第一篇：英語選修課語法簡(jiǎn)要講解

語法專題

（一）定語從句

考點(diǎn)一：關(guān)系代詞的用法 1．關(guān)系代詞的作用和分類(1)關(guān)系代詞的作用有三個(gè)：

①連接作用：關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句，把它和主句連接起來； ②替代作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中替代它前面的先行詞；

③成分作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語成分。(2)關(guān)系代詞的用法分類

關(guān)系代詞的用法分類有三點(diǎn)依據(jù)：

①根據(jù)所引導(dǎo)的從句的限制性和非限制性； ②根據(jù)所替代的先行詞是指人還是指物；

③根據(jù)它在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧髡Z、賓語、表語或定語。2．易混關(guān)系代詞辨析(1)關(guān)系代詞that和which 先行詞是物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that，which一般可以通用，但也有區(qū)別。

1)只能用that的情況

①先行詞為指物的不定代詞(all, nothing, the one, much等)或被不定代詞修飾時(shí)，如： You can take any seat that is free.Tell us all that you know.②先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，如：

That is the first composition that I've written in English.③先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，如： This is the best way that has been used against pollution.④當(dāng)人和物同為先行詞時(shí)，如：

Everyone wants to see the spaceship and the spaceman that made the flight around the earth.⑤關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時(shí)，如： He is no longer the man(that)he used to be.⑥先行詞被the only，the very修飾時(shí)，如： That is the very pen(that)I am looking for.⑦當(dāng)先行詞是which時(shí)，如：

Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? ⑧先行詞為the way/the time/the moment/the first time/the last time等名詞時(shí)，如： I don't like the way(that)he talks.This is the third time(that)he has been late this week.注意：此時(shí)that為關(guān)系副詞，若先行詞沒有被the first/the last修飾時(shí)，用that和when均可，如：

The time(that)/(when)I saw you was 8：00.(2)關(guān)系代詞as和which as既可指人又可指物，主要用于as…；as…as；the same…as…；such…as…等結(jié)構(gòu)中，在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。引導(dǎo)的從句可位于句中、句首、句末。如：

As is reported in the newspaper，talks between the two countries are making progress.Mary was late for school，as is often the case.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾整個(gè)句子，而which不僅可修飾整個(gè)句子還可以修飾單個(gè)名詞。如：

The meeting，which was held in the park，was a success.The meeting was a success，as was expected.(3)who和that 先行詞是人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用who(m)，that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但下列情況一般用who，而不用that。

①先行詞是one，ones，anyone或anybody，those時(shí)，如： Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.②一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)的關(guān)系詞是that時(shí)，如：

The student that won the first prize is the monitor who speaks English best in our class.③在there be句型中和非限制性句型中，如： There is a person who wants to see you.I met an old classmate yesterday, who is now a manager of a big company.(4)who，whom和whose who指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語。作賓語時(shí)who和whom一般可通用，但直接放在介詞之后時(shí)，一般只用whom，不可用who。如：

Take your problem to the person who you think can help you.She is the girl(who/whom)I will go to Shanghai with.＝She is the girl with whom I will go to Shanghai.whose既可指人，也可指物，在從句中作定語。如：

George Orwell，whose real name was Eric Arthur，wrote many political novels.The librarian refused to accept the book，whose cover was gone when it was returned.3．關(guān)系詞的省略

①作賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略，但前面不能有介詞。如： This is the man(who/whom/that)we have talked about.②口語中，關(guān)系副詞可以省略(尤其是先行詞為time，way，reason等時(shí))。如： This is the reason(why)I did it.I don't know the time(that)he arrived.4．限制性和非限制性定語從句

①限制性定語從句起修飾限制的作用，是主句不可缺少的一部分，與先行詞無逗號(hào)隔開，翻澤成中文常譯成前置定語。如：

Those who want to go，sign their names on the paper.那些想去的人把他們的名字簽在紙上。5．定語從句中的主謂一致

①關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要與先行詞保持一致。如： I，who am your friend，will leave for Beijing tomorrow.which和as指代一個(gè)句子時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：

Mary is often late for class，which makes our teacher very unhappy.6．“介詞/介詞短語＋which/whom”中介詞的選擇

關(guān)系代詞前面的介詞使用是根據(jù)與名詞前面的動(dòng)詞搭配關(guān)系和介詞的搭配關(guān)系及句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的需要而定的。如：

We'll never forget the day on which we went camping.(on the day)The woman to whom we spoke is from the USA.(speak to sb.)His glasses，without which he was(＝who was not)like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.(由句意決定)考點(diǎn)二：關(guān)系副詞的用法

1．當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，要用關(guān)系副詞。其中when＝表示時(shí)間的介詞(如：in，at，during等)＋which；where＝表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(如：in，at，on，under等)＋which；why＝for＋which。如：

I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when＝on which)Can you tell me the office where he works?(where＝in which)Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why＝for which)2．高考對(duì)關(guān)系副詞where的考查

高考試題中對(duì)于where的考查趨于復(fù)雜，從先行詞由“明顯的地點(diǎn)”轉(zhuǎn)為“地點(diǎn)的模糊化”。事實(shí)上，對(duì)于where這個(gè)詞，考生不能只理解為表示地點(diǎn)。當(dāng)先行詞表示某人/物的處境，或某事所發(fā)展的階段，或表達(dá)某事的某個(gè)方面時(shí)都可用where這個(gè)關(guān)系副詞。如： The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.事情發(fā)展到如此程度，不得不請(qǐng)雙方家長(zhǎng)來一趟了。試比較下面的句子：

①Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao? 3 你還記得我們一起在青島度過的日子嗎？

②Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao? 你還記得我們?cè)谇鄭u過暑假的日子嗎？

在句①中，定語從句中缺賓語，因此須用關(guān)系代詞that/which來引導(dǎo)從句，而在句②中，定語從句中不缺主語，也不缺賓語，因此須用關(guān)系副詞when來引導(dǎo)從句。2．定語從句與其他句式的比較

It is such a heavy box that he can't lift it.(狀語從句)It is such a heavy box as he can't lift.(定語從句)Is this factory the one in which/where we lived three years ago？(定語從句)Is this factory where we lived three years ago？(表語從句)As is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.(定語從句)It is known to the world that Mark Twain is a great American writer.(主語從句)That Mark Twain is a great American writer is known to the world.(主語從句)We don't understand the problem why this is the best choice.(同位語從句)The reason that he gave was not right.(定語從句)She did all she could to help him.(定語從句)She is not the girl she used to be.(定語從句)She did what she could to help him.(賓語從句)She is not what she used to be.(表語從句)由以上例句可以看出，分清定語從句與其他復(fù)合句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握先行詞及其后的關(guān)系詞，要看其是否在從句中作成分，是否有意義。3．注意way和time后接定語從句的情況

