第一篇：英語作文(說明文)[定稿]

Compose a piece of expository writing(說明文）, which begins with a statement of opinion, then goes on to give supporting details, and finally ends in a conclusion.No less than 200 words.

第二篇：英語作文說明文

英語作文說明文

說明文類

寫作指導

說明文的出題形式為文字提示或圖表，文體有報道、投稿、書信等。寫作步驟如下：

第一步：審題，確定主題句、主體時態(一般以現在時態為主)和中心人稱；

第二步：在主題句后按提示順序將各要點以完整的句子表達出來；

第三步：用過渡詞將上下文的邏輯關系體現出來。

常用詞有：

①表示時間：now, then, afterwards, soon, five minutes later,before long, shortly after that, soon after supper, to this day, just now, just then

②表示順序、動作過程：first, firstly, first of all, second, secondly, at first, at last, next

③表示轉折：but, yet, and yet, however, although, otherwise, in spite of

④表示結果：thus, therefore, so, as a result, seeing that, luckily, unfortunately

⑤表示強調： above all, indeed, surely, certainly, of course, after all, without any delay, at least, at most⑥表示并列： and, also, as well as, and then

⑦表示遞進： besides, what's more, in addition, even, once more, what was worse

⑧表示解釋和說明： that is to say, namely, for example, actually, and so on, such as, believe it or not,to tell you the truth,according this, for this reason

⑨表示比較、對比： just like, just as, in the same way, more or less, sooner or later, on the contrary, on the other hand

⑩表示總結： finally, in conclusion, in a word, in general, generally speaking, in short, as you know, in the end需要注意的是：使用上述過渡性詞必須根據上下文需要的原則，力求自然，決不可牽強附會，讓人感覺別扭。

精選范文

以“早起是好習慣”為題寫篇議論文。請圍繞以下幾點來寫：

①早起與健康；

②早起與學習；

③早起與一天的活動。

(字數80～120，要求自擬標題)

Getting Up Early Is a Good Habit

Getting up early is a good habit.It is very important to our health, our study, our life and so on.First, getting up early helps to keep us strong.We can do morning exercises in the open air in the morning and breathe fresh air to build our bodies.Second, getting up early helps us to memorize what we have learned in class by reading aloud in the morning.Third, getting up early can help us to find enough time to prepare our work of the day.If we stick to getting up early every day, it will do us a lot of good.練習

①某國際性英語刊物有一個介紹各國風俗習慣的專欄，請為該專欄寫一篇短文，簡單介紹中國的農歷新年(春節)。請包括以下要點：

a．春節是中國人的重要節日；

b．春節在哪一天(農歷：the lunar calendar)；

c．除夕一家人吃團圓飯(have a…feast)；

d．守歲爆竹迎新年(爆竹 firecracker)；

e．大年初一親朋好友拜年(exchange…greetings)；

f．孩子們的壓歲錢(lucky money)；

g．獅子舞及其他節目(lion dances and others performances)，是節日不可少的活動內容，要延續三天。(字數80～120)

