第一篇：英語論文撰寫結論

Writing Conclusions Conclusions are shorter sections of academic texts which usually serve two functions.The first is to summarise and bring together the main areas covered in the writing, which might be called “looking back”;and the second is to give a final comment or judgement on this.The final comment may also include making suggestions for improvement and speculating on future directions.In dissertations and research papers, conclusions tend to be more complex and will also include sections on significance of the findings and recommendations for future work.Conclusions may be optional in research articles where consolidation of the study and general implications are covered in the Discussion section.However, they are usually expected in dissertations and essays.Summarising the content This paper has given an account of and the reasons for the widespread use of X....This essay has argued that X is the best instrument to....This assignment has explained the central importance of X in Y.This dissertation has investigated....Restatement of aims(research)This study set out to determine....The present study was designed to determine the effect of....In this investigation, the aim was to assess....The purpose of the current study was to determine....This project was undertaken to design....and evaluate....Returning to the hypothesis/question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that....Summarising the findings(research)This study has shown that....These findings suggest that in general....One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that....It was also shown that....This study has found that generally....The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study....The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.This study/research has shown that....The second major finding was that....The results of this investigation show that....The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that....X, Y and Z emerged as reliable predictors of....Multiple regression analysis revealed that the....Suggesting implications The evidence from this study suggests that....The results of this study indicate that....The results of this research support the idea that....In general, therefore, it seems that....Taken together, these results suggest that....An implication of this is the possibility that....The findings of this study suggest that....Significance of the findings(research contribution)This work contributes to existing knowledge X by providing....The X that we have identified therefore assists in our understanding of the role of....These findings enhance our understanding of....This research will serve as a base for future studies and....The current findings add substantially to our understanding of....The current findings add to a growing body of literature on....The study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of....The methods used for this X may be applied to other Xs elsewhere in the world.The present study, however, makes several noteworthy contributions to....The empirical findings in this study provide a new understanding of ….The findings from this study make several contributions to the current literature.First,…

The present study provides additional evidence with respect to ….Taken together, these findings suggest a role for X in promoting Y.The present study confirms previous findings and contributes additional evidence that suggests....Significance of the findings with a qualification Whilst this study did not confirm X, it did partially substantiate....Despite its exploratory nature, this study offers some insight into....Although the current study is based on a small sample of participants, the findings suggest that ….Notwithstanding these limitations, the study suggests that ….Limitations of the current study(research)Finally, a number of important limitations need to be considered.First,....A number of caveats need to be noted regarding the present study.The most important limitation lies in the fact that....The current investigation was limited by....The current study was unable to analyse these variables.The current research was not specifically designed to evaluate factors related to....The current study has only examined....The project was limited in several ways.First, the project used a convenience sample that....However, with a small sample size, caution must be applied, as the findings might not be transferable to....The sample was nationally representative of X but would tend to miss people who were....A limitation of this study is that the numbers of patients and controls were relatively small.Thirdly, the study did not evaluate the use of....However, these findings are limited by the use of a cross sectional design.The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations.First, these data apply only to ….An issue that was not addressed in this study was whether….One source of weakness in this study which could hare affected the measurements of was that....Several limitations to this pilot study need to be acknowledged.The sample size is.....The main weakness of this study was the paucity of ….Recommendations for further work(research)This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.Further work needs to be done to establish whether....It is recommended that further research be undertaken in the following areas: Further experimental investigations are needed to estimate....What is now needed is a cross-national study involving....More broadly, research is also needed to determine....It is suggested that the association of these factors is investigated in future studies.Further research might explore/investigate....Further research in this field/regarding the role of X would be of great help in....Further investigation and experimentation into X is strongly recommended.A number of possible future studies using the same experimental set up are apparent.It would be interesting to assess the effects of....More information on X would help us to establish a greater degree of accuracy on this matter.If the debate is to be moved forward, a better understanding of....needs to be developed.I suggest that before X is introduced, a study similar to this one should be carried out on....These findings provide the following insights for future research:....Considerably more work will need to be done to determine....Future trials should assess a full selective decontamination regimen including More research is needed to better understand when implementation ends and....It would be interesting to compare experiences of individuals within the same … A further study could assess ….A future study investigating X would be very interesting.The issue of X is an intriguing one which could be usefully explored in further Future research should therefore concentrate on the investigation of ….More research is required on....Large randomised controlled trials could provide more definitive evidence.Implications/recommendations for practice or policy These findings suggest several courses of action for....An implication of these findings is that both X and Y should be taken into account when....The findings of this study have a number of important implications for future practice.There is, therefore, a definite need for....There are a number of important changes which need to be made.Another important practical implication is that....Moreover, more X should be made available to....Other types of X could include : a), b).....Unless governments adopt X, Y will not be attained.This information can be used to develop targetted interventions aimed at....A reasonable approach to tackle this issue could be to....Taken together, these findings do not support strong recommendations to....