(1)當(dāng)先行詞是way意為“方式、方法”時(shí)，在定語從句作狀語，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有下列三種形式。如：

(2)先行詞是time時(shí)，若time作“次數(shù)”講時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，that可省略；若time作“一段時(shí)間”講時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞at/during＋which引導(dǎo)定語從句。如： This is the second time(that)the President has visited the country.這是總統(tǒng)第二次訪問那個(gè)國家。

I could hardly remember how many times(that)I've failed.我?guī)缀跤洸磺逦乙咽《嗌俅瘟恕?/p>

This was at a time when/during which there were no radios，no telephones or no TV sets.這是一段沒有收音機(jī)，沒有電話，沒有電視機(jī)的時(shí)間。

語法專題

（二）時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法 1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

(1)由連詞if，unless，however等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間(條件、讓步)狀語從句，需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。

However much advice you give him，he will do exactly what he wants.(2)安排或計(jì)劃要做的動(dòng)作(有時(shí)間狀語)限于begin，come，leave，go，arrive等一類動(dòng)詞。

I arrive in Beijing at 3∶00 p．m.tomorrow.2．一般過去時(shí)

過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的行為，常與every day，often，sometimes等時(shí)間狀語連用。

I used to play football when I was young.3．一般將來時(shí)

(1)will＋do表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與一些表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用；或表示事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢(shì)。

Fish will die without water.注意：臨時(shí)決定做某事，只能用此時(shí)態(tài)。—The lights in the classroom are still on.—Sorry，I’ll go and turn them off.(2)be going to＋do表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。此外還表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象，對(duì)未來進(jìn)行推測(cè)。

Look at the clouds.It is going to rain.(3)be about to＋do表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，意為“正要；很快，馬上”。后面一般不跟具體的時(shí)間狀語，但是可以由when連接一個(gè)并列句。

We are about to leave.(4)be to＋do表示事先商定、安排或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情；還表示可能性、必要、責(zé)任、義務(wù)、禁止等。

She is to get married next month.(5)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞(go，come，leave，start，arrive等)，可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。

Uncle Wang is coming.4．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

表示說話人對(duì)主語的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等感情色彩，常與always，constantly，continually等副詞連用。

She is always asking the same question.5．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或者還要延續(xù)下去，句中常有since，for，yet，already等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語。

Great changes have taken place in China since 1980.6．過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的過去某個(gè)階段正在做的事情。He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.7．過去完成時(shí)

(1)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，或者從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here.(2)表示希望或打算的動(dòng)詞(如hope，want，expect，think，suppose，plan，mean，intend等)的過去完成時(shí)，后接不定式to do時(shí)，表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或打算，即“本來希望或打算做某事(但卻沒做)”。

I had planned to send him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so.(3)用于下列特殊句型中：

①hardly/scarcely/barely had...done...when...；no sooner had...done...than...。從句中用一般過去時(shí)，表示“剛剛??就??”。

Hardly had I opened the door when he told me.②It/That/This was the first/second...time＋that從句。that從句要用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。It was the second time he had been out with her.8．過去將來時(shí)

過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的觀點(diǎn)來預(yù)計(jì)以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，這種時(shí)態(tài)常用于賓語從句中，主句常是一般過去時(shí)。

He always said that he would study hard at that time.二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法

1．不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰或難以說明時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.2．當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者比起動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者來說更能引起人們的關(guān)注而需要加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.3．含有雙賓語的句子，主動(dòng)句中的間接賓語或者直接賓語都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)中的主語，另一個(gè)保留不變。變?yōu)橹髡Z的若是主動(dòng)句中的直接賓語，間接賓語前則需加介詞to或for。

The pianist gave the pupils(間接賓語)some advice(直接賓語)． →The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.→Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.4．在主動(dòng)語態(tài)句中，動(dòng)詞make，have，let，see，watch，hear，feel等后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式不加to。但變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)后面的不定式都需加上to。

The boss made them work ten hours a day.→They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.三、注意事項(xiàng)

1．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法注意點(diǎn)(1)狀態(tài)性動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。

(2)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和副詞always，forever等連用時(shí)，往往帶有一定的感情色彩，如贊揚(yáng)、批評(píng)、不滿、抱怨等。

2．過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的未完成性、持續(xù)性，著眼于動(dòng)作的過程；一般過去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成，即動(dòng)作發(fā)生過，且已結(jié)束，著眼于結(jié)果。

She was writing a report last night and I don’t know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在寫)She wrote a report last night.(表示昨晚寫了，并且寫好了)3．語態(tài)

(1)動(dòng)詞sell，write，read等與well，smoothly，easily等連用時(shí)，說明主語內(nèi)在的“性能”、“特點(diǎn)”，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。

(2)表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞如smell，taste，feel，sound，look，prove等無被動(dòng)語態(tài)，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

(3)不及物動(dòng)詞及一些固定短語不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：come up，run out，give out等。

(4)以被動(dòng)的形式表主動(dòng)意義：有些動(dòng)詞devote，surprise，seat，hide，station，dress等，由于能接反身代詞，因此，可用被動(dòng)形式表主動(dòng)意義。

語法專題

（三）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

一、can和could的用法 1．表示能力

Her mother can speak French.2．表示客觀可能性

Anybody can make mistakes.3．表示許可(多用于口語)Can I go now? 4．表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度(主要用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中)How can you be so careless!5．can的特殊用法

can but只有；can’t but不得不；can’t...too再怎樣也不為過，越??越好。I can but wait.I can’t but wait.You can’t be too patient to the customers.二、may和might的用法 1．表示允許、請(qǐng)求 —May I watch TV now? —Yes，you may.(Yes，please.)—No，you mustn’t.(No，you’d better not.)2．表示可能性(主要用于陳述句、肯定或否定句，疑問句用can代替)The story may not be true.3．表示祝愿(不用might)May you succeed!4．may/might as well最好還是?? You might as well do it now.5．may/might well很可能 He may well be late for class.三、must，have to和ought to的用法 1．must(1)must表示“必須，應(yīng)該，一定要”。強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法，只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式，否定式是must not(mustn’t)。must開頭的問句，其否定回答要用needn’t或don’t have to代替。