②年末將至，某英文報紙開辦“99回顧”專欄，就一年中的10件大事做總結性報道。報社請你對夏季的特大洪災進行簡要評述(第一句已給出)。

性質

a．本世紀最嚴重的一次；

b．損失嚴重(舉例：農田、房屋、災民)。

原因

a．連月降雨；

b．濫伐林木，水土流失；

c．圍湖造田，堵塞河道(waterway)。

防范措施

a．保護沿河植被；

b．改建堤壩；

c．退田還湖。

難點說明：

用詞達意：損失嚴重，圍湖造田，退田還湖。

時態變化：以一般過去時和現在完成時為主，考慮到實際情況，還應使用過去完成時。

句子結構：注意句子結構的完整、主語的選擇、被動語態的使用和舉例部分的完整表達。

文章組織：分三段寫，注意每段主題句的選擇。

參考詞語

引起損失cause losses

無家可歸become homeless

圍湖造田turn lakes into fields

③根據以下提示寫一篇有關交通事故的報道。

(字數：90～100)。

提示：

a．時間：昨天；

b．地點：市中心大街第二個拐角處；

c．原因：卡車司機開車前飲酒，開車時頭暈，車失控撞翻一小汽車；

d．傷亡人數：5人死亡，部分人受傷；

e．影響：市區交通中斷3小時；

f．經濟損失：200萬元；

g．市政府告誡司機要從事故中吸取教訓。

參考詞語

頭暈dizzy

經濟損失economic losses

市中心downtown

中斷交通to delay all traffic

飲酒過多to have too much wine

吸取教訓to learn a lesson from…

④幾位外國旅游者到公園“英語角”參觀。假定你是“英語角”的負責人，請用一篇英語文章介紹，內容提示如下：

a．簡況：4年前成立，許多中學生參加，至今已有幾百人。許多大學生和外國友人也常光顧；

b．活動時間：每星期日上午；

c．活動內容：練習英語會話、談論有興趣的話題、交流學習英語的經驗；

d．效果：通過參加活動學習了許多東西，對英語課是一個補充，學生、家長、老師都非常歡迎，認為對學英語很有幫助。如果還想了解得更多，可問在場的學生。

參考詞語

對……補充a supplement to…

聚集to gather around

交流to exchange

活動activity

受歡迎to be popular with

⑤有些外國人想了解中國的教育制度。請你用英語寫一篇簡介，以便刊登在某英文報上。內容要點如下： a．7歲上小學(primary school)，學6年。

b．然后直接上初中(junior middle school)，學完3年，就完成了9年義務(compulsory)教育。

c．通過(pass)考試后，部分初中畢業生(graduates)上高中(senior middle school)，讀 3年。部分學生進職業(professional)學校，被培養成熟練(skilled)工人。

d．高中畢業后，考生通過全國性的考試就成為大學生。大學通常學4年，畢業后，可獲得學士學位(bachelor's degree)。制度：(system)。字數為(80～120)

注意：

a．簡介要有標題；

b．簡介應包括所有內容要點，但不要逐條譯成英語。注意時態及語態；

⑥寫一篇題為“Give up Smoking”約120字的短文。

提要：

a．不少學生吸煙，而且人數還在增加；

b．據調查，某校2／5以上學生吸煙，有的學生還偷錢買煙；

c．學生吸煙危害比成人更大，它不僅有害于身體，而且有害于心靈；

d．中學生是國家未來的建設者，吸煙者應下決心戒煙。

注意：

a．要有標題；

b．不要逐條翻譯。

參考詞語

調查investigation

建設者builder

有害to be harmful to

⑦根據下列提示寫一篇名為“Development of Agriculture in China”的短文。

a．中國是一個擁有12億人口的大國；

b．在過去的20年間，中國發生了巨大的變化，尤其在農業方面；

c．中國僅有世界7％的土地，卻成功地養活了世界 22％的人口；

d．其耕地的灌溉面積是世界上最大的。種植了世界 1／3的水稻。漁業也非常重要，淡水魚隨處可見； e．廢棄的蔬菜被用來養豬、養雞；人和動物的糞便產生的氣體被用來供熱和做飯；

f．如果世界上其他地方也像中國一樣具有公平的土地所有權，就不會再有饑餓。(字數：100左右)注意：

要有標題。

參考詞語

養活人口feed…of the world's population

灌溉面積irrigated area

具有公平的土地所有權

have fair ownership of land

饑餓starvation

耕地farming land

廢棄的蔬萊vegetable waste

糞便waste

⑧某國教育代表團前來你校參觀，順便問及“希望工程”，請你簡單介紹一下。(字數：100左右)

