、洪子誠 北京大學出版社 年月

中國當代文學作品精選 謝冕、洪子誠 北京大學出版社 1995年7月

中國古代史中國古代史綱（修訂本上、下）張傳璽 北京大學出版社 1991年6月

二、漢語言文字學專業必修課及所用教材：

課程名稱 教材名稱/版別 編著者 出版單位 出版時間

語言學概論 語言學綱要（第三版）葉蜚聲、徐通鏘 北京大學出版社 1997年4月

理論語言學（無書目）

漢語史 漢語史稿（新一版合訂本）王力 中華書局 1980年6月

漢語音韻學（音韻學教程（第二版）唐作藩 北京大學出版社1991年7月）

漢語方言學（漢語方言學教程（內部講義）北京大學中文系現代漢語教研室1999年8月）

文字學 文字學概要 裘錫圭 商務印書館 1988年8月

主要參考書

語言學概論 胡明揚、賀陽、沈陽 語文出版社 2000年4月

簡明漢語史（上、下）向熹 高等教育出版社 1993年5月

音韻通講 耿振生 河北教育出版社 2001年5月

古漢語詞匯綱要 蔣紹愚 北京大學出版社 1994年11月

語音學教程 林燾、王理嘉 北京大學出版社 1992年11月

詞義的分析與描寫 符淮清 語文出版社 1996年1月

語法答問 朱德熙 商務印書館 1985年7月

漢語方言概要（第二版）袁家驊 語文出版社 2001年1月

漢語方言學導論（修訂本）游汝杰 上海教育出版社 2000年6月

漢語方言及方言調查 詹伯慧 湖北教育出版社 年月

說文解字 [東漢] 許慎 中華書局 1963年12月

說文解字注 [清] 段玉裁 中華書局 年月

三、中國文學專業必修課及所用教材：

課程名稱 教材名稱/版別 編著者 出版單位 出版時間

文學原理 文學概論（第三版）蔡儀 人民文學出版社 1984年5月

民間文學概論 中國民間文學概要（增訂本）段寶林 北京大學出版社 1998年5月

中國文學理論批評史 中國文學理論批評發展史（上、下）張少康 劉三富 北京大學出版社 1995年6月（外國文學 歐洲文學史（上、下）揚周瀚 人民文學出版社 年月

俄蘇文學史（1—3）曹靖華 河南教育出版社 年月）

（比較文學原理 比較文學原理新編 樂黛云 等 北京大學出版社 1998年8月）

主要參考書

文藝美學 胡經之 年月

文學原理 董學文、張永剛 北京大學出版社 2001年1月

文學理論教程 童慶炳 高等教育出版社 1998年4月

文學理論新編 陳傳才 等 中國人民大學出版社 年月

文學理論學習資料 北京大學中文系文學理論教研室北京大學出版社 年月

中國文學史 袁行霈 高等教育出版社 1999年8月

中國俗文學史 鄭振鐸 上海書店 年月

中國戲劇史長編 周貽白 人民文學出版社 年月

先秦文學史參考資料 北京大學中文系古代文學教研室 中華書局 1990年4月

兩漢文學史參考資料 北京大學中文系古代文學教研室 中華書局 1990年4月

元代戲曲史稿 天津古籍出版社 年月

中國當代文學教程 陳思和 復旦大學出版社 年月

臺灣文學史 劉登翰 海峽文藝出版社 年月

四、中國古典文獻學專業必修課及所用教材：

課程名稱 教材名稱/版別 編著者 出版單位 出版時間

（古籍整理概論（無書目））

古文獻學史 中國古文獻學史 孫欽善 中華書局 年月

（音韻學 音韻學教程 唐作藩 北京大學出版社 1991年7月）

（文字學 文字學概要 裘錫圭 商務印書館 1988年8月）

（訓詁學（無書目））

校勘學 校勘學大綱 倪其心 北京大學出版社 1987年7月

版本學 古書版本學概論 李致忠 北京圖書館出版社 1990年8月

（目錄學 古典目錄學 來新夏 中華書局 1991年3月）

（哲學要籍解題（無書目））

史學要籍解題 史部要籍解題 王樹民 中華書局 1981年11月

（文學要籍解題（無書目））

工具書使用法 中文工具書教程 朱天俊、李國新 北京大學出版社 1991年7月

中國古代文化 中國古代文化史（１－３）陰法魯、許樹安等 北京大學出版社 1989年11月 主要參考書

清代學術概論 梁啟超 上海古籍出版社 年月

校勘學 錢玄 江蘇古籍出版社 年月

校勘學釋例 陳垣 中華書局 年月

古籍版本學概論 嚴佑之 華東師范大學出版社 年月

中國古籍版本學 曹之 武漢大學出版社 年月

版本學 姚伯岳 北京大學出版社 年月

中國歷史文獻簡明教程 張傳璽 北京大學出版社 1990年7月

文史工具書手冊 朱天俊、陳宏天 中國青年出版社 年月

中文工具書參考資料 朱天俊 北京師范大學出版社 年月

第四篇：北大演講

克林頓在北京大學的英文演講稿

PRESIDENT CLINTON:

Thank you.Thank you, President Chen, Chairmen Ren, Vice President Chi, Vice Minister Wei.We are delighted to be here today with a very large American delegation, including the First Lady and our daughter, who is a student at Stanford, one of the schools with which Beijing University has a relationship.We have six members of the United States Congress;the Secretary of State;Secretary of Commerce;the Secretary of Agriculture;the Chairman of our Council of Economic Advisors;Senator Sasser, our Ambassador;the National Security Advisor and my Chief of Staff, among others.I say that to illustrate the importance that the United States places on our relationship with China.I would like to begin by congratulating all of you, the students, the faculty, the administrators, on celebrating the centennial year of your university.Gongxi, Beida.(Applause.)As I'm sure all of you know, this campus was once home to Yenching University which was founded by American missionaries.Many of its wonderful buildings were designed by an American architect.Thousands of Americans students and professors have come here to study and teach.We feel a special kinship with you.I am, however, grateful that this day is different in one important respect from another important occasion 79 years ago.In June of 1919, the first president of Yenching University, John Leighton Stuart, was set to deliver the very first commencement address on these very grounds.At the appointed hour, he appeared, but no students appeared.They were all out leading the May 4th Movement for China's political and cultural renewal.When I read this, I hoped that when I walked into the auditorium today, someone would be sitting here.And I thank you for being here, very much.(Applause.)Over the last 100 years, this university has grown to more than 20,000 students.Your graduates are spread throughout China and around the world.You have built the largest university library in all of Asia.Last year, 20 percent of your graduates went abroad to study, including half of your math and science majors.And in this anniversary year, more than a million people in China, Asia, and beyond have logged on to your web site.At the dawn of a new century, this university is leading China into the future.I come here today to talk to you, the next generation of China's leaders, about the critical importance to your future of building a strong partnership between China and the United States.The American people deeply admire China for its thousands of years of contributions to culture and religion, to philosophy and the arts, to science and technology.We remember well our strong partnership in World War II.Now we see China at a moment in history when your glorious past is matched by your present sweeping transformation and the even greater promise of your future.Just three decades ago, China was virtually shut off from the world.Now, China is a member of more than 1,000 international organizations--enterprises that affect everything from air travel to agricultural development.You have opened your nation to trade and investment on a large scale.Today, 40,000 young Chinese study in the United States, with hundreds of thousands more learning in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America.Your social and economic transformation has been even more remarkable, moving from a closed command economic system to a driving, increasingly market-based and driven economy, generating two decades of unprecedented growth, giving people greater freedom to travel within and outside China, to vote in village elections, to own a home, choose a job, attend a better school.As a result you have lifted literally hundreds of millions of people from poverty.Per capita income has more than doubled in the last decade.Most Chinese people are leading lives they could not have imagined just 20 years ago.Of course, these changes have also brought disruptions in settled patterns of life and work, and have imposed enormous strains on your environment.Once every urban Chinese was guaranteed employment in a state enterprise.Now you must compete in a job market.Once a Chinese worker had only to meet the demands of a central planner in Beijing.Now the global economy means all must match the quality and creativity of the rest of the world.For those who lack the right training and skills and support, this new world can be daunting.In the short-term, good, hardworking people--some, at least will find themselves unemployed.And, as all of you can see, there have been enormous environmental and economic and health care costs to the development pattern and the energy use pattern of the last 20 years--from air pollution to deforestation to acid rain and water shortage.In the face of these challenges new systems of training and social security will have to be devised, and new environmental policies and technologies will have to be introduced with the goal of growing your economy while improving the environment.Everything I know about the intelligence, the ingenuity, the enterprise of the Chinese people and everything I have heard these last few days in my discussions with President Jiang, Prime Minister Zhu and others give me confidence that you will succeed.As you build a new China, America wants to build a new relationship with you.We want China to be successful, secure and open, working with us for a more peaceful and prosperous world.I know there are those in China and the United States who question whether closer relations between our countries is a good thing.But everything all of us know about the way the world is changing and the challenges your generation will face tell us that our two nations will be far better off working together than apart.The late Deng Xiaoping counseled us to seek truth from facts.At the dawn of the new century, the facts are clear.The distance between our two nations, indeed, between any nations, is shrinking.Where once an American clipper ship took months to cross from China to the United States.Today, technology has made us all virtual neighbors.From laptops to lasers, from