(2)must表示必然的結(jié)果。All men must die.(3)must還可表示主語固執(zhí)、偏要做他人不希望做的事。It can’t help；he must do that.2．have to著重客觀需要，能用于更多時(shí)態(tài)(過去時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí))。He will have to be there before ten.3．ought to表示義務(wù)和責(zé)任，“應(yīng)該”，比should語氣要強(qiáng)。You ought to take care of yourself.四、need和dare的用法

1．need表示“需要，必要”，只能用于否定句和疑問句。在肯定句中，常用must和have to代替。

2．dare表示“敢”，通常用于否定句、疑問句和條件狀語從句中。Dare you go home alone at eleven in the evening? 3．need和dare的特殊用法

(1)need表“需要”時(shí)，可用want，require代替。The desk needs to be repaired./The desk needs repairing.(2)dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在肯定句中要接to，在疑問句和否定句中to可省去。He dares to catch a snake.五、will和would的用法 1．will(1)表示請(qǐng)求、建議，常用于第二人稱。Will you please go with me?(2)表示意愿、決定、允許。I will never do that again.(3)表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或某種傾向，“總是，慣于”，通常用于第三人稱。Fish will die out of water.2．would(1)表示請(qǐng)求、建議，比will委婉，指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，多用于第二人稱。Would you like a cup of tea?(2)表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或某種傾向。We would play badminton on Sundays.六、shall和should的用法 1．shall(1)用于第一、三人稱，在問句中表示征求對(duì)方意見或請(qǐng)求。(2)用于第二、三人稱表示命令或威脅。You shall do as your father says.2．should(1)表示責(zé)任、義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)該”。(2)表示驚訝語氣，意為“竟然”。You should wear slippers in class.(3)用于條件句，表示“假如，萬一”，省去if，should可提至句首。Should you be late，apologize to the teacher.七、“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have done”的用法

1．must have done sth.；can(could)have done sth.(1)must have done sth.表示對(duì)過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的有把握的推測(cè)，意思是“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定做了某事”，只用在肯定句中。

It must have rained last night，for the ground is wet.(2)can(could)have done sth.表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的懷疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑問句中。

He can’t have forgotten it.2．needn’t have done sth.；didn’t need to do sth.(1)needn’t have done sth.表示已完成不需要完成的動(dòng)作。

You needn’t have waken me up.I don’t have to go to work today.(2)didn’t need to do sth.表示沒有必要做而實(shí)際上也沒有做某事。I didn’t need to clean the windows.My brother did it.3．may/might have done sth.may/might have done sth.表示對(duì)過去已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的推測(cè)，意為“也許/或許已經(jīng)??”。I’m not sure.He might have said so at the conference.4．should have done sth.should have done sth.表示本來應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上未做。You should have told him about it.5．had better have done sth.；would rather have done sth.；would like/love to have done sth.(1)had better have done sth.表示事后的建議，含輕微責(zé)備的口吻，意為“當(dāng)時(shí)做了某事就好了”，其否定形式had better not have done sth.表達(dá)相反的含義。

(2)would rather have done sth.表示“寧愿當(dāng)時(shí)做某事”，其否定形式would rather not have done sth.表達(dá)相反的含義，兩者都含有“后悔”之意。

I would rather have taken his advice.(3)would like/love to have done sth.表示過去愿意做某事，但未做成。

I would love to have gone to the party last night，but I had to work extra hours to finish my report.語法專題

（四）名詞性從句

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。

考點(diǎn)一 whether 與if whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時(shí)在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不能用if： 1．引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首時(shí)。

Whether the meeting will be held tomorrow has not been decided yet.2．引導(dǎo)表語從句和同位語從句時(shí)。

We should discuss carefully the question whether we can finish it on time.3．引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語時(shí)。

It all depends on whether they will lend us the money.4．從句后有“or not”時(shí)。

I didn't know whether or not he had arrived in Beijing.5．后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。

I don't know whether to go to the party.考點(diǎn)二 that，what與which 1．that 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用，也沒有任何含義；that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般不作介詞的賓語(介詞but，except，besides，in除外)。

That he failed the exam made me surprised.(主語從句，that不充當(dāng)從句成分)He is a good student except that he is a little careless.2．what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，其意義為“??的人/物/數(shù)目等”，在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語或定語。作主語、賓語和表語時(shí)what可以分解成“定語從句的先行詞＋關(guān)系代詞”，即常說的“先行詞＋that”。

Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.(what 指“??的數(shù)目”)You will know what side effect the medicine brings about.(作定語，意思為“什么樣的”)He lives in what we call“spring city”．(表示“??的地方”)＝He lives in the place that we call “spring city”．

You don't know what good students they are.(表示“多么”，此為感嘆句用于賓語從句中)3．which 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，其意義為“哪一個(gè)”，可指人也可指物，是在已知的具體的人、事、物當(dāng)中進(jìn)行選擇；引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，只能當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞，在從句中作主語或賓語，且只能指物。

Tell me which book you like better，the red one or the blue one？I will buy the book which you choose for you.4．A is to B what C is to D“A對(duì)于B 就像C對(duì)于D 一樣”。Air is to us what water is to fish.空氣對(duì)于我們就像水對(duì)于魚一樣。考點(diǎn)三 whoever，who與no matter who 1．whoever有兩個(gè)作用，一是相當(dāng)于anyone who，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，可以理解為who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾anyone，因此表達(dá)的主體為“任何人”；二是相當(dāng)于no matter who，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。

Whoever comes late should say sorry to our teacher.(是“人”應(yīng)該道歉)2．who引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，有疑問語氣，突出表達(dá)“誰??”這一件事。引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中作主語或賓語。

Who came late yesterday was unknown.(是“誰遲到”這件事不知道，而不是不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)人)3．no matter who只引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。No matter who you are，you're welcome here.考點(diǎn)四 “疑問詞＋ ever”和“no matter＋疑問詞”

1．“疑問詞＋ever”可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，在從句中要充當(dāng)一定的成分。還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.However late he comes back，his wife will wait for him.2．“no matter＋疑問詞”只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。No matter who breaks the rule，he must be punished.考點(diǎn)五

that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)的省略

賓語從句中的連接詞that通常可以省略，但在以下幾種情況中that不能省略： 1．當(dāng)從句前有插入語時(shí)，that不可省略。

We hope，on the contrary，that he will stay at home with us.2．當(dāng)一個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)并列賓語從句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)第二個(gè)和以后的賓語從句中的that不能省略。