提示：

a．1989年10月“希望工程”在全國啟動，目的是救助貧困地區兒童上學。

b．從政府官員、企業家到普通百姓都積極捐款。從1989年到1997年底的8年間，共籌款12.57億元；資助184.7萬失學兒童；興建5256所希望小學；對數百名希望小學的教師進行了培訓。

c．希望工程還將繼續改善貧困地區的辦學條件，促進中國教育的發展。

難點說明：

用詞達意：“積極捐款、希望小學、辦學條件”，數字的表達。

時態變化：所選的時間表達方式不同，時態也不同。

句子結構：注意被動語態、同位語和定語的使用。

文章組織：分兩段即可，第一段寫提示a的內容，第二段寫提示b和c的內容。

參考詞語

目的是to aim to do

積極干……to be active in…

幫助……回到校園to help…back to school

促進to promote

⑨請根據提示，以“為什么學英語”為題，寫一篇英語說明文。

提示：

a．英語是國際性語言，世界上有許多國家把它當做官方語言。

b．學習英語的重要性。如它是國際會議的工作語言；許多書籍為英語版；懂得英語可加強對世界的了解。c．希望大家重視英語學習。

參考詞語

a．官方語言official language

b．與……交流to communicate with…

⑩請你以“水污染”(Water Pollution)為題寫一篇說明文。必須寫明：

a．水的重要性；

b．隨著工農業的發展，水源受到污染，以至不能飲用；

c．采取措施，保護環境。

參考詞語

水源water source

環境environement

采取措施 to take up measures

(11)請你以“遵守交通規則”為題寫一篇說明文?，F在交通事故很多，以至于都怕過大馬路，汽車、摩托車開得太快，總是有人闖紅燈。為了安全，遵守交通規則很重要。(字數：80左右)

參考詞語

走人行道to use the crosswalk

闖紅燈to speed past the red light

注意：

題目已給出ObeyingtheTrafficLaws

(12)以“The Value of Time”為題目寫一篇短文。該短文有四個小段。第一段是引言，提出時間比金錢更寶貴，我們必須珍惜時間這個論題。第二段是擴展段，說明時間是有限的，作為學生更應該充分利用時間，將來為國家服務。第三段也是擴展段，指出有些人還沒有認識到時間的價值。第四段是結論段，指出我們必須有一個節約時間的好習慣。

參考詞語

寶貴的precious

珍惜value(v．)

充分利用to make full use of

養成習慣to form a habit of

(13)下星期一的一堂英語課，分組討論關于考試問題，請你寫一篇英語發言稿，內容大致如下：

有人說不錯，考試會幫助我們及時復習功課，考試之后又能使我們了解學得如何。但是你認為目前考試太多，又很難考及格，使我們對學習失去了興趣，也沒有時間參加體育活動，我們的健康受到了損害。是到了改進考試的時候了。(字數：80～120)

參考詞語

復習to go over

考試to have examinations

考及格to get through

參加to go in for

該干……了It's time to do sth.(14)寫一張化學實驗室的規則。

要點：

四要：

保持衛生和整潔；

按老師要求做；

做后器皿放回原處；

出實驗室前先要洗手，關燈、關門。

三不要：

沒有老師帶領勿入內；

未經允許勿動一切；

實驗時勿喧嘩。

1999．7．2

(15)請你用英語寫一篇有關計算機的短文。提示如下：

a．計算機是一種精細微妙的機器。它有多種類型，大多數計算機都有儲存器，信息可以儲存，需用時，隨時取出；

b．計算機經過幾百年的變化，體積越來越小，價格越來越低，操作越來越容易，工作速度越來越快； c．計算機可以應用在許多方面，它們確實已成為一種最流行的使用工具。(字數：130左右)

