第一篇：合同翻譯中英講解

合同翻譯中英講解

英語合同翻譯

引子:鑒于現在對外交流事例逐漸增多,英文合同特別是經濟合同的翻譯愈顯重要,若譯文不準確或不嚴謹,勢必會引起不必要的經濟糾紛.故今以一英文(經濟)合同寫作書籍為藍本,錄入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(經濟)合同的翻譯和寫作。

合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的語言應體現其權威性.英文合同用語的特點之一就表現在用詞上,即選擇那些法律用詞,以及正式用詞,使合同表達的意思準確無誤,達到雙方對合同中使用的詞無可爭議的程度。

一.hereby 英文釋義:by means of , by reason of this 中文譯詞:特此,因此,茲

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、協議書等正式文件的開頭語；在條款中需要強調時也可用。語法：一般置于主語后,緊鄰主語.例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文: 業主特此立約保證在合同規定的期限內,按合同規定的方式向承包人支付合同價,或合同規定的其它應支付的款項,以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補工程中缺陷的報酬。注釋:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立約,簽訂合同、條約;n.legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同

(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中

(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價,指工程的總造價(6)such...as: 關系代詞,相當于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根據,按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款 例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know據我們所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述聲明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在聲明中（5）documentary proof：證明文件

合同翻譯中英講解

supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注釋：

（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不論港口習慣是否與本款規定相反，whether? or not：不論??是否（2）the owner of the goods：貨方（3）without interruption：無間斷地（4）carrier：承運人

（5）in default on the provisions hereof：違反本款規定 hereof：of this Clause 參考譯文：

不論港口習慣是否與本款規定相反，貨方都應晝夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承運人需要），無間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對違反本款規定所引起的所有損失或損壞，包括滯期應負擔賠償責任。例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注釋：

（1）foreign trade dealers：對外貿易經營者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所稱

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規定（4）legal entity：法人

（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：從事對外貿易經營活動 參考譯文：

本法所稱對外貿易經營者，是指依照本法規定從事對外貿易經營活動的法人和其他組織。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注釋：

（1）a limited liability company：有限責任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法規定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登記為 參考譯文：

設立有限責任公司、股份有限公司，必須符合本法規定的條件。符合本法規定的條件的，登記為有限責任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法規定的條件的，不得登記為有限責任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.合同翻譯中英講解

accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注釋：

（1）arbitrator：仲裁員

（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八條 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承擔法律責任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委員會

（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：將其除名 參考譯文：

仲裁員有本法第三十四條第四項規定的情形，情節嚴重的，或者有本法第五十八條第六項規定的情形的，應當依法承擔法律責任，仲裁委員會應當將其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注釋：

（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行審批職責的有關主管部門

（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法條件（3）the company registration authorities：負責公司登記的主管部門（4）the requirements hereof：本法條件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申請復議

（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政訴訟 參考譯文：

依照本法，履行審批職責的有關主管部門，對符合本法條件的申請不予批準，或負責公司登記的主管部門不予登記，當事人可以依法申請復議或者提起行政訴訟。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注釋：

（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行為

（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規定 hereof: of this Decision 參考譯文：

有限責任公司、股份有限公司以外的企業職工有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規定的犯罪行為的，適用本決定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.合同翻譯中英講解

applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注釋：

（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好協商

（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同雙方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交進行仲裁

（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會（北京）

（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁規則（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁決

（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外 參考譯文：

對于因履行本合同所發生的一切爭議，本合同雙方應友好協商解決，如協商無法解決爭議，則應將爭議提交中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會（北京），依據其仲裁規則進行仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對雙方都有約束力。仲裁費用應由敗訴方承擔，但仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外。

例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注釋：

（1）patented technology：專利技術（2）patent：專利

（3）application for the patent：專利申請

（4）may have the right to control：可能有權控制的

（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何國家許可轉讓（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同雙方規定的本合同產品 hereto: to this Contract 參考譯文：

“專利技術”，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來獲得的，或乙方有權或可能有權控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國家許可轉讓的，適用于或可能適用制造本合同雙方規定的本合同產品的專利和專利申請。

例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications

合同翻譯中英講解

other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注釋：

（1）either Party hereto：本協議各方（不譯成“one Party hereto）。

（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改進、修正、更新本發明或設計

（3）discover, make or develop：開發

（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生產及裝配許可證產品或部件

（5）file application for Letter Patent：申請專利（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保護程序 the same: Letter Patent（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此產生的專利（8）consistent with this agreement：與本協議不相矛盾 參考譯文：

本協議各方同意，一方對于有關生產及裝配許可證產品或部件所做的改進、修正、更新發明或設計均應立即全部通知另一方。開發改進的一方可以自負費用并以自身名義申請專利或采取其它必要的法律保護程序，由此產生的專利將屬于該方所有。在本協議的有效期內，另一方可以與本協議不相矛盾的方式無償使用和銷售利用改進、修正、更新本發明或設計（無論其是否取得專利權）生產的產品。

例6 The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注釋：

（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有關生產產品的許可證和技術服務

（2）the technical assistance agreement：技術服務協議

（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本協議附件2 hereto：to this Agreement 參考譯文：

本協議雙方同意Y將向FCAM提供有關生產產品的許可證和技術服務，FCAM和Y將訂立技術服務協議并作為本協議附件2（以下稱作“技術服務協議”）。

例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注釋：

（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：盡實際可能最大限度地

合同翻譯中英講解

例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注釋：

（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期滿（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了債務（3）debtor：債務人（4）creditor：債權人 參考譯文： 本合同期滿時，雙方之間發生的未了債務不受合同期滿的影響，債務人應向債權人繼續支付未了債務

四 herein 英文釋義:in this 中文譯詞:此中，于此

用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的??，本法（中）的??”等時，使用該詞。如表示“本法（中）所稱的不正當競爭”，可譯為“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此處herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本協議（中）內容”，譯為“the Contents herein”，此處herein表示“in this Agreement”。語法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰所修飾詞.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注釋：

（1）unfair competition：不正當競爭（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所稱（3）refer to：是指

（4）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規定

（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：損害其他經營者的合法權益

（6）disturb the socio-economic order：擾亂社會經濟秩序

（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所稱的經營者 herein：in this Law（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：從事商品經營或營利性服務 engage in：從事，be engaged in：忙于 參考譯文：

本法所稱的不正當競爭，是指經營者違反本法規定，損害其他經營者的合法權益，擾亂社會經濟秩序的行為。

本法所稱的經營者，是指從事商品經營或營利性服務（以下所稱商品包括服務）的法人、其

合同翻譯中英講解

參考譯文：

犯本決定規定之罪有違法所得的，應當予以沒收。

犯本決定規定之罪，被沒收違法所得、判處罰金、沒收財產、承擔民事責任的，其財產不足以支付時，先承擔民事賠償責任。

例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注釋：

（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(?Named port of shipment)：船上交貨（?<指定裝運港>）

（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(?Named port of destination)：成本加運費（?<指定目的港>）

（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(?Named port of destination)：成本、保險費加運費（??<指定目的港>）（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《國際貿易術語解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》 參考譯文：

除非本合同另有規定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均應依照國際商會制定的《國際貿易術語解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》辦理。

例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注釋：

（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明確表示 herein：in this Agreement（2）dispute：爭議（3）controversy：糾紛（4）difference：歧意

（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本協議雙方（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何違約及過失（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于

（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁條款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁條款 參考譯文：

除非另有明確表示，則由于執行本協議所引發或與本協議有關的協議雙方的所有爭議、糾紛或歧意，以及任何違約及過失（包括，但不限于有關本協議存續的爭議，仲裁條款有效性的爭議），如不能以友好協商的方式解決，則提交仲裁。

合同翻譯中英講解

注釋：

（1）the obligations of making all payments：支付義務（2）reimbursement：償付

（3）be free and clear of any other charges：不附帶其它費用（4）exempt from all taxes：是免稅的

（5）pay all taxes as provided for herein：承擔全部本協議規定的稅務 herein：in this Agreement 參考譯文：

借款人應按照本協議和票據完成所有支付義務。向銀行的償付應是不附帶其它費用并且是免稅的，而且銀行所收到的償付款項不含任何稅務。借款人應按本協議承擔全部本協議規定的稅務。

五 hereinafter 英文釋義:later in the same Contract 中文譯詞:以下,在下文

語法:一般與referred to as, called等詞組連用，以避免重復，置于這些詞組前面，與之緊鄰。

例1：

In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between

Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and

Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注釋：

（1）in accordance with：under 根據

（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中華人民共和國中外合資經營企業法（3）Hereinafter：以下

（4）articles of association：合營公司章程（條款）（5）hereby：特此

（6）formulate：prepare 制訂 參考譯文：

根據《中華人民共和國中外合資經營企業法》以及由

公司（以下稱甲方）與

公司（以下稱乙方）所訂的合資經營的合同，特制訂本公司章程。

例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);

合同翻譯中英講解

documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注釋：

（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：對外貿易經濟合作部（以下簡稱外經貿部）

（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外經貿部門（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直轄市

（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：計劃單列市 參考譯文：

申請設立投資公司，投資者應將下列文件經擬設立投資公司所在地的省、自治區、直轄市、計劃單列市外經貿部門審核同意后，報對外貿易經濟合作部（以下簡稱外經貿部）審查批準。

例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注釋：

（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本條例 prepare：制定

（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中華人民共和國公司法》（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下簡稱《公司法》

（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：確認公司的企業法人資格

（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：規范公司登記行為 參考譯文：

為了確認公司的企業法人資格，規范公司登記行為，依據《中華人民共和國公司法》（以下簡稱《公司法》），制定本條例。

例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注釋：

（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：進一步擴大國際經濟合作和技術交流

（2）to absorb foreign investment：引進外資

（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促進社會主義市場經濟的發

合同翻譯中英講解

參考譯文：

本實施細則適用于外國貿易商、制造廠商、貨運代理商、承包商、咨詢公司、廣告公司、投資公司、租賃公司和其他經濟貿易組織（以下簡稱外國企業）在中華人民共和國境內設立的常駐代表機構。

例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注釋：

（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授權的對外經濟貿易委員會

（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下簡稱審批機關 Examination-Approval Authorities：審批機關（3）register with：辦理登記手續

（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：國家工商行政管理局

（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授權的（各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市）工商行政管理局 參考譯文：

