第一篇：Cfrzbu考研英語語法總結(完美版)

生活需要游戲，但不能游戲人生；生活需要歌舞，但不需醉生夢死；生活需要藝術，但不能投機取巧；生活需要勇氣，但不能魯莽蠻干；生活需要重復，但不能重蹈覆轍。

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考研英語語法總結（完美版）從2002年起，研究生英語考試取消了語法、詞匯等基礎知識的考查，將此部分改考為聽力。但取消了此部分知識點的考查并不意味著英語語法等基礎知識的不重要。根據以往英語取得高分同學的經驗和海文英語輔導名師的建議，他們都一致認為英語語法和詞匯是學好、考好英語的重要基礎，其實完形填空是對語法、詞匯的綜合考查，但更關鍵的是學好此部分有助于對英語句子結構的分析和理解，有助于學生掌握靈活多變的句式，這樣不僅有助于學生做好閱讀理解，而且有助于學生做好英譯漢，寫好作文。

（一）情態動詞 一．情態動詞的現在完成式的用法

情態動詞現在完成式主要有兩個功能：表示已經發生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在這兩個方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;ougtht等情態動詞＋完成式表示的意思是有一定區別的1．表示已經發生的情況。

1）must have+過去分詞，表示對已發生情況的肯定推測，譯為“（昨天）一定……”。如：

My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?” [A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be（答案為C）2）can’t / couldn’t have+過去分詞，表示對已發生情況的否定推測，譯為“（昨天）一定沒……”。如： Mary my letter;otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received [C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received（答案為A）

3）may / might have +過去分詞，表示對已發生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實上根本沒發生，譯為“也許……”。如： At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2．表示虛擬語氣。

1)needn’t have + 過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，相當于”didn’t need to do”,譯為“其實沒必要……”。如： You needn’t have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.[A] needn’t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up [C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up(沒有必要穿的那么正式，體現是說話者的建議，實際結果是否真的穿的很正式沒有確定，答案為D)2）should have +過去分詞，表示應該做某事但實際上未做，譯為“本應該……”should not + have過去分詞表示本不應該做某事但實際上做了，譯為“本不應該……”。如：

I regret having left the work unfinished;I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本來應該事先認真地把每件事情規劃的很好，但實際上作者還是沒有規劃好，以至工作沒有完成。

3)ought to have +過去分詞，表示動作按理該發生了，但實際上未發生，譯為“該……”，與should 的完成式含義類似。如： Ｔhe porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.4)could have +過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。這點與ought/should/ have +過去分詞用法相似。如： What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5)may/ might have +過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實際未做，譯為“（那樣）也許會……”。如： It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.二．幾個情態動詞常考的句型： 1)．may/might(just)as well “不妨，最好”，與had better相近；

Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已經取消了，你不妨乘火車吧。相當于you had better go by train。2)．cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot…over….如： You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車時候，越小心越好。The final chapter covers organizational change and development.This subject cannot be over emphasized.3)．usedn’t 或did’t use to 為used to(do)的否定式。

4）．should 除了“應該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.我無法想象他竟然這樣做。三．情態動詞被動關系的主動表達法

1． want, require, worth（形容詞）后面接doing也可以表示被動意義。Your hair wants cutting

The book is worth reading The floor requires washing.2．need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing，兩種形式都表達被動的意義 The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.（二）形容詞、副詞及比較級最高級 一．形容詞的修飾與位置 一般來說，從構詞法角度來看，后綴”ly”往往是副詞，但有的以“ly’結尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞，這點要注意；形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語，表語等成份，但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前置定語；這些形容詞在修飾時候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下歸納： 1 以-ly結尾的是形容詞而不是副詞： costly 昂貴的 lonely 孤獨的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活潑的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻氣的 kindly 熱心腸的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠閑的 ugly 長得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 塵世的 2 只作以“a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語：

afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒著的 alone 單獨的，惟一的 alive 活著的 ashamed 羞愧的

asleep 睡著的 aware 意識到的、察覺到的 well 健康的 content 滿意的 unable

無能的 3 只作前置定語的形容詞 earthen 泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的 golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的 silken 絲一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的 wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年長的 woolen 毛織的 former 前任的 mere 僅，只不過 only 惟一的 sheer 純粹的 very 恰好的 little 小的 live 活的 4．下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語：

remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。

如：All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二．形容詞與副詞的比較級與最高級 1． 考比較級時，考生應把握：

1）形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應出現，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結構。如：

Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.[A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as 在這里as good as 比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時出現時候，不能省略任何一個介詞。答案為A On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念，既是說比較要具有可比性。如： The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half.[A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’

（前后相比的應該是今年和去年注冊參加的人數“the number of”故代替它的應該是單數指示代詞“that”，而不能選擇B，those是指代participants，不是同類對比，答案為D。Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.3)比較級與倍數詞關系及其位置

原級結構中可插入表達倍數的詞，表示為“為….若干倍”,當與有表示倍數比較的詞在一起時候等，他們的位置是，倍數詞+as…as…,或倍數詞+more…than…，但again一般放在原級詞之后，即 “as+原級＋again+as”.如： Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times(答案為B)“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.” [A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice

(答案為B)My uncle is as old again as I am 4）下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：

inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.如： Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial（答案為A）Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研題)5）“比較級＋and +比較級”或“more and more/less and less +原級”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞＋比較級”結構表示“越來越……”的意思，與這類結構搭配的常用動詞有grow, get ,become等。

前面兩種情況更多地出現在進行時態中，注意的是這三種情況引導的比較級后面都不需要用than.如： Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比較級前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the(more)等修飾語用以加強語氣，表示“更加”的意思。如

Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7)有關比較級的特殊句型： A): not so much…as…與其說……不如說…… The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical are.[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or 人口增長的主要原因與其說是因為出生率的提高，還不如說是因為醫療的進步帶來的死亡率下降的結果。答案為B B)no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……

The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more（心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。答案為D）

There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much more than [B] no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than

（答案為D）C)no/not any less…than…兩者一樣,都……注意基本上與no/not any more…than意思相反 She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮 D)just as… so… 正如……，……也……（用倒裝結構）Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is（答案為C）

2．最高級形式應注意的問題： 1）最高級比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內的比較，如：in China, all over the world.of, among用于在同一群體內同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意：among…相當于one of …,不說among all…。這一點考生應與漢語表達區別開來 如： all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案為[B] 2)比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的范圍應用： any other +單數名詞 the other +復數名詞 the others anyone/anything else 上述詞是用業將比較級結構轉變成最高級意義的關鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，尤其是other，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達的不同。

3）most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相當于very，用法區分單復數，但不能用定冠詞the，如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants，要注意與 “the +形容詞最高級＋of + 名詞”的結構表示的最高級的區別，如： He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language

三．不用比較級和最高級的形容詞： 1）表示顏色的有：white, black 2）表示

形態的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level 3)表示性質和特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy

4)表示狀態作表語的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 5)表示時間、空間和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final 6)表示極限、主次、等級的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 7)含有絕對概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.四．平行結構與比較級平行結構很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導的。如： The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多數情況下平行結構都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進對比not only…but(also);prefer…to…;rather than有的是同類對比：and;but；or；both… and…；either…or…;neither…nor…..平行結構測試時候注意以下幾點： 1．注意比較結構中相比較的內容在語法形式上是否相同。如：

It is better to die one’s feet than.[A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees [C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees(答案為D)Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2．其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導平行結構。

1）rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結構上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如： We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案為A For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say（答案為B）2）如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如： At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.（三）代詞及其指代一致 一．代詞的指代 1．that的指代作用

that指代不可數名詞和單數可數名詞（如是復數，用those），后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現在比較結構中的that of。如 Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role。

No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2．one的指代作用 one指代帶不定冠詞的單數可數名詞，復數為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數可數名詞。如： A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案為[C] 3．do的替代作用。do代替動詞，注意數和時態的變化。如：

For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but t

hat the public believe that it does.二．代詞指代一致問題 代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數、格上是否一致，或者所照應的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.這里he指代前面的person。It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.這里me必須用賓格形式。代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規律：

1．鄰近和靠近原則 由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but(also)連接先行詞時候，如果兩個先行詞在數和性上保持一致，就用其相應的一直的人稱代詞；如果兩個先行詞在數或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數和性上保持一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink 2．當no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時候，其相應的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數形式。如： Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’t it? 3．當主語為復數形式，后跟each作同位語時，如果each位于動詞之前，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用復數形式；如果 each位于動詞之后，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用單數形式。如： They each have two coats we are each responsible for his own family 4．由and連接兩個先行詞，代詞用復數 如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

（三）主謂一致問題 主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對不同結構的主語單復數的認定，進而選擇適當的謂語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個原則： 語法一致原則 意義一致原則 就近一致原則 很多情況下應該綜合利用這三個原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應用三個原則中的不同原則，具體應用哪種原則應該視具體情況而定。總結如下： 一．謂語動詞用單數的情況 1．動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數。如： Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研題)To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.2．表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數。Two weeks was too long Five times five makes twenty five 3．一般用and連接的兩個單詞或短語做主語時候，謂語用復數，但是下面用and連接的主語表示一個概念，謂語用單數： law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復嘗試，不斷摸索 horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落 如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.A.is B.are C.was d.were 答案：A。4．表示學科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復數形式，作主語時候謂語動詞用單數形式

Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.5．有些名詞形式上是復數，意義上是單數，根據意義一致原則動詞用單數 The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.6．用and 連接的成份表示一個單一概念時候，動詞謂語用單數形式 Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二． 謂語用復數情況 1． 由and, both …and, 連接的并列主語，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語后面謂語動詞通常用復數形式。Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.2．集體名詞police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用復數形式的動詞 The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine 3．當表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當主語，謂語動詞用復數形式 The Japanese were once very aggressive 4．某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語時候，謂語動詞用復數 The rich are not always selfish 5．不可數名詞作主語，其前有表示數量的復數名詞修飾時，謂語動詞用復數 Three million tons of coal were exported that year 三．謂語動詞可用單數，也可以用復數的情況 1． 就近一致原則 這種情況下，謂語動詞使用單數還是復數取決于最靠近該動詞的主語的單復數，存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能： 1）由連詞 either…or…;neither…nor…;whether… or…;not only…but(also);or 等連接的并列主語 Neither money nor fame has influence on me Not only you but also he is wrong 2)在倒裝結構中，謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語一致 Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili 2． 主語帶有（together/along）with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，謂語的數不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致

Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.(1981年考研題)3．關系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數要與先行詞一致。如：

Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.4．一些表示數量的短語與名詞連用時候，謂語動詞的數取決于名詞的數，名詞是復數，謂語動詞用復數，反之就用單數。這些短語包括：a lot of /lots of;plenty of/heaps of;half of;two-third(three-fourth…)of;eighty(ten, twenty…)percent;part of;rest of;none of 等等 Two-thirds of people present are women Lots of damage was caused by the fire 5．集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數取決于主語表示的意思和數，當表示整體時候，謂語動詞就用單數，當強調集體中的個體時候，謂語動詞就用復數。這些集體名詞如：army, audien

ce, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop.Crowd, firm, family 等等 The family is the basic unit of our society The family were watching the TV The audience was enormous The audience were greatly moved at the words 6．某些固定結構中主語與謂語的數：

第一組： a great many + 可數名詞復數 謂語用復數 a number of + 可數名詞復數 謂語用復數 the majority of + 可數名詞復數 謂語用復數

第二組； the number of + 可數名詞復數 謂語用單數 each/every + 可數名詞復數 謂語用單數

neither/either of + 可數名詞復數 謂語用單數 one and a half + 可數名詞復數 謂語用單數

第三組； more than one + 可數名詞單數 謂語用單數 many a + 可數名詞單數 謂語用單數

第四組； the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of

謂語的數與of 后面的名詞一致 第五組；(n)either…(n)or….not only…..but also …… not …..but …… 謂語的數與主語的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引導的后面部分）一致.注意比較： More students than one have been referred to More than one student is going to buy this book