第二篇：英語論文結論部分寫作特點總結

英語論文寫作

論文結論部分（Conclusion）寫作特點總結

Conclusion

Conclusion是作者對所研究課題進行的總體性討論，具有嚴密的科學性和客觀性，反映本研究課題的價值，同時對以后的研究具有指導意義。

Conclusion與Introduction遙相呼應，因為Introduction部分介紹了本課題的研究目的，那么Conclusion要告訴讀者這些目的是否達到，在研究中做了哪些工作，取得了什么結果，這些結果說明了什么問題，有何價值和意義，研究過程中存在或發現了哪些問題，原因是什么，建議如何解決等。

Conclusion的具體內容通常包含以下幾個部分：(1)概括說明本課題的研究內容、結果及其意義與價值。

(2)比較具體地說明本研究證明了什么假設或理論，得出了什么結論，研究結果有何實用價值，有何創造性成果或見解，解決了什么實際問題，有何應用前景等。(3)與他人的相關研究進行比較。

(4)本課題的局限性、不足之處，還有哪些尚待解決的問題。(5)展望前景，或指出進一步研究的方向。Conclusion通常使用現在時態

Result和Conclusion 本次選取5篇文章，第一篇，論文中的主要Result已在第2部分和第三部分中敘述，在Conclusion又重新總結了一下。

第二篇，論文中的主要Result寫在 Conclusion中。

第三篇，論文中的主要Result寫在第3部分（3.CASE STUDIES AND RESULTS）中，Result和Conclusion是分開的。

第四篇，論文中的主要Result已第4部分的（IV.Results and Discussion）中進行敘述，Result和Conclusion是分開的。

第五篇，論文中的主要Result已第4部分的（4.Results and discussion）中進行敘述，Result和Conclusion是分開的。

第1篇

題目：An overview of NACA 6-digit airfoil series characteristics with reference to airfoils for large wind turbine blades

IV.Conclusions

The two-dimensional aerodynamics characteristics of the NACA 63 and 64 six-digit series of airfoils measured in the NASA LTPT have been investigated, with a view to verify RFOIL calculations at high Reynolds numbers.The following conclusions can be drawn:

-The zero-lift angle of the NACA 64-618 airfoil needs to be adjusted with-0.4 degrees.-The zero-lift angle of The NACA 63-615 needs to be corrected with-0.87 degrees in the smooth case and with +1 degree in case of wrap around roughness.-The maximum lift coefficients predicted with RFOIL match the LTPT data well at Re=3x106, but under predict the Cl,max at Re=6x106 by 3.5 % , up to 6.5% at Re=9x106.-It is uncertain if the established differences in lift between experiment and calculations are caused by a constant bias in the measurements or by the fact that the RFOIL code fails to predict the right level of maximum lift.-RFOIL consistently under predicts the drag coefficient.The difference is about 9% for a wide range of airfoils and Reynolds numbers

-NACA standard roughness causes a reduction in the lift coefficient of 18% to 20% for most airfoils from the NACA 64 series

-The zero-lift angle of airfoil NACA 64-418 with wrap-around roughness needs a correction of +0.54 degrees.-Wind tunnel experiments and side-by-side tests in the field with one clean rotor need to be done to be able to better predict the effects of roughness.寫作特點：

內容：第1句，概括了文章的的主要研究內容。第2句至第8句逐條的列出了文章的得出結論。

使用了被動語態，The two-dimensional aerodynamics characteristics of the NACA 63 and 64 six-digit series of airfoils measured in the NASA LTPT have been investigated have been investigated.主要時態為一般現在時態

第2篇

題目： HIGH-LIFT ENHANCEMENT USING ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL

V.CONCLUSIONS The high-lift performance of an airfoil with a single-element flap is enhanced significantly using an active flow control system consisting of spanwise fluidic actuators that are integrated near the separation point.Spanwise arrays of spanwise-oscillating or non-oscillating jets issue tangentially to the local surface from a miniature downstreamfacing surface step.Jet actuation leads to flow attachment of varying streamwise extent that depends on the jet momentum coefficient and the formation of a low pressure domain near the juncture between the main body and the flap.As a result, lift is increased substantially, by as much as ?CL = 1.40, 1.22 and 1.04 at Rec = 6.7?105, 8.3?105 and 1.0?106, respectively, for α = 4o.In the present experiments, three spanwise rows of fluidic jets are placed in the vicinity of the juncture and operated in various combinations leading to significant increases in lift.The upstream(x/c = 0.59)and middle(x/c = 0.61)actuators, which are closest to separation(x/c = 0.62)are most effective, while the downstream actuator(x/c = 0.64)only produces a significant lift increment when operated in conjunction with one of the other actuators.The degree of flow attachment increases with jet momentum coefficient and simultaneous operation of multiple actuators can increase the lift increment further even when the flow is attached.Actuation results in a strong suction peak near the juncture(Cp ~ ?7.5)and also leads to increases in suction on the main body of the airfoil and near the leading edge.The lift increment is measured over a range of angles of attack(0o < α < 12o)and is accompanied by an increase in lift-induced pressure drag and an increase in nose-down pitching moment.It is shown that the high-lift performance can be improved significantly by design modifications of the surface interface between the jet actuators and the surrounding flow.In particular, modifying the jet orifices from a “stepped” to a “recessed” configuration enhances the interaction of the jets with the cross flow, resulting in increased lift for a given momentum coefficient, particularly at lower levels of C?.The recessed design also reduces the loss in lift caused by the presence of the orifices and the attached flow exhibits significantly stronger suction peaks near the flap juncture and the leading edge.At C? = 0.36% the upstream actuator yields ?CL = 0.57 and 0.79 for the stepped and recessed configurations, respectively, and operating the combination of upstream and middle actuators at C? = 0.36% each yields ?CL = 0.78 and 0.92, respectively.The effect of the actuator jets on the attached flow is characterized using PIV measurements of the flow field over the flap and additional high-magnification measurements in the vicinity of the actuators.In the absence of actuation, the flow separates near the juncture between the flap and the main body(x/c = 0.62), forming a recirculating domain over the flap and a detached vorticity layer.Actuation leads to complete flow attachment through the trailing edge with significant acceleration of the flow within the attached boundary layer downstream of the actuators and outside of the boundary layer along most of the flap.At C= 1.6% an interaction domain containing a cross-stream velocity peak(~2.3 times the maximum speed of the jet under quiescent conditions)is formed along the flap between the actuator jet and the free stream flow that is particularly apparent using the recessed configuration.這篇文章的結論部分很特殊，統計的結果為565個單詞，包含了4個段落。

第1段概括了文章的主要研究內容（active flow control system），第2段到第4段主要說明了文章的研究方法（experiment，PIV），以及一些具體的結果。

主要時態為一般現在時態

第3篇

題目： REPRESENTATION METHOD EFFECTS ON GENETIC ALGORITHM IN 2-D AIRFOIL DESIGNVIBRATIONAL

4.CONCLUSION In this article, Bezier and Parsec representation methods are tested in two different flow conditions;subsonic and transonic flows.In the fist test case both representation methods are compared via VGA optimization tool under the subsonic flow conditions.The comparison between Bezier and Parsec representation methods is shown in Fig.8.This plot emphasizes the superiority of Parsec representation method.In the second test case both representation methods are compared via VGA optimization tool under the transonic flow conditions.The comparison between Bezier and Parsec representation methods is shown in Fig.11.This plot emphasizes the superiority of Bezier representation method.From these cases it is concluded that Parsec method is more global and more efficient than Bezier method in subsonic flows.However, Bezier method is more flexible than Parsec method within transonic flows.本篇文章相比于上篇文章內容上比較簡短：統計結果為134個單詞，包含1個段落 第1句，概括了文章的的主要研究內容。第2句至第7句回顧了文章中的兩個算例。第8 句說明了本文方法的優越性，最后一句說明了本文方法的不足。主要時態為一般現在時態

句型： In this article, The comparison between is shown in Fig.8.From these cases it is concluded that However，第4篇

題目： Unsteady Flow Simulation of a High-Lift configuration using a Lattice Boltzmann Approach