外國企業申請在中華人民共和國境內成立常設代表機構，應經對外貿易經濟合作部或其授權的各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市對外經濟貿易委員會（廳）（以下簡稱審批機關）批準，并在中華人民共和國國家工商行政管理局或其授權的各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市工商行政管理局（以下簡稱登記機關）辦理登記手續。

六 therein 英文釋義:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文譯詞:在那里；在那點上，在那方面

用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的??，工程中的??”等時使用。例如表示“修補工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此處therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或機械設備”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，這里的therein表示“in the Works”。語法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。

例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying

合同翻譯中英講解

A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注釋：

（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人說明書（2）comply with：遵照

（3）the attachments specified therein：附錄4規定的附件 therein：in Appendix 4 參考譯文：

借款人證明書，其格式基本上應遵照附錄4規定的格式及其規定的附件。

例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注釋：

（1）exemption：免征稅款

（2）local authorities：地方當局

（3）any political subdivision：任何下屬政府分支機構

（4）taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方當局的稅收當局 therein：in local authorities（5）under the Contract：根據合同規定（6）shall be due：應予以征收的

（7）the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：證明上述免稅文件 in question：上述 參考譯文： 任何時候，如果由當地或其任何政府分支機構或稅收當局，對任何根據合同規定所支付費用應予以征收的稅款，不論什么性質，現在或將來，凡可以免征的，借款人應及時向代理行遞交一份證明上述免稅文件的副本。

例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注釋：

（1）the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中華人民共和國外商投資企業和外國企業所得稅法。（2）at the rates provided for therein：按稅法規定的稅率 therein：in the Tax Law 參考譯文：

在《中華人民共和國外商投資企業和外國企業所得稅法》（以下簡稱稅法）公布前已經辦理工商登記的外商投資企業，該企業應按稅法規定的稅率繳納所得稅。

例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the

合同翻譯中英講解

（6）drawer：出單人

（7）the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辭（8）data content thereof：data content of the documents 項目內容（9）referred to in the credit：信用證中所述的 參考譯文：

當信用證要求運輸單據、保險單據和商業發票以外的單據時，信用證應規定該單據的出單人及其措辭或項目內容。如信用證雖無此規定，但提交的單據的項目內容可能證實與信用證中所述的貨物及/或服務有關聯，則銀行將予接受。

例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注釋：

（1）loss or damage：損失與損壞 注：loss與damage同義，同義詞連用是合同文件語言特點之一。

（2）any part thereof：any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分 thereof：of the Works（3）for incorporation therein：used in the Works 用于工程中的 for incorporation in：used in 應譯成“用于（工程）中”，而不能譯成“進入工程” therein：in the Works 工程中（4）at one’s own cost：自費（5）rectify：彌補，糾正

（6）Permanent Works：永久工程

（7）to the satisfaction of the Engineer：達到工程師滿意的程度 參考譯文：

在承包人負責照管工程期間，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的設備，除第20.4款所規定的風險外，不管由于任何原因而遭受損失或損壞，承包人應自費彌補此類損失或損壞，以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的規定，并達到工程師滿意的程度。

七.thereof 英文釋義: of that, of it 中文譯詞:由此,其

用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的??”時，為避免重復，可使用該詞，比如表示“合同條件、條款”時，可譯為“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此處的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可譯為“any parts thereof”，這里的thereof表示“of the Works”。

語法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。

例1：

合同翻譯中英講解

Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.注釋：

（1）Tests on Completion：竣工檢驗（2）otherwise agreed：另行商定

（3）Employer takes over the Works：業主接收工程

（4）any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、區段 thereof：of the Works 參考譯文：

竣工檢驗指合同規定的或由工程師與承包人另行商定的檢驗。這些檢驗是由承包人在業主接收工程或工程任何部分、區段之前進行的。

例5 The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest(or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest(or to take other legal process in lieu thereof)when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.注釋：

（1）the collection order：托收指示（2）the protest：拒絕證書

（3）in lieu thereof：代替拒絕證書 thereof：of the protest（4）non-acceptance or non-payment：拒絕承兌或拒絕付款

（5）the banks concerned with the collection：與托收有關的各銀行

（6）experience non-acceptance and non-payment：遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款（7）the principal：委托人 參考譯文：

托收指示應對于在遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款時，是否需要作出拒絕證書（或采取其它替代法律手續）給予特別指示。如無此項特別指示，與托收有關的各銀行在遭到拒絕付款或拒絕承兌時，并無義務作出拒絕證書（或采取其它替代法律手續）。

銀行由于作出拒絕證書或采取其它法律手續而發生的手續費或費用概由委托人負擔。

例6 If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.注釋:（1）makes the specification：訂明規格

（2）the details thereof：the details of the specification規格的細節（3）the communication in question：該通知（4）shall be binding：應具有約束力 參考譯文：

合同翻譯中英講解

例10 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.注釋：

（1）this Agreement is terminated：本協議終止（2）transparency：圖片（3）specifications：規格

（4）any other manufacturing or engineering information：其它全部生產和操作資料（5）the said Licensed Products：上述許可證產品 參考譯文：

如本協議因任何理由而終止，所有由甲方提供的圖紙、圖片、規格以及其它全部生產和操作資料，包括全部復制品，均返還甲方，同時，乙方應停止生產上述許可證產品、或部件、或零件。

八.thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder

1)thereafter: after that此后；之后 2）thereto: to that 隨附；附之 3）therewith: with that 與此；與之 4）therefor: for that 因之；為此

5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照

用法: 本節提及的各詞，其用法與上面七節談及的一樣，主要強調的是“that”。如果強調的是“this”，則要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。語法：緊接所修飾詞之后。

例1：

The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction.The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.注釋：

（1）

decision and award of the arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決（2）

the judgment：司法判決

（3）

any court having jurisdiction：有管轄權的法院 jurisdiction：管轄權（4）

the parties thereto：合同雙方 thereto：to the Contract（5）

in good faith：以良好誠信的態度 參考譯文：

仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決是終局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管轄權的法院對此作出司法判決。雙方須以良好誠信的態度遵守仲裁庭的決定。

例2：

合同翻譯中英講解

例5：

The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.注釋：

（1）

the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷責任證書

（2）

the expiration of the Defects Liability Period： 缺陷責任期終止

（3）

different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works：不同的缺陷責任期適用永久工程的不同區段或部分（4）

any works instructed：任何按指示進行的工程

參考譯文：工程的缺陷責任證書應由工程師在缺陷責任期終止后28天內頒發，或者，如果不同的缺陷責任期適用永久工程的不同區段或部分時，則在最后一個缺陷責任期終止或根據第82條，在任何按指示進行的工程已完成并達到工程師滿意之后盡快簽發。

例6：

The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent(0.5%)per annum on the Total Loan Commitment.The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract(inclusive)to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date(but excluding the day in question).The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.注釋：

（1）

commitment fee：承諾費，承擔費。貸款協議簽定生效后，如借款人沒有按期使用貸款，需向貸款人支付一定金額的補償費用——承諾費或承擔費。通常在貸款協議中確定一個承諾期。承諾期分為前后兩期，前期不收承諾費，后期計收承諾費。如果在前段承諾期已使用全部承諾期金額，則不收承諾費。如果在前段承諾期未使用全部承諾期金額，其余額在后段承諾期使用，則計收承諾費。

（2）

the Disbursement Date：貸款發放日（3）

the Termination Date：貸款終止日（4）

from the date in the third month thereafter：從其后第3個月的該日 thereafter：after the Termination Date

參考譯文：

借款人每年應支付銀行貸款承諾總額0.5%的承諾費。支付時間從簽訂合同之日起（包括該日在內），到貸款發放日和終止日中較早之日（但不包括該日在內）為止，從其后第3個月的該日起開始按季支付至發放日與終止日中較早之日。

合同翻譯中英講解

workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:

注釋：

（1）

proprietary technical information：專有技術信息

（2）

designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data：設計、技術、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料

（3）

the right and licence：許可權利（4）

technical assistance：技術協助（5）

trademarks：商標 參考譯文：

鑒于甲方擁有合同產品的生產及銷售所涉及的技術信息，包括設計、技術、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料的專有權；

鑒于乙方以生產、使用和銷售合同產品為目的，希望獲得使用上述協助的許可權利； 鑒于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商標； 雙方茲就下列內容達成一致：

例3：

Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows:

注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

severally but not jointly：分別但不連帶地（3）

an aggregate amount：總額

（4）

the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：當事人協議如下 參考譯文：

鑒于借款人提出從銀行借款，各銀行分別但不連帶地向借款人貸款，總額為$50,000,000（5000萬美元），當事人協議如下：

例4：

Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:

合同翻譯中英講解

promises that the law will enforce。何謂“Agreement”?L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.” 根據這一定義，協議是對已經做或準備做的相關事宜，經過談判、協商后取得一致意見，以口頭或書面形式做出的約定。Black “Law Dictionary”有兩個定義。一個是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根據這一定義，協議即雙方或多方京某些過去或將來某些事實的相關權利、義務或相關權利、義務的履行而達成的一致理解和愿望。另一個是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根據這一定義，協議即兩個或多個當事人，為了約定單方責任或相互責任，就財產權利、利益的轉移取得的一致同意。Contract(合同)和Agreement(協議)是不是可以互換呢？合同的成立必須具備幾個主要因素。它們（要約和承諾構成的）協議、約因、設立法律關系的愿望和締約能力四大部分組成。L.B Curzon編著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”1.offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance(要約和絕對接受)2.consensus ad idem(意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds)3.intention to create legal relations(建立合同關系的意愿)4.genuineness of consent(同意的真實性)5.contractual capacity of the parties(合同當事人的締約能力)6.legality of object(標的物的合法性)7.possibility of performance(履行的可能性)8.certainty of terms(條款的確定性)9.valuable consideration(等價有償)Black 'Law Dictionary“ 中解釋道：Although often used as synonyms with ”contract“, agreement is a broader term, e.g.an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact.” 即“協議”和“合同”經常用作同義詞，但“協議”這一術語含義更廣，例如協議可能缺乏合同的必備條款（essential clauses/provisions）。實際使用當中，協議可不受必備條款的限制，而稱為合同的文體肯定少不了必備條款，有的合同將其單列，稱為一般條款（General provisions）。1999中國《合同法》第十二條規定了八項一般條款，分別是：1.title or name and domicile of the parities(當事人的名稱或姓名和住址)2.contract object(標的)3.quantity(數量)4.quality(質量)5.price or remuneration(價款或者報酬)6.time limit, place and method of performance(履行期限、地點和方式)7.liability for breach of contract(違約責任)8.methods to settle disputes(解決爭議的方法)上述解釋說明，contract(合同)和agreement(協議)的概念雖然接近，但使用范圍不同，不能互換使用。合同是協議的重要組成部分，所有合同一定是協議，而協議不見得都是合同?？梢哉f具備合同成立要求的具有強制執行力的協議才是合同。2．“契約”的英語表達 英語中表達契約的用語有：covenant, indenture, deed和compact。它們含義有無區別呢。在Black的“Law Dictionary”中，covenant是指：Agreement, convention or promise or more parties, by deed in writing, signed, and delivered, by which either of the parties pledged himself to the other that something is either done, or shall be done, or shall not be done, or stipulates for the truth of certain facts.The term is currently used primarily with respect to promises in conveyance or other instruments relating to real estate.看來covenant主要指針對不動產轉讓或與不動產相關的證明文件。在Black的“Law Dictionary”中，indenture 是指：A deed between tow parties conveying real estate by which both parities assume obligations, Historically, indenture referred to a crease or wavy cut that was made in duplicates of the deed so their authenticity could be verified later.看來indenture針對的也是不動產轉讓，但在傳統做法中為證明其真實性，被人一撕為二，留下折痕或波紋狀撕痕，以供未來核對的那種契約就叫indenture.在Black的“Law Dictionary”