（四）倒裝結構 倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語在前、謂語在后的正常語序排列，而是將謂語或謂語的一部分移到主語之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段，目的是為了強調。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，考試多為部分倒裝。考生應掌握什么情況下需要倒裝,并對倒裝后的句子能夠認出來，避免做題時候的盲目和迷茫。一． 用全部倒裝的情況 全部倒裝一般是存在以下列副詞開頭的句子中，全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語序顛倒過來，把謂語移到主語前面： 1）出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in ,up, away, on。如： Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.Up went the plane 2)出于習慣用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如： Now is your turn.There goes the bell.Here is a ticket for you There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work 注意：here，there用于倒裝結構時主語一般為名詞，如果是人稱代詞則不需要倒裝 “ where is the cup？” “Here it is！” Here you are.There he comes.3)有時主語較長，為了使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，主謂要全部倒裝。這種情況多出現在主系表結構中。如：Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.二． 采用部分倒裝情況 部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語的一部分（主要是助動詞或系動詞）放到句子主語前，構成部分倒裝，而全部倒裝則把句子的謂語（包括實義動詞）都放在主語前 1．下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時，若置于句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝： never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如：

Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.(1985年考研題)注：1)如果謂語動詞是單個實義動詞，倒裝時需根據人稱和時態加助動詞do。如： Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.（1983年考研題）2）考生要廣義理解“句首”的概念，注意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首。如： Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips;not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.2．以only修飾狀語（副詞，介詞短語，狀語從句）開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝： only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如： Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can 3．以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：

often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time。如： So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.[A]became the children [B]become the children [C]had the children become [D]do the children become(2001年考研題，答案為D)4．比較從句的倒裝： as, than引導的比較從句中，如果主語是名詞短語且較長，經常采用倒裝結構（不倒裝也可以）。注意：這種結構主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如： Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.Today’s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.5．用于前面所說的情況也適用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒裝 1）肯定重復倒裝用：so They have got up, and so has jack 2)否定重復倒裝用：nor, neither, no more If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they 6．“not only..but also”結構時，如果not only 放在句首，則前半句but(also)句子后面不倒裝 Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.三． 特殊的倒裝結構 特殊形式的倒裝結構是指句子雖然是倒裝結構，但不是主謂倒裝，而往往是出于強調的需要，把強調部分移到句首，而其它部分順序不需要改變，句子主謂不需要倒裝。出現這樣的情況有以下幾種可能： 1．讓步從句的倒裝。1）as引導讓步狀語從句，必須采用倒裝結構，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強調的內容置于句首。如：

Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight 2）．出現在句型be+主語+其他，come what may中。如： While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was(答案為B)3)no matter how(wh

o…);however引導的讓步狀語從句必須采用倒裝結構，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強調的內容置于句首。如： No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting However cold it is , he always goes swimming.語法測試 1.She said that she __ much progress since she came here.A.makes B.made C.have made D had made 2.“What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad.“ “Oh, nothing much.As a matter of fact, I my friends back home.” A.just thought B.have just been thinking C.was just thinking D.have just thought 3.She on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.A.will be working B.worked C.has been working D.will have worked 4.The committee will not make the decision until it the matter.A.has investigated B.investigates C.will have investigated D.investigated 5.Carey didn't go to the party last night because she the baby for her sister until 9:30.A.must have looked after B.would have to look after C.had to look after D.should have looked after 6.four years since John left school.A.They have been B.It is C.It was D.Those are 7.The car at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about 4 o' clock this afternoon.A.has gone B.has not gone C will be going D.has been going 8.By the time you arrive in London, we __ in Europe for two weeks.A.shall stay B.have stayed C.will have stayed D.have been staying 9.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed.A.had produced B.have been produced C.would have produced D.had been produced 10.The president __ the delegation at the airport but he was taken ill last night, so the vice-president is going to instead.A.is to meet B.was to meet C.has been to meet D.was to have met

語法測題答案與詳解 1．(D)根據時態一致的原則，間接引語(或賓語從句)的時態應與主句的時態一致。該句中said是過去時所以that引導的賓語從句中也要用過去的某一種時態，而從句中since引導的時間狀語從句表明其應為完 成時態，故應用過去完成時態。2．(C)通過上下文可以判定Ali看起來很難受很傷心，是因為剛才在進行的事情所導致的，所以用過去進行時較好，故(C)是正確答案。3．(C)根據句意和時間狀語for twenty minutes，可以判斷這里應填入現在完成時態，現在完成進行時是現在完成時態的強調形式，并且選項中沒有現在完成時態，所以(C)是正確答案。4．(A)句意表明委員會是在調查事件之后才會做出決定，調查應發生在決定之前，所以應用將來完成時態，但是在英語中，時間條件狀語從句中的將來完成時態是由現在完成時來表示的，所以正確答案是(A)。5．(C)從上下文的邏輯意義看，(C)項是唯一的正確答案。Carey沒有參加晚會，原因是給她姐姐照看小孩子。而(A)和(D)表示對過去發生的事情根據客觀情況作出主觀推斷：(A)作“準是看孩子了”講；(D)作 “本應該看孩子”講，都不對，而(B)表示動作發生在過去的將來，也不對，所以只有(C)正確。6．（B）這是一個固定結構(或句型)。本句也可說在“Four years have passed since John left school.”或“has been four years sinceJohn left schoo1．’’ 7．(C)until引導的時間狀語從句用了一般現在時表示將來的意思，主句因此必須用一般將來時與之

呼應，口語中常用將來進行時代替一般將來時表示預料即將發生或肯定發生的事，也可表示某件事已經決定了。本句完全可以用will go 因此，正確答案是(C)。? 8．(C)by the time引導的時間狀語從句中若謂語動詞用現在時，則主句要用將來完成時；若謂語動詞用過去時，則主句要用過去完成時，有時也可以用過去將來完成時。這樣，本道題目的正確答案是(C)。9．(D)有具體表示過去某一時間段內業已發生的事件的時間狀語，句子應該用過去完成時。10．(B)由第一個句子中的but引導的轉折句中所用的過去時，可以判斷總統本要在機場接見代表團，表示計劃要做某事在英語中可以用be+動詞不定式來表達，故正確答案是B)。, so-font-kerning: 0pt;mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;mso-bidi-font-family: Arial”>比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時出現時候，不能省略任何一個介詞。答案為A On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念，既是說比較要具有可比性。如：

The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half.[A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s（前后相比的應該是今年和去年注冊參加的人數“the number of”故代替它的應該是單數指示代詞“that”，而不能選擇B，those是指代participants，不是同類對比，答案為D。Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.3)比較級與倍數詞關系及其位置 原級結構中可插入表達倍數的詞，表示為“為….若干倍”,當與有表示倍數比較的詞在一起時候等，他們的位置是，倍數詞+as…as…,或倍數詞+more…than…，但again一般放在原級詞之后，即 “as+原級＋again+as”.如： Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times

(答案為B)“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.” [A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice(答案為B)My uncle is as old again as I am 4）下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：

inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.如： Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial（答案為A）Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研題)5）“比較級＋and +比較級”或“more and more/less and less +原級”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞＋比較級”結構表示“越來越……”的意思，與這類結構搭配的常用動詞有grow, get ,become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現在進行時態中，注意的是這三種情況引導的比較級后面都不需要用than.如： Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse

The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比較級前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the(more)等修飾語用以加強語氣，表示“更加”的意思。如

Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7)有關比較級的特殊句型： A): not so much…as…與其說……不如說…… The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rs as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or 人口增長的主要原因與其說是因為出生率的提高，還不如說是因為醫療的進步帶來的死亡率下降的結果。答案為B B)no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……

The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more（心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。答案為D）There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much more than [B] no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than（答案為D）C)no/not any less…than…兩者一樣,都……注意基本上與no/not any more…than意思相反 She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮 D)just as… so… 正如……，……也……（用倒裝結構）Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is（答案為C）2．最高級形式應注意的問題： 1）最高級比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內的比較，如：in China, all over the world.of, among用于在同一群體內同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意：among…相當于one of …,不說among all…。這一點考生應與漢語表達區別開來

如： all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案為[B] 2)比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的范圍應用：

any other +單數名詞 the other +復數名詞the others anyone/anything else 上述詞是用業將比較級結構轉變成最高級意義的關鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，尤其是other，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達的不同。3）most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相于very，用法區分單復數，但不能用定冠詞the，如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants，要注意與 “the +形容詞最高級＋of + 名詞”的結構表示的最高級的區別，如： He spoke in the warmest of voices

They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language 三．不用比較級和最高級的形容詞： 1）表示顏色的有：white, black 2）表示形態的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level 3)表示性質和

特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy

4)表示狀態作表語的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 5)表示時間、空間和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final

6)表示極限、主次、等級的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 7)含有絕對概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.四．平行結構與比較級

平行結構很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導的。如：

The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多數情況下平行結構都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進對比not only…but(also);prefer…to…;rather than有的是同類對比：and;but；or；both… and…；either…or…;neither…nor…..平行結構測試時候注意以下幾點：

1．注意比較結構中相比較的內容在語法形式上是否相同。如：

It is better to die one’s feet than.[A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees [C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees(答案為D)

Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2．其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導平行結構。

1）rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結構上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如：

We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案為A

For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say（答案為B）

2）如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如：

At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.（三）代詞及其指代一致

一．代詞的指代

1．that的指代作用

that指代不可數名詞和單數可數名詞（如是復數，用those），后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現在比較結構中的that of。如

Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role。

No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2．one的指代作用

one指代帶不定冠詞的單數可數名詞，復數為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數可數名詞。如：

A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案為[C]

3．do的替代作用。

do代替動詞，注意數和時態的變化。如：

For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.二．代詞指代一致問題

代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數、格上是否一致，或者所照應的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。

Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.這里he指代前面的person。

It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。

Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.這里me必須用賓格形式。

代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規律：

1．鄰近和靠近原則

由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but(also)連接先行詞時候，如果兩個先行詞在數和性上保持一致，就用其相應的一直的人稱代詞；如果兩個先行詞在數或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數和性上保持一致。

Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink

2．當no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時候，其相應的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數形式。如：

Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he?

Everything is ready, isn’t it?

3．當主語為復數形式，后跟each作同位語時，如果each位于動詞之前，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用復數形式；如果 each位于動詞之后，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用單數形式。如：

They each have two coats

we are each responsible for his own family 4．由and連接兩個先行詞，代詞用復數

如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

（三）主謂一致問題

主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對不同結構的主語單復數的認定，進而選擇適當的謂語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個原則：

語法一致原則

意義一致原則

就近一致原則

很多情況下應該綜合利用這三個原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應用三個原則中的不同原則，具體應用哪種原則應該視具體情況而定。總結如下：

一．謂語動詞用單數的情況

1．動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數。如：

Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研題)

To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.2．表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數。

Two weeks was too long

Five times five makes twenty five

3．一般用and連接的兩個單詞或短語做主語時候，謂語用復數，但是下面用and連接的主語表示一個概念，謂語用單數：

law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水

a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉

the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復嘗試，不斷摸索

horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月

bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落

如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.A.is B.are C.was d.were 答案：A。

4．表示學科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復數形式，作主語時候謂語動詞用單數形式

Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.5．有些名詞形式上是復數，意義上是單數，根據意義一致原則動詞用單數

The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us

A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.6．用and 連接的成份表示一個單一概念時候，動詞謂語用單數形式

Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二． 謂語用復數情況

1． 由and, both …and, 連接的并列主語，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語后面謂語動詞通常用復數形式。

Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.2．集體名詞police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用復數形式的動詞

The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine

3．當表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當主語，謂語動詞用復數形式

The Japanese were once very aggressive

4．某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語時候，謂語動詞用復數

The rich are not always selfish

5．不可數名詞作主語，其前有表示數量的復數名詞修飾時，謂語動詞用復數

Three million tons of coal were exported that year 三．謂語動詞可用單數，也可以用復數的情況

1． 就近一致原則

這種情況下，謂語動詞使用單數還是復數取決于最靠近該動詞的主語的單復數，存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能：

1）由連詞 either…or…;neither…nor…;whether… or…;not only…but(also);or 等連接的并列主語

Neither money nor fame has influence on me Not only you but also he is wrong

2)在倒裝結構中，謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語一致

Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili

2． 主語帶有（together/along）with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，謂語的數不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致

Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.(1981年考研題)

3．關系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數要與先行詞一致。如：

Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.（1996年考研題）

There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.（1990年考研題）

4．一些表示數量的短語與名詞連用時候，謂語動詞的數取決于名詞的數，名詞是復數，謂語動詞用復數，反之就用單數。這些短語包括：a lot of /lots of;plenty of/heaps of;half of;two-third(three-fourth…)of;eighty(ten, twenty…)percent;part of;rest of;none of 等等