He said he was wrong and that he would say sorry to me.3．當(dāng)that作介詞賓語時(shí)，that不可省略。

The reason lies in that she works harder than the others.4．由it作形式賓語時(shí)，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，that不可省略。I think it impossible that he can finish the task in such a short time.考點(diǎn)六 it作形式主語的常見句型

1．It is＋名詞(no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise等)＋從句。It is no surprise that we will win the match.2．It is＋形容詞(obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，funny，possible，likely，certain等)＋從句。

It is certain that he will come.3．It＋be＋過去分詞(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced 等)＋從句。

It is said that Mr Smith has arrived.考點(diǎn)七 doubt 后面的從句

doubt用于肯定句時(shí)，其后的賓語從句用whether/if引導(dǎo)，同位語從句用whether引導(dǎo)；用于否定句時(shí)，賓語從句和同位語從句都用that引導(dǎo)。

There is no doubt that we will have an exam next week.I doubt whether/if Tom will recover.

第二篇：小學(xué)英語現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)語法講解

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 用法

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，用來表示正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。“結(jié)構(gòu)是：be(am, is, are)+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞形式。

一、陳述句(肯定句)主語＋be(am, is, are)+現(xiàn)在分詞，如： I am reading English.我正在讀英語。He is writing.他正在寫字。You are running.你正在跑步。二、一般疑問句

Be(Am, Is, Are)+主語＋現(xiàn)在分詞，如： 1.-Are you singing?你正在唱歌嗎？

-Yes, I am.是的，我在唱歌。(No, I'm not.不，我不在唱歌。)2.-Is he(she)listening to music?他(她)在聽音樂嗎？

-Yes, he(she)is.是的，他(她)在聽音樂。[No, he(she)isn't.不，他(她)不在聽音樂。

三、特殊疑問句

疑問詞＋be(am, is, are)＋主語＋現(xiàn)在分詞，如： 1.-What are you doing? 你正在干什么？-I am doing my homework.我正在做作業(yè)。

2.-What is he(she)doing?他(她)正在干什么？

-He(She)is riding a bike.他(她)正在騎自行車。

四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

五、需要掌握的進(jìn)行時(shí)變化形式：sleeping, climbing, fighting, swinging, drinking water。

drawing pictures, doing the dishes, cooking dinner, reading a book, answering the phone，listening to music, washing clothes, cleaning the room, writing a letter, writing an e-mail，flying, jumping, walking, running, swimming，sleeping, climbing, fighting, swinging, drinking water.其次，”我“向你們介紹”我“的三位好伙伴： look(看)、listen(聽)、now(現(xiàn)在)，它們和”我“經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在句子中。請(qǐng)看：

Look!Jack is swimming.看！杰克正在游泳。

Listen!She is singing.聽！她正在唱歌。I am cleaning my room now.現(xiàn)在我正在打掃房間。

聽了”我“的自述后，小朋友們，你們一定更加了解”我"了吧。

．用所給的動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空：

1.The boy _is___drawing_____(draw)a picture now.2.Listen.Some girls _______________(sing)in the classroom.3.My mother _________________(cook)some nice food now.4.What _____ you ______(do)now? 5.Look.They _______________(have)an English lesson.6.They ____________(not ,water)the flowers now.7.Look!the girls ________________(dance)in the classroom.8.What is our granddaughter doing? She _________(listen)to music.9.It’s 5 o’clock now.We _____________(have)supper now 10.______Helen____________(wash)clothes? Yes ,she is.II.寫出下列動(dòng)詞的-ing形式

run swing jump write do answer III.連詞成句。

1..is The water elephant its drinking with trunk._________________________________________ 2 swim? really Can tigers

3.reading are in They study the books 4.is baby panda What doing? the 5 speak dad, Can your I to please.IV.選擇填空

()1.What are you _______ now? A.doing B.do C.does()2.It’s _______ English book.A.a B.an C.the()3.I like English ________.A.very B.much C.very much()4.I’m ________ an e-mail.A.writing B.writeing C.writting()5.Tom is reading _________.A.book B.a books C.a book()6.Kate is _______.A.runing B.running C.run()7.Can the rabbit ? A.jumping B.jump C.jumps()8.Ducks are swimming _______ the river.A.on B.under C.in()9.We’re listening _______ music.A.to B.at C.of()10.What _______ they doing now? A.is B.am C.are()11.What _____ you doing? A.is B.are C.do)12.______ is your brother doing? A.Who B.What’s C.What()13.I am talking ____ you.A.for B.to C.on 14.Mom is ______ a letter.A.writing B.write C.writing()15.What is ________ doing? A.she B.her C.your V．根據(jù)上下文補(bǔ)上所缺的單詞的ing形式，使短文完整。

(write do cook clean wash answer listen draw read work)Everybody is very busy.Grandpa is _______ a letter.Grandma is _______ a book.Dad is ______ in the study.Mom is _______ dinner in the kitchen.Brother is _______ to music.Sister is _______ the room.I am _______ pictures.Uncle is ________ the phone.Aunt is ______ clothes.Cousin is _____ homework.VI．寫出下列詞的 –ing 形式。

read ________ draw _______ cook ________ make _________ talk _________ answer ________ wash _________ go _________ fly _______

第三篇：it的語法講解

一、It 用作形式主語當(dāng)不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞（短語）或從句在某個(gè)句子中作主語時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)前后平衡，避免頭重腳輕，因此常用it作形式主語置于句首，而將真正的主語放在句尾。此時(shí)it只起先行引導(dǎo)作用...一、It 用作形式主語

當(dāng)不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞（短語）或從句在某個(gè)句子中作主語時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)前后平衡，避免頭重腳輕，因此常用it作形式主語置于句首，而將真正的主語放在句尾。此時(shí)it只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無詞義。

e.g.It is wrong to tell a lie.(說謊是錯(cuò)誤的。)〔It為to tell a lie的形式主語〕 It is no use arguing about it.(爭(zhēng)吵是沒用的。)〔It為arguing about it的形式主語〕 It is uncertain who will come.(誰要來還不確定。)〔It為who will come的形式主語〕 It 作形式主語的常見句型：