參考詞語

儲存to store in

取出to take out

(16)一日，你校外籍教師問你：“軍訓”是什么意思，為什么中學生在三年的高中學習中參加一至二星期“軍訓”，請按提示回答。

a．中學生在軍營生活一兩個星期，不僅僅是為了學習一些軍事術語和技術。

b．軍訓對學生特別是對獨生子女訓練性格有利。在軍營，當他們被當做真正的軍人對待時，他們會成熟起來。

c．在學校，他們學習了一些關于無私、勇敢和守紀律的好品質的教育，但從書本上學到的東西沒有從親身體驗中學到的對品質影響深刻。通過軍訓，他們更加認識到這一點。(字數：100左右)

參考詞語

軍訓military training

兵營camp

成熟的mature

獨生子女家庭one-child family

寵壞spoil

寵壞的孩子a spoiled child

軍事術語military terms

(17)寫一篇說明“乘火車旅行比乘飛機好”的文章。題目自己擬定。

提示：

a．坐火車更實惠；

b．更好觀光；

c．坐火車旅行更安全。

參考詞語

買得起to afford

觀光to get a view

第三篇：高考英語作文 說明文

說明文

說明文往往圍繞一個問題從不同的側面來加以說明，通常結構

嚴謹，句子結構復雜，因此也是高考完形填空中較難理解的一種文體。說明文一般有三類：

一是實體事例說明文。包括說明書、廣告、解說詞、人物介紹、知識小品、知識注解等(實體事物是指國家、城市、人物、山水、樹木、花草、蟲魚、鳥獸、建筑、文化古跡、科技成果及各種工農業產品)；

二是事理說明文。包括理論性解釋、文書簡介、教材等(事理

是指觀點、立場、名詞概念、學術流派等)；

三是文藝性說明文。即把說明對象擬人化，進而編成故事，對

其進行介紹。具體特點為：

說明文往往較直白，寫作脈絡清晰，又沒有很多感情因素的摻

入，所以就不會有過多的情感詞匯，自然不會有鉆不出的“迷宮”。據此特點，我們便可以跟著“作者”走，理清整篇文章的思路，從而順利答題。

[2010·安徽改編]

Most people give little thought to the pens they write with, especially since the printers in modern homes and offices mean that very few things are handwritten.All too often, people buy a pen based only on and wonder why they are not satisfied once they begin to use it.However, buying a pen that you’ll enjoy is not thickness of the pen is the most important characteristic(特征a small hand and thick fingers, you may be comfortable with a thin pen.If you have a 均勻地)while the pen remains in touch with the paper.This will make it possible for you to leave drops of inks, as you pick up and put it down again.，the pen should make a thick，for example, a signature on a printed letter.A broader line, on the other hand, gives an impression of confidence and authority(權威)．

()1.A.looksB．reasonsC．valuesD．advantages

()2.A.convenientB．practicalC．strangeD．difficult

()3.A.heavyB．easyC．hardD．safe

()4.A.talkingB．findingC．determiningD．seeking

()5.A.preferB．recommendC．prepareD．demand

()6.A.thickB．lightC．longD．soft

()7.A.changeB．allowC．reduceD．press

()8.A.thinB．roughC．blackD．smooth

()9.A.wayB．sightC．flowD．steam

()10.A.MeanwhileB．GenerallyC．AfterwardsD．Finally

()11.A.show upB．differ fromC．break downD．compensate for

()12.A.attentionB．supportC．respectD．admission

訓練題

Dear teachers and students, today I have important news to announce that our school will hold a Thanksgiving quiz competition this month.Nearly 400 years ago, our forefathers explored this land and lived on it after，life gets better and better.It’forefathers’ tradition and bring you before the Thanksgiving holiday, our school will hold this competition.This year the competition is based on an advanced way—the online quiz, which that the competition can be held within flexible time, with more contestants and more pleasure, but less pressure.Next, please allow me to give you some detaileddo the quiz on our school’s Website anytime from November 23rd to 30th.This It’aspects.You’ll be tested on Thanksgiving’s history, custom, etc.Besides, every contestant will get the randomized(隨機的)questions to avoid cheating.Finally, this is a competition with cool prizes for top 50 winners.As for the score, ’s a selfgrading quiz, you can see your score once you finish the testing.The more amazing point is that the results can be ranked by the，isn’t it? The exact name list of the winners will bedeclared on the website soon after the competition.Dear students, welcome to the competition based on the online Thanksgiving quiz.Wish you good luck!