Two-thirds of people present are women Lots of damage was caused by the fire

5．集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數取決于主語表示的意思和數，當表示整體時候，謂語動詞就用單數，當強調集體中的個體時候，謂語動詞就用復數。這些集體名詞如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop.Crowd, firm, family 等等

The family is the basic unit of our society The family were watching the TV The audience was enormous

The audience were greatly moved at the words 6．某些固定結構中主語與謂語的數：

第一組：

a great many + 可數名詞復數 謂語用復數

a number of + 可數名詞復數 謂語用復數

the majority of + 可數名詞復數 謂語用復數

第二組；

the number of + 可數名詞復數 謂語用單數

each/every + 可數名詞復數 謂語用單數

neither/either of + 可數名詞復數 謂語用單數

one and a half + 可數名詞復數 謂語用單數

第三組；

more than one + 可數名詞單數 謂語用單數

many a + 可數名詞單數 謂語用單數

第四組；

the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of

謂語的數與of 后面的名詞一致

第五組；

(n)either…(n)or….not only…..but also …… not …..but ……

謂語的數與主語的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引導的后面部分）一致.注意比較：

More students than one have been referred to More than one student is going to buy this book

（四）倒裝結構

倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語在前、謂語在后的正常語序排列，而是將謂語或謂語的一部分移到主語之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段，目的是為了強調。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，考試多為部分倒裝。考生應掌握什么情況下需要倒裝,并對倒裝后的句子能夠認出來，避免做題時候的盲目和迷茫。

一． 用全部倒裝的情況

全部倒裝一般是存在以下列副詞開頭的句子中，全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語序顛倒過來，把謂語移到主語前面：

1）出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in ,up, away, on。如：

Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.Up went the plane

2)出于習慣用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如：

Now is your turn.There goes the bell.Here is a ticket for you

There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work 注意：here，there用于倒裝結構時主語一般為名詞，如果是人稱代詞則不需要倒裝

“ where is the cup？” “Here it is！” Here you are.There he comes.3)有時主語較長，為了使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，主謂要全部倒裝。這種情況多出現在主系表結構中。如：

Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.二． 采用部分倒裝情況

部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語的一部分（主要是助動詞或系動詞）放到句子主語前，構成部分倒裝，而全部倒裝則把句子的謂語（包括實義動詞）都放在主語前

1．下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時，若置于句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：

never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, no

where, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如：

Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.(1985年考研題)注：1)如果謂語動詞是單個實義動詞，倒裝時需根據人稱和時態加助動詞do。如：

Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.（1983年考研題）

2）考生要廣義理解“句首”的概念，注意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首。如：

Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips;not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.2．以only修飾狀語（副詞，介詞短語，狀語從句）開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：

only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如：

Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can

3．以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：

often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time。如：

So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.[A]became the children [B]become the children

[C]had the children become [D]do the children become(2001年考研題，答案為D)4．比較從句的倒裝：

as, than引導的比較從句中，如果主語是名詞短語且較長，經常采用倒裝結構（不倒裝也可以）。注意：這種結構主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：

Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.Today’s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.5．用于前面所說的情況也適用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒裝

1）肯定重復倒裝用：so

They have got up, and so has jack

2)否定重復倒裝用：nor, neither, no more

If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they

6．“not only..but also”結構時，如果not only 放在句首，則前半句but(also)句子后面不倒裝

Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.三． 特殊的倒裝結構

特殊形式的倒裝結構是指句子雖然是倒裝結構，但不是主謂倒裝，而往往是出于強調的需要，把強調部分移到句首，而其它部分順序不需要改變，句子主謂不需要倒裝。出現這樣的情況有以下幾種可能：

1．讓步從句的倒裝。

1）as引導讓步狀語從句，必須采用倒裝結構，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強調的內容置于句首。如：

Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight

2）．出現在句型be+主語+其他，come what may中。如：

While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was(答案為B)

3)no matter how(who…);however引導的讓步狀語從句必須采用倒裝結構，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強調的內容置于句首。如：

No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting However cold it is , he always goes swimming.語法測試

1.She said that she __ much progress since she came here.A.makes B.made C.have made D had made

2.“What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad.“ “Oh, nothing much.As a matter of fact, I my friends back home.”

A.just thought B.have just been thinking C.was just thinking D.have just thought

3.She on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.A.will be working B.worked C.has been working D.will have worked

4.The committee will not make the decision until it the matter.A.has investigated B.investigates C.will have investigated D.investigated 5.Carey didn't go to the party last night because she the baby for her sister until 9:30.A.must have looked after B.would have to look after C.had to look after D.should have looked after

6.four years since John left school.A.They have been B.It is C.It was D.Those are

7.The car at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about 4 o' clock this afternoon.A.has gone B.has not gone C will be going D.has been going 8.By the time you arrive in London, we __ in Europe for two weeks.A.shall stay B.have stayed C.will have stayed D.have been staying 9.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed.A.had produced B.have been produced C.would have produced D.had been produced

10.The president __ the delegation at the airport but he was taken ill last night, so the vice-president is going to instead.A.is to meet B.was to meet C.has been to meet D.was to have met

語法測題答案與詳解

1．(D)根據時態一致的原則，間接引語(或賓語從句)的時態應與主句的時態一致。該句中said是過去時所以that引導的賓語從句中也要用過去的某一種時態，而從句中since引導的時間狀語從句表明其應為完 成時態，故應用過去完成時態。

2．(C)通過上下文可以判定Ali看起來很難受很傷心，是因為剛才在進行的事情所導致的，所以用過去進行時較好，故(C)是正確答案。

3．(C)根據句意和時間狀語for twenty minutes，可以判斷這里應填入現在完成時態，現在完成進行時是現在完成時態的強調形式，并且選項中沒有現在完成時態，所以(C)是正確答案。

4．(A)句意表明委員會是在調查事件之后才會做出決定，調查應發生在決定之前，所以應用將來完成時態，但是在英語中，時間條件狀語從句中的將來完成時態是由現在完成時來表示的，所以正確答案是(A)。

5．(C)從上下文的邏輯意義看，(C)項是唯一的正確答案。Carey沒有參加晚會，原因是給她姐姐照看小孩子。而(A)和(D)表示對過去發生的事情根據客觀情況作出主觀推斷：(A)作“準是看孩子了”講；(D)作 “本應該看孩子”講，都不對，而(B)表示動作發生在過去的將來，也不對，所以只有(C)正確。

6．（B）這是一個固定結構(或句型)。本句也可說在"Four years have passed since John left school.”或“has been four years sinceJohn left schoo1．’’ 7．(C)until引導的時間狀語從句用了一般現在時表示將來的意思，主句因此必須用一般將來時與之呼應，口語中常用將來進行時代替一般將來時表示預料即將發生或肯定發生的事，也可表示某件事已經決定了。本句完全可以用will go 因此，正確答案是(C)。?

8．(C)by the time引導的時間狀語從句中若謂語動詞用現在時，則主句要用將來完成時；若謂語動詞用過去時，則主句要用過去完成時，有時也可以用過去將來完成時。這樣，本道題目的正確答案是(C)。

9．(D)有具體表示過去某一時間段內業已發生的事件的時間狀語，句子應該用過去完成時。

10．(B)由第一個句子中的but引導的轉折句中所用的過去時，可以判斷總統本要在機場接見代表團，表示計劃要做某事在英語中可以用be+動詞不定式來表達，故正確答案是b

第二篇：2013考研英語語法指導

中學英語語法網絡圖 一．名詞 I.名詞的種類： 專有名詞 普通名詞

國名.地名.人名，團體.機構名稱 可數名詞 不可數名詞

個體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質名詞 II.名詞的數：

1.規則名詞的復數形式：

名詞的復數形式，一般在單數形式后面加-s或-es。現將構成方法與讀音規則列表如下： 規則 例詞 一般情況在詞尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe結尾的詞 變-f和-fe為v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives

加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes

不少外來詞加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 兩者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th結尾的名詞加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2.不規則名詞復數：

英語里有些名詞的復數形式是不規則的，現歸納如下： 規則 例詞 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 單復數相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有復數形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 一些集體名詞總是用作復數 people, police, cattle, staff 部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作復數（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 復數形式表示特別含義 customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)表示“某國人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans

單復數同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變為復數 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends

無主體名詞時將最后一部分變為復數 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 將兩部分變為復數 women singers, men servants III.名詞的所有格：

名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構成，二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1.’s所有格的構成：

單數名詞在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 復數名詞 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不規則復數名詞后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights，以s結尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house

表示各自的所有關系時,各名詞末尾均須加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes

表示共有的所有關系時在最后一詞末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father

表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法：

１ 表示時間 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然現象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示國家城市等地方的名詞 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 表示工作群體 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及價值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞 the life’s time, the play’s plot 某些固定詞組 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：

用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 目錄: 第01章 名詞性從句

第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解 第03章 高中英語語法中的省略現象 第04章 主謂一致 第05章

動詞不定式 第06章

倒裝結構

第07章

定語從句 第08章

被動語態 第09章 祈使句 第10章 感嘆句 第11章 疑問句 第12章 名詞

第一章 名詞性從句

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。

一． 主語從句

主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較

It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調，無論強調的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如：

a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那場電影真可惜。

b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我對你成功與否不感興趣。

c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發生的。（強調句型）

d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強調句型）

2.用it 作形式主語的結構(1)It is ＋ 名詞 ＋ 從句

It is a fact that ?

事實是?

It is an honor that

?非常榮幸

It is common knowledge that

?是常識(2)It is ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 從句

It is natural that?

很自然?

It is strange that?

奇怪的是?(3)It is ＋ 不及物動詞 ＋ 從句

It seems that?

似乎?

It happened that?

碰巧?

It appears that?

似乎?(4)It ＋ 過去分詞 ＋ 從句

It is reported that?

據報道?

It has been proved that?

已證實?

It is said that?

據說?

3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：

（1）if 引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.錯誤表達：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.錯誤表達：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether ?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.錯誤表達：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

錯誤表達：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4.what 與that 在引導主語從句時的區別

what 引導主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語．賓語．表語，而that 則不然。例如：

a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation

二．賓語從句

賓語從句就是在復合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后。

1.作動詞的賓語

(1)由that引導的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army.我聽說他參軍了。

(2)由what, whether(if)引導的賓語從句，例如：

a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道發生了什么。

b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。

(3)動詞＋間接賓語＋賓語從句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對我說她會接受我的邀請。

2.作介詞的賓語，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。

3.作形容詞的賓語，例如：

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已經犯了一個錯誤。

注意：that 引導的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。

4.it 可以作為形式賓語

it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復合賓語的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month.我聽說她下個朋就會結婚了。

5.后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞

這類動詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導的賓語從句。如：

正確表達：I admire their winning the match.錯誤表達：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞

有些動詞不可用于“動詞＋間接賓語＋that從句“結構中，常見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正確表達：He impressed the manager as an honest man.錯誤表達：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的轉移

若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。

三.表語從句

表語從句在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結構是“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導表語從句的that常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that? 和It is because 等結構。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位語從句

同位語從句就是在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。

1.同位語從句的功能

同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內容，一般由that引導，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位語在句子中的位置

同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區別

(1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。

(2)定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英語名詞性從句專項練習

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A.did the quarrel came about

B.the quarrel had come about

C.had the quarrel come about

D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything

D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone

B.where did he go C.which place has he gone

D.where has he gone

7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.of that

8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave

B.that;should leave

C./;must leave

D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that

B.It;that

C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that

B.which

C.whether

D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?

A.that B.what C.why

D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If

D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while

B.if

C.that D.for

14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether

B.This

C.who

D.If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That

C.Whether

D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That

C.Who

D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that

C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What

B.It

C.All that

D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed

B.think

C.say

D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What

B.That

C.How

D.Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解

“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英語語法的重點、難點，又是近幾年高考的熱點，因此應給予充分的重視，現將it用法歸納如下：

一、It用作實詞

表達以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的內容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現象??

二、It用作形式主語

替代作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞，而把真正作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式主語的常見句型：

1.代作主語的動詞不定式，其句型為

(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例

It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述人的形容詞：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例

It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主語的動名詞的常見句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's(well)worth doing…

It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do…

It's(well)worth while doing/ to do

例

It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主語的從句常見句型

(1)It is + noun +從句

例

It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2)It is adj.+clause

It's surprising that?(should)???竟然??