① It + be + 形容詞 + to do sth./ doing / that ….e.g.It is very important to learn a foreign language.(學(xué)一門外語非常重要。)It is useless crying over the spilt milk.(覆水難收。)It was really surprising that she married a man like that.(她嫁給那樣的男士真讓人驚訝。)② It + be +名詞詞組 + doing / that ….e.g.It is no good telling lies.(撒謊沒好處。)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film yesterday.(你昨天沒看成那部電影真遺憾。)It is a truth that there would be no new China without the Communist Party.(沒有共產(chǎn)黨就沒有新中國，這是毋庸質(zhì)疑的。)③ It + be + 過去分詞 + that ….該句型常見動(dòng)詞有：say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc.e.g.It is said that they have invented a new type of computer.(據(jù)說他們發(fā)明了一種新型電腦。)It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world.(大家都相信中國將會(huì)步入世界強(qiáng)國之列。)It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami.(據(jù)報(bào)道，至少有十七萬人在2004年那場(chǎng)海嘯中喪生。)④ It + seems / appears / happens等不及物動(dòng)詞 + that ….e.g.It seems that he enjoys pop songs very much.(似乎他非常喜歡流行歌曲。)It appears that Tom might change his mind.(看來湯姆可能會(huì)改變主意。)⑤ 若句子是疑問形式，就只能用it作形式主語。e.g.Does it matter much that they won’t come tomorrow?(他們明天不來很重要嗎？)Is it true that he will go abroad next week?(他下周出國是真的嗎？)⑥ It + takes +(sb.)+ some time + to do sth.這是一個(gè)表示“（某人）花多少時(shí)間干某事”的句型，其中it是形式主語，代替后面的不定式（to do sth.），句型中的sb.也可以省略。

e.g.It took me some time to read the reading materials.(我花了一些時(shí)間才讀完那段閱讀材料。)It took him fourteen hours to go to New Zealand from Shanghai by plane.(從上海乘飛機(jī)去新西蘭花了他14小時(shí)。)How long does it take you to go to Beijing from Qingdao by train?(從青島坐火車到北京一般要花多久時(shí)間？)I am not sure, but I think it takes at least nine hours to get there.(我不能肯定，但估計(jì)至少要九個(gè)鐘頭才能到那兒。)

二、It 用作形式賓語

當(dāng)不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞（短語）或從句在某個(gè)句子中作賓語時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，避免句式結(jié)構(gòu)的混亂，常用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放在句尾。此時(shí)it仍只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無詞義。

下列四種情況須用it 作形式賓語：

① 當(dāng)不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞（短語）或從句在復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)中作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)（如think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等）；

e.g.They found it pleasant that they worked with us Chinese.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)與我們中國人一起工作很愉快。）

I don’t feel it difficult to understand the Special English.（我覺得理解英語特別節(jié)目并不難。）He makes it a rule never to borrow money.（他立志決不向別人借錢。）

I think it no need talking about it with them.（我認(rèn)為沒必要跟他們談。）

② 某些表示“喜、怒、哀、樂”的動(dòng)詞，如like, enjoy, love, hate等，往往不能直接接賓語從句；

e.g.I don’t like it that he’s so lazy.（我不喜歡他那么懶惰。）

I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs.（我討厭母親要我吃雞蛋。）

③ that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句不能直接作介詞的賓語； e.g.You may depend on it that we shall always help you.（盡管放心，我們會(huì)隨時(shí)幫你的。）

Would you see to it that she gets home early?（你負(fù)責(zé)保證她早到家，好嗎？）He insisted on it that he was innocent.（他堅(jiān)持說自己是無辜的。）

④ 由及物動(dòng)詞與介詞組成的固定搭配中，賓語從句若作該動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)，須借用it。

e.g.I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it.（我讓你自己判斷這事是否該做。）

We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident.（多虧了你才沒有發(fā)生嚴(yán)重事故。）試比較下列高考題，選出最佳答案：

1.Is _______ necessary to complete the design before National Day?(MET89)A.this B.that C.it D.he 2.I don’t think _______ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work..(MET90)A.this B.that C.its D.it 3.Does _______ matter if he can’t finish the job on time?(MET91)A.this B.that C.he D.it 4.Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _______ didn’t help.(MET93)

A.he B.which C.she D.it 5._______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.(MET95)A.There B.This C.That D.It 6.I hate _______ when people talk with their mouths full.(MET98)A.it B.that C.these D.them 7.Don98)A.take as granted B.take this for granted C.take that for granted D.take it for granted 8.I like _______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(MET2004)A.this B.that C.it D.one 模擬練習(xí)：

1._______ happened _______ he is unfit for the office.A.This;that B.That;that C.It;that D.He;that 2.We took _______ for granted that they would accept our advice.A.that B.this C.it D.them 3._______ that the scientist will give us a talk next month? A.Is true B.Is it true C.It’s true D.It’s truly

4._______ doesn’t matter much _______ dress you are going to wear.A.This;that B.That;who C.It;which D.It;who 5._______ is going to America for further study.A.He is said that B.People said that he C.It was said he D.It is said that he 6.They are good friends._______ is no wonder that they know each other so well.A.This B.That C.There D.It 7.Is _______ possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship? A.this B.there C.that D.it 8.She liked _______ when he kissed her.A.him B.that C.one D.it 9._______ will do you good to do some exercise every morning.A.It B.There C.Those D.One 10.We think _______ our duty to pay taxes to our government.A.that B.this C.its D.it Key: 高考真題: 1-8 CDDDDADC 模擬練習(xí): 1-5 CCBCD 6-10 DDDAD

第四篇：初三英語 詞匯 語法 閱讀講解Unit1

初三英語 詞匯 語法 閱讀講解Unit1:Go For I...Unit1:Go For I...從句，意思是“考慮??”。

I have thought about it for a long time.Please think about how to tell her the bad news.(3)think of 表示“認(rèn)為”，一般用于疑問句中，與what 連用。

What do you think of the TV play? = How do you like the TV play? 2.big/ large/ great 上述形容詞都表示“大”，但側(cè)重點(diǎn)及程度不同。

(1)big指具體事物的大小，強(qiáng)調(diào)比正常形體的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大，既可用在普通場(chǎng)合，也可用在正式場(chǎng)合。它可用來指人的身材高大或“長(zhǎng)大了”，還可表示“偉大”，“重要”之意。如：

Can you lift up this big stone? On the last day I made a big decision.(2)large特別強(qiáng)調(diào)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的大，指體積、面積、容積、數(shù)量之大。如： A whale is a large animal.A large crowd collected at the gate of the theatre.(3)great除了表示數(shù)量體積之大外，又指抽象的程度，意味著偉大性，重要性，優(yōu)越性；常用于抽象