()1.A.ambitionsB．effortsC．preparationsD．congratulations

()2.A.abuseB．destroyC．discriminateD．forget

()3.A.pleasureB．knowledgeC．promotionD．hope

()4.A.demandsB．indicatesC．meansD．agrees

()5.A.analysisB．instructionC．suggestionD．regulation

()6.A.ThoughB．WhenC．AfterD．Because

()7.A.allowsB．advisesC．promisesD．requires

()8.A.disorderB．differenceC．dilemmaD．distribution

()9.A.useB．checkC．enrichD．prove

()10.A.suddenlyB．graduallyC．quicklyD．immediately

()11.A.picked upB．figured outC．brought upD．depended on

()12.A.beneficialB．effectiveC．efficientD．interesting

【文章大意】 本文主要介紹了感恩節測試競賽的舉辦原因、舉辦方式(網上競賽模式)及競賽結果的勝者確定等。

1．B 根據上一句中的“experiencing unimaginable hardships”可判斷此處指先輩們的努力使我們的生活越來越好。故選B。

2．D 根據上文“our school will hold a Thanksgiving quiz competition this month”可知，我們舉行感恩節測試競賽就是為了紀念感恩節，即沒有忘記感恩節。由此判斷選D。

3．A 根據下文“the competition can be held within flexible time, with more contestants and more pleasure”的提示可判斷選A。

4．C 由語境可知，“which that the competition can be held within flexible time, with more contestants and more pleasure, but less pressure”是對“the online quiz”的解釋，故用means(意思是)。

5．B 根據下文是對此次感恩節測試競賽的各事項的解釋說明，故選B。

6．D 根據前后的因果關系可判斷選D。

7．A 網上測試系統準許成百的你們參與比賽，只要你們有時間。由此判斷選A。

8．C 傳統的比賽方式給師生造成了想參加比賽又怕影響學習的這種進退兩難的選擇，而網上競賽方式避免了這種窘境，故選C。

9．B 比賽自然是從各方面檢測學生對感恩節的了解，故選B。

10．D 由“you can see your score once you finish the testing”可推斷你可以立刻知道成績。故選D。

11．A 由“this is a competition with cool prizes for top 50 winners”和“the results can be ranked by the scores”可推斷此處指根據成績選出50名勝利者，故選A。

12．C 根據“you can see your score once you finish the testing.The more amazing point is that the results can be ranked by the scores and top 50 winners can be”可推斷網上競賽的效率之高，由此判斷選C。

第四篇：英語說明文

這一類文章的性質和目的是在解釋，提供知識，和表明觀念；“exposition”這個字的意思就是“explanation”(解釋)，既然如此，這類文章最大的要求是清晰；作者可以使用任何方法和技巧，以期能達到清晰明確的境地。

依一般分類，說明文有下列六種：

(1)定義法(Definition)

(2)例說法(Example)

(3)分類法(Classification)

(4)分析法(Analysis)

(5)類比法(Analogy)

(6)比較法或對比法(Comparison Or Contrast)

[注]說明文中亦可穿插以描寫文與敘述文的寫作方法。

說明文是寫作最常用到的體裁，其最常用的方法就是將事物加以解說。例如，說明事物的過程，說明事物的因果，說明事物的狀態等等。對人物來說，說明該人物的處境，說明該人物的想法，說明該人物的背景等等。如果要將描述文與說明文作一嚴格區分的話，那就是描述文重官能的觀察與感受，而說明文重頭腦的分析與理性的研判。對事物的體驗是一同事，而對事物的徹底了解又是另一同事。體驗是官能的，而了解卻是觀念上的問題。聞到花是香的，乃是官能上的，而花為什么是香的，卻是知識性的觀念上的問題。前者是描述文的范圍，后者則是說明文的范圍。