microchips to megabytes, an information revolution is lighting the landscape of human knowledge, bringing us all closer together.Ideas, information, and money cross the planet at the stroke of a computer key, bringing with them extraordinary opportunities to create wealth, to prevent and conquer disease, to foster greater understanding among peoples of different histories and different cultures.But we also know that this greater openness and faster change mean that problems which start beyond one nations borders can quickly move inside them--the spread of weapons of mass destruction, the threats of organized crime and drug trafficking, of environmental degradation, and severe economic dislocation.No nation can isolate itself from these problems, and no nation can solve them alone.We, especially the younger generations of China and the United States, must make common cause of our common challenges, so that we can, together, shape a new century of brilliant possibilities.In the 21st century--your century--China and the United States will face the challenge of security in Asia.On the Korean Peninsula, where once we were adversaries, today we are working together for a permanent peace and a future free of nuclear weapons.On the Indian subcontinent, just as most of the rest of the world is moving away from nuclear danger, India and Pakistan risk sparking a new arms race.We are now pursuing a common strategy to move India and Pakistan away from further testing and toward a dialogue to resolve their differences.In the 21st century, your generation must face the challenge of stopping the spread of deadlier nuclear,chemical, and biological weapons.In the wrong hands or the wrong places, these weapons can threaten the peace of nations large and small.Increasingly, China and the United States agree on the importance of stopping proliferation.That is why we are beginning to act in concert to control the worlds most dangerous weapons.In the 21st century, your generation will have to reverse the international tide of crime and drugs.Around the world, organized crime robs people of billions of dollars every year and undermines trust in government.America knows all about the devastation and despair that drugs can bring to schools and neighborhoods.With borders on more than a dozen countries, China has become a crossroad for smugglers of all kinds.Last year, President Jiang and I asked senior Chinese and American law enforcement officials to step up our cooperation against these predators, to stop money from being laundered, to stop aliens from being cruelly smuggled, to stop currencies from being undermined by counterfeiting.Just this month, our drug enforcement agency opened an office in Beijing, and soon Chinese counternarcotics experts will be working out of Washington.In the 21st century, your generation must make it your mission to ensure that today's progress does not come at tomorrow's expense.China's remarkable growth in the last two decades has come with a toxic cost, pollutants that foul the water you drink and the air you breathe--the cost is not only environmental, it is also serious in terms of the health consequences of your people and in terms of the drag on economic growth.Environmental problems are also increasingly global as well as national.For example, in the near future, if present energy use patterns persist, China will overtake the United States as the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, the gases which are the principal cause of global warming.If the nations of the world do not reduce the gases which are causing global warming, sometime in the next century there is a serious risk of dramatic changes in climate which will change the way we live and the way we work, which could literally bury some island nations under mountains of water and undermine the economic and social fabric of nations.We must work together.We Americans know from our own experience that it is possible to grow an economy while improving the environment.We must do that together for ourselves and for the world.Building on the work that our Vice President, Al Gore, has done previously with the Chinese government, President Jiang and I are working together on ways to bring American clean energy technology to help improve air quality and grow the Chinese economy at the same time.But I will say this again--this is not on my remarks--your generation must do more about this.This is a huge challenge for you, for the American people and for the future of the world.And it must be addressed at the university level, because political leaders will never be willing to adopt environmental measures if they believe it will lead to large-scale unemployment or more poverty.The evidence is clear that does not have to happen.You will actually have more rapid economic growth and better paying jobs, leading to higher levels of education and technology if we do this in the proper way.But you and the university, communities in China, the United States and throughout the world will have to lead the way.(Applause.)In the 21st century your generation must also lead the challenge of an international financial system that has no respect for national borders.When stock markets fall in Hong Kong or Jakarta, the effects are no longer local;they are global.The vibrant growth of your own economy is tied closely, therefore, to the restoration of stability and growth in the Asia Pacific region.China has steadfastly shouldered its responsibilities to the region and the world in this latest financial crisis--helping to prevent another cycle of dangerous devaluations.We must continue to work together to counter this threat to the global financial system and to the growth and prosperity which should be embracing all of this region.In the 21st century, your generation will have a remarkable opportunity to bring together the talents of our scientists, doctors, engineers into a shared quest for progress.Already the breakthroughs we have achieved in our areas of joint cooperation--in challenges from dealing with spina bifida to