合同翻譯中英講解

construction engineering and installation of project(建議工程承包、安裝合同)服務方面有：Technical service agreement, technical consulting agreement, technical development agreement, technical transfer agreement, licensing agreement.(技術服務、咨詢、開發、轉讓、許可協議)；Agency agreement(代理協議)Insurance contract(保險合同)Financing agreement(融資協議)Venture capital management agreement(風險投資管理協議)Employment contract for legal consultant(法律顧問協議)公司方面包括有：joint venture contract(合資企業合同)articles of association, corporate bylaw(章程)partnership agreement(合伙協議)agreement on assignment of equity interests(股權轉讓協議)composition agreement(和解協議)物流（Logistics）方面包括有：sales contract(買賣合同)purchase contract(采購合同)carriage/transportation contract(運輸合同)import and export contract(進出口合同)warehousing and safekeeping contract(倉儲保管合同)contract for compensation trade(補償貿易合同)人身（personal right）方面包括有：legacy-support agreement(遺贈撫養協議)divorce agreement(離婚協議)4．合同的訂立、變更、終止、解除、撤銷 漢語中關于合同的訂立、變更、解除和撤銷說法確定，而英語的表達有有多種。英語中關于合同的訂立的表述有：Make a contract Enter into a contract Form a contract Create a contract Conclude a contract Execute a contract Covenant名詞科短語的形式分別是：The making of contract The conclusion of contract The entry into contract The formation of a contract The creation of a contract The conclusion of contract The execution of contract Covenant如英文合同、協議的開始句：This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______(year)by and between Party A and Party B, the parties hereby covenant as follows:本協議/合同由甲乙雙方于______年______月______日訂立，雙方特此約定如下：英語中關于合同變更的表述有Alter: 名詞形式alteration，指只改變合同細節而不致合同喪失原貌；Change: 名詞形式與動詞同，指實質性導致合同喪失原貌的變更Modify: 名詞形式modification，指根據新的意圖，并限定在該意圖之內的變更英語中關于合同的終止與撤銷的表達法有：1.Terminate a contract ,名詞形式termination of contract Black's Law Dictionary解釋說：Termination refers to an ending, usually before the end of the anticipated term of the contract, which termination may be my mutual agreement or may be by exercise of one party of one of his remedies due to the default of the other party.Termination通常指合同在約定期滿之前終止履行。該終止既可經雙方同意而做出，也指一方因另一方違約而行使的一種救濟權。但是《美國統一商法典》卻規定，“終止”是指合同方未違反合同約定而依法終止合同（Under the Uniform Commercial Code, “termination” means legally ending a contract without being broken by either side）2.cancel a contract,Black's Law Dictionary解釋說：cancellation occurs when either party puts an end to the contract for breach by the other and its effect is the same as that of “termination” except that the canceling party also retains any remedy for breach of the whole contract or any unperformed balance.Cancel 指一方另因另一方違約而解除或取消合同，其效力與termination（終止）一詞幾乎一致，不同點在于撤銷一方仍有權對整個合同或合同中未履行部分主張救濟。3.discharge contract Steven H.Gifis 的“Law Dictionary”解釋說：When it is said that a contract is discharged, it always meant that one or more of the legal relations of the parties have been terminated.The meaning that is most commonly intended is that the legal duty of one of the parties has been terminated.A party who is asserted to be under a legal duty by virtue of his contract may reply that duty has been discharged by some factor that has occurred since the making of the contract.Discharge a

合同翻譯中英講解

and B______,(hereinafter called “The Manager”)of the other part.句子開頭THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和當事人的姓名和名稱，都應大寫。當事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相連；是法人或非法人單位的，用“having its registered office at”和其后注冊地址相連。第二部分：稱為recital。以WHEREAS開頭，進入敘述部分，用陳述正式說明當事人訂立合同的原因。第三部分：稱為habendum，正文。具體約定當事人的權利和義務。正文部分的結束段為：IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.這段作用相當于中文合同的“雙方簽字蓋章，特此為證”。第四部分：稱為schedule或addendum，附錄。是對前述合同部分條款的必要補充。不是所有合同都有這一項。第五部分：稱為attestation，證明部分。當事人如果自然人，用“SIGNED by __”；連接后填寫見證姓名的表達部分“In the presence of ____”；當事人是法人或非法人單位時，授權代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”，然后才是In the presence of _______。與中文合同的顯著不同是簽章處除當事人外，多了一個In the presence of _______供證人簽字之處。另一不同的是合同訂立日期沒有放在合同最后，而是出現在開頭段的當事人介紹部分。第五部分在新加坡還有另一種表達“As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____，in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of SignatureAddressOccupation上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式與之相比大同大異，有的合同中不含附錄。B.美國APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATORAN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____(address)(hereinafter referred to as “the Company”)as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address)(hereinafter referred to as the Contractor)of the other part.WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:1.THAT the Company shall ?2.This agreement shall commence on ?.3.4.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentionedSIGNED BYName esignation :For and on behalf of :(signature)Contractor esignation :For and on behalf of :(signature)本合同分為四個大部分（缺附錄，schedule）。與上一合同基本相同，但第一段沒有謂語，不是個完整的句子。個別用詞與前一合同有差別。最后落款處還多了了“職務”，即designation(有的合同還慣用position).C.香港CONTRACTCONTACT NO.SIGNING DATE/PLACETHE BUYER: NameLegal AddressContactTHE SELLER: NameLegal AddressContactThis contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.1.NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2.PRICE3.PAYMENT4.PACKING5.IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.THE BUYER THE SELLER___________ ___________By:__________ By:__________Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________THE END USER___________By: __________Date:--------____-_________比起前兩個合同，該買賣合同的不同之處于在于，合同開頭出現了合同編號和簽署日期，當事人名稱或姓名采用簡單列舉式。證明部分用完成時被動態，最后落款處SIGNED BY項目，但增加了最終用戶一項。D.日本SERVICE AGREEMENTThis agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD(hereinafter referred to as “ARTY A”), and ________CO., LTD.((hereinafter referred to as “ARTY B”)WITNESSTH:WHEREAS, PARTY B has

合同翻譯中英講解

保障。如合同出現的“瑕疵”、“救濟”、“不可抗力”、“管轄”、“損毀”、“滅失”等就可能讓非行業人士費解，在英語以上表達分別為defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外幾乎每個合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虛詞。這也是合同英語的一大特色。其它例子還有：“賠償”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”“不動產轉讓”用“conveyance”，而不用“trnasfer of real estate”“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“財產出租”用“lease of property”“停業”用“wind up a business”或“cease(名詞是cessation)a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”專利許可中的“特許權使用費”只用“royalities”還款或專利申請的“寬限期”英文“grace”,“當事人在破產中的和解”用“composition”以實物出資為“investment in kind”“依照合同相關規定”一般說“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不說“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”“合同任何一方當事人不得轉讓本合同”英文表述為“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，選用“Neither party to the contract”較少。3． 同義詞、近義詞、相關詞的序列FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______，a copy of which is annexed hereto.在這里的同義詞和近義詞并列（如sell, transfer, assign and set over，right和 tile and interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。這是出于嚴謹和杜絕漏洞的考慮，有的也屬于合同用語的固定模式。如：This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”兩組分別屬于同義詞和相關詞并列。For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”，“covenants and agreements”三組同義司和近義詞并列。The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein.這里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一個意思都表示“依照本協議的條款規定”。合同條款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”再例如：“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date”，一句中的“realease”和“discharge”意思幾乎相同。并列的詞還有：ships and vesselssupport and maintenancelicenses and permitscharges, fees, costs and expensesany and allany duties, obligations or liabilities the partners, their heirs, successors and assignscontrol and management of the partnership applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules5.拉丁詞在國外合同中，拉丁詞仍然是很常見：比例稅率：用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多從事慈善性服務的律師：pro bono lawyer，不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance委托代理人：多用agent ad litem不可抗力： force majuere.說真的，我期待過你的出場。

未認識你以前，我便有想象過你會是什么樣子——長發還是短發、文藝還是清純、非主流還是海歸范兒。只是當你出現時，我發現跟想象中的完全不一樣；而跟你相熟了之后，我慢慢覺得你就該是這樣，這樣的你，才是我曾經期待過的你。那天你終于出現——有了朱恒玉在你來之前一個月提起你要來、有了Micheal提起與你的面試、有了同事聲稱今天要來個美女....這一切，好像都在為你的到來做

940-

第二篇：合同翻譯中英

Contract Date : 合同日期

Contract Number : 合同編號

SALE & PURCHASE CONTRACT FOR BRAZIL IRON ORE FINES

巴西鐵礦石購銷合同

This contract(“Contract”)is made and entered into by and between:

這個合同（“合同”）是由以下雙方達成：

Seller :

賣方

Buyer :

買方

Whereas, the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the below-mentioned goods for Asia, on the terms and conditions stated below:

在此，在下述的情況條件下，買方同意購買，賣方同意銷售下文提及的貨物，：

CLAUSE 1 : DEFINITION 第一條： 定義

In this contract, the following terms shall, unless otherwise specifically defined, have the following meanings:在本合同中，除非另有特指，詞語均定義如下，(A)“Ore” means Iron Ore Fines of Brazil Origin.“礦石”指的是產地巴西的鐵礦石