It's a pity/shame that?(should)???竟然??

例

It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…

例

It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do

(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)

例

It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)

(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例

It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)

(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例

It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主語的句型

1.It takes sb.? to do?(=sb takes?to do?)某人用多長時間做某事

例

It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do?（不）像某人做某事的風格

例

It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that? should /v-ed?是該做某事的時候了

例

It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)? have v-ed?第幾次做某事了

例

It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been? since ?continuous v-ed(延續性動詞)某動作已有多長時間不發生了

例

It's 10 years that he lived here

6.It was(not)? before?過(不)了多長時間某動作發生了

例

It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式賓語

用來替代作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞，而把真正作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式賓語的常見句型：

1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例

The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…

owe it to sb.that?把?歸功于?

leave it to sb that?把?留給某人去做

take it for granted that ?想當然

keep it in mind that…

例

Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 賓語從句緊跟it之后

例

I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面，賓語從句緊跟it之后（except that例外）

例

I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、強調句型

It is/was+被強調部分+ that(who)? 強調句型用來強調謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分。當被強調部分是人時也可以用who。

在使用強調句型時需注意以下幾點：

1.請注意強調句型的特殊疑問句

例

When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2.在強調原因狀語從句時，只能強調由because所引導的從句

例

It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在強調not ? until結構時必須把not與until一起放到被強調的位置上

例

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意強調句型與定語從句的區別

例

It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(強調句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定語從句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1.make it

(1).在口語當中相當于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說定、趕上、及時到達

例

It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口語中相當于fix the date for,表示“約定好時間”

例

—Shall we meet next week?

—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is

(1).相當于in fact, in reality表示“事實上，實際情況是??”

例

We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相當于方式狀語從句，表示“照原樣”

例

Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相當于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是說，可以說，換句話說”

例

He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for?/if it hadn't been for?用來引導虛擬語氣，相當于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是??，要不是??”

例

If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it

(1).相當于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此為止，沒有別的了”

例

You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相當于 That's right.表示“對啦”

例

— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.6.catch it 在口語中，相當于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做錯事而挨罵，受責備，受批評，受懲罰”

例

We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it

(1).相當于say, insist表示“說，主張，表明，硬說”

例

Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相當于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，獲悉”

例

I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口語中，相當于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的條件”

例

You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相當于go on,表示“繼續做，不放棄”

例

My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞

12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)

13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)

14.As it happened, ? 在口語中，相當于it's a pity that?, 表示“真不湊巧，真遺憾”

例

As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,?在口語中，相當于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被證明是”

例

As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口語中，相當于although it may not be worth much, 表示“雖然沒有多大價值”

例

You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相當于Don't worry or don't hurry.用來勸告別人，表示“不要慌，別擔心，存住氣”

例

Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口語中，相當于believe me what I say.表示“請相信我的話，我敢擔保”

例

You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth?在口語中，相當于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其價值如何”

例

Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口語中，相當于useful, 表示“有好處，值得做”

例

Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例

Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放棄

例

That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口語中，相當于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情況，還沒有定下來”

例

—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口語中，相當于it's decided by sb.表示“由??決定，由??負責，取決于??”

例

—Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配專練

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he(89)

3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that

B.until , that

C.until , that

D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so(97)

10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

B.that

C.these

D.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it(2000)

12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this

B.that C.it

D.one 13.—Do you like ___ here?

—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全國卷)A.this B.These

C.That

D.it

14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全國卷)A.it

B.One

C.Himself

D.another

15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)

A.This is B.There is C.That is

D.It is

16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)

A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea

B.It depends

C.As usual

D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out

B.turn out

C.go on

D.come up

19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends

B.It's up to you

C.All right

D.Glad to hear that

20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went

D.until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA

11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章 高中英語語法中的省略現象

在英語語言中，為了使語言簡潔明了，重點突出或上下文緊密相連，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變，這種語言現象稱之為省略。現就英語中的種種省略現象分析如下：

一、并列復合句中的省略

在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如：

a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.這個男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。

b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。

c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.湯姆肯定一直在打籃球，瑪麗一直在寫作業。

d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主從復合句中的省略

1．狀語從句中的省略

一般說來省略現象多出現在下列五種狀語從句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導的時間狀語從句；由whether ,if , unless 等引導的條件狀語從句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導的讓步狀語從句；由 as ,than 等引導的比較狀語從句；由as, as if , as though 等引導的方式狀語從句。上述狀語從句在省略時應遵循下面原則：

1)當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時，可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動詞be，這時從句中可出現如下結構：(1)連詞（as, as if , once）+ 名詞;(2)連詞（though, whether , when）+形容詞；(3)連詞(whether, as if ,while)+介詞短語；(4)連詞(when , while , though)+ 現在分詞；(5)連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 過去分詞；(6)連詞(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：

a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.龐龍曾經是個工 人，現在變成一位著名的歌手。

b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學習，要不然你會后悔的。

c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到處看似乎在找什么東西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國總統布什在與胡錦濤主席會談時，感謝中國在六方會談中起的重要作用。

e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.這次展覽比被預料的有趣的多。

f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運動員劉翔張開嘴好像要說什么。注意：

1)當從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時，間或也有這樣的省略,如： Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.當她過馬路時父親告訴她要當心。

2)當從句的主語是 it，謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be 時，可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。此時構成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結構。如：

Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定語從句中的省略

1）一般說來，在限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：

Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎？（2002上海春季）

而在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較：

Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)湯姆病倒了，你昨天見到他了。

2）在口語和非正式用語中，關系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經常用that 來代替，甚至還可省略。如：

a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。

b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一個能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。

c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎？

3）當先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時，從句不能用 how 來引導，應該用that 或 in which，或將它們全部省略。如：

I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。

3．賓語從句中的省略

1）在及物動詞后面所接的賓語從句中，連詞that 一般可以省略；但如果及物動詞后面是由that引導的兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句，那么只有第一個that可以省略。如：

a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我認為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。

b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說《 反分裂國家法》已被通過，而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導的 賓語從句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來但我不知道他什么時候來。

b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國外但他的父母想知道為什么。

4．在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關的名詞性從句中，須用虛擬語氣形式“should +動詞原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法國總統希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長期持續。

5．主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遺憾，我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會。

6．在答語中，主句可全部省略。如： —Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你為什么沒有上學？ —因為我媽媽病了。

三、簡單句中的省略

1．省略主語

1）祈使句中的主語通常被省略 如：

(You)Open the door, please.請開一下門。

2)其它省略主語多限于現成的說法 如：

a)(I)Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。

b)(It)Doesn’t matter.沒關系。

2．省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分 如：

a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽煙

b)(Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎 ？

c)(You come)This way please.請這邊走。

d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎 ？

3．省略賓語 如：

—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你認識李先生嗎？— I don’t know(him.)我不認識他 4．省略表語 如：

—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。5．同時省略幾個成分 如：

a)—Are you feeling better now? 你覺得好些了嗎 ？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。

b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好運/祝你順利。

四、動詞不定式省略，只保留to 的場合1．不定式作某些動詞的賓語時，這些動詞常見的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本該在離開前謝謝她。—我本打算這么做，但當我就要離開的時候我卻找不到她了。（2000上海春）

b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以這么做。

2．不定式作某些動詞的賓語補足語或主語補足語時，這些動詞常見的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：

a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上騎他的自行車，但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)

b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想來，可是她父母不讓。

3．不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語時，常見的形容詞有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?

— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎？—沒關系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些復合謂語時，常見結構如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他現在不喜歡吃魚，但過去喜歡。

五、動詞不定式to 的省略

1．主語部分有to do ,系動詞 is 或 was 時，作表語的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。

2．作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語，前面又有實意動詞 do時，不定式通常省去to.如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他說陳水扁除了推進支持“獨立”的時間表外，什么也沒有做。

3．主語部分暗含to do，表語中的不定式通常省去to。如：

All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上學，努力學習。

4．當兩個或多個不定式并列時，其后的不定式符號可以省略，但有對比關系時不可省略。如：

It is easier to say than to do.說起來容易，做起來難。

5．在would rather?than? 等結構中，不定式符號常常要省略.如：

I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。

6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語補足語時省略不定式符號to；why(not)do 結構 中, 不定式不帶to。如：

a)I saw her enter the room.我看見她進入了房間

b)Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來呢？

六．其他一些省略結構

1．名詞所有格修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時，常常可以省略。如：

We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我們在瑪麗家過的周末。

2．What和 how引導的感嘆句中，常可省略主語 it 和be動詞 如：

a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!這對Tom來說是個多么大的勝利呀！

b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被當作一個正常孩子對待對他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章 主謂一致

主謂一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數方面的一致關系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分為:語法一致, 內容一致, 就近一致.(一)語法一致原則: 即主語為單數,謂語用單數,主語為復數,謂語也用復數.以下為注意事項: 1.單數主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導的短語, 謂語動詞仍用單數.如: Air as well as water is matter.空氣和水都是物質.No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了兩個仆人外, 沒有一個人遲來用餐。

2.用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動詞用單數, 否則用復數.如:

The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用and連接的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。

3.不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數.如: Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。

4.用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.沒有老師也沒有學生開會缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。

5.each of + 復數代詞, 謂語動詞用單數.復數代詞+each, 謂語動詞用單數.如: Each of us has something to say.我們每個人都有話要說。

6.若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復數, 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數。但more+復數名詞+than one做主語時, 謂語動詞仍用復數.如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late.不只一個學生遲到

More persons than one come to help us.不止一個人來幫助我們。

7.none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數, 也可用復數;但在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數,因而謂語動詞要用單數.如: None of us are(is)perfect.人無完人。

None of this worries me.這事一點不使我著急。

8.名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用復數.如: His clothes are good.但這些名詞前若出現 a pair of , 謂語一般用單數.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼鏡。

9.形復意單名詞如:news;以ics 結尾的學科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics;國名如: the United States;報紙名如: the New Times;書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>;以及The United Nations<聯合國> 等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。

10.“a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用單數.如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復數名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用復數形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.參觀了一兩個地點。

(二)內容一致原則:

1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分數或百分數+名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞單復數取決于連用的名詞.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行車，今天出售。

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的蘋果都是爛的。

Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。

2.不定數量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時, 謂語動詞的單復數取決于量詞后面名詞的數.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科書已運到。

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。

3.加減乘除用單數.如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15減去5等于10。

4.表示時間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 盡管是復數形式, 它們做為一個單一的概念時, 其謂語動詞用單數.如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一個相當的距離。

5.(1)通常作復數的集體名詞.包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復數.如:

The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可數名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作單數也可作復數的集體名詞.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委員會決定解雇他。

6.the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用復數.如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原則

1.由here, there, where 等引導的倒裝句中,(有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽車來了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在這兒的時候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？ 2.用連詞or, either....or, neither?.nor, not only?.but also 等連接的并列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致。如：

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。

注意: one of +復數名詞+who/that/which 引導的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞為復數。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets.瑪麗是飼養寵物者之一。

The only one of +復數名詞+ who/that./which 引導的定語從句中，定語從句的動詞應為單數。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.瑪麗是唯一一個飼養寵物的人。

主謂一致練習

1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is

B.are/are

C.is/are

D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years

B.are/year old

C.is/years old

D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play

B.are playing

C.plays

D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are

B.has

C.have

D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is

B.are

C.was

D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking

B.is speaking

C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his

B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's

D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are

B.is stayed

C.is

D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left

D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands

B.standing

C.which stands

D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will

B.was

C.is

D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are

B.I am

C.as I am

D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?