dealing with extreme weather conditions and earthquakes--have proved what we can do together to change the lives of millions of people in China and the United States and around the world.Expanding our cooperation in science and technology can be one of our greatest gifts to the future.In each of these vital areas that I have mentioned, we can clearly accomplish so much more by walking together rather than standing apart.That is why we should work to see that the productive relationship we now enjoy blossoms into a fuller partnership in the new century.If that is to happen, it is very important that we understand each other better, that we understand both our common interest and our shared aspirations and our honest differences.I believe the kind of open, direct exchange that President Jiang and I had on Saturday at our press conference--which I know many of you watched on television--can both clarify and narrow our differences, and, more important, by allowing people to understand and debate and discuss these things can give a greater sense of confidence to our people that we can make a better future.From the windows of the White House, where I live in Washington, D.C., the monument to our first President, George Washington, dominates the skyline.It is a very tall obelisk.But very near this large monument there is a small stone which contains these words: The United States neither established titles of nobility and royalty, nor created a hereditary system.State affairs are put to the vote of public opinion.This created a new political situation, unprecedented from ancient times to the present.How wonderful it is.Those words were not written by an American.They were written by XuJiyu, governor of Fujian Province, inscribed as a gift from the government of China to our nation in 1853.I am very grateful for that gift from China.It goes to the heart of who we are as a people--the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, the freedom to debate, to dissent, to associate, to worship without interference from the state.These are the ideals that were at the core of our founding over 220 years ago.These are the ideas that led us across our continent and onto the world stage.These are the ideals that Americans cherish today.As I said in my press conference with President Jiang, we have an ongoing quest ourselves to live up to those ideals.The people who framed our Constitution understood that we would never achieve perfection.They said that the mission of America would always be “to form a more perfect union”--in other words, that we would never be perfect, but we had to keep trying to do better.The darkest moments in our history have come when we abandoned the effort to do better, when we denied freedom to our people because of their race or their religion, because there were new immigrants or because they held unpopular opinions.The best moments in our history have come when we protected the freedom of people who held unpopular opinion, or extended rights enjoyed by the many to the few who had previously been denied them, making, therefore, the promises of our Declaration of Independence and Constitution more than faded words on old parchment.Today we do not seek to impose our vision on others, but we are convinced that certain rights are universal--not American rights or European rights or rights for developed nations, but the birthrights of people everywhere, now enshrined in the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights--the right to be treated with dignity;the right to express one's opinions, to choose one's own leaders, to associate freely with others, and to worship, or not, freely, however one chooses.In the last letter of his life, the author of our Declaration of Independence and our third President, Thomas Jefferson, said then that “all eyes are opening to the rights of man.” I believe that in this time, at long last, 172 years after Jefferson wrote those words, all eyes are opening to the rights of men and women everywhere.Over the past two decades, a rising tide of freedom has lifted the lives of millions around the world, sweeping away failed dictatorial systems in the Former Soviet Union, throughout Central Europe;ending a vicious cycle of military coups and civil wars in Latin America;giving more people in Africa the chance to make the most of their hard-won independence.And from the Philippines to South Korea, from Thailand to Mongolia, freedom has reached Asia's shores, powering a surge of growth and productivity.Economic security also can be an essential element of freedom.It is recognized in the United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.In China, you have made extraordinary strides in nurturing that liberty, and spreading freedom from want, to be a source of strength to your people.Incomes are up, poverty is down;people do have more choices of jobs, and the ability to travel--the ability to make a better life.But true freedom includes more than economic freedom.In America, we believe it is a concept which is indivisible.Over the past four days, I have seen freedom in many manifestations in China.I have seen the fresh shoots of democracy growing in the villages of your heartland.I have visited a village that chose its own leaders in free elections.I have also seen the cell phones, the video players, the fax machines carrying ideas, information and images from all over the world.I've heard people speak their minds and I have joined people in prayer in the faith of my own choosing.In all these ways I felt a steady breeze of freedom.The question is, where do we go from here? How do we work together to be on the right side of history together? More than 50 years ago, Hu Shi, one of your great political thinkers and a teacher at this university, said these words: “Now some people say to me you must sacrifice your individual freedom so that the nation may be free.But I reply, the struggle for individual freedom is the struggle for the nation's freedom.The struggle for your own character is the struggle for the nation's character.”