(B)“U.S.Currency” means the currency of the United States of America freely transferable from and payable to an external account.“美元貨幣”指的是美國的自由可轉讓的且可支付外國帳戶的貨幣

(B)“Metric Tonne or MT” means a tonne equivalent to 1,000 Kilogram.公噸或MT 指的是等于1000千克的一噸。

(D)“Wet basis” means Ore in its natural wet state.“濕噸”指的礦石的自然重量

(E)“Dry basis” means Ore dried at 105 degrees Centigrade.“干噸”指的是105攝氏度干燥后的礦石。

(F)“DMT” means dry Metric Tonne

“DMT”指的是干噸重。

CLAUSE 2 : COMMODITY 第二條： 貨物

Ore 鐵

CLAUSE 3 : DELIVERY QUANTITY AND DELIVERY PERIOD 第三條 交貨數量和交付期限

Quantity :-----WMT(+/-10%)at Buyer’s Option

數量： ___濕噸（+/-10%）-買方意見

Loading Port : Rio de Janeiro port, Brazil(at Seller’s option)

裝船港：巴西里約熱內盧-賣方意見

Discharging Port :----------/----------port, China(at Buyer’s option)

裝卸港： 中國 港-買方意見

Shipment : On or before--------------, 2006

裝船： 在 年 月 日 之前

CLAUSE 4 : GUARANTEED SPECIFICATIONS第四條： 質量保證

Chemical composition(on Dry basis)化學成分（在干燥狀態）

Fe鐵 64.50 %(Rejection below 63.50%)拒絕低于63.5%

Al2O3 氧化鋁 2.0% max 不高于2.0%

SiO2 氧化硅 3.5% max 不高于3.5%

Sulphur 硫 0.01% max 不高于0.01%

Phosphorus 磷 0.06% max不高于0.06%

Free moisture content loss at 105 degrees Centigrade shall be 8.00% max.在105攝氏度失去的自然水分含量不能高于8%。

Physical composition(on Wet basis)物理成分（自然狀態下）

Size(mm)大小 +10 mm 5% max 不多于5% + 1 mm 80% min 不少于

0%-15 mm 15% max 不多于15%

CLAUSE 5 : PRICE 第5條 價格

US$ per DMT CIF------port, China(Incoterms 2000).The above price shall be based on 64.5% Fe.Rejection below Fe 63.5% based on CIQ analysis report at discharging port and also rejection below Fe 64.0% based on loading port analysis.__ 美元/干噸 CIF __ 中國港口(Incoterms 2000),這個價格是基于64.5%含鐵量的.賣方拒裝在出發港檢驗中低于64%的,同樣買方拒收裝卸港CIQ檢驗中低于63.5%含鐵的礦石.CLAUSE 6 : PRICE ADJUSTMENT 第6條 價格調整

The prices of Ore stipulated in Clause 5 hereof shall be adjusted by the following bonuses and penalties:第5條中合同規定的礦石價格需要被以下方式獎罰調整.ORE CONTENT(Fe):含鐵量

BONUS : 獎勵

For each 1.00% of Fe above 64.5%, the base price shall be increased by US$ 1.00 per DMT, fractions pro rata.含鐵量每比64.5%高1%,基本價格應該提高1美金/干噸

PENALTY :處罰

For each 1.00% of Fe below 64.5%, the base price shall be decreased by US$ 1.00 per DMT, fractions pro rata.But Buyer has the right to reject Ore which is Fe content is below 63.5%.含鐵量每比64.5%低1%,基本價格應降低1美金/干噸,但買方有權拒收含鐵量低于63.5%的.OTHER ELEMENTS(IMPURITIES):

If the composition of Ore in respect of Alumina(Al2O3), Silica(SiO2), Sulphur(S)and Phosphorus(P)exceeds the respective guaranteed maximum as set forth in Clause 4 hereof, Buyer shall accept such delivery of Ore by imposing penalties provided below, fractions pro rata.如果礦石的氧化硅,氧化鋁,硫,磷的成分超過了第四條內容規定的保證值,買方應接受交貨.按比例處以(賣方)罰金,a)Al2O3 氧化鋁

US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 1.00% in excess of 2.00% 含量超過2%的,每增加1%,罰以0.5美元一干噸

b)SiO2 氧化硅

US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 1.00% in excess of 3.50%.含量每超過3.5%,的,每增加1%, 0.5美元一干噸

c)S(Sulphur)硫

US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 0.01% in excess of 0.01%.含量每超過0.01%,的,每增加0.01%, 0.5美元一干噸

d)P(Phosphorus)磷

US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 0.01% in excess of 0.06% 含量每超過0.06%,的,每增加0.01%, 0.5美元一干噸

MOISTURE : 水分

In the event that the free moisture loss at 105 degrees Centigrade exceeds the respective guaranteed maximum as set forth in Clause 4 here

of, Seller shall pay Buyer half of the actual freight attributable to moisture content over 8% up to 9% including 9% and full actual freight attributable to moisture content over 9%.當礦石在105攝氏度下蒸發的自然水分超過第四條所承諾的最大值時,賣方應賠付買方:

1)水分的一半運費 大于8% 小于等于9%時;2)水分的全部運費 大于9%時

CLAUSE 7 : PAYMENT

第7條 交付方式

Buyer shall open within seven(7)working days after the date of this contract, on at sight Letter of Credit(“L/C”)in favor of Seller providing for payment of the full invoice value of quantity of Ore.The LC should contain the following terms and conditions:買方應在簽訂合同后的7個工作日內,開可見信用證 信用證應符合以下條款條件:

(i)The L/C shall be issued or transferred by First Class Bank.All banking charges outside the L/C issuing bank including reimbursing charges and confirmation charges are for the account of the Beneficiary.信用證應由一級銀行開證并轉交,所有除開證行之外的銀行費用,包括支付行費用和保兌費用,由受益人支付.(ii)L/C shall allow for 10% more or less in value and quantity.信用證價值和數量應允許10%的增減.(iii)Charter party bills of lading acceptable.租約項下提單可接受

(iv)Third party documents acceptable except for Draft and Invoice.(v)Partial shipment allowed.(vi)Trans-shipment not allowed.(vii)Spelling and other typographical errors are not considered as discrepancies.(A)Provisional Payment

The aforesaid L/C shall be payable against Seller’s sight draft(s)for the amount of ninety-five(95)percent of the CIF value of the shipment accompanied by the documents as stipulated in Clause 8 hereof.The Certificate of Weight issued by SGS Brazil Private, Ltd.(“SGS Brazil”)in Brazil by survey of ship’s draft together with the Certificate of Analysis of sample and of the percentage of the free moisture loss at 105 degrees Centigrade issued by SGS Brazil shall be a basis for the Seller’s provisional invoice for the provisional payment.(B)Final Payment

The balance(+/-)of the CIF value of the shipment after the provisional payment to Seller shall be settled in accordance with Seller’s draft payable at sight together with the final invoice and the documents stated in Clause 8.(2)hereof or by telegraphic transfer by Seller to Buyer in accordance with Buyer’s debit note to Seller together with the documents(except Seller’s final invoice)stated in Clause

8.(2)hereof within ten(10)days from the date of receipt of the said documents, as the case may be.The validity of the L/C should be maintained in accordance with the above.Seller’s final invoice or Buyer’s debit note for the settlement of the balance of the CIF value of the shipment shall be based on the certificate issued by the State General Administration of the People’s Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine or its branches(collectively “CIQ China”)as provided in Clause 8 and Clause 9 hereof.If an umpire analysis is required under the Clause 10 hereof, payment adjustment arising from this will be made when the umpire’s certificate is available.If Buyer is not able to submit to Seller the Inspection Certificate issued by CIQ China as per Clause 9 hereof within seventy five(75)days after the completion of discharging, the Draft Survey Certificate of Weight and Certificate of Analysis at loading port shall be the base of the final invoice or debit note.If the cargo is rejected based on CIQ analysis report Seller shall refund the amount vide Clause 7(A)Provisional Payment, within 30 days after the receipt of the CIQ analysis report.Buyer’s banking details:

Bank Name :

Bank Address :

Seller’s bank details:

Bank Name :

Bank Address :

第三篇：中英翻譯差異

漢英文化差異對英語翻譯的影響

【摘要】翻譯活動并不是簡單的文字轉換，而是把一種語言轉換成另一種語言的工作，因而是一種跨文化的活動。而各個民族的生活環境和生活經歷不同造成了他們所創造的文化之間也具有巨大差異，這種差異又造成了各自語言上的巨大差異。這些差異對譯者翻譯過程以及翻譯翻譯結果的準確性產生巨大影響。本文將從地理位置、宗教信仰、生活習慣和習俗、以及詞義聯想和文化意象共四個方面探討中西方文化的差異對翻譯活動的影響。【關鍵詞】漢英文化 英語翻譯 差異 影響

引言

語言是社會現象,也是文化現象,語言反映文化,又受文化的制約,語言與文化的密切關系注定了翻譯與文化的關系。根據一般概念, 翻譯是將一種語言的信息用另一種語言表達出來的活動。這個概念只提及語言的信息, 未提到文化的信息, 是不完整的概念。世界上不同的民族和地域的人們創造了具有各自特點的民族地域文化，這種文化上的差異造成了各自語言的巨大差異，所以翻譯不僅是把一種語言轉換成另外一種語言的工作。更是文化上的交流活動。我國著名學者王佐良教授在談到文化與翻譯的關系時指出: “翻譯工作者處理的是個別的詞, 他面對的則是兩大片文化?！?/p>

一、漢英的地理位置差異與英語翻譯

一定的文化實體總是存在于一定的空間地域內的，因此它不可避免地要反映該地域的自然特點與物產經濟的特點，具體反映在語言上也有所不同。在用自然景觀或物體作比較時，不同的語言表現就存在明顯的差異。就拿中國和英國相比，以英國為例，英國四周環海，是一個典型的島國，并且在歷史上英國的航海業非常發達，曾一度領先于其他國家，因而英語中與海洋有關的詞語和表達就特別豐富。中國則不同，中國有2/3 的邊界線在陸地上，文化的繁榮興盛起源于中原。中華民族世代在亞洲大陸生活并繁衍，生活的方方面面都離不開土地，所以他們對土地有一種特殊的感情。在語言中也潛移默化體現與土地的關系，如，漢語“揮金如土”，比喻鋪張浪費，花錢大手大腳，而英語中則用“spend money like water” 此外，英語中有大量關于船和水的俗語和習語，而在漢語中卻找不到完全相同的對應，如: “all at sea”（指不知所措）、“as close as an oyster”（指守口如瓶）、“drink like a fish”（指豪飲）等等。中國人經常用“天南地北”來表達對祖國幅員遼闊的贊嘆，而英國人則用“from sea to sea”來表達國土面積的意思。