--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you

B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you

D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed

B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed

D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is

B.they are

C.this

D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting

B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting

D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were

B.were eaten/was

C.were eaten/were

D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her

B.is hers

C.are hers

D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have

B.are said to have

C.is said to be

D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves

B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf

D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows

B.cows cattle C.cattle cows

D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree

B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes

D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive

B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher

B.fathers are teachers

C.father are teachers

D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred

B.are occurred

C.occurs

D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or

B.The offices and

C.Both the office and

D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of

B.A great many

C.A large number of

D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out

B.are sold out

C.was sold out

D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has

B.have

C.is

D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is

B.are, are

C.are is

D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying

B.have studied

C.studies

D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are

B.is

C.will

D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been

C.All has

D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are

B.is C.has

D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching

B.were searching for

C.are searching

D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it

B.are it

C.are them

D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years

B.are years

C.is year

D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are

B.have

C.has

D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book

A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are

C.Two yuans is

D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen

B.is seen

C.see

D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting

B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted

D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room

B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room

D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is

B.are

C.have

D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something

B.has something

C.had something

D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is

B.are

C.are going

D.have

53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has

B.are have

C.is have

D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish

B.wishes

C.hope

D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work

B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles

D.Three quarter of the business

答案：

1-5 BDDDB

6-10 ABACD

11-15 ACDAB

16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA

26-30CBACA

31-35 CCADC

36-40CBCAD

41-45 BBCBD

46-50 DBDDB

51-55 BAABB

第五章

動詞不定式不定式作賓語 1)動詞+ 不定式

afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。

2)動詞+不定式；動詞+賓語+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish

I like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom.我想和湯姆談話。

I want you to speak to Tom.我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3)動詞+疑問詞+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that.請演示給我們如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。

注意

疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數。如：The question is how to put it into practice.問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。

2.不定式作補語

1)動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty.我們相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例題

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.A.lying

B.lie

C.lay

D.laying

答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補足語作用。現在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。

2)to + be 的不定式結構，作補語的動詞。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。

典型例題

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented

答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只說明發明這一個事實，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現在完成時，發明為點動詞一般不用完成時，且此處也不強調對現在的影響，因此不選C。3)to be +形容詞

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認為這本書沒什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些動詞需用as 短語做補語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。

3.不定式作主語

1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做這事太容易了。

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.聽到你的聲音真高興。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。

2)It's very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。

kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們任何東西，這顯得太自私了。

注意

1)其他系動詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2)不定式作為句子成分時，動詞用單數形式。

3)當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is? to?的句型(對)To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(錯)It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages.對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。It's very nice of you to help me.你來幫助我，你真是太好了。

for 與of 的辨別方法

用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應用for。)

4.不定式作表語

不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定語

不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作狀語 1)目的狀語

To? only to(僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)? as to?(如此??以便??)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來僅僅是向你告別。

2)作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因

I'm glad to see you.典型例題

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit

B.sit on

C.be seat

D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動詞，其后應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位于“形容詞+動詞不定式”結構的末尾。

用作介詞的to to 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動名詞：admit to承認，confess to承認，be accustomed to習慣于，be used to習慣于，stick to 堅持，turn to開始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to

注意 省to 的動詞不定式

1)情態動詞(除ought 外，ought to)： 2)使役動詞 let, have, make：

3)感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。

注意

在被動語態中則to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather，had better： 5)Why? / why not?：

6)help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb(to)do sth：

7)but和except：but前是動詞do時，后面出現的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。8)由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去： 9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed(to be)nice.他應該是個好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比較：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例題

1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A.to try going

B.trying to go

C.to try and go

D.try going

答案：D.why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn

B.to learn

C.learned

D.learning

答案：B.make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式，當其用于被動時，to 不可省略。

動詞不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window?

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。

典型例題

1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not

B.not to shut

C.to not shut

D.not shut

答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see

B.not seeing

C.to not see

D.having not seen

答案：A。pretend 后應接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive

B.to never driver C.never driving

D.never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth.此處用的是否定詞never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.A.not to

B.not to do

C.not do it

D.do not to

答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞，而不必重復整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do后應有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no

B.eating not

C.not to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動，否定形式為be warned not to do。

不定式的特殊句型too?to? 1)too?to

太?以至于?

He is too excited to speak.他太激動了，說不出話來。----Can I help you ? 需要我幫忙嗎?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。

2)如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定，too 后那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意 為“不太”。

It's never too late to mend.(諺語)改過不嫌晚。

3)當too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常? 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。

不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2)so kind as to---勞駕

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現在幾點了。

不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +動詞原形”表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為：“為什么不???” “干嗎不???” 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假?

不定式的時態和語態

時態語態

主動

被動

一般式

to do to be done

進行式

to be doing

完成式

to have done to have been done

完成進行式

to have been doing

1)現在時：一般現在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生，有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再見到你。2)完成時：表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)進行時： 表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成進行時：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.動名詞與不定式

1)動名詞與不定式的區別：

動名詞表達的是： 狀態，性質，心境，抽象，經常性，已發生的 不定式表達的是： 目的，結果，原因，具體，一次性，將發生的 2)接不定式或動名詞，意義相同。

3)動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：

stop to do stop doing

forget to do forget doing

remember to do remember doing

cease to do cease doing

try to do try doing

go on to do go on doing

afraid to do

afraid doing

interested to do interested doing

mean to do mean doing

regret to do regret doing

begin/start to do begin/start doing

特殊詞精講 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。

典型例題

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇“stop to do sth.停下來去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。stop doing/to do

forget doing/to do forget to do 忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘記做過某事。

(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經關了燈了。(已做過關燈的動作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來。(to come動作未做)

典型例題

----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off

B.turn it off

C.to turn it off

D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關燈的動作沒有發生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經關上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。

remember doing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事

(未做)remember doing 記得做過某事

(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學后去趟郵局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?

regret doing/to do regret to do

對要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing

對做過的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒有辦法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。

典型例題

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do

B.to be doing

C.to have done

D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.對已發生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔，因此選D。

cease doing/to do cease to do

長時間，甚至永遠停做某事。

cease doing

短時停止做某事，以后還會接著做。

That department has ceased to exist forever.那個部門已不復存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們在老師走過時，停了會聊天。

try doing/to do try to do

努力，企圖做某事。try doing

試驗，試著做某事。

You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。

go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing

繼續做原來做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完數學后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個練習后，接著做其他的練習

be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為“怕”；

be afraid of doing 擔心出現doing的狀況、結果。doing 是客觀上造成的，意為“生怕，恐怕”。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

be interested doing/to do interested to do

對做某事感興趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing

對某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎?

(一種想法)

mean to doing/to do mean to do

打算、想 mean doing 意味著

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈加工資意味著增加購買力。

begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)談及一項長期活動或開始一種習慣時，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴？ 2)begin, start用進行時時，后面動詞用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我開始生起氣來。

3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動詞時，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我開始明白真相。4)物作主語時 It began to melt.感官動詞 + doing/to do 感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續性，進行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調“我看見了”這個事實)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強調“我見他正干活”這個動作)昨天我見他正在花園里干活。

典型例題

1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow

B.grew

C.was growing

D.to grow 答案：A.因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強調的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing

B.to be playing

C.play

D.to play 答案：A.本題強調其動作，正在河邊玩，應此用see sb.doing sth句型。

第六章 倒裝結構

一 全部倒裝

全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現在時和一般過去時。常見的結構有：

1.here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：

1)There goes the bell.鈴聲漸漸消失了。

2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就來了

3)Here is your letter.這是你的信。

2.表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。例如：

1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轟炸機下面發出了一顆導彈。

2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：

1)Here he comes.他來了。

2)Away they went.他們走了。

二 部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。例如：

1)Never have I seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。

2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪兒都不會找到這個問題的答案。

3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

注意：當Not until引出主從復合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如：

1)I have never seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。

2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly ? when , no sooner ?than ?等。例如：

1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不僅拒收了禮品，還狠狠批評了送禮的人。

2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她剛要出門時有個學生來找她。

3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她剛要走時一個學生來看她。

注意：只有當Not only? but also連接兩個分句時，才在第一個分句用倒裝結構。如果置于句首的Not only? but also僅連接兩個并列詞語，不可用倒裝結構。例如：

Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜歡音樂。

3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時，句子作部分倒裝。例如：

1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能說法語，我也能。

2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。

注意： 當so引出的句子用以對上文內容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結構。意為“的確如此”。例如：

1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom讓我去踢足球，我去了。

2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的確很大。

4.only放在句首，強調狀語（副詞，介詞短語或狀語從句等），全句語序要部分倒裝。例如：

Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學好英語。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被請了三次才來開會。

注意：如果句子為主從復合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常嚴重時才會臥床休息。

三 as, though 引導的倒裝句

as / though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前（形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前）。此時應注意：1)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2)句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。例如：

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像從來都不能令他的工作満意。

注意: 讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。

四 其他部分倒裝

1.so? that 句型中的so 位于句首時，需倒裝。例如：

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得動都不敢動。

2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：

May you all be happy.望大家開心愉快。

3.在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。例如：

Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再試一次。

第七章 定語從句

定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。

被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出。

關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

關系副詞有：when, where, why, how。

關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時又可做定語從句的一個成分。當關系代詞做賓語時可以省略。

定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數量上和先行詞保持一致。

定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。、關系代詞引導的定語從句

1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語）2)whose 用來指人或物，（只用作定語，若指物，它還可以同of which互換），例如：

Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作賓語）

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作賓語)

關系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法區別：

不用that的情況：

a)在引導非限定性定語從句時

(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介詞后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情況

①關系代詞在從句中做主語

A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行詞為those, people 時

Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時

One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定語從句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有兩個定語從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時，后一個必須重復前一個關系代詞。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況

a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時，只用that。He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行詞為序數詞(the last)、數詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)當主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時，用that 以避免重復。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關系代詞在從句中做表語

He is not the man that he used to be.、關系副詞引導的定語從句

關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。關系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當于“介詞+ which”結構，因此常常和“介詞+ which”結構交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?

I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意：

①在非限制性定語從句中，“介詞+ which”結構不能代替關系副詞。

如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開，介詞仍放在動詞后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?

3、名詞/數詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關系代詞引導定語從句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引導非限定性定語從句的差別 由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引導非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法區別：

(1)as 引導的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關系代詞只能用which。

(3)非限定性定語從句中出現expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測、想象、預料等時。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same? as;such?as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和??一樣??。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定語從句語法專項練習習題精選

用適當的關系詞填空：

1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________

we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(認出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:

1.when

2.when 3.which

4.that/which

5.that 6.where

7.that/which 8.where 9.which

10.where 11.where

12.which 13.when

14.that

15.that

16.that

17.(that)

18.which

19.(that/in which)

20.that 21.that that

23.whose

24.of which

25.whose 26.whom

27.when

28.that

29.that

30.where

第八章 被動語態

一、語態概述

英語的語態是通過動詞形式的變化表現出來的。英語中有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態。

主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者。巧記為：主動、主動、主去動。

被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。巧記為：被動、被動、主被動。例如：

English is spoken by many people.主語English是動詞speak的承受者。

主動態和被動態指的是動詞形式，是詞法概念；而主動句和被動句則指的是句子結構，從而是句法概念。所謂主動句就是由主動態動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子，而被動句則是由被動態動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子。例如：

He opened the door.他開了門。(主動句)

The door was opened.門被開了。(被動句)

二、被動語態的構成

被動語態由“助動詞be＋及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。人稱、數和時態的變化是通過be的變化表現出來的。現以teach為例說明被動語態在各種時態中的構成。

一般現在時：am／is／are＋taught

一般過去時：was／were＋taught

一般將來時：will／shall be＋taught

現在進行時：am／is／are being＋taught

過去進行時：have／has been＋taught

現在完成時：have／has been＋taught

記憶歌訣：被動語態be字變，過去分詞跟后面。

注意：區分被動語態與“be+過去分詞”結構

be+過去分詞”并不一定都是被動語態，有時是系表結構。當“be+過去分詞”表示動作時為被動語態，be是助動詞，be后面的過去分詞是主要動詞，動作的對象是主語；當“be +過去分詞”表示主語所處的狀態時為系表結構，be是連系動詞。be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當于形容詞。其區分辦法如下： 如果強調動作或句中有介詞by引導出動作的執行者，該句一般為被動語態，否則為系表結構。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表結構)The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被動語態)如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時，一般為被動語態。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.這家雜志出版于上海。(被動語態)The door is locked.門鎖著。(系表結構)The door has already/just been locked.門已經/剛剛被鎖上。(被動語態)The shop is opened.這家商店開門了。(系表結構)The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.這家商店每天上午八點開門。(被動語態)被動語態除用于一般時態和完成時態外，還可以用于其他各種時態，而系表結構中的系動詞be只有一般時態和完成時態。

三、被動語態的用法 不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰。例如：

1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰偷的)