知識性的東西我們可從百科全書，字典辭源，各科手冊，以及語言的文法修辭等書籍來獲得。但這些僅是資料而已，要將資料變成一篇文章還需要文字的組織能力。我們可以這樣說，說明文是一種實用的寫作方法，將人類的知識系統化，這可以說是一種其功至偉的寫作方法。

說明文最簡單的方法就是例證法：將詳細資料表列，一一舉證，以說明什么是什么，怎樣發生，結果怎樣。另外兩種較復雜的說明文是分析法與定義法：其方法必用到歸類法與等級法。例如，要說明一件機器的操作，就必須把這件機器加以歸類，引述其功能目的。又如，要了解一條鯨魚，首先要將其歸為哺乳類，因為它是胎生動物而非卵生魚類。而后再進而分析鯨魚中許多不同的類別。定義法以研究其事物的必然性為主，不涉及其他。

說明文中當有比較法與對照法，必須用此類方法的原因，乃是有些抽象事物無法具體歸類，于是只好用類例來此較對照之；即以類例說出與其相關的概念，使讀者容易接受其概念。

<范文> Dreams

Men have always been interested in their dreams.In superstitious(2)ages and countries, dreams were regarded very seriously.Every dream was supposed to have a meaning, and it was the business of priests and astrologers(3)to interpret people's dreams for them.They were generally looked upon as predictions of the future warnings of coming dangers or sorrows, or prophecies of coming good fortune.Dreams were believed to be supernatural communications from the gods, or the spirits of the dead, and so were divine revelations.Educated people no longer look on dreams in this way.Some laugh at them as mere illusions, and not worthy of any serious consideration;but others find them interesting for psychological(4)study.For one thing, dreams prove that in the sleep we are not completely unconscious.Part of our brain is awake and working.We are unconscious of our immediate surroundings in sleep.We see nothing, we hear no-thing, and know nothing of what is going on around ns.Yet the fact that we dream proves we are not completely unconscious.It is often interesting to try to discover the cause of dreams.The causes of some dreams are purely physical.A heavy supper which causes indigestion, will give us nightmare, particularly horrible and terrifying kind of dream.Some one knocking at our door may make us dream we are on the battlefield and deafened with the thunder of guns.One man dreamt he was walking near the crater of a volcano and his feet were burnt with the hot rocks;but when he woke up, he found his feet were pressed upon his hot-water bottle!

Most dreams are really confused and disjointed memories of past events in our lives.We can often trace a dream back, and find it was suggested by something we saw or heard or read about only a day or two before.For example, a lawyer, who had been thinking over a case late at night, dreamt when he went to bed of nothing but lizards.When he came to his study in the morning, he found that, while he was thinking out his case, he had been staring unconsciously at his clock, the case of which was decorated with(5)the bronze image of a lizard.Dreams refer to the past, not the future.And they are not supernatural, but only the confused workings of our own imaginations.語匯說明

(1)Dreams(夢)：這篇說夢的文章是從四個方面來加以述說：(A)夢曾被認為是預卜未來的超自然表現；(B)夢證明我們睡著了的時候并非全然沒有知覺；(C)有些夢是因生理上的原因而引起的；(D)大部份的夢是過去事件的雜亂記憶。

(2)superstitious：迷信的(3)astrologers：占星家；星象家

(4)Psychological：心理上的；心理學上的(5)be decorated with：飾以…；裝飾著...