或無形的東西；用于有形的東西時(shí)，常帶有“偉大”，“大得令人吃驚”等意思，含有一定的感情色彩。如：

China is a great country with a long history.He was one of the greatest scientists.3.cost/ take/ spend/ pay

(1)cost表示“花錢”，花費(fèi)，付出（只能用于錢、精力、生命等；主語必須是物。）

The book cost me five yuan.(2)take的主語是動(dòng)詞不定式, 通常用it做形式主語。It took me five yuan to buy the book..(3)spend，在主動(dòng)語句中主語是人

I spent five yuan on(for)the book.或I spent five yuan(in)buying the book.(4)pay的主語是人。

I paid five yuan for the book.4.expensive/ high/ cheap/ low

這四個(gè)詞在談?wù)摰絻r(jià)格的高低時(shí)，要注意使用。expensive與high涉及到價(jià)格“高”，而cheap 與low涉及到價(jià)格“低”。

(1)expensive昂貴的，花錢多的。這個(gè)單詞若談到“價(jià)格高，貨貴”時(shí)，其主語不能是價(jià)格，必須是貨物、物品本身。如：

This watch is expensive.這只表很貴。

These glass-products are not expensive.這些玻璃制品不是很值錢。注意：cheap表示“價(jià)廉”，“便宜的”，其主語也不能是價(jià)格，必須是物品本身。如：

The cheap table was bought from him.這張便宜的桌子是他賣給我們的。This cloth doll is very cheap.這只布娃娃很便宜。

(2)high在表示價(jià)格時(shí)，含義是“高”，low在表示價(jià)格時(shí)，含義是“低”，這兩個(gè) 詞不能用于物品本身，只 能用在價(jià)格上。如：

The price of this watch is very high.這只表的價(jià)格太高了。

The price of this book is not low for me.這本書的價(jià)格對(duì)我來說是不低。下面我們?cè)嚳磶讉€(gè)句子的正誤對(duì)照：

The price of this computer is expensive.(宜改為：This computer is expensive.或The price of this computer is high.)The price of this pen is not cheap for him to buy.(宜改為：This pen is not cheap for him to buy.或 The price of this pen is not low for him.)5.alone/ lonely

lonely 與alone的意思比較接近，但在使用時(shí)有所區(qū)別：

(1)lonely用作形容詞，意思是“孤單的；寂寞的”。可指心靈上的寂寞，也可指偏僻的地點(diǎn)。在句中既可作表語，也可作定語。

(2)alone 可作形容詞和副詞，意思是“單獨(dú)；獨(dú)自”，不指心理上寂寞的感覺。She was taken to a lonely island, lived alone, but she never felt lonely.她被帶到一個(gè)荒島上，自己居住，但她從不感到寂寞。6.before long/ long before(1)before long 作“不久以后”講，切不要按字面譯為“長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以前”或“好久以前”。如：

We hope to finish our experiment before long.我們希望不久（以后）就把實(shí)驗(yàn)做完。(2)long before 作“很久以前”講。原意為“??以前很久”，故也可譯為“老早”。long before 跟before long

不同，前者在其后面可以接名詞或一個(gè)從句；當(dāng)上下文明確時(shí)，名詞或從句還可以省略。Before long 則沒有上述搭配用法。

They began the test yesterday, but we had made experiment long before.我們昨天開始做實(shí)驗(yàn)，但我們?cè)谀且郧昂芫镁鸵呀?jīng)做準(zhǔn)備了。7.as/ when/ while(1)as 是連詞，意思是“當(dāng)??的時(shí)候，一面??一面”，（強(qiáng)調(diào)同時(shí)，一般連續(xù)時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)），如：

As we were talking about Titanic, our teacher came in.正當(dāng)我們談?wù)摗疤┨鼓峥颂?hào)”這部電影時(shí)，教師進(jìn)來了。

The students sing as they go along.學(xué)生們邊走邊唱。

(2)When和as一樣都是連詞，注意它們的不同。如when“當(dāng)??的時(shí)候”（一般表示動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生）；

“那時(shí)”（等立連詞，前有逗號(hào)分開）

I stayed till sunset, when it began to rain.我一直呆到太陽下山，那時(shí)天開始下雨了。

(3)while是“當(dāng)??時(shí)候；和??同時(shí)”（強(qiáng)調(diào)同時(shí)發(fā)生，一般連續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)）While I was watching TV, he was reading.當(dāng)我在看電視的時(shí)候，他正在看書。

While there is life, there is hope.有生命就有希望。

8.beat/win/ hit

(1)beat 是動(dòng)詞，意思是“連續(xù)地打;打敗;敲打”。beat后可接人或隊(duì)名。意思是“擊敗對(duì)手。”如：

I can beat you at swimming.(2)win意思是“贏得某個(gè)項(xiàng)目”，后面常接“match, game”。如： He won a game.他勝一局。

We won a match.我們比賽得勝。

(3)hit意思是“擊中”（有時(shí)可表示“打一下”）。如：

The mother hit her child out of anger.媽媽生氣，打了她孩子一下。9.keep doing/keep on doing(1)keep doing側(cè)重表示“持續(xù)不停地做某事”或“持續(xù)某種狀態(tài)”。如：

The girl kept crying all the time.那個(gè)女孩一直在哭。

The baby kept sleeping about four hours.這個(gè)嬰兒連續(xù)睡了大約四個(gè)小時(shí)。

(2)keep on doing 表示“總不斷做某事”，不表示靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)。不能與sitting, sleeping, lying, standing這類 詞連用。如：

It kept on raining for seven days.Don't keep on asking such silly questions.10.get/ turn/ become 這三個(gè)詞都可作系動(dòng)詞用，表示狀態(tài)的變化，后跟表語，但三個(gè)詞的用法稍有不同。get強(qiáng)調(diào)情感、氣候和環(huán)境的變化；turn強(qiáng)調(diào)色彩的變化；而become則強(qiáng)調(diào)職務(wù)、職稱等的變化。如：

The days are getting shorter and shorter in winter．冬天的白天越來越短。She couldn't answer the question and her face turned red．她回答不出問題，臉紅了。