V.Conclusions Simulations of a generic high-lift geometry were carried out using the Lattice Boltzmann based code PowerFLOW with the framework of the 1st AIAA CFD High Lift Prediction Workshop held in 2010.The results shown here were the only unsteady simulations among all workshop participants and show excellent agreement of drag and lift forces as well as cp distributions for all workshop cases.Good predictions in the region of maximum lift were a particularly distinguishing feature of the Lattice Boltzmann simulations, indicating the importance of unsteady simulations in correctly capturing strongly separated flow structures.The slight over-prediction of cL,max observed for the baseline case was shown to be largely attributable to the absence of slat and flap brackets in the simulations.Adding these brackets(Case 3 of the workshop)shows a significant reduction of lift in particular at the higher angle of attack, bringing the simulation results to almost perfect agreement with measured results.The effect of changing flap angles was also well captured by the simulations.The position of laminar-to-turbulence transition was set for most of the simulations presented here based on published experimental results since the method used for the current study uses a wall model rather than fully resolving the boundary layer.Fully turbulent simulations were carried out for selected configurations and showed a significant reduction of lift.In addition to the workshop cases a study of wind tunnel blockage effects is shown here.Adding walls in the simulation corresponding to the dimensions of the wind tunnel led to a change of predicted forces consistent with the corrections applied to the experimental results.Computational times required for the unsteady simulations were generally in the same order of magnitude or even slightly below as the RANS simulations presented by other workshop participants, confirming the high level of efficiency of the unsteady Lattice Boltzmann method.Overall, this method was shown to be an interesting and viable alternative to the predominantly used RANS methods for the simulation of high-lift wings.本篇文章的結論也相對較長,統計結果為329個單詞，包含4個段落 第1段概括了文章的的主要研究內容。

第2段對文章中的使用的計算方法中的laminar-to-turbulence transition進行了說明。第3段文章中的使用的計算方法中的一點（Adding walls in the simulation）進行了說明。第4段對文章的計算效率進行了說明。進一步說明文章方法的優越性。

主要時態為一般現在時態

第5篇

題目： Design of a new urban wind turbine airfoil using a pressure-load inverse method

5.Conclusions A pressure-load inverse design method was successfully applied to the design of a high-loaded airfoil for application in a small wind turbine for urban environment.The pressure distribution of the designed blade section shows a smooth increase of the blade pressure-load, defined as the pressure difference between the upper and the lower sides of the section, from the leading edge up to 20% of the axial chord.From 20% up to 80% of the axial chord, the pressure-load is almost constant and it reduces smoothly toward the trailing edge.The experimental testing of the new blade section, as an isolated airfoil, confirmed the high maximum lift and a moderate drag.Future developments will consider the application of the current design method with an optimization of the thickness distribution for viscous flow.Due to the specification of the blade load, this methodology will reduce the drag without changing the lift.本篇文章的結論相對比較簡潔,統計結果為149個單詞，包含1個段落 第1句概括了文章的的主要研究內容。第2句至第4句對文章方法進行了再次說明 第5句進行了展望

第6句提到本文方法的優越性。主要時態為一般現在時態

第三篇：論文摘要和結論撰寫攻略

一、如何寫摘要

1.摘要的概念和作用

摘要又稱概要、內容提要，如何寫論文摘要和論文結論。摘要是以提供文獻內容梗概為目的，不加評論和補充解釋，簡明、確切地記述文獻重要內容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、結果和結論。具體地講就是研究工作的主要對象和范圍，采用的手段和方法，得出的結果和重要的結論，有時也包括具有情報價值的其它重要的信息。摘要應具有獨立性和自明性，并且擁有與文獻同等量的主要信息，即不閱讀全文，就能獲得必要的信息。對一篇完整的論文都要求寫隨文摘要，摘要的主要功能有：

(1)讓讀者盡快了解論文的主要內容，以補充題名的不足。現代科技文獻信息浩如煙海，讀者檢索到論文題名后是否會閱讀全文，主要就是通過閱讀摘要來判斷；所以，摘要擔負著吸引讀者和將文章的主要內容介紹給讀者的任務。

(2)為科技情報文獻檢索數據庫的建設和維護提供方便。論文發表后，文摘雜志或各種數據庫對摘要可以不作修改或稍作修改而直接利用，從而避免他人編寫摘要可能產生的誤解、欠缺甚至錯誤。隨著電子計算機技術和Internet網的迅猛發展，網上查詢、檢索和下載專業數據已成為當前科技信息情報檢索的重要手段，網上各類全文數據庫、文摘數據庫，越來越顯示出現代社會信息交流的水平和發展趨勢。同時論文摘要的索引是讀者檢索文獻的重要工具。所以論文摘要的質量高低，直接影響著論文的被檢索率和被引頻次。

2.摘要的寫作注意事項

(1)摘要中應排除本學科領域已成為常識的內容；切忌把應在引言中出現的內容寫入摘要；一般也不要對論文內容作詮釋和評論(尤其是自我評價)。

(2)不得簡單重復題名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的題名是《幾種中國蘭種子試管培養根狀莖發生的研究》，摘要的開頭就不要再寫：“為了……，對幾種中國蘭種子試管培養根狀莖的發生進行了研究”。