We Americans believe Hu Shi was right.We believe and our experience demonstrates that freedom strengthens stability and helps nations to change.One of our founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, once said, “Our critics are our friends, for they show us our faults.” Now, if that is true, there are many days in the United States when the President has more friends than anyone else in America.(Laughter.)But it is so.In the world we live in, this global information age, constant improvement and change is necessary to economic opportunity and to national strength.Therefore, the freest possible flow of information, ideas, and opinions, and a greater respect for divergent political and religious convictions will actually breed strength and stability going forward.It is, therefore, profoundly in your interest, and the world's, that young Chinese minds be free to reach the fullness of their potential.That is the message of our time and the mandate of the new century and the new millennium.I hope China will more fully embrace this mandate.For all the grandeur of your history, I believe your greatest days are still ahead.Against great odds in the 20th century China has not only survived, it is moving forward dramatically.Other ancient cultures failed because they failed to change.China has constantly proven the capacity to change and grow.Now, you must re-imagine China again for a new century, and your generation must be at the heart of China's regeneration.The new century is upon us.All our sights are turned toward the future.Now your country has known more millennia than the United States has known centuries.Today, however, China is as young as any nation on Earth.This new century can be the dawn of a new China, proud of your ancient greatness, proud of what you are doing, prouder still of the tomorrows to come.It can be a time when the world again looks to China for the vigor of its culture, the freshness of its thinking, the elevation of human dignity that is apparent in its works.It can be a time when the oldest of nations helps to make a new world.The United States wants to work with you to make that time a reality.Thank you very much.(Applause.)