When did you become a teacher?-Ten years ago.你什么時(shí)候當(dāng)?shù)睦蠋煟渴昵啊?/p>

11.steal / rob 從意思上講steal表示偷竊的意思。而rob表示搶劫的意思；從搭配上來講，steal sth from sb/sth 而rob則用rob sb/sth of sth;例如： He stole money from the rich to give it to the poor.They robbed the bank of one million dollars.12.see/look/watch/notice 在英語中，see，look，watch，notice都有“看”的意思，要注意他們的區(qū)別。see意為“看到”，表示視覺器官有意識(shí)或無意識(shí)地看到物體，強(qiáng)調(diào)“看到”的結(jié)果。

look意為“看”，表示有意識(shí)地觀看，強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”的動(dòng)作。watch意為“觀看，注視”，指以較大的注意力觀看。

notice意為“看到，注意到”，指有意識(shí)的注意，含有從不注意到注意的變化的意義。例如：

What can you see in the picture？在圖畫中你能看到什么？ Look!How happily they are playing！看！他們玩得多高興啊！He’s watched TV for over two hours．他看了兩個(gè)多小時(shí)的電視。

He noticed a purse lying on the road．他注意到地上有個(gè)錢包。13.Shoot/ shoot at shoot是及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“射中，射死”，賓語多為人或動(dòng)物等。而shoot at是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞詞組，意為“向??射擊”，至于射中或射死與否不得而知。如： The man shot five birds in the forest．那個(gè)人在森林里射死（中）了五只鳥。

The hunter shot at the bear．獵人朝熊射擊了。

They shot at the she－wolf，but didn't shoot her．他們向那只母狼射擊，但是沒有射中／死。14.escape/ run away(1)escape作“逃跑”、“逃脫”或“逃避”講時(shí)，往往會(huì)有成功之意。如： The old man escaped death．那個(gè)老人死里逃生。The thief escaped from prison．那個(gè)小偷越獄了。

(2)run away作“逃跑”、“跑走”講時(shí)，往往強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。如： Don't let him run away． 別讓他跑了。口語中escape和run away可以互用。15.so that..../ so...that....(1)so that....為了，以便。引導(dǎo)一個(gè)目的狀語從句，從句中往往有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。也可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語從句。如：

I left at 5:00 so that I could catch the early bus.Speak loudly, so that they can hear what you say.He didn't study English so that he lost a chance to work in a foreign company.(2)so...that....既可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語從句，也可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)目的狀語從句。如：The classroom was so noisy that I could hardly study.I got up so early in the morning that I could catch the train.【考點(diǎn)掃描】

中考考點(diǎn)在本單元主要集中在： 1.過去將來時(shí)；

2.過去完成時(shí)； 3.動(dòng)詞不定式； 4.定語從句；

5.本單元學(xué)過的詞匯、短語和句型； 6.本單元學(xué)過的交際用語。

考試形式可以是單項(xiàng)填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。【中考范例】

1.(2004年濟(jì)寧市中考試題)

He wanted to know ______________.A.whether he speaks at the meeting

B.when the meeting would start B.what he’s going to do at the meeting

D.where would the meeting be held 【解析】答案：B。該題考查的是賓語從句的語序和時(shí)態(tài)。因?yàn)橹骶涞臅r(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí)，所以從句應(yīng)用過去將來時(shí)，這就排除了A和B。賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該 是陳述句的語序，所以只有B是對(duì)的。2.(2004年煙臺(tái)市中考試題)

---Why didn’t you go to the movie yesterday?

---Because I ___________ it before.A.had watched

B.have seen

C.have watched

D.had seen 【解析】答案：D。該題考查的是動(dòng)詞的搭配以及現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別。看電影習(xí)慣商用see a movie, 又因?yàn)檎f的昨天以前發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)該用過去完成時(shí)。只有D正確。3.(2004年重慶市中考試題)

---Did you win the football game?

---Bad luck.Our team __________ in the final one.A.won

B.beat

C.was won

D.was beaten 【解析】答案：D。該題考查的是動(dòng)詞搭配和動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)。動(dòng)詞win通常和比賽一類的詞連用，不與人或隊(duì)連用，因此可以排除A和C。beat是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，既然我們的運(yùn)氣不好，就是輸了，應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。4.(2004年廣州市中考試題)

---Who is the man ________ was talking to our English teacher?

---Oh!It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher.A.he

B.that

C.whom

D.which 【解析】答案：B。該題考查的是引導(dǎo)定語從句關(guān)系代詞的選擇。由于先行詞是人，可以排除A和D。而該詞在定語從句中作主語，只有B合適。

第五篇：高中語法填空講解

語法填空十三條解題技巧

一、已給單詞提示題型的技巧

此類題可以考查學(xué)生對(duì)單詞形式變化的掌握程度。單詞形式變化主要有兩種，一是詞的形、數(shù)、式的變化，一是詞的派生變化。在判斷出詞的變化之后還應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步審題，看是否需要使用復(fù)合的變化形式，這一點(diǎn)是很重要的。

技巧一：名詞形式變化。名詞的形式變化主要有單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)、所有格的變化。

例1：There are many students living at school, the＿＿(child)houses are all far from school.由students一詞可以判斷出橫線處應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)，且作為houses的定語，所以應(yīng)用其所有格形式，故答案為child的復(fù)合變化形式——復(fù)數(shù)的所有格ehildren's。

技巧二：動(dòng)詞形式變化。動(dòng)詞的形式變化比較多，有謂語的變化（時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣），有非謂語的變化（不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞）。

例2：Atalk＿＿(give)tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang.句中的is是整句的謂語，所以橫線所在的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用作非謂語。從tomorrow可以看出，報(bào)告是“將來”作的，故用不定式；且報(bào)告是give動(dòng)作的承受者，故可以判斷出橫線所在處用give的不定式被動(dòng)式——to be given。

技巧三：代詞形式變化。代詞形式變化通常是與人稱變化有關(guān)的三大類五小類，即人稱代詞（主格和賓格）、物主代詞（形容詞性和名詞性）、反身代詞。另外還有幾個(gè)不定代詞的形式變化，如no one/none、other/another等。

例3：The king decided to see the painter by＿＿(he).由介詞by可以看出，橫線處應(yīng)填反身代詞himself。

技巧四：形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)變化。英語中大部分形容詞和表方式的副詞都有原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化。構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的方式，或通過加后綴-er和-est，或在詞前加more/less和most/least，且形容詞的絕對(duì)最高級(jí)還要冠以the。