(3)結構嚴謹，表達簡明，語義確切。摘要先寫什么，后寫什么，要按邏輯順序來安排。句子之間要上下連貫，互相呼應，教育教學論文《如何寫論文摘要和論文結論》。摘要慎用長句，句型應力求簡單。每句話要表意明白，無空泛、籠統、含混之詞，但摘要畢竟是一篇完整的短文，電報式的寫法亦不足取。摘要不分段。

(4)用第三人稱。建議采用“對……進行了研究”、“報告了……現狀”、“進行了……調查”等記述方法標明一次文獻的性質和文獻主題，不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作為主語。

(5)要使用規范化的名詞術語，不用非公知公用的符號和術語。新術語或尚無合適漢文術語的，可用原文或譯出后加括號注明原文。

(6)除了實在無法變通以外，一般不用數學公式和化學結構式，不出現插圖、表格。

(7)不用引文，除非該文獻證實或否定了他人已出版的著作。

(8)縮略語、略稱、代號，除了相鄰專業的讀者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出現時必須加以說明。科技論文寫作時應注意的其他事項，如采用法定計量單位、正確使用語言文字和標點符號等，也同樣適用于摘要的編寫。目前摘要編寫中的主要問題有：要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法；出現引文，無獨立性與自明性；繁簡失當。

二、如何寫結論

結論的任務是精煉表達在理論分析和實驗驗證的基礎上，通過嚴密的邏輯推理而得出的富有創造性、指導性、經驗性的結果。它又以自身的條理性、明確性、客觀性反映了論文或研究成果的價值。結論與引言相呼應，同摘要一樣可為讀者和二次文獻作者提供依據。結論的內容不是對研究結果的簡單重復，而是對研究結果更深入一步的認識，是從正文部分的全部內容出發，并涉及引言的部分內容，經過判斷、歸納、推理等過程而得到的新的總觀點。主要包括：

(1)本研究結果說明了什么問題，得出了什么規律性的東西，解決了什么理論或實際問題；對論文創新內容的概括，措辭要準確、嚴謹，不能模棱兩可，含糊其辭。不用“大概”、“也許”、“可能是”這類詞，以免使人有似是而非的感覺，從而懷疑論文的真正價值。

(2)對前人有關問題的看法作了哪些檢驗，哪些與本研究結果一致，哪些不一致，作者作了哪些修正、補充、發展或否定。

(3)本研究的不足之處或遺留問題。如是否存在例外情況或本論文尚難以解釋或解決的問題，也可提些進一步研究本課題的建議。

對于某一篇論文的“結論”，上述要點(1)是必須的，而(2)和(3)則視論文的具體內容可以有，也可以沒有；如果不能導出結論，也可以沒有結論而進行必要的討論。

結論段具有相對的獨立性，應提供明確、具體的定性和定量的信息。對要點要具體表述，不能用抽象和籠統的語言。可讀性要強，如一般不用量符號，而宜用量名稱。行文要簡短，不再展開論述，不對論文中各段的小結作簡單重復。

研究成果或論文的真正價值是通過具體“結論”來體現的，所以結論段也不宜用如“本研究具有國際先進水平”、“本研究結果屬國內首創”、“本研究結果填補了國內空白”一類語句來作自我評價。

第四篇：英語論文

農村的中學英語課堂教學

如何實施目標教學, 優化教學過程, 推進素質教育并在課堂教學中融進素質教育，就農村的中學英語教學而言, 我認為最好的方法就是讓課堂教學活起來。那么, 在中學英語教學中, 怎樣才能讓課堂教學活起來呢?

一、利用各種教學媒體, 激活教科書, 讓學生更易理解接受。

.在教學中, 我們應想方設法, 利用電教器材如TV、VCD、電腦、收音機等, 讓教科書活起來、動起來、形象起來、發出聲來, 讓活的教科書震撼學生的心靈、開發學生的智力, 培養學生的創新能力。如我在講Shopping 這一課時, 就利用共享中的教學軟件, 將各種商品的圖片展現在電腦上,讓學生充當購物者, 運用所學過的句型進行現場模擬練習, 使課堂變得有聲有色、生動有趣。學生則充滿激情, 很好地理解和掌握了教學內容, 并能模仿自編自演對話, 達到了活學活用的效果。