“東風”和“西風”在中西文化中有著不同的解讀，這也是由國家的地理環境的差異造成的。中國西鄰高山，東臨大海，東風就是溫暖春天的象征，所以中國人偏愛東風，故素有“西風凜冽”與“東風送暖”之辭。而英國卻擁有完全不同的地貌與氣候，它西鄰大西洋，東面與歐洲大陸相望，西風溫暖而濕潤，東風反而寒冷。英國人對西風的喜愛在雪萊的《西風頌》中表現得淋漓盡致，詩中有這么一句：“Oh the west wind.If winter comes, can spring be far behind.”（啊，西風！假如冬天已經來臨，春天還會遠嗎？）如果不了解英國的地理環境，譯者在翻譯這個句子時可能就會感到困惑：為什么雪萊會歌頌寒冷的西風呢？因此，這種地理環境的差異有時會給翻譯帶來較大的困難。

二、漢英雙方宗教信仰差異與英漢翻譯

在語言漫長的發展歷史中，宗教的影響是不容小覷的，各國的語言或多或少都會沾染上些許宗教色彩。英國人大多信基督教，按照基督教的理解，世界和宇宙是上帝創造的，這個世上的萬事萬物都要服從上帝的旨意。在中國則大多數人信奉佛教，在他們心中，由各派佛祖主宰這個世界。中英文中都有大量與宗教信仰相關的詞語，中文里有“借花獻佛”、“放下屠刀，立地成佛”等說法。在西方國家，人們表示對對方的祝福時常會說“God bless you!”，在鼓勵灰心喪氣的朋友時，人們通常會說“God helps those who help themselves”（天助自助者）。與宗教有關的典故在翻譯工作中也很常見。如：“The thing I bought yesterday am found to be an apple of Sodom.” 中的“an apple of Sodom” 便是出自于圣經中的一個典故。據圣經《舊約·創世紀》記載, 所多瑪是古代死海邊上的一座城市, 由于那里的居民驕奢淫逸, 罪大惡極, 上帝降火燒毀了這座城,城中的百姓、莊稼和牲畜全都化為灰燼, 傳說在那里的死海邊上長著一種外表美麗、摘下便成為灰燼的蘋果。后來, “an apple of Sodom” 比喻罪惡的城市, 罪惡之地。只有了解這一典故, 才能正確譯成：“我發現昨天買的東西外表好看卻實際無用。”如果譯者不熟悉圣經里的這個典故，那么他在翻譯的時候就不能準確地表達出原文的意思。

三、生活習慣和習俗的差異與英語翻譯

我們常說: “ 一方水土養一方人?！?的確如此, 這其中也包含著文化的差異。漢語和英語是建立在不同文化基礎上的兩種語言, 它們各自反映著自己特殊的民族文化和歷史傳統。語言和文化是息息相關的, 有什么樣的文化, 就會有與之相對應的語言來反映。

就拿數字來說，“8”在中國是一個吉利的數字，很多人在競投車牌，電話號碼等的時候愿意花上一大筆錢，就只為了圖一個吉利?？墒侨绻悄眠@些數字給英國人，可能他們只會一笑而過甚至會覺得奇怪為什么要花那么多錢買一堆數字。稱謂上，中國人是講究尊卑大小，因此會有“舅舅”、“舅媽”、“叔叔”、“嬸嬸”等的稱謂?？墒窃谟⒄Z的 “uncle”、“aunt”這兩個詞就代替了這些稱謂的麻煩。中國人性格上是比較內斂的，而外國人則思想相對比較開放。因而在生活上，中國人都喜歡委婉的表達自己的情感，比如：某人稱贊某個人的女兒很漂亮時，中國人一般會說：“哪里，哪里?！币员磉_自己的謙虛。如果把這幾句直接翻譯過來就會鬧出笑話：“Your daughter is beautiful.” “where, where.”所以在翻譯這類詞語時，譯者一定要考慮到不同的生活習俗對日常表達的影響，千萬不能僵硬地采用直譯來傳達原文的意思。除此之外，中國人見面很喜歡問別人：“你吃飯了沒?！钡怯藙t是喜歡見面就討論今天的天氣，兩個極端反映出雙方文化的差異。如果在翻譯的時候沒有這些文化內涵作為根基，那么譯者也很難把真正的意思翻譯出來。

四、詞義聯想和文化意象與翻譯

由于英漢兩個民族生活環境和生活經歷的不同, 在詞義聯想和文化意象上必然存在著一些差異。例如: 對“dragon”一詞的理解中西差異就很大, 中國人視之為神圣, 尊貴的象征, 因而望子成龍，稱自己為龍的傳人；而在西方人的眼中, 龍卻是嘴里噴火的四足怪物, 在《圣經》 里是罪惡的象征。就拿“龍鳳胎”一詞舉例，我們不能翻譯成： “A baby dragon and a baby phoenix”那樣很容易讓西方人誤解，甚至大為吃驚，感到不可思議。正確的譯文應該是：“pigeon pair”。同樣西方人對“dog” 的看法也與中國人大相徑庭, 英語中含有“dog” 的習語很多, 大多表示喜愛的感情, 例如:“ a lucky dog”(幸運兒)；“ Every dog has his day.”(凡人皆有得意日。)等等, 而漢語中卻說“痛打落水狗”“走狗”等,大多含有貶義。

中華文化五千年，其中最為璀璨而西方又無法相比的就是唐詩。中國的唐詩分門別類，有四言絕句，八言律詩等。中國詩人可以用用寥寥數十字去表達一個絕美的意境，就以《靜夜思》為例：“床前明月光，疑是地上霜。舉頭望明月，低頭思故鄉。”16字就已經把詩人的思念之前形象生動地表達出來。若是把這16字翻譯為英文，那么字數肯定是超過原來的詩句，最重要的是詩句原來的意境也不復存在。又例如，中文中常有：“好好學習，天天向上”之說。英文中卻是沒有的，中國人自行翻譯為：“Good good study, day day up.”明顯就違反了英語的日常用法。又如：“If the public officials of higher authorities resort to bribery, those of lower authorities will follow.This is called：Fish begins to stink at the head.”以中國人的思維，或會翻譯出：“上級公務員行賄受賄, 下級公務員也會效仿。這叫：魚從頭開始發臭?！蓖耆闹袊接⒄Z，被中文思維所以困擾，所以才會出現最后一句翻譯的笑話。以上種種課看出中英雙方的思維差異之大，以此導致雙方在詞義聯想以及意境上有巨大的差別。所以在進行翻譯的時候，譯者不能只顧轉換語言符號而忽略非語言符號的結果。以‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’為例，它的英語文化涵義是什么? 怎樣把這層意義轉化到漢語譯文中來, 使其也具有類似的漢語文化內涵, 換句話說，就是把這短短的英文句子翻譯出具有中國風味的句子。這就需要譯者有兩種文化的詞義聯想和文化意象，將‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’與中文中的某些詞句來年息起來，再根據語境得出翻譯的結果，這樣的句子才會更加“有味道”。而正確的譯文應為：“上級公務員行賄受賄, 下級公務員也會效仿，這叫： 上行下效(或上梁不正下梁歪)。”上行下效或上梁不正下梁歪都是漢語習語, 寓意深刻, 能夠較好地對接‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’中的文化內涵。結語

本文通過地理、宗教、生活習慣和習俗、以及在詞義聯想和文化意象四方面對漢英翻譯的關系，初步地了解漢英文化差異對英語翻譯的影響。我們可以看到，文化的差異給詞語的表達打上了深深的文化烙印，語言承載豐富的文化內涵。而翻譯不僅要力求語言意義上的等值，而且更重要的是文化意義上的等值。要想翻譯出完美的作品，譯者就必須在理解詞的內涵上下功夫，深入了解譯出語和譯入語之間的文化差異，對譯文做出綜合判斷，選擇合適的翻譯技巧，只有把文化和語言能力有機結合，才能做好翻譯工作。

參考文獻

⑴楊立剛.試析漢英文化差異與翻譯.黑龍江教育學院學報,2004(6):99.⑵張捷.試論漢英文化差異對翻譯的影響.吉林師范大學學報,2011(3):54 ⑶劉法公.漢英文化差異與漢英翻譯信息障礙.外語與外語教學.2000(12):45

第四篇：英語中英翻譯

exclusive privileges 獨有的特權

better off 更好的

national income 國民收入

business investment expenditure 企業投資支出 replacement cost 重置成本

short-distance distribution 短途配送 downtown business district 市中心商業區 checkout counter 結賬柜臺 the required reserve 準備金 self-sufficient 自給自足的 shopping centre 購物中心 know-how 專有技術

floating captial流動資本 economies of scale 規模經濟

talk show 談話節目

viewer demographics 觀眾人口統計數據 the peculiar powers 獨特的力量 foreign-trade zones 對外貿易區 investment demand 投資需求 outlying villages 偏遠的村莊 advertising media 廣告媒體 a change in situation 形式的變化 captial equipment 資本設備

原材料Raw material 產品統一條形碼 The unified product bar code 標準化集裝箱Standard container 貿易差額Balance of trade 名勝古跡historical interest 規模經濟Scale economy 壟斷性競爭Monopolistic competition 補償貿易Compensation trade 赤字 in the red 原始資本積累 Primitive accumulation of capital

無形貿易Invisible trade 定期存款賬戶Deposit account 市場經濟Market economy 商業銀行Commercial Bank 生產資料The means of production 文明世界The civilized world 基礎設施Infrastructure 額外儲備金The extra reserves 保險費Insurance premium 直接稅Direct tax 醫療設備 Medical device 人造絲Artificial silk 批量生產Batch production 攜手合作Work together 壟斷性競爭Monopolistic competition 在和平時期In times of peace 保險單Insurance policy 成本效益Cost effectiveness 提單 bill of lading 財政危機Financial crisis 人際關系Interpersonal relationship 每隔幾分鐘 every free minutes 保守秘密Keep a secret 國家稅務State Taxation 生活方式 Way of life 兩份報紙 two copies of newspaper