例4：I am＿＿(tall)than Liu Wen.He is the tallest students in my class.此題后句交代了Liu Wen是班上最高的學(xué)生，那“我”肯定比他矮，所以不能用taller，只能用表示程度不如的“l(fā)ess tall”。

技巧五：數(shù)詞形式變化。數(shù)詞的形式變化包括基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞，或加后綴-teen、-ty的變化，甚至還有作分母用的序數(shù)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式，以及one/two的特殊變化形式once/twice。

例5：To my three sons I leave my seventeen horses.My eldest son shall take a half, my second son shall take a＿＿(three)...從上下文連續(xù)起來理解，這是一個(gè)分馬的計(jì)劃，大兒子分得a half，也就是“一半”或“二分之一”，那么二兒子應(yīng)該得“三分之一”，所以要填人作分母的序數(shù)詞“third”才能命中目標(biāo)。

技巧六：詞的派生。詞的派生現(xiàn)象在英語單詞中是很常見的，派生現(xiàn)象主要發(fā)生在名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞四種詞中。這種題型還有可能檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)詞根、前后綴、派生詞的 掌握。

例6：Lious lost his wallet yesterday, so he was very＿＿(happiness).在這道題中，學(xué)生很容易判斷出該用形容詞，由此可知將happiness還原成詞根happy；錢包丟了，人應(yīng)該是不開心的，所以要再加個(gè)前綴un-，就成了unhappy。

二、未給單詞提示題型的技巧

此類題難度較大，但也是有方法對(duì)付的。

技巧七：固定短語結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)句中橫線前后及整句來判斷橫線前后是否構(gòu)成一個(gè)固定短語，但有時(shí)要對(duì)橫線前或后的幾個(gè)單詞“視而不見”才能命中答案。

例7：The children were playing on the ground, enjoying＿＿,dirty but happy.從句中的happy可以猜出孩子們是開心的，所以應(yīng)用enjoy oneself短語，故其答案為themselves。

例8：His boss was＿＿angry as to fire him.如果“跳過”橫線后面的angry，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這里用到一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)短語so...as to，所以，so是正解。

技巧八：從句引導(dǎo)詞。從句是此題型最為常見的一個(gè)方向，主要檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)引導(dǎo)詞的掌握程度。

例9：He did not do＿＿h(yuǎn)is father had asked him to do.審題可知，橫線所在為賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，此引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，且指物，所以是 what。

例10: Those＿＿want to go to the village must sign here.經(jīng)過觀察可以判斷橫線所在為定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，進(jìn)一步觀察可知先行詞為those，且指人，所以只能填入who。

技巧九：短語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。短語動(dòng)詞是以動(dòng)詞為中心的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)詞構(gòu)成的短語，此類短語中往往是動(dòng)詞與介詞或副詞連用的多些。

例11：The US consists＿＿fifty states.根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，美國由50個(gè)州組成，故橫線處與前一詞組合，表示“由??組成”，所以答案是of。

例12：Mrs Baker was ill, so her daughter had to ask for leave to take＿＿of her.生病需要人照顧，所以答案是care，與前后詞構(gòu)成take care of。

技巧十：短語介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。短語介詞即多個(gè)詞的組合起介詞作用的短語，如：except for, due to等。

例13：Mr Smith took a plane to London＿＿of taking a train.此題中說到兩種交通工具，所以可以理解此句有“坐??而不是坐??”的意思，故答案為instead，以構(gòu)成介詞短語instead of。

例14：Just then, he saw a blackboard in＿＿of him.細(xì)心觀察，可以看出填入front即可構(gòu)成in front of，此題得解。

技巧十一：連詞、關(guān)聯(lián)短語結(jié)構(gòu)。常用的連詞有and, or, but, so, for, while等，常用的關(guān)聯(lián)短語有both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also等。

例15：Little Wang Jun could not go to school, ＿＿h(yuǎn)is family was too poor.此處表示原因，引導(dǎo)的分句其實(shí)是一種解釋說明，不是必然的因果關(guān)系，且前面有逗號(hào)隔開，所以填for。

例16：＿＿M(jìn)arrie and Jannie like going to the theatre.橫線處的詞與后面可以構(gòu)成both...and，故答案為Both。

技巧十二：冠詞、介詞和常用的副詞。冠詞只能是在a，an，the之間判斷；常用的介詞有in，at，on，before，during等，通常考查固定搭配；副詞的量還是比較多，如：however，never，yet，much等，但一般不會(huì)考查-ly形式的方式副詞（見技巧六——形容詞派生副詞的情況）。

例17：Jackie likes to drive at＿＿h(yuǎn)igh speed.這里考查的是不定冠詞的習(xí)慣用法，答案為a，構(gòu)成at a high speed，“以高速”開車。

例18：Old Tom's grand-danghter used to visit him＿＿Saturday afternoon.Saturday afternoon是指定的某天下午，所以不用介詞in，而用on才是正解。

例19：Though Liu Qiang did the same work＿＿Zhang Wen did，he got a lower pay＿＿Zhang

第一條橫線可由前面的the sanle判斷出用as，第二條橫線則可由lower判斷出比較意義，故答案為than。

例20：It was only one day left,＿＿,his father had no idea to answer him.觀察技巧十三：上下文中出現(xiàn)的相關(guān)詞。這一招是最為靈活的，但也是最難的。學(xué)生可以根據(jù)上下文；關(guān)系和自己積累的知識(shí)，填入某個(gè)已出現(xiàn)的詞，或其反義詞，或其同類的某個(gè)詞。

答案的線索可能在本句，可能出現(xiàn)在上下相連的一句，還可能出現(xiàn)在比較遠(yuǎn)的，地方——上下段中與此段位置大體相當(dāng)?shù)木渥印Ｈ绻摍M線出現(xiàn)在某段的首句，則線索可能在上下段的首句；如果橫線出現(xiàn)在某段的末句，則線索可能在上下段的末句，以此類推。上下句，可以看出是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，且橫線與前后用逗號(hào)隔開，排除but，所以答案是however。

例21：Tony＿＿travelling abroad, but dislikes staying home watching TV.由第二句話中的dislikes可以判斷，此橫線處應(yīng)該是填其反義詞likes。

語法填空作為一種新穎的題型，能全面地考查學(xué)生的英語綜合應(yīng)用能力。上述十三條技巧概括了此題型的多數(shù)考查方向，在高考備考復(fù)習(xí)中能起到很好的加強(qiáng)作用，真正做到事半功倍，較大地提高學(xué)生在此題型上的得分率。