2)This book was published in 1981.這本書出版于1981年。強調動作的承受者，而不強調動作的執行者。例如：

1)This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。

2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時睡眠必須得到保證。

記憶歌訣：誰做的動作不知道，說出誰做的沒有必要；動作承受者需強調，被動語態運用到。

四、主動語態變被動語態的方法 把主動語態的賓語變為被動語態的主語。把謂語變成被動結構(be＋過去分詞)，根據被動語態句子里的主語的人稱和數，以及原來主

動語態句子中動詞的時態來決定be的形式。把主動語態中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。例如：

1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.記憶歌訣：賓變主，主變賓，by短語后面跟。謂語動詞變被動，be后“過分”來使用。

五、含有情態動詞的被動語態

含有情態動詞的主動句變成被動句時，由“情態動詞＋be＋過去分詞”構成，原來帶to的情態動詞變成被動語態后“to”仍要保留。

記憶歌訣：情態動詞變動，情態加be加“過分”，原來帶to要保留。例如：

1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once

第9講祈使句

一.祈使句的句式特征

祈使句常常是表達說話人對對方的勸告、叮囑、請求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般沒有主語，但根據其句意，實際上是省略了主語you。祈使句句末用感嘆號或句號，朗讀時，常用降調。在表達請求或勸告時，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的語氣更加緩和, 或客氣。祈使句一般沒有時態的變化，也不能與情態動詞連用。例如：

Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！

Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那個小房間里。

二.祈使句的肯定句式

祈使句的肯定句式一般分為以下三種類型： 1.行為動詞原形＋其他成分。例如：

Make sentences after the model.根據例句造句。

2.Be動詞＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語等）。例如：

Be careful when crossing the street.過馬路時要小心。

3.Let, ＋賓語＋動詞原, 形＋, 其他, 成分,。例如：

Let him go back now.讓他現在回去吧。

三.祈使句的否定句式

祈使句的否定句式，通常情況下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分為以下四種類型：

1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，構成“Don’t＋行為動詞原形＋其他成分”。例如：

Don’t say that again!別再那樣說了！

2.在Be動詞引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，構成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。

注意：在這種句型中be不能省略；否定副詞not不可置于be之后。

3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有兩種：（1）Let開頭的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人稱名詞或代詞的賓格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后賓格的名詞或代詞后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s開頭的祈使句，必須在Let’s后加not。例如：

Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要讓我明天跟她一起去。

Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.無論什么時候我們碰到她，都不要告訴她真相。

4.在公共場合的提示語中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名詞/V-ing形式”結構，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：

NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！

四.祈使句的反意問句 祈使句的反意疑問句須按其句子結構及講話人的語氣來決定其疑問部分。通常有以下三種形式：

1.祈使句為肯定句式，其反意疑問句表示請求時，通常用will you；表示邀請、勸說時，用won’t you。例如：

Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要給我們寫信，好嗎？

Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?

今晚來和我們一起吃飯，好嗎？

2.祈使句為否定句式，其反意疑問句通常只用will you。例如：

Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?

不要在會議室抽煙，好嗎？

3.Let開頭的祈使句構成反意疑問句時，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：

Let the boy go first, will you?讓個那男孩先走，好嗎？

Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?

晚飯后我們去散步，好嗎？

五.祈使句的回答

祈使句的動作通常是表示將來發生的動作，所以回答祈使句時，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意義的祈使句時，要注意兩點：一是“形式一致”，即Yes與will保持一致；No與won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答時，要注意分析上下文語境中所提供的條件。例如：

---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.請不要出去。外面雨下得很大。

----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得去機場接我弟弟。

六.祈使句與陳述句的并列使用

祈使句后接陳述句時，須用連接詞連接。如果祈使句與陳述句表示的是一種順承關系時，要用并列連詞and來連接；如果祈使句與陳述句存在一種否定條件關系時，要用并列連詞or來連接。例如：

Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留給我吧，我想想有沒有辦法。

Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快點，否則我們要遲到了。

七.祈使句與條件狀語從句的連用

祈使句與條件狀語從句連用時，條件狀語從句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：

Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天來這兒的話，叫他給我來個電話。

八.祈使句的強調形式

祈使句的強調形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助動詞Do（Do在句中無意義）。例如：

Do shut up!快住口！

九.特殊形式的祈使句

在英語中，有些祈使句不是以動詞原形來引起一個祈使句，而是以一個名詞短語來充當，且后接一個帶有并列連接詞的分句。實際上，這個充當祈使句的名詞短語相當于一個條件狀語從句。例如：

More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你給那些小樹多澆點水，他們就不會死了。

十.運用祈使句的誤區

祈使句往往容易與不定式、分詞或條件狀語從句相混淆。在平時的練習或測試中，如果稍不留神，就會出錯。因此，要認真審題，認真分析句子結構，并根據上下文語境，作出正確判斷。例如：

___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check

C.If you checkD.To check

析：如果空白處選填B（Check）項，則視為祈使句，但后一分句前沒有并列連接詞and連接；如選A或D項（分詞或不定式），句中邏輯主語some spelling mistakes又不能執行這個動作，故均不符合句子結構。因此，只有C項（條件狀語從句）符合句子結構及句意。

第十章感嘆句。

感嘆句：一般是用來表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感。英語感嘆句常用“what”和“how”引導，“what”和“how”與所修飾的詞置于句首，其它部分用陳述句語序。

感嘆詞 修飾對象 感嘆部分 主語 謂語+其他！

How（副詞）修飾形容詞 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!

修飾副詞 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修飾動詞 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!

What（形容詞）修飾單數可數名詞 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!

修飾復數可數名詞 What nice girls They Were!修飾不可數名詞 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!

感嘆句的特殊形式

感嘆句還可由陳述句、疑問句、祈使句，甚至一個詞組及單詞構成。例如： There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!

The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!

第十一章疑問句

疑問句（Interrogative Sentence）：

定義：表達疑問（亦即發問）或請求的句子叫做疑問句。例：

Is he a friend of your brother's?

（他是你哥哥的朋友嗎？——發問）

Can you do this for me?

（你能替我做這件事嗎？——請求）

疑問句的句末必須使用問號（Question mark）“？”來標示問句的結束。

疑問句：可分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句和否定疑問句。

種類 特征 語調 舉例 回答

一般疑問句 系+主+表+？

助動詞+主+動+？ 升調 Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答

特殊疑問句 疑問詞+系+表+？ 疑問詞+助+主+動+？ 降調 How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no 選擇疑問句 一般問句：系+主+表+?or?？

助+主+動+?or?？ Or前升調。Or后降調 Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答問句中一個，不用yes, no 特殊問句：疑問詞+系+主+?or?？ 第一部分用降調，第二部分or 前升調，or后降調 Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 選一個答案，不用yes, no 反意疑問句 陳述部分肯定：陳述，助（系）+not+主？ 陳述部分用降調，一問部分用升調 It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定時用yes，否定時用no

陳述部分否定：否定陳述句，助（系）+主+？ 如對陳述肯定，可用降調 It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑問句 系+not+主+表？

助+not+主+動+？ 表示驚異用升調。贊嘆、責難用降調 Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?

第十二章 名詞

在英語中，名詞用以表示人或事物的名稱，是各級各類考試的熱點之一，主要測試考生辨析近義詞和近形詞的能力。名詞不但有單復數的變化，而且有普通名詞和專有名詞之分，還有用法獨待的所有格形式。

1.名詞復數的規則變化

情況 構成方法

讀音 例詞

一般情況

加-s

1.清輔音后讀/s/;2.濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars

以s, sh, ch, x等結尾的詞

加-es 讀 /iz/

bus-buses

watch-watches 以ce,se,ze，(d)ge等結尾的詞 加-s 讀 /iz/

license-licenses

以輔音字母+y結尾的詞

變y 為i 再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies

2.名詞復數的不規則變化

1)以y結尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數時，直接加s變復數。

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys

holiday---holidays

比較： 層樓：storey---storeys

story---stories

2)以o 結尾的名詞，變復數時：

a.加s，如： photo---photos

piano---pianos

radio---radios

zoo---zoos；

b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c.均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3)以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數時：

a.加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes

gulf---gulfs；

b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c.均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可數名詞數的表示方法 1）物質名詞

a.當物質名詞轉化為個體名詞時。

比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。(不可數)These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。(可數)

b.當物質名詞表示該物質的種類時，名詞可數。

This factory produces steel.(不可數)

We need various steels.(可數)

c.當物質名詞表示份數時，可數。

Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.請來兩杯茶。

我國因茶葉而聞名。

2）抽象名詞有時也可數。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四個現代化

物質名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice 一條建議

4.定語名詞的復數

名詞作定語一般用單數，但也有例外。

1)用復數作定語。如：

sports meeting 運動會

students reading-room 學生閱覽室

talks table 談判桌

the foreign languages school外語學校

2)man, woman, gentleman等作定語時，其單復數以所修飾的名詞的單復數而定。

如：men workers

women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s結尾的名詞，作定語時，s保留。

如：goods train(貨車)

arms produce 武器生產 4)數詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數形式。

如：two-dozen eggs 兩打/（二十四個雞蛋）

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹

a five-year plan.一個五年計劃

5.不同國家的人的單復數

名稱 總稱(謂語用復數)一個人

兩個人

中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 瑞士人 the Swiss

a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亞人 the Australians

an

Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian

two Italians

希臘人

the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法國人

the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人

the Japanese a Japanese

two Japanese

美國人

the Americans an American two Americans

加拿大人

the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 印度人

the Indians an Indian two Indians

英國人

the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人

the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德國人

the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名詞的格

在英語中有些名詞可以加“'s”來表示所有關系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規則如下：

1）單數名詞詞尾加“'s”，復數名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。

2）若名詞已有復數詞尾-s，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭。

3）凡不能加“'s”的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of +名詞”的結構來表示所有關系，如：the title of the 二．冠詞

冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法： 指一類人或事，相當于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相當于every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相當于the same We are nearly of an age.用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事 A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.用于固定詞組中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠詞的用法： 表示某一類人或物 The horse is a useful animal.用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 用于樂器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫婦” the Greens, the Wangs 用于序數詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前 He is the taller of the two children.用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 用于表示發明物的單數名詞前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的復數數詞之前，指世紀的某個年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示單位的名詞前 I hired the car by the hour.用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前 He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠詞的用法： 專有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this? 季節，月份，星期，節假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前 He likes playing football/chess.6 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前 by train, by air, by land 以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 表示泛指的復數名詞前 Horses are useful animals.三．代詞：

I.代詞可以分為以下七大類： 人稱代詞 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 賓格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代詞 形容詞性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名詞性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 反身代詞 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 指示代詞 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑問代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 關系代詞 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代詞 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little，other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

第三篇：英語語法總結

小 學 英 語 語 法 總 結 1

一、名詞:

1、專有名詞：（1）人名（2）街道和建筑（3）星期月份節日（3）國家城市（4）大洲大洋江湖

2、普通名詞：（1）直接加s（2）以s x ch sh結尾的+es（3）以 y結尾的把y 改成 i+es（4）o結尾的+es特

殊的photo→photos tomato→tomatoes（5）f、fe結尾的改 f、fe為 v+es ,⑹oo 結尾+szoo-zoos⑺ woman→women，child-children⑻ 單數復數形式相同

3、可數名詞：

4、不可數名詞：⑴不能加s⑵前面不能用 a,an,可以用 the⑶一類事物不可數名詞做主語，謂語動詞用單數⑷兩

類以上不可數名詞做主語，謂語用復數⑸ a cup of tea5、名詞的所有格：⑴單數名詞詞尾+’s⑵詞尾不是s的復數名詞詞尾+’s⑶詞尾是s的復數名詞詞尾+’⑷店鋪教

堂某人的家時，所有格’s后面通常不出現它所修飾的名詞⑸分別+’s，最后一個人名+’s⑹ of用在沒有生命上，’s用在有生命上

二、冠詞：

6、不定冠詞 a an7、定冠詞 the ⑴特定人或物⑵用于上文提到的人或事⑶世上獨一無二的事物⑷形容詞前⑸序數詞，形容詞最高級⑹由普通名詞構成的專有名詞前⑺樂器⑻姓氏的復數名詞前：一家人⑼ only very same前