第五篇：中文系畢業論文格式

定西師范高等專科學校

畢業論文

論文題目

系別專業班級學號

姓名指導教師

年月日

（空二號兩行）

（題目：二號加粗，居中）

（空五號一行）

學生：某某某指導教師：某某（居中五號，“學生：某某某”與“指導教師”間空4格）

（空五號二行）

[摘要]（五號加粗，內容不加粗）

[關鍵字]（五號加粗，內容不加粗，用分號隔開）

[Abstract]（五號加粗，內容不加粗）

[Keywords]（五號加粗，內容不加粗，用分號隔開）

(空五號二行)

（正文小四號）

(正文與參考文獻間空五號二行)

[參考文獻]（五號加粗，內容不加粗，文中采用右上角標[1]、[2]）

（論文5000-8000字，全部采用A4打印，宋體，1.5倍行距。原則上不允許另加注釋，均采用尾注。封面采用學校教務處制定的統一封面。頁碼居中（封面不加頁碼）。文中標題的順序為

一、某某

（一）某某

1.某某

原則上只允許出現3級標題，文中舉例，也須有標題，全用（1）、（2）

《龍龕手鏡》與《廣韻》音切比較研究

學生：某某某指導教師：某某某

[摘要]《龍龕手鏡》是遼宋時期的一部重要字書。自沈括《夢溪筆談》著錄以來，古代文人對其多有褒貶。自上世紀七十年代陳飛龍全面研究《龍龕手鏡》的首部專著問世以來，關于《龍龕手鏡》的研究才步入正軌。研究內容主要集中在音韻學、文字學、文獻學、辭書學等方面，成果顯著。但仍有待深入研究。

[關鍵字]《龍龕手鏡》；《廣韻》；音切比較

[Abstract] Longkanshoujing is an important dictionary in the period of Liao dynasty.From Mengxibitan wtitten by shenkuo, many scholars in ancient China did the positive or negative appraisal.From 1970's Chen Feilong began to study Longkanshoujing comprehensively.Since his first monograph published, the study on Longkanshoujing has walked into the right path.The research domain mainly concentrate in the phonology, the philology, the version and collation study, the dictionary study and so on.[Keywords] Longkanshoujing;Guangyun;Yin-qie;phonetic system

一、引言

（一）行均與《龍龕手鏡》成書情況

《龍龕手鏡》（下文簡稱《龍龕》）的作者行均，是遼幽州（今北京）高僧，具體生卒年無考。《遼史》無傳。據智光序，可知他祖籍“青齊”（今山東一帶），后出家在“燕晉”（今河北、山西一帶）為僧，大約生活于五代末葉至遼圣宗統和年間（公元10世紀中后期）。據《續資治通鑒長編》記載，行均“字廣濟，北地于氏子。博學多聞，淹貫群書。能詩文，尤精文字音韻，士夫多就學之”。《龍龕》是其在五臺山金河寺以五年之功編撰的一部漢字字書，此外沒有其它著[1]

作傳世。但僅此一書足以使他躋身于我國古代語言學家之列。

行均精于文字、音韻之學。其時佛教經典抄寫中訛俗字流行，這給佛教徒研讀經卷帶來了很大的不便。行均有感于此，為了幫助佛教徒通解文字、研讀佛經，參考了大量韻書、字書、佛經音義和寫本經卷中的文字，大約于宋太宗至道三年（997）寫成了這部辨正字形兼注音釋義的字書。

（二）《龍龕手鏡》的流傳與版本概況

《龍龕》成書后，最早有遼刻本行世。《曝書雜記》曾記錢夢廬語云：“《龍龕手鑒》，昔年書友顧姓攜遼板大字本，余慫恿小重山館主人購藏，不果。”后來此書流傳到宋朝。據《夢溪筆談》[2]卷十五載，遼國律法森嚴，只要有人將本國之書傳入中國，就會判處死刑。因此，《龍龕》問世后七十余年，至宋神宗熙寧年間（1068～1077），才有人偶然從遼國的俘虜手中獲得。不久，蒲傳正（名宗孟）于元佑二年（1087）知杭州時予以刊刻。該書原名《龍龕手鏡》，后因避宋翼祖“趙敬”諱而將“鏡”改為“鑒”。因受到人們歡迎，《龍龕》被多次印刷，還流布朝鮮與日本。國內傳世諸本一般為四卷本，而《經籍訪古志》卷二野上俊靜《龍龕手鑒雜考》云：“除四卷本外，另有八卷本，收隋唐通用之俗字和異字。或謂此八卷本系在韓國完成。”這個八卷本刊行于朝鮮與日本。日本元和年間（1616～1623），有古活字本印行。另據智光序文所言，《龍龕》初版時還附有《五音圖式》。有人認為它可能是早期的等韻圖，但國內外現存各版本中均未見到此圖。也有人推測《四聲等子》就是失傳的《五音圖式》，但根據尚不充分。

[參考文獻]

[1]行均《龍龕手鏡》，中華書局1985年。

[2]沈括《夢溪筆談》，商務印書館1987年。