二、重視學生的主體地位, 發揚教學民主, 創設和諧氣氛, 增強學生的參與意識, 讓學生在課堂中活起來

2.樹立學生的自信心與勇氣, 增強學生的參與意識。英語學科的教學特色是充分發揮其語言功能, 講究對話的藝術。這就要求教師引導學生全體主動參與, 使其克服羞于開口的毛病, 積極參與語言交際活動。在英語教學中, 我常常用表揚和鼓勵的話語激勵學生, 讓學生能夠大膽地表現自己, 每一課都盡量創設大量情境并提供廣泛的語言材料, 讓學生進行聽說讀寫訓練。如Unit 8 My family 和Unit 9 A birthday party 的教學, 我先讓學生看圖聽錄音跟讀, 然后口述,并運用句型進行家庭及人物的介紹, 再自編自演對話。這樣, 本來只有幾句話的內容, 經過處理, 就成為一個生動有趣的說話練習了。長期的訓練, 使學生由克服了說英語的膽怯心理, 變得自然大方, 而且不時有出色的表現。

三、教師轉變觀念, 讓教學方法與教學手段活起來

單

一、呆板的教學方法與手段, 只能讓課堂變得枯燥乏味。新課程背景下的英語課堂教學應是快節奏的、靈活多樣的、豐富多彩的, 而不是黑白無聲的。教師上課節奏要快, 以訓練學生的反應、思維。學生的有意注意時間大多不超過20 分鐘, 注意力易分散, 一旦教學方法呆板、節奏慢, 就會出現學生做小動作或小聲講話等不良習慣。因此, 教師應抓住學生注意力集中的短暫時刻, 用學生能接受的節奏組織形式多樣的課堂活動, 如游戲、唱歌、做動作、搶答競賽等, 使學生既緊張又活潑, 在輕松愉快而又緊張刺激的氛圍中學習。這樣, 學生的學習積極性高, 不會感到厭倦, 對知識記憶得也特別牢固, 教學效果自然較好。

四、優化合理的課堂結構:

(l)靈活運用“五步教學法”。(2)對好單詞關。培養興趣，激發求知欲;直觀教學，增強感官印象;總結規律，記憶單詞。(3)過好導課關。“溫故而知新”，在復習基礎上，巧設情景，引出新語言項目，再啟發學生觀察、分析、歸納。由學生嘗試去總結悟出新語言的規律，并讓學生在練中學、學中練。

五、發揚民主, 營造和諧氣氛, 注重培養學生學習英語的興趣激發學生的學習興趣，幫助學生形成學習動機讓學生動起來

（1）誘發學習動機、激發學習興趣。學生的學習活動總是由一定的學習動機引起的, 只有當學生喜歡學、要求學, 有迫切的學習愿望時, 他們才能自覺積極地投入到學習活動中去。那么, 學生的這種學習動機從何而來呢? 這就要靠教師的教學藝術, 要靠教師組織富有成效的學習活動去誘發學生的學習動機、激發學習興趣、活躍學生的思維, 如設置懸念、創設情境等, 將學生置于心求通而未達, 口欲言而不能的心理狀態。如組織課前活動時, 我通常以聽說訓練為重點,利用課前的幾分鐘, 開展Free talk 活動, 其中內容包括日常生活中常用的問候句型、自我介紹句型, 以及日期、天氣的正確表達方法, 讓學生以輕松、愉快的心情迎來即將開始的英語課。

（2）.心理學家告訴我們, 愛動是孩子的天性。在英語教學中, 教師應將“動中學、學中動”有機結合, 使學生動腦、動口、動眼、動耳、動手, 以最佳心理狀態投入到學習中去。如在教學Unit 3 In my schoolbag 時, 我一邊教學新單詞、一邊讓學生運用句型猜測老師的提包和筆盒中分別有什么。這樣, 學生學得趣味盎然, 教師也教得輕松自如。興趣是一種學習的動力，學習英語的興趣越濃，學習的積極性就越高，學習的效果就越好。課堂教學是教師激發學生學習興趣，提高學生參與行為的重要場所之一，教師應盡力使自己的課生動有趣。學生在課堂教學過程中發揮出的主體作用反過來又促進了教師的課堂教學質量的提高，教與學真正進人良性循環。著名心理學家布魯納說過“學習最好的刺激是對所學教材的興趣”，對學生來說，“興趣”將直接影響學習效果。新教材內容貼近學生的生活，在教學的過程中，應充分挖掘其趣味性，喚起情感共鳴，引起學生興趣。教師應做到備學生、備教材，設計每一節課，都使其有趣味性。創造和諧的課堂氣氛，充分調動學生的主動性和積極性，應盡量多揚少抑，哪怕這個學生僅僅取得一點進步。孔子曰:“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如樂之者。”激活學生學習動機，增強他們的學習積極性，變被動應付為主動探求知識，使之成為樂之者