8、不用定冠詞的情況：⑴國家地名人名⑵復數名詞⑶季節月份星期⑷三餐球類娛樂運動

三、代詞

9、人稱代詞

10、物主代詞⑴形容性物主代詞my his her our their ⑵名詞性物主代詞mine his ours them11、反身代詞myself12、指示代詞thisthesethatthose13、疑問代詞whowhomwhosewhichwhat14、不定代詞⑴some,any,no修飾可數名詞，不可數名詞。Some肯定句any否定和疑問 no 用在肯定句中表示否定⑵many,much,a few,a little,few,little ⑶-body,-one,-thing.everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,everything,something,anything,nothing.四、形容詞

15形容詞種類和位置

16形容詞比較等級及構成：⑴以e結尾+er,+est.⑵以y結尾→ier→iest⑶重讀閉音節末尾只有一個輔音字母的雙寫詞尾+er,+est.⑷兩個或兩個以上音節的詞前+more+most.17形容詞比較等級的用法：⑴兩者比較：s+形容詞原形+as⑵兩者比較：容詞比較級+than⑶三個比較：the+最高級+

范圍

五、副詞

18副詞種類和位置

19副詞比較等級及構成 badly-worse-worst,much-more-must

20副詞比較等級的用途

六、數詞

21基數詞:100,a/one handred101one handred and one,4000 four thousand1000000(一百萬)one million 1000000000

(十億)one billion

22序數詞

23時刻表示法⑴5:30 five thirty或 half past five

⑵9:05 nine five或five past nine⑶6:50six fifth或ten to seven

⑷7:15 a quarter past seven或seven fifteen⑸8:45 a quarter to nine或eight forth-five 24日期表示法⑴2009年6月2日June 2nd,2009或2nd of June ,2009英語里面：月 日 年

⑵1995年 nineteenninety-five

1826年eigteen oh six

⑶5月8日寫May 8th讀May the eighth或May eight

小 學 英 語 語 法 總 結 2

⑷9月1日寫September 21(st)讀September the twenty-firstSeptember 或 twenty-one

25數詞其他幾種用法⑴1／3 one third2/5 two fifths

⑵21.6 twenty-one point six0.008 zero point zero zero eigth

⑶5%five percent0.8%zero point eight percent

⑷一倍once兩倍twice六倍six times

⑸第503房間Room 50315美元15dollors=＄1英鎊1pound=￡

七、介詞

26時間介詞:at, on ,in, before, after, from, during

27方位介詞:on ,in, over, under, behind ,infront of,near,among

28其他一些常見介詞用法:by,in,for,of,about,like,with

八、連詞和感嘆詞

29連詞:and, but, or, becausealthough/though,both……and,not only……but also,neither……nor既不……也不

（并列）either……or或者．．．．．或者（選擇）

30感嘆詞

九、動詞

31動詞種類⒈及物動詞直接接賓語。

2不及物動詞不直接接賓語。

3助動詞：do , does,did.4.系動詞be,（am,is,are）look(看起來)smell(聞起來)get（變得）become（成為）seem（似乎）turn

（變成）

5情態動詞：can,may,must,will,shall,should,need

32動詞基本形式

十、動詞時態(一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現在進行時、現在完成時、過去進行時、過去

完成時、過去將來時共8個時態)

33一般現在時：⑴含有be動詞（am is are）⑵不含有be動詞動詞用三單、疑問句Do、Does，否定句don’t、doesn’t 34一般過去時：⑴含有be動詞(was were)⑵不含有be動詞動詞變為過去式，疑問句Did否定句didn’t+yesterday… 35一般將來時:⑴主語+be（am is are）going to do⑵主語+will+動詞原形 ⑶主語+shall+動詞原形+tomorrow過去將來時:⑴主語+(was were)+動詞原形⑵主語+would+動詞原形

36現在進行時:⑴主語+be（am is are）+ 動詞ing

37過去進行時：⑴主語+be（werewas）+ 動詞ing

38現在完成時：主語+havehas+動詞過去分詞 since,過去完成時:主語+had+動詞過去分詞

十一、陳述句

39陳述句的分類

十二、疑問句

40一般疑問句

41特殊疑問句:what,whose,who,which,when,where ,why,how(tall, old, long, many, much)

42選擇疑問句，反義疑問句

十三、祈使句

十四、感嘆句

1．What+a +形容詞+可數名詞單數+主語+謂語

2．How+形容詞+主語+謂語

3．How+ 副詞+主語+謂語

十五、There be ：There is,There are

第四篇：考研英語語法難點精析

無憂考網www.tmdps.cne tomorrow who will teach you German.明天，新（男）老師將來較你德語。

【語法難點精析之besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from的區別】

（１）besides與except 前者表示＂除．．．以外，還有．．．＂；后者表示＂從整體中除去．．．＂ 這個大家都知道，就不舉例子了．

（２）except與except for a．除去的和非除去的是同類事物，用except eg：

All the essays are well written except Nelson's.Nelson的文章（除去的）和All the essays（非除去的）是同類事物，所以用except． b．除去的和非除去的不是同類事物，用except for，并且從語氣上通常表示遺憾．

無憂考網www.tmdps.cn here every day,always excepting the youngest.（５）but與except同義，但but多用在every，any，no等和由這些詞構成的復合詞如everything，anywhere，nobody等詞以后及all，none之后 eg：

The children go to school everyday but Sunday.They are all gone but me.You can get the book anywhere but here.There is no one but me.Who but George would do such a thing? 【語法難點之too...to 結構表示肯定含義的情況】（連載中）【too...to 結構表示肯定含義的情況】

我們知道too...to結構一般表示否定含義,意為“太...以致于不能” eg:He is too old to work.無憂考網www.51Test.net 但too...to在下列情況下卻表示肯定含義: ⑴當too前或to前有否定詞構成雙重否定時.eg:English is not too difficult to learn.英語并不太難學.He is too wise not to see that.他很聰明,不會不懂這一點.⑵當too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容詞或副詞時.eg:They are too anxious to leave.他們急于離開.He is too ready to help others.他總是樂于助人.與這些詞連用時,too前還常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副詞,意思不變,因為這些詞加上too后與very同義.eg:I'm only too glad to see you.見到你非常高興.They are but too pleased to hear the news.他們聽到這個消息,非常高興.⑶與cannot連用時.eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough)to do your homework.你做作業越仔細越好(=無論怎樣仔細也不過分).⑷當不定式在句中作定語或真正的主語時.eg:There are too many problems to be solved.有很多問題有待解決.It is too much to say that he is a fool.【語法難點精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】

無憂考網www.51Test.net ⑴"every other+單數名詞” 意思是“每隔一。。”

如：every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵樹

⑵“every+基數詞+復數名詞”或“every+序數詞+單數名詞” 意思是“每隔。。”（較英語數詞少一個）

如：every three days=every third day 每隔兩天（或者譯為每三天）因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天（或者譯為每兩天）

⑶“every few+復數名詞” 意思是“每隔幾。。”

如：every few days（每隔幾天）

【語法難點精析之alive、live、living和lively的用法】

⑴ lively 有“活潑的、快活的、生動的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定語或標語；但它沒有“活著的”意思，而其他三個都有。如：

Young children are usually lively.小孩子們通常是活潑的。He told a very lively story.他講了一個生動的故事。

⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，與dead意義相反。但live通常只作前置定語，且一般用于動物；alive、living不僅可作定語（alive只能置于名詞后；living一般置于名詞前，也可置于名詞后），也可以作表語。如：

This is a live(=living)fish.(=This is a fish alive.)這是一條活魚。（指動物，且作定語時，三者均可用）Who's the greatest man alive(=living man)? 誰是當今最偉大的人物？（指人，不能用live）The fish is still alive(=living)那條魚還活著。（指動物作表語時不能用live）。

無憂考網www.51Test.net ⑶living主要指在某個時候是活著的，而alive指本來有死的可能，但仍活著的。而且，作主語補足語或賓語補足語時，只能用alive；作比喻義（如“活像。。”、“活生生的”等）解時，要用living。如：

The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主語補足語，不用living）那位敵方軍官被活捉了。

We found the snake alive.(作賓語補足語，不用living）He is the living image of his father.(比喻義，不用alive）他活象他父親。

第五篇：2012考研政治十七大報告完美總結版

2012考研政治十七大報告完美總結版.txt兩人之間的感情就像織毛衣，建立的時候一針一線，小心而漫長，拆除的時候只要輕輕一拉。。本文由知之為知之s貢獻

doc文檔可能在WAP端瀏覽體驗不佳。建議您優先選擇TXT，或下載源文件到本機查看。十七大報告完美總結

中國共產黨第十七次全國代表大會，是在我國改革發展關鍵階段召開的一次十分重要的大會。大 會的主題是：高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟 高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟（黨的大會首次），以鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思 高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟 想為指導（即指導思想，加入十六大確立的“三”，注意沒有“科”，深入貫徹落實科學發展觀，繼續）解放思想，堅持改革開放，推動科學發展，促進社會和諧（首次把“科學發展、社會和諧”寫入黨代 會報告），為奪取全面建設小康社會新勝利而奮斗。

1、舉什么旗）中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，是當代中國發展進步的旗幟，是全黨全國各族人民（舉什么旗）中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，是當代中國發展進步的旗幟，團結奮斗的旗幟。）解放思想是一大法寶 一大法寶，改革開放是強大 團結奮斗的旗幟。（發展中國特色社會主義的“四大要求” 一大法寶 強大 動力，科學發展、社會和諧是基本要求 基本要求，全面建設小康社會是黨和國家到二０二０年的奮斗目標 奮斗目標，是 動力 基本要求 奮斗目標 全國各族人民的根本利益所在。

2、改革開放是黨在新的時代條件下帶領人民進行的新的偉大革命 新的偉大革命，目的就是要（改革開放“三大 新的偉大革命 三大 目標”：①解放和發展社會生產力；②推動我國社會主義制度自我完善和發展；③加強和改進黨的建 目標）設。（三個最）新時期最鮮明的特點 “三個最 三個最” 最鮮明的特點是改革開放；新時期最顯著的成就 最顯著的成就是快速發展；新時期最突出 最鮮明的特點 最顯著的成就 最突出 的標志是與時俱進。我們黨堅持馬克思主義的思想路線，不斷探索和回答什么是社會主義、怎樣建設 的標志 社會主義，建設什么樣的黨、怎樣建設黨，實現什么樣的發展、怎樣發展（改革開放三十年馬克思主 義中國化探索的“三大主題）等重大理論和實際問題，不斷推進馬克思主義中國化，堅持并豐富黨的 三大主題” 三大主題 基本理論、基本路線、基本綱領、基本經驗。改革開放是決定當代中國命運的關鍵抉擇 關鍵抉擇，是發展中國特色社會主義、實現中華民族偉大復興的 關鍵抉擇 必由之路。改革開放以來我們取得一切成績和進步的根本原因 首次提出）必由之路 取得一切成績和進步的根本原因（首次提出，歸結起來就是：開辟了中 取得一切成績和進步的根本原因 首次提出 國特色社會主義道路，形成了中國特色社會主義理論體系（“重大論斷”“一路一體”，該條寫入了黨 章）。高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，最根本的就是要 最根本的就是要堅持這條道路和這個理論體系。最根本的就是要（走什么路 走什么路）中國特色社會主義道路（科學內涵，就是在中國共產黨領導下，立足基本國情，科學內涵）（1）走什么路 科學內涵 以經濟建設為中心，堅持四項基本原則，堅持改革開放；（2）解放和發展社會生產力；（3）鞏固和完 善社會主義制度；（4）建設社會主義市場經濟、社會主義民主政治、社會主義先進文化、社會主義和 諧社會，建設富強民主文明和諧 新加 富強民主文明和諧 新加）的社會主義現代化國家。富強民主文明和諧（新加 中國特色社會主義理論體系（第一次提出）第一次提出，就是包括鄧小平理論、“三個代表”重要思想以及科 學發展觀等重大戰略思想在內的科學理論體系。中國特色社會主義理論體系是不斷發展的開放的理論 體系。

3、科學發展觀（歷史地位、意義）科學發展觀（歷史地位、意義），是對黨的三代中央領導集體關于發展的重要思想的繼承和發 科學發展觀 繼承和發 集中體現，是同馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小 展，是馬克思主義關于發展的世界觀和方法論的集中體現 集中體現平理論和“三個代表”重要思想既一脈相承又與時俱進 一脈相承又與時俱進（第一次提“科”）的科學理論，是我國經濟社 一脈相承又與時俱進 會發展的重要指導方針，是發展中國特色社會主義必須堅持和貫徹的重大戰略思想。科學發展觀基本（科學發展觀基本