第五篇：英語說明文范文

說明文是對事情的發生、發展、結果、特征、性質、狀態、功能等進行解釋、介紹、闡述的一種文體。這類文章的目的和性質是客觀地介紹、解釋事物，使讀者獲得知識和信息，并不需要發表主張、做出證明。一般說來，知識簡介，商品介紹，旅游指南，科技讀物，工作總結，實驗報告，教材輔導等均屬說明文之列。

寫說明文，可以按時間、空間、結構、邏輯順序來寫，也可以采取舉例、比較、對比、分類、分析、說明、敘述等方法。

1.比較對照

比較對照有兩種，一是逐點比較，二是整塊比較，即AB交錯或先A后B：

1）逐點比較：多數人認為這種AB交錯的方式可以避免行文的單調沉悶，對比的效果更鮮明突出。如：

There are basic differences between large and small enterprises.In a small enterprise, you operated mainly through personal contacts.In a large enterprise, you have established “policies” , “channels” of organization, and fairly strict procedure.In the small enterprise you have immediate effectiveness in a very small area.You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions ground.In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly.In the small one the danger is of becoming a Jack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none.In the large it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.2)整塊比較

It is easy to be a winner.A winner can show his joy publicly.He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory.People love to be with winners.Winners are never lonely.Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world.It is difficult to face defeat with dignity.Losers can not show their disappointment publicly.They can not cry or grieve about their defeat.They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public.They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.2.分類

分類是人類認識客觀世界的重要手段之一，也是描寫事物、解釋觀點最有效的方式之一。通過將一事物分類，可使復雜事物變得清晰明了，便于作者闡述自己的觀點。

分類段落的各類排列要條理，可采用從主要到次要，從次要到主要，從多到少或從少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：

1）As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories.First are the conservative people.Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes.Second are the liberal people.These people are in favor of progress and reform.But their opinions often seem to idealistic.The third type is the moderate people.The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits.They are more practical in this hard world.In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.本段采用平行排列的方式，按人的政治觀點分為三類：保守、自由和溫和。

2)These are several reasons why I decided tom attend Bingston University.First of all, the tuition is reasonable.Secondly, the university has a deferred payment plan., which lessons the load of peasant families like mine.Another reason is that Bingston has the finest teachers in its graduate program.My chief reason, however, is Bingston’s program in agriculture, my chosen field, which is recognized as the leader in this area.該段采用主次排列的方式，分析了作者決定上Bingston大學的原因。

3)According to Mr.Li, the fifteen students of his cLASS fall into three groups.Seven of them work hard and study well.They always get good marks in examinations and are often praised by

the teachers.Li calls them “good students”.The monitor, the secretary of the Youth League, and the captain of the cLASS volleyball team, are quick in finding out what their fellow students are interested in or what they should do as a collective.They always organize proper activities at the proper time.So Li calls them “good organizers”.Four other students are very kind to their cLASSmates, always ready to lend them a helping hand.They help to clean the cLASSroom and the corridor even when they are not on duty.Li says that they are “ good comrades”.“What about yourself?” someone asks him.“I’m a group by my self ——a good observer”.該段不同于以上兩段，不是先分類再解釋，而是先說明其特點，然后定義分類。雖分類并不科學，卻達到了其幽默之目的。

3.特征

例證指具體說明人或事物特點、本質及其規律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例證型段落的寫作方式多為先提出主題再列舉事例。在事例之前一般有For example或For instance。例證后面，根據情況還可以加上結論句。如：

In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking.A lot of work can be done concerning this.For example, in some public places, such as in the theatres and cinemas, smoking should be forbidden.Even on the train or plane people should not be allowed to smoke.Doctors, teachers and government leaders should take the lead not to smoke.Above all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers, broadcast, or TV programs.Also the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged.If these measures can be taken, we can effectively reduce the chances of smoking.因果

因果是兩個事物之間的關系。一些說明文，議論文通過分析因果關系說明一個中心思想。如不能把因果關系解釋清楚，文章將無法說明任何主題。

因果型段落的擴展模式有兩種，一是分類編法，另一個是連環編排法。如果只討論成因或只討論結果，細節比較簡單，只需按其重要性或其邏輯順序進行編排。分類編排法指先討論原因，然后討論結果；或先討論結果，后討論原因。