六、培養競爭意識，增強學習自覺性現代社會充滿了機遇，也充滿了競爭，充滿了走上臺來推銷自己的時機。

這種競爭應該在日常學習和生活中進行，成為習慣性意識，隨時準備抓住機遇，去迎接挑戰。教師在教學中，要糾正學生的保守態度和嫉妒心理，向學生灌輸正確的人生觀念、高尚的思想意識，并身體力行地發動學生，促成他們充滿活力、積極向上、勇于表現、不怕競爭的人生觀，以適應現代生活的需求。具體可以分小組競賽、男女生之間競賽、自由組合競賽、個人挑戰競賽等。如教單詞可競爭誰讀得又快又好又準;教會話時，可競賽誰對話正確、流利;競賽哪個組，哪個學生先背出來。這樣競賽項目一出來，學生們的熱情立刻高漲起來，學習自覺性增強，學習效率就大大提高了。

綜上所述，課堂教學十分重要。英語素質教育的教學中，優化課堂教學模式是重點，也是實施素質教育主渠道，這就要求我們教師應做到優化教學目標的制定，優化課堂教學的設計，優化教學方法的組合等，通過優化課堂教學模式，以達到實施素質教育的目的。

第五篇：英語論文

如何提高英語閱讀能力

第三初中

張艷萍

多年以來，英語教育一直把學生的閱讀能力放在首位，因為閱讀是獲取信息的一個極其重要的途徑。在英語教學大綱中也有明確的規定，英語教育的目的是培養學生具有較強的閱讀能力、初步的寫和說的能力，使學生能以英語為工具獲取專業所需的信息，并為進一步提高英語水平打下較好的基礎。那么，英語學習者應該怎樣提高英語閱讀能力呢？

上海對外貿易學院的黃源深教授大聲呼吁：“外語是讀出來的，不是做練習做出來的。”讀出來的外語才是自然的、地道的，因為那是從語境中悟出來的；靠練習做出來的外語是生硬的，常常也是不地道的，因為缺少語感，是依靠規則在拼湊。因此，在英語閱讀教學中，要有意識地擴大學生的閱讀量，增加語言輸入的數量和頻率；不僅讓學生學會語言知識，獲取文章所提供的信息，領悟文章的文化內涵，更為重要的是要采取適當的閱讀教學策略，使學生掌握閱讀的方法和技能，逐步培養用英語獲得信息、處理信息的能力，學會用英語進行思維和表達、分析問題和解決問題。

一、明確讀什么

閱讀能力的訓練總是離不開閱讀材料，如果在文章選材上不下工夫，所讀內容干巴巴、思想陳舊、表達生硬不地道，會使讀者閱讀興趣大減，甚至失去信心，達不到提高閱讀能力的目的。因此，應該選擇時代氣息濃、難易適中的、可讀性強的文章。

二、明確怎樣讀

閱讀的訓練在提高閱讀速度和閱讀理解質量。然而，閱讀速度和理解能力不是與生俱來，也不是一時半會就能提高的。如果盲目“加載提速”，則會欲速則不達。因此，掌握一套有效的訓練方法很重要。1.注意精讀與泛讀的結合

1）做精讀訓練時，要注意培養理解能力和表達能力，注意對所學內容的理解和歸納，注意對語法知識的總結和積累；明確概括能力（尤其是邏輯思維能力）、背景知識以及加工策略（詞匯、句型、語法知識和語篇分析理解能力）在閱讀理解中的相互作用，逐步掌握如何抓住話題，利用自己已有知識對所讀文章進行預測、推斷、驗證和修改。通過精讀了解文章的結構特點、表達習慣，明確詞匯、句型、語法等語言基礎知識在形成閱讀理解能力中所起的作用，為進行廣泛和快速的閱讀打下堅實的基礎。

2）泛讀就是學生選擇適當的材料進行大量的閱讀。泛讀是提高閱讀速度、增強背景知識的有效途徑。做泛讀訓練要逐步達到以下三級理解層次：①理解文章的字面意思。②理解文章的深層含義。通過分析、判斷、推理等方法理解字里行間的言外之意——引申義，發展分析、綜合和概括的能力。③通過閱讀查閱讀相關資料，擴展自己的知識面。這樣在文章中出現而又沒有闡述的人文知識，立刻會躍入你的腦海，使本來模糊的語句清晰無比，可謂如魚得水。2.注重語言基礎知識和語篇能力相結合