一塊肥皂 a bar of soap

一件家具 a piece of furniture

一把剪刀 a pair of scissors

丟棄 throw away

陷入困境 get into trouble

工業產品 industrial goods

農產品 agriculture goods

一輩子一次性的收獲 a one-in-a-lifetime acquisition

沒有出路的工作 a dead-end job

付一大筆錢 pay good money

過時 be out of fashion

流行 be in the fashion

批量生產 mass-production

降低成本 lower the cost

在起作用 be at work

物美價廉的產品 better quality products at good values

所得稅 income tax

投放市場 put on the market

小批量 in limited quantities

大量地 in large quantities

要求 ask for

下降 go down

從商go into business

努力做某事 strive to do sth.醫療設備 medical device

劣質產品 inferior products

一條面包 a loaf of bread

溫和寬容的 easy-going

人造絲 artificial silk

假牙 artificial teeth

對?有害 be harmful to

警惕 be on guard

認為某事當然 take sth for granted

由?組成 be composed of

一個中年婦女 a middle-aged women

一些性格開朗的女孩 an open-minded girl

一個意志軟弱的人 a weak-minded man

一個意志堅強的人 a strong-minded soldier

遭受 suffer from

由于壓力 as a result of stress

警告信號 warning signals

交通阻塞 traffic jam

指出 point out

逃離 run away from

自殺 commit suicide

從事攝影 take up photography

高度工業化國家 a highly industrialized country

工業生產 industrial production

制成品 manufactured goods

領先 take over the lead

失去領先地位 lose one's lead

赤字 in the red

就?而言 as far as ? is concerned

易手 change hands

賺錢 earn money

金融中心 a financial centre

貿易中心 a commercial centre

國際貿易 international trade

外貿 foreign trade

商船船隊 a merchant fleet

巨額金錢 vast sums of money

一大筆錢 a large sum of money

對付，處理 deal with

有形貿易 visible trade

無形貿易 invisible trade

貿易差額 trade gap

失血 loss of blood

高度機械化的工廠 highly mechanized factory

產品統一條形碼 universal product code

黑白相間的條紋 zebra stripes(or black and white stripes)

斑馬線 zebra crossing

油炸土豆片 potato chips

炸薯條 French fries

黑白電視機 black and white televisions

墨畫 black and white

身上青一塊紫一塊 be black and blue

光學掃描器 an optical scanner

激光束 laser beam

目的是 be designed to

消滅，消除 do away with

付賬后離開 check out

到達登記 check in

現金出納機 cash register

在左邊 on the left side

收款臺 check out counter

原材料 raw materials

制成品 manufactured goods

近在手邊 at hand

衣夾 clothes-peg

曬衣繩 clothes-line

桌布 a tablecloth

洗碗布 a dishcloth

洗碗機 a dishwasher

原始人 primitive people

現代人 modern people

穿著 be dressed in

從?上刮去 scrape?from

把?紡成? spin?into?

把?制成make?into

4000萬年前 over four thousand years ago

在遠古時 in the time immemorial

富人和窮人一樣 the rich and the poor alike

想到 think of

剪去 cut off

講故事 spin a yarn

保守秘密 keep a secret 直接稅 direct taxes

間接稅 indirect taxes

收入所得稅 income taxes

納稅人 taxpayer

稅務員 tax-collector

免稅的 tax-free

國稅 state taxes

地方稅 local taxes

窮人 the poor

富人 the rich

年輕人 the young

老年人the old

高達 as high as

以?形勢 in the form of

政府機關 government offices

憑借 by means of

在某個星期一的早晨 on a Monday morning

在星期一的早晨 on Monday morning

乘火車 take train

乘公共汽車 take bus

布萊克一家 the Blacks

向某人道別 say goodbye to sb.向某人道歉 say sorry to sb.每隔幾分鐘 every few minutes

每隔一天 every other day

每隔一行 every other line

不久以后 shortly afterwards

通向 lead to

抓牢 hold on to

一打雞蛋 a dozen eggs

在陽光下 in the sun

注意 pay attention to

繼續作某事 keep(on)doting

好像 as if

自信 self-confidence

自信的 self-confident

自大的 self-important

自助的 self-service

自給自足的 self-sufficient

自學的 self-taught

一般的 in general

確信 be sure of

習慣于 become accustomed to

抱怨 complain about

說實話 tell the truth

說謊 tell a lie

適用于 apply to

處理 deal with

依賴于 depend on

必修課 a required course

同?相處 get along with

考慮 think about

日復一日 from day to day

從始自終 from beginning to end

每況愈下 from bad to worse

減速 slow down

在使用中 in use

不再使用 out of use

免費入場 admission free

免所得稅 free of income tax

免費獲得某物get sth.free

再步行一段路即可到達的距離之內 within walking distance

探知，查明 find out

得到以下結論 come to the conclusion that

得出結論 draw a conclusion

交通高峰時間 rush hours

交通擁擠 traffic jams

援助計劃 aid program

視覺教具 visual aids

助聽器 hearing-aid

捏粘土 work clay

揉面團 work dough

一定數量的 a certain amount of

大量地 in large amounts

小額地 in small amounts

優于 be superior to

劣于 be inferior to

把?與?相混合 mix?with?

把?與?分開 separate?from

把?分成 separate?into

用盡 use up

表現了?的特點 be characteristic of

究竟，到底 on earth

五大湖區 the Grate Lakes region

通知某人某事 inform sb of sth.利用 take advantage of

準備某事 be ready to do sth.很容易拿到 within easy reach

夠不到 out of reach

想出，熟思 think out

在人力方面 in terms of manpower

在理論上 in terms of theory

投資于 invest in

以?代替? replace?with?

創新進步innovational advances

大波動 major fluctuations

領導，帶頭 take the lead

成群，大批 in a swarm

一大群螞蟻 a swarm of ants

生產資料 means of production

大量購買 buy in bulk

參考書 reference book

面對?困難 come up against

利息率，利率 the interest rate

貨幣市場 money market

企業投資支出 business investment expenditure

不愿做某事 be reluctant to do

和?聯系在一起 be associated with

與?有關系 be related to

歸因于 ascribe to

規模經濟 economies of scale

以空前的速度 at an unprecedented rate

換句話說 to put it in somewhat different words

成功地做成某事 succeed in doing sth

壓出，榨取 squeeze?out of

每一單位投入 every unit of input

多于，超過 in excess of

過渡 to excess

在非常有利的條件下 under extremely favorable conditions

優于，勝過 be superior to

劣于，次于 be inferior to

在春末 in late spring

企圖做某事，嘗試做某事 attempt at doing sth

攻擊，襲擊attempt on

拆開，拆散 take sth apart

國民生產總值 Gross National Product(GNP)

生產性投資 productive investment

與?并駕齊驅 keep pace with

由于?的原因owing to

因?值得受到稱贊 deserve credit for

與?對照，與?對比 as opposed to

外匯分配 foreign exchange allocations

停止 leave off

可自由支配的收入 disposable income

對?負責 be responsible for

準備，籌備 provide for

到現在為止 as yet

彌補 make up for

政府支出 government expenditures

消費支出consumption expenditures

時間滯差 a time lag

總計，合計 in the aggregate

集中精力于 concentrate on

與?有很大關系 have a lot to do with

與?無關系 have nothing to do with

逐漸獲得，逐漸建立 built up

免稅 tax exemptions

技術，技能 know-how

擦去 wipe away

辨別，區別 distinguish one thing from another

建于?之上 be based on/upon

獨有的特權exclusive privileges

獨家代理權 exclusive agency

商標 trademark

商品名稱 trade name

同類賣價，批發價格 trade price

關于 with respect to

不管，不顧慮 without respect to

公平交易 fair dealing

使?與?相關聯 attach?to?

就?之限度，在?范圍內 so far as

無形因素 intangible factors

無形資產 intangible assets

對某事加以考慮 take sth into account

大約，多少有一點 more or less

廣泛的興趣 a wide range of interest

相當獨特 fairly individual

顯著，杰出 stand out

反之亦然 vice versa

壟斷性競爭 monopolistic competition

常常 more often than not

純粹的壟斷 pure monopoly

純粹的競爭 pure competition

純粹浪費時間 a pure waste of time

至于 as for

需求曲線 demand curve

概言之，一般說來 in general

阻止某人做某事 preclude sb from doing sth

排除所有誤解 preclude all misunderstanding

需求計劃 demand schedule

與?競爭 in competition with

不完全競爭市場 imperfectly competitive market

與?配對 be paired with

以任意的形勢 in random fashion

與?合并 be merged with

有幾分，稍稍 in some measure

把?至于顯著地位 bring into the foreground

產生 arise from

部分獨立 partial independence

經濟學文獻 economic literature

給?以其應有分量 give due weight to

集中精力于 focus attention on

觀點 point of view

與?不協調 out of harmony with

與?協調 in harmony with

經濟增長的代價the cost of economic growth

不惜任何代價，無論如何 at all costs

喪失，犧牲 at the cost of

勢如破竹的勝利 an overwhelming victory

極度的悲哀 overwhelming sorrow

絕大部分公民 the overwhelming number of its citizens

渴望，向往 yearn for

繼續，連續 a continuation of

為?奮斗 struggle for

心醉于，被迷倒 be charmed with

踩，踐踏 tread on sth

踩在某人的腳趾上 tread on sb's toes

相互追逐 tread on each other's heels

得意洋洋 tread on air

與某人禍福與共 cast in one's lot with sb

決不是，絕對不 anything but

盼望，期待 look forward to

結果，因此 in consequence

富裕繁榮的社會 the affluent society

在富裕的環境中 in affluent circumstances

對?滿意 be content with

豐富的飲食 food and drink in abundance

過著豐衣足食的生活 live in abundance

依次，輪流 in turn

趕上瓊斯家 keep up with the Joneses

趕上，不落后 Keep up with sb/sth

繼續作某事 deep on doing sth

更富有，跟舒服 be better off

生產商誘導而產生的需要 producer-induced demand 成為?之一部分 enter into sth

自然增長或產生 accrue from sth

英國的工業革命 the English Industrial Revolution

傳統的生活方式 traditional pattern of life

僅僅，只不過 nothing but

等于 amount to

不是，而是 not?but?