理論問題：創造性地提出和回答了實現什么樣的發展，怎樣發展的問題。）理論問題：創造性地提出和回答了實現什么樣的發展，怎樣發展的問題。問題 我國仍處于并將長期處于 仍處于并將長期處于社會主義初級階段的基本國情 基本國情沒有變，人民日益增長的物質文化需要同 仍處于并將長期處于 基本國情 落后的社會生產之間的矛盾這一社會主要矛盾 社會主要矛盾沒有變。當前我國發展的階段性特征，是社會主義初級 社會主要矛盾 階段基本國情在新世紀新階段的具體表現 新世紀新階段的具體表現。新世紀新階段的具體表現 科學發展觀的科學內涵、精神實質 “四大原則” ：第一要義是發展 第一要義是發展，科學發展觀 的科學內涵、精神實質（四大原則，該條寫入了黨章）第一要義是發展，核心是以 的科學內涵 人為本，基本要求是全面協調可持續，根本方法是統籌兼顧 人為本，基本要求是全面協調可持續，根本方法是統籌兼顧。（三大發展目標）實現：①以人為本、全面協調可持續的科學發展 科學發展；②全社會團結和睦的和諧發展 和諧發展；③自身發展與維護世界和平的和平發展 和平發展。科學發展 和諧發展 和平發展（科學發展（增長方式轉變）必須做到）：①把握發展規律；②創新發展理念；③轉變發展方式；④破 解發展難題；⑤提高發展質量和效益。（以人為本必須做到）：①尊重人民主體地位；②發揮人民首 創精神；③保障人民各項權益；④走共同富裕道路；⑤促進人的全面發展；⑥做到發展為了人民、發 展依靠人民、發展成果由人民共享。（可持續發展要求）：按照中國特色社會主義事業總體布局 中國特色社會主義事業總體布局 中國特色社會主義事業總體布局，全 面推進經濟建設、政治建設、文化建設、社會建設（四位一體）經濟建設、政治建設、文化建設、社會建設 “四位一體，促進現代化建設各個環節、各個方 四位一體” 經濟建設 面相協調，促進生產關系與生產力、上層建筑與經濟基礎相協調（三個協調”。（“三個協調）“五個統籌”）統 籌：①城鄉發展；②區域發展；③經濟社會發展；④人與自然和諧發展；⑤國內發展和對外開放。（統 籌“三大關系”：中央和地方；各方面利益（三種利益” 個人利益和集體利益、局部利益和整體利）：個人利益和集體利益 “三種利益” 個人利益和集體利益、益、當前利益和長遠利益）當前利益和長遠利益 ；國內國際兩個大局。深入貫徹落實科學發展觀（四大要求 ： 四大要求）（1）始終堅持“一個中心、兩個基本點”的基本路線（2）基本路線； 四大要求 基本路線 積極構建社會主義和諧社會（3）繼續深化改革開放（4）切實加強改進黨的建設 “一個中心、和諧社會； 改革開放； 黨的建設。和諧社會 改革開放 黨的建設 兩個基本點”科學內涵：以經濟建設為中心是興國之要 興國之要；四項基本原則是立國之本 立國之本；改革開放是強國 興國之要 立國之本 強國 之路。社會和諧是中國特色社會主義的本質屬性 建設社會主義和諧社會總要求 本質屬性。總要求（目標）:民主法治、之路 社會和諧 本質屬性 總要求 公平正義、誠信友愛、充滿活力、安定有序、人與自然和諧相處；總原則 總原則：共同建設、共同享有。（科 總原則 科 學發展與社會和諧辨證關系）內在統一的。沒有科學發展就沒有社會和諧，沒 學發展與社會和諧辨證關系 ：科學發展和社會和諧是內在統一 內在統一 有社會和諧也難以實現科學發展。構建社會主義和諧社會是貫穿中國特色社會主義事業全過程的長期 歷史任務，是在發展的基礎上正確處理各種社會矛盾的歷史過程和社會結果。

4、實現全面建設小康社會奮斗目標的（五項 五項）新要求：①增強發展協調性，努力實現經濟又好又 經濟又好又 五項 經濟 發展。轉變發展方式 降低消耗、快（以前是又快又好）發展 轉變發展方式 發展 轉變發展方式取得重大進展，在優化結構、提高效益、降低消耗、保護 降低消耗

環境的基礎上，實現人均國內生產總值到二 0 二 0 年比二 000 年翻兩番；②擴大社會主義民主 實現人均國內生產總值到二 年翻兩番； 擴大社會主義民主 擴大社會主義民主，更好 環境 實現人均 保障人民權益 社會公平正義 人民權益和社會公平正義 文化建設，明顯提高全民族文明素質；④加快發展社會事業 發展社會事業，人民權益 社會公平正義；③加強文化建設 文化建設 發展社會事業 全面改善人民生活；⑤建設生態文明 “四大文明” 生

態文明（四大文明” ：物質文明、精神文明、政治文明（江十六大）、生 生態文明 態文明（首次），基本形成節約能源資源和保護生態環境）節約能源資源和保護生態環境的產業結構、增長方式、消費模式。節約能源資源和保護生態環境

5、實現未來經濟發展目標，關鍵 關鍵要在加快轉變經濟發展方式、完善社會主義市場經濟體制方面取 關鍵 得重大進展。要大力推進經濟結構戰略性調整 經濟結構戰略性調整，更加注重（三“提高”）提高自主創新 自主創新能力、提高節能 經濟結構戰略性調整 三 提高” 自主創新 節能 環保水平、提高經濟整體素質和國際競爭力（1）提高自主創新能力，建設創新型國家。環保水平經濟整體素質和國際競爭力。（2）加快轉 經濟整體素質和國際競爭力 變經濟發展方式，推動產業結構優化升級。要堅持走中國特色新興工業化道路，堅持擴大國內需求 擴大國內需求特 擴大國內需求 別是消費需求 消費需求的方針，三個“轉變”（三個 轉變” 三個“）促進經濟增長由主要依靠投資、出口拉動向依靠消費、投資、依靠消費 消費需求 依靠消費、投資、出口協調拉動轉變，由主要依靠第二產業帶動向依靠第一、第二、第三產業協同帶動 依靠第一、第二、第三產業協同帶動轉變，由主要依 出口協調拉動 依靠第一 帶動 靠增加物質資源消耗向主要依靠科技進步、勞動者素質提高、管理創新轉變。依靠科技進步、勞動者素質提高、管理創新（3）統籌城鄉發展，推 依靠科技進步 進社會主義新農村建設。（4）加強能源資源節約和生態環境保護，增強可持續發展能力。（5）推動區 域協調發展，優化國土開發格局。（6）完善基本經濟制度，健全現代市場體系。（7）深化財稅、金融 等體制改革，完善宏觀調控體系（8）拓展對外開放廣度和深度，提高開放型經濟水平。（提高對外 完善宏觀調控體系。完善宏觀調控體系 開放水平主要措施）：堅持對外開放的基本國策 對外開放的基本國策，把“引進來”和“走出去”更好結合，擴大開放領域，擴大開放領域，對外開放的基本國策 擴大開放領域 優化開放結構，提高開放質量 優化開放結構，提高開放質量，完善開放型經濟體系；深化沿海開放，加快內地開放，提升沿邊開放； 加快轉變外貿增長方式，創新利用外資方式，優化利用外資結構；創新對外投資和合作方式，支持我 轉變外貿增長方式，創新利用外資方式，優化利用外資結構；創新對外投資和合作方式 轉變外貿增長方式 國企業開展國際化經營，加快培育我國的跨國公司和國際知名品牌；實施自由貿易區 自由貿易區戰略，促進國際 自由貿易區 收支基本平衡，防范國際經濟風險。

6、人民民主是社會主義的生命。“三個堅持”（三個堅持”）要堅持中國特色社會主義政治發展道路 政治發展道路，堅持黨 政治發展道路 黨 的領導、人民當家作主 依法治國有機統一 依法治國有機統一，堅持和完善人民代表大會制度（根本政治制度）、中國共 的領導、人民當家作主、依法治國有機統一 產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度、民族區域自治制度（基本政治制度）以及基層群眾自治制度（首 次納入中國特色政治發展道路），不斷推進社會主義政治制度自我完善和發展。深化政治體制改革，必 須堅持正確政治方向，以保證人民當家作主為根本 根本，以增強黨和國家活力、調動人民積極性為目標 目標，根本 目標 擴大社會主義民主，建設社會主義法治國家。（1）擴大人民民主，保證人民當家作主。人民當家作主 人民當家作主 是社會主義民主政治的本質和核心（2）發展基層民主 本質和核心； 基層民主，保障人民享有更多更切實的民主權利；（3）本質和核心 基層民主 全面落實依法治國基本方略，加快建設社會主義法治國家；（4）壯大愛國統一戰線，團結一切可以團 結的力量；（5）加快行政管理體制改革，建設服務型政府；

（六）完善制約和監督機制，保證人民賦予 的權力始終用來為人民謀利益。

7、推動社會主義文化大發展大繁榮：（1）建設社會主義核心價值體系 首提，增強社會主義意 社會主義核心價值體系（首提 社會主義核心價值體系 首提）

識形態的吸引力和凝聚力。（核心價值體系四方面內容 四方面內容）A 馬克思主義指導思想 指導思想；B 中國特色社會主義 四方面內容 指導思想 共同理想；C 愛國主義為核心的民族精神和改革創新為核心的時代精神 時代精神；D 社會主義榮辱觀（2）建 榮辱觀。

共同理想 時代精神 榮辱觀 設和諧文化，培育文明風尚；（3）弘揚中華文化，建設中華民族共有精神家園；（4）推進文化創新，增強文化發展活力。

8、加快推進以改善民生 重點 改善民生為重點（目標 目標）改善民生 重點的社會建設。目標 ：努力使全體人民學有所教、勞有所得、病有 所醫、老有所養、住有所居。社會主義建設六大任務（1）優先發展教育，建設人力資源強國。教育 社會主義建設六大任務： 社會主義建設六大任務 是民族振興的基石，教育公平是社會公平的重要基礎。（教育公平措施）：堅持教育公益性質，加大財 政對教育投入，規范教育收費，扶持貧困地區、民族地區教育，健全學生資助制度，保障經濟困難家 庭、進城務工人員子女平等接受義務教育。（2）實施擴大就業的發展戰略，促進以創業帶動就業。（3）深化收入分配制度改革，增加城鄉居民收入。（4）加快建立覆蓋城鄉居民的社會保障體系，保障人民 基本生活。（5）建立基本醫療衛生制度，提高全民健康水平。（6）完善社會管理，維護社會安定團結。

9、我們將遵循“和平統一、一國兩制”的方針和現階段發展兩岸關系、推進祖國和平統一進程的 “和平統一、一國兩制” 八項主張，“四決不”）堅持一個中國原則決不動搖 決不動搖，爭取和平統一的努力決不放棄 決不放棄，貫徹寄希望于臺 八項主張（四決不” 決不動搖 決不放棄 灣人民的方針決不改變 決不改變，反對“臺獨”分裂活動決不妥協 決不妥協。堅持一個中國原則，是兩岸關系和平發展 決不改變 決不妥協 的政治基礎。我們鄭重呼吁，在一個中國原則的基礎上，協商正式結束兩岸敵對狀態，達成和平協議，構建兩岸和平發展框架，開創兩岸關系和平發展新局面。執政能力建設和先進性建 主線，堅持

10、以改革創新精神全面推進黨的建設：必須把黨的執政能力建設 先進性建 執政能力建設 先進性建設作為主線 主線 黨要管黨、從嚴治黨，貫徹為民、務實、清廉的要求，加強思想建設、組織建設、作風建設、制度建 設、反腐倡廉建設（“五大建設”。）（1）深入學習貫徹中國特色社會主義理論體系；（2）繼續加強黨的 執政能力建設；（3）積極推進黨內民主建設；（4）不斷深化干部人事制度改革；

（5）全面鞏固和發展 先進性教育活動成果；（6）切實改進黨的作風。