所謂語篇能力是指學習和掌握所學語言的風格和表達習慣。詞匯、句型、語法都是語篇銜接的重要手段。在學習語言基礎知識的過程中，著眼培養和提高語言能力，同時注意在閱讀、完形填空、短文改錯、寫作等語篇訓練中激活、鞏固、升華語言基礎知識，才能促進知識與能力之間的轉化和遷移。在做閱讀訓練時，如何將“知識”與“能力”相結合，提高英語閱讀能力呢？

（1）注意詞匯在語篇中的銜接作用。在詞匯的學習中除了要結合閱讀語篇等來擴大詞匯量外，還要養成歸納同義詞、近義詞、上下義詞、反義詞和固定搭配的好習慣，把詞匯學習與語篇能力有機結合起來。（2）注意語法和句式在語篇銜接中的作用。語法好似語言的編碼系統，在語篇銜接中自然起著重要作用。

我通常的做法是：根據英語報刊的寫作版，指導學生采用擴寫、仿寫、續寫、改寫、縮寫、寫讀后感及內容梗概等方式完成寫作練習，一周一篇，通過互批、展示和面批，及時反饋、檢測學生的閱讀情況，并據此對學生提出新的、有針對性的閱讀要求。

在這種循序漸進的自主式閱讀訓練中，學生拓展了視野，積累了大量的詞匯。更重要的是，學生不再將英語閱讀視為被動的、外在式的行為方式，而是一種主動的、內需式的自主學習活動。

二、立足課堂優化，培養閱讀策略

自主式閱讀以課外為主，采取自學的方式，但這并不表示要摒棄課堂，相反，在有限的課堂教學時間里，教師更要靜心指導，讓學生可以借鑒他人的成功經驗，切實提高閱讀效率和閱讀能力。在每周一節的閱讀輔導課上，我從以下幾個方面指導學生閱讀：

（一）有針對性地介紹閱讀技巧

閱讀技巧是學生順利閱讀的關鍵因素之一。在學生積存了一定閱讀量的基礎上，教師根據教學目標，精選一到兩篇文章，設計閱讀任務，向學生介紹跳讀和略讀（skimming）、細讀（scanning）等閱讀技巧。

1.跳讀是一種有選擇的閱讀。跳讀所選的內容往往是文章中某些具體的事實和信息，直接以某個細節的關鍵詞（如時間、地名、人名等）為尋找對象。在跳讀訓練的初期，應設置一些

特定的細節問題，幫助學生快速地鎖定跳讀目標。比如，閱讀Teens Junior 3Arm strong passes away一文時，我給學生設計了如下提示性問題：

1）When did Armstrong become the firstman to walk on the moon? 2）What did Armstrong do on the moon?.3）Who did he walk with on the moon? 2.略讀也是一種選擇性閱讀，但其側重點是對整體內容的把握。當我們要確定文章的主題、作者的觀點、作者的風格或明確文章的結構時，就應選擇略讀的方式。略讀時，應引導學生抓住文章的一些標志性詞句，如文章的標題、段首與段尾、主題句以及文章結尾帶有觀點性的陳述句。比如，閱讀TeensJunior 3中的Thereal United Stated一文時，我出示了以下兩個問題引導學生略讀：

（二）適當精講部分文章

結合學生的需求、興趣和語言程度選擇閱讀材料后，應先要求學生限時閱讀，隨后教師對文章重點（如體裁、中心思想、背景知識和寫作意圖等）作適當講解，幫助學生更深刻地理解和領悟文章內容。比如，2014年青奧會將在南京舉辦，體育明星是學生追捧的對象，我們便集中一節課介紹了青奧會的相關知識，還有一些常見體育項目的英文名（如swimming，boxing，weightlifting，tennls等）以及這些項目的比賽規則等；“汶川”地震后，我向學生介紹了一些國際和國內的慈善機構，為加深對9A Unit 6Reading Earthquake in Taiwan一課內容的理解，我還請學生摘錄并在課堂上朗誦了這樣一首詩：

（三）適時檢測閱讀質量

初中生處于青春波動期，自律能力相對欠缺，學習自覺性有時還不夠，若完全放手，有的學生會因為惰性而不能及時完成閱讀任務，使課后的自主閱讀流于形式。通過一定的課堂檢測，可以起到督促學生的作用。一般我以周為時間單位，事先準備好一些題目，內容涉及學生所閱讀的英語報刊的所有版面。學生以小組為單位，抽取老師事先準備好的題目。我會根據作答情況，對小組給予獎勵。為了更好地掌握學生閱讀英語報刊的情況和閱讀輔導課的效果，我還把報刊閱讀測試與課本教學測試相結合，從英語報刊上選取兩到三個內容放入測試題中，進一步督促學生認真閱讀。