吸引?的注意 get the attention of

食品雜貨店 grocery store

為?競爭 compete for

干得好 do a good job

記在心里 remain in one's mind

收款臺 checkout counter

國營公司 state-owned company

合資公司 joint ventures

白雪覆蓋的山頂 snow-covered peak

糖衣藥丸 sugar-coated pills

營業時間 business hors

因公 on business

開始談正事 get down to business

激烈的競爭 strong competition

通貨膨脹 inflation

順差 surplus

城市商業區 downtown business district

保險業 insurance

不斷的 never-ending

受限于 be limited by

被認為是 be perceived as

把?局限于 confine?to

為了一切有實用價值的目的 for all practical purposes

能夠做 in the position to do

使?變成 turn?to

對?有影響 have an effect on

總綱 general principles

以?為目的 be aimed at

與?相關的 relate to

與?聯系在一起 associate with

太陽能 solar power

受?的控制 be subjected to

引入 lead up

通訊系統 communication system

能源危機 an energy crisis

財政危機 a financial crisis

業余畫家 an amateur painter

業余攝影家 an amateur photographer

道德的基礎 the basis of morality

柱基 the base of a pillar

自然現象 the phenomena of nature

故意的 on purpose

商業銀行 a commercial bank

金融機構 a financial institution

金融中心 a financial centre

財政困難 in financial difficulties

與生俱來的特權 the privileges of birth

活期存款賬戶 checking accounts

定期存款賬戶 savings accounts

州政府 the state government

聯邦政府 the federal government

答應一項幫助 grant a favor

答應一項請求 grant a request

發給銀行執照 grant a charter to the bank

一定量的資產 a specified volume of assets

遵循一定的常規 follow certain practices

隸屬于州的銀行 state banks

國家銀行 national banks

活期存款 demand deposits

與?相結合 couple with

部分準備制的原理 the fractional reserve principle

在任何一次 at any one time

可用，握有 on hand

公債 government loans

內債 domestic loans

外債 foreign loans

可能的買主 a prospective buyer

增加了 increase by

增加到 increase to

被看作 be counted as

防備取款 a precaution against withdrawals

追溯到 trace to

法定最低儲備金 the required reserve

額外儲備金 excess reserves

就?意義而言 in the sense

在某種意義上 in a sense

自由港 free port

外貿保稅區 foreign-trade zones

經濟特區 special economic zones

從事于政治 engage in politics

忙著工作 be engage in business

與某人訂婚 be engage to sb.普通港口 a regular port

中東 the Middle East

遠東 the Far East

近東 the Near East

關稅壁壘 tariff barriers

起作用，生效 in operation

為?付關稅 pay a tariff on?

索價，要價 charge?for

原材料 raw material

制成品 manufactured products

碼頭工人 dock workers

造船廠，修船所 dockyard

內河航行 inland navigation

廣告媒介 advertising media

天天，逐日 from day to day

并肩地，相互支持地 side by side

說出，(尤指無意間)吐露 throw out

吐露秘密 throw out a secret

有吸引力，引起興趣 appeal to

目標觀眾 target audiences

有線電視 cable television

有線電視廣告收入 cable ad revenues

使遭受，面對 be exposed to

拋卻，扔掉 throw away

舊貨商 a junk dealer

預付費用 the advance cost

成本效益 cost effectiveness

被分為 be segmented into

(廣播中的)答問節目 talk shows

解釋，說明 account for

使(某人)信服 convince?of?

相當提前 well in advance

有?傾向的 be subject to

有很高的重復接觸率 high repeat exposure

保險 insurance

保險額 insurance value

保險公司 insurance company

保險范圍 insurance coverage

保險費 insurance premium

作為對?的報答 in return for

防御 protect against

不愿意做某事 be unwilling to do

經商，經營 in business

因公有事 on business

賺錢 make a profit

收入，接受，吸收 take in

付錢(如福清費用)pay out

投保人 policyholder

保險單 policy

建于?之上 be based on

索價，要價 charge for

毛利 gross profit

凈利 net profit

國民生產總值 gross national product

統計學原理 a statistical principle

大數定律 law of larger numbers

隨?變動 vary with

在相反的情形下 in the opposite situation

使恢復 bring sb back to

在?之前 prior to

為此目的 toward this end

由于?而發生 result from

導致 result in

故意行為 an intentional act

放火縱火 set fire to sth

在欺詐的情況下 in cases of fraud

有助于，促成 contribute to

重置費用 replacement cost

資本支出 capital expenditure

資本貨物 capital goods

固定資本 fixed capital

流動資本 floating capital

資本積累 accumulation of capital

原始資本積累 primitive accumulation of capital

把?用于 employ?in?

以同樣的方式 in the same manner

有幾分，有點兒 in a manner

補償貿易 compensation trade

在和平時期 in time of peace

在戰爭時期 in time of war

足夠的 a sufficiency of sth

迫使某人做某事 oblige sb to do sth

侵占，侵害 encroach upon/on

預定，命中注定 be destined for

由?所造成的 be occasioned by

在大多數情況下 upon most occasions

在那個時機 on that occasion

曾經，有一次 on one occasion

很少，不常 on rare occasions

足以 be sufficient to

從?而產生出來的 be derived from

使恢復 restore to

投資需求 investment demand

投資規模 investment scale

消費者需求 consumer demand

國民收入 national income

指出 point out

在?方面起著關鍵作用 be pivotal in

設身處地 put oneself in the place of

可能作某事 be likely to do 許多 a host of

對某事加以考慮 take sth into account

對某事不予考慮 leave sth out of account

在開始時 at the outset

從開始時 from the outset

政府的年限 the life of a government

企業預測 business expectations

決定性的因素 a crucial factor

在重要的關頭 at the crucial moment

在?方面 in terms of

國內工業 home industries

國內產品 home products

國內貿易 the home trade

國內市場 the home market

美國國會 the United States Congress

外貿保稅區法 the Foreign Trade Zones Act

(英國)議院的法案 An Act of Parliament

(美國)國會的法案 The Acts of congress

外貿保稅區管理委員會 the Foreign Trade Zone Board

董事會 the Board of Directors

國際商務局 the Bureau of International Commerce

天津商檢局 Tianjin Commodity Inspection Bureau

美國商業部United States Department of Commerce

市場經濟 market economy

計劃經濟 planned economy

決定性的測驗 the crucial test

決定性的問題 the crucial question

在重要的關頭 at the crucial moment

以分散的方式 in a decentralized fashion

市場價格機制 a price-and-market mechanism

技術工 skilled labor

勞工與雇主之間的關系 labor relations

工黨 the Labor Party

純粹的形式 a pure form

英國工業革命 the English Industrial Revolution

法國大革命 The French Revolution

普遍地 at large

傾向于做某事 be inclined to do sth.全社會 society at large

有?傾向的 be subject to

由?產生的 stem from

實質上，根本上 in effect

供求機制 the supply and demand mechanism

完全承襲?傳統 in the full tradition of

對于?感到悲觀 be pessimistic about

對于?感到樂觀 be optimistic about

指出 point out

個人利益private interest

社會利益 society interest

支持某人on sb's side

獲勝，擊敗 triumph over

高度計劃的社會主義經濟 highly planned socialist economies

用這樣或那樣的方式 in one way or another

介入 step in

決不 by no means

當然，必定 by all means

就?而言 as far as?is concerned

比較利益 comparative advantage

把?從?解放出來 free?from

使?束縛于 bind?to?

生產過程 production processes

比較利益原則 the law of comparative advantage

指?而言 refer to

把?比作為 compare to

適用于 be applicable to

使適應，使適合 be geared to/toward

為某事給某人報酬或獎賞 reward sb for sth

把?應用于，使用于 apply?to?

歸類程序 sorting process

彼此 one another

相比之下 by contrast

卷入 involve in

完完全全的自由貿易 perfectly free commerce

致力于 devote?to

對?有益處的 be beneficial to

整個社會的普遍利益 the universal good of the whole

獨特的力量 the peculiar powers

大批量生產 mass production

總的生產規模 the general mass of productions

總收益 general benefit

商業往來 commercial intercourse

文明世界 the civilized world

把?用于? employ?in

不得不做某事 be obliged to do sth.在?方面低劣 inferior in

在?方面優越 superior in

交換 in exchange for

對?有利 be advantageous for

使?從?轉移到 divert?from?to

標準化集裝箱 standardized containers

集裝箱運輸container transport

陸運 overland transportation

海運 sea transportation

空運 air transportation

水運 water transportation

管道運輸 pipeline transportation

聯運 combined transport

承運人 carrier

托運人 consignor

收貨人 consignee

鐵路運單 consignment note

空運單 air waybill

租船合同 charter party

提單 bill of lading

訂艙單 booking note

重新占領市場 regain market share

背負式運輸服務 piggy-back service

從?方面來講 in terms of

專門從事 specialize in

與?結合 merge with

失效，崩潰 break down

存貨占用成本 inventory carrying costs

短途送貨short-distance distribution

長途送貨long distance distribution

汽車裝運的貨物 trucked goods

空運貨物 air freight

基礎設施 infrastructure 1.Food,for example,is a kind of goods.everyone eats food,but the ayerage person does not think much about all the things that must happen before food appears on his plate.例如，食品就是一種商品，人人都要吃東西，但是一般人對食品出現在他們盤子里之前勢必發生的一切并不多去想。

2.Men andmachines made the wood into paper,which had to be packaged and carried by trucks and put into stores.at every step in process peopre had to paid for their work,money had to be usedfor buying and so on.人使用機器把木材制造成紙，然后紙被包裝好并用卡車送到各個商店在這過程中的每個階段，人們的工作都必須得到報酬，買機器，修機器等等都得花錢。

3.When there are no resources left,we will start tolook after what we have.but why can’t we act before this happens?why can’t we goback to a society in which prevention of waste is a virtue?當地球上的資源耗盡時，我們就會珍惜所擁有的東西。但是為什么在一切發生之前，我們就不能有所作為呢？為什么我們不能回到制止浪費就是美德的社會去呢？

4.This has led directly to the ‘throw-away society’and to the waste of the earth’s resources.這直接導致“浪費社會”的產生和對地球資源的浪費。

5.Just think of the expensive packaging material that is thrown away each time a new object is bought.想想吧，每購買一件新商品，昂貴的包裝材料就被扔掉了。

6.Beause there was such a demand for the product,manufacturers began making tissues in larger and larger wusntities.因為對產品需求量很大，廠家生產的數量也越來越大。

7.Modern mass-production methods lower the cost making goods,and thus give us better values.現代成批生產方法降低了商品的生產成本，使我們花的錢花得更值。8.In this way.better quality products at good values are continually being brought to the people of all income groups.這樣，物美價廉的產品正不斷地被奉獻給各種不同收入的人們。