1）分類編排法：

Music is my chief hobby.When I listen to music, good things happen to me.If I am lonely or homesick, I listen to pop music.The quick rhythm, the strong beats of drums lift my sprits.If I am familiar with a song, I will sing alone with it and my depression disappears.When I am bored or very tired, I listen to Mozart.His music makes me feel alive.Music also reminds me of home.Before I came to college, my sisters and I would listen to music and sing songs together and cheer us.Now I enjoy listening to music and singing with my roommates because their smiles make me remember the happy times with my family.For me, music is an excellent escape, and without it, I wouldn’t be so happy。

2)連環編排法是先討論一組因果，再一組因果，再一組因果，形成一個鎖鏈。當因果緊密相連，前一果為后一果之因時，經常使用這種方式。

Students shouldn’t stay up so late.Because of the pressure of examinations, many students burn night candles.The next day, they have to get enough sleep.As a result, many of them get sleepy in ClASs.They couldn’t catch what the teacher says.Not having studied their lessons well, they find it difficult to make good performance in examinations.So, it is not worthwhile to stay up late if you want to study well.5.人物描寫

人物描寫包括外部特征、性格特征、思想狀態、行為語言等，用于表現人物精神面貌、披露人物內心活動、揭示人物性格變化，借以突出作品主題思想。如：

My sister is a boyish girl.She has short and straight hair like a boy’s.She likes white, black and grey colors, as most boys do.She never cares for shirts, stockings but loves jackets and jeans.Sometimes she wears a men’s suit and leather shores as if she were a gentleman.Basketball and football are her favorite sports.She also enjoys watching boxing.She always shouts and cheers excitedly when she is watching a football match.When she is with her friends, she always says Ladies first” to other girls.The most interesting thing is that she has been mistaken for a boy many times.And she is pleased with that.She always says that she should be a boy.第一句作者明確表示他眼中的妹妹是個男孩子氣十足的小姑娘。這樣讀者大都會在心中勾畫出一種從長相、穿著到言談舉止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通過穿著、外貌和性格等方面向讀者展現一個活生生的人物形象。

6.地點描寫

地點描寫指用生動形象的語言對某一地點、某一環境進行具體逼真的描繪，使讀者如臨其境、如睹其物。地點描寫的對象可大可小，在可以為城市、國家，小可是一間教室，一個房間。地點描寫自然按空間順序排列，作者應立足于一個出發點，由遠及近，由近到遠，從里到外，從外到里，由左到右，或由右到左進行描寫，順序不可混亂，否則讀者會迷失方向。如下面一段作者從大門開始，由外向里逐步介紹學校的布置，讀者如同跟著作者參觀了一所校園。Now I will show you around our school.It is one of the largest middle schools in the city.When you step into the gate, you will see a beautiful flower bed before you.In the middle of the flower bed there is a fountain with many colored flowers around it.If you walk along the school road, you will come to the playground, on each side of which are rows of trees.We often read books under the trees.On the right of the playground are two ClASsroom buildings.On the left is the newly-built four-storyed building.I’m lucky to study here.I love my school very much.7.物體描寫

描寫物體時應側重物的形狀、規格大小、顏色和功能。任何一段文字都應有敘述的中心，對物的描寫也不例外。同樣，主題句也應反映出作者對所要描寫物體的看法、態度。如： The first thing I notice in the bride’s room is the beautiful curtain.This curtain is patchwork in design, and is sewn out of squares of materials of different colors like white, light green, brown and orange.It is made of silk, trimmed with delicate braids.It is about six feet long and hangs from a wooden rail.The curtain matches perfectly with the dark wooden rail and furniture in the room.通過主題句可以看出作者想向讀者描寫的是一幅漂亮的窗簾。