9.Every word on a label describing a food,a durg,a cosmetic or a medical device is important in protecting you and your family from buying an inferior product,four misusing a good one,from being tricked by dangerous,or from unknowingly possessing an item harmful to health.標簽上描述一種食品，一種藥品，一種化妝品或一種醫療器械的每個字都很重要因為它保護你和你的家庭使你們避免購買劣質商品。避免不正確地使用好的產品，避免受危險的庸醫之騙，避免不知不覺的擁有對健康有害的東西。

10.Foods composed of two or more ingredients must bear labels listing all ingredients in the order of predominance.對于由兩種或兩種以上配料構成的食品，其標簽必須以各配料的多少為序一一列舉。

11.Unfortunately these chemicals produce the energy needed to run away from an object of fear,and in modern life that’s often impossible.這些化學物質所產生的能量使我們能夠從令人恐懼的物體迅速跑開但不幸的是在現代社會里，這常常是不可能的。

12.The country is the fifth most densely populated in the world with 56 million people on 0.18% of the world’s land.英國的人口密度在世界上排為第五位，5600萬人居住在只占世界陸地面積0.18%的土地上。

13.Generally,money from “invisible”trade exceeds the loss on “invisible”trade.britain can withstand a faintly large “trade gap”on visible trade before she is really “in the red”.總的來說，“無形”貿易的收入超過有形貿易的差額。只有當英國經受不住共有有形貿易相當大的“貿易差額”時，他才會真正出現“赤字”。

14.These black and white strips can be read by an optical scanner,or computer.光學掃描器，也就是一臺計算機可以閱讀這些黑的條紋。

15.Errors in prices are eliminated,or done away with.價格上的差錯就可以消除。

Also,the time spent checking out is reduced.其次，花在結賬上的時間也減少了。16.When primitive people began to wear clothing regularly,they had to make it from the materials at hand.當原始人開始經常穿衣服時，他們只能用于手頭的材料做衣服。

17.However,we do know that,very early in history rich and poor people alike were wearing wool clothes.然而，只有我們知道，很早就在歷史上窮人和富人都穿羊毛衣。

18.The national economy is better because of this specialization,but these workers over 10percent of the entire labor fore depend entirely on the buying habits of the remainder of the population.國民經濟更好，因為這個專業化，但這些工人超過10 %的整個勞動力完全取決于購買習慣的剩余人口。

19.In automobiles are not sold ,these specialists lose their jobs.The price of specialization is interdependence.在汽車沒有出售，這些專家失去工作的專業化是相互依存的價格。20.By stimulating industry,by rewarding ingenuity,and by using most efficaciously the peculiar powers bestows by nature,it distributes labor most effectively and most economically通過刺激，獎勵創新，并利用最有效的獨特的力量賦予的性質，它的最有效和最經濟地分配勞動力

21.if portugal hadon commercial connection with other countries,instead of employing a great part of her capital and industy in the production of wines,with which she purchases for her own use the cloth and hardware of other countries ,she would be obliged to devote a part of that capital to the manufacture of those commodities,which she would thus obtain probably inferior in quality as well as quantity如果葡萄牙景點商業與其他國家，而不是用大量的資本和產業生產葡萄酒，與她購買自己的布和硬件的其他國家，她將不得不把一部分資金用于制造這些商品的，她會這樣可能獲得質量低劣以及數量

22.other advantages include greatly costs in packing,handing,unpacking,and final preparations necessary for sale to the consumer其他優勢包括成本大包裝，裝卸，拆包，和最后的必要準備出售給消費者

23.with the recent deregulation of transportation,this pattern has changed.隨著近年來運輸管制的解除，這種模式已經改變。

24.unless changes are made nationally to restore this “infrastucture”,the future cost and effectiveness of the various transportations services can be expected to change dramatically除非改變了全國恢復這個“基礎設施”，未來的成本和效益的各種交通服務可以預期的戲劇性的變化

25.without it,it would be impossible to pay the solidiers and policemen who protect us.沒有它，就不可能支付的士兵們和警察保護我們的人。

26.It is arranged in such a way that poor people pay nothing,and the percentage of tax grows greater as the tax payer’s income grows.它是安排在這樣一種方式，窮人不納稅，百分比和稅收增長更為納稅人收入的增加。

27.Of course,it is the people who buy these imported things who really have to pay the duties,in the from of higher prices.當然，這是誰的人買這些進口的東西真的有繳納稅款，在從更高的價格。

28.In developing advertising strategies,marketers must also consider the best advertising medium for their message.IBM,for example,uses television ads to keep its name fresh in consumers 'minds.But it uses newspaper and magazine ads to educate consumers on the produce's abilities and trade publications to introduce new software.Each advertising medium has its own advantages and disadvantages在制定廣告策略，營銷人員還必須考慮最佳廣告媒體的信息。公司，例如，利用電視廣告保持其新鮮消費者想法.但是利用報紙和雜志廣告對消費者進行教育的生產能力和貿易出版物介紹新軟件。每一個廣告中都有自己的優點和缺點

29.one disadvantage of television is that there are too many commercials causing viewers to confuse products電視的一個缺陷是有太多的廣告，使觀眾混淆產品 brevity also makes television a poor medium in which to educate viewers' about complex products簡潔也使得電視一個貧窮的介質中，教育觀眾的復雜的產品

30.brevity also makes television a poor medium in which to educate viewers' about complex products簡潔也使得電視一個貧窮的介質中，教育觀眾的復雜的產品

there are a host of obvious facors that you would have to take into account at the outset有許多明顯的因素，你必須考慮到當初

31.like the unknown principle of animal life,it frequently restores health and vigor to the constitution ,in spite,not only raw disease,but of the absurd prescriptions of the doctor喜歡未知的動物生活的原則，它經常恢復健康和活力的憲法，盡管，不僅疾病，但醫生荒謬的處方

32.probably this kind of indirect tax,together with a direct tax on incomes which is low for the poor and high for the rich,is the best arrangement.或許這種間接稅，連同直接稅收收入較低，為窮人和富人，都是最好的安排。

33.it his book,contact:thee first four minutes,he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships:every time you meet someone in a social situation,give him your undivided attention for four minutes.他的書，聯系人：你的第一個四分鐘，他提供了這樣的建議有興趣的人，開始新的友誼：每當你在社交場合遇到人時，集中精力于他四分鐘。

34.such people,as they themselves produce nothing ,are all maintained by the produce of other men's labor when multiplied,therefore,to an unnecessary number,they may in a particular year consume so great a share of this produce,as not to leave a sufficiency for maintaining the productive laborers,who should reproduce it next year這樣的人，因為他們自己生產的，都是由其他人的產品勞動時成倍增加，因此，對一些不必要的，他們可能在一個特定的年消費如此之大，這個比例產生，不會留下足夠維持生產性勞動者，誰應該復制它明年

35.whatever a person saves from his revenue he adds to his capital,and either employs it himself in maintaining an additional number of productive hands,or enables some other person of the profits無論一個人從他的收入，他還節省資金，并采用它自己保持一個額外的一些生產的手，或使其他人的利益.36.hearing such advice,one might say ,”but I’m not a friendliy,self-confident person..聽到這樣的建議，有人可能會說，“但我不是一個friendliy，自信的人。37.while some policies provide certain exemptions,in general to qualify as an insurable risk,the risk should be predictable,outside the control of the insured loss must be predictable雖然一些政策提供一定的豁免，一般資格作為可保風險，風險應該是可預測的，控制范圍以外的保險損失必須是可預見的

38.also,special buses can be chartered for trips to the mountains,to lakes,and to nearby places if historical interest.同時，特殊的巴士。可包車前往山區，湖泊，和附近的地方，如果歷史的興趣。39.therefore,individuals wite lower probability of accidents as determined by these classification characteristics should pay a relatively lower premium因此，個人與低概率事件所確定的這些分類的特點，應該是一個相對較低的溢價 40.the more they know ,the better their prediction and the fairer the rates they set will be.insurance companies also benefit from a statistical principle called the law of large numbers他們知道的越多，更好地預測和更公平的他們的價格也就。保險公司也得益于一個統計原理稱為大數法則

41.for example,an iron cooking pot,if it is not carefully dried,will rust in a few hours beause the oxygen in the water will combine with the iron.例如，一個鑄鐵鍋做飯，如果不認真干，會生銹的幾個小時，因為水中的氧將與鐵。

42.the reason why companies often find insurance appealing is clear in return for a sum of money;they are protected against certifs.potentially devastating losses公司的原因經常發現保險吸引力是明確的回報一大筆錢；他們免受證明.潛在的毀滅性的損失

43.for example,the person who reads popular photography is more likely to be interested in the lastest specialized lenses from canon than is a gourmet magazine subscriber例如，人誰讀大眾攝影是更可能感興趣的最新專業鏡頭佳能比是一個美食雜志訂閱

44.while direct mail is often thrown away as ‘'junk mail",advertisers can predict in advance how many recipients will take mailing seriously而直接郵件經常被丟棄的'垃圾郵件”，廣告主可以預測提前多少者將采取郵寄嚴重

45.the most obvious purpose of advertising is to inform the consumer of available products or services.最明顯的目的是告知消費者提供的產品或服務。

46.science is the never-ending struggle to find truth.科學是永無止境的斗爭中找到真理。

47.this flatness was acceptable as “truth”because travel and human knowledge of celestial phenomena were so limited that no other concept was needed.這平坦被接受“真理”因為旅行和天文現象的知識是有限的，不需要其他的概念。

48.the demand deposits placed in banks,coupled with the fractional reserve principle,give bankers the power to anther the supply or money in the economy.存放在銀行里的活期存款，加上部分儲備金，使銀行家有權花藥或經濟中的貨幣。

49.but it is not just the state of the marker that one has to estimate,as a businessman,you would also have to investigate whether there are new productive methods and processes available to you that will make the investment profitable in terms of reducing costs production an improved product但它不僅僅是國家的標志，人們估計的，作為一個商人，你也將調查是否有新的生產方法和過程提供給你，會使投資獲利方面降低成本，改進產品的生產。

50.the trader expects to pay a tariff on the goods he is going to sell in the United States.交易員預計將支付關稅的貨物是在美國銷售。

51.in some free prots the foreign merchants may display their products for customers.在一些免費的港口外商可以顯示他們的產品為客戶。

52.because if improvements in ships and navigation,European nations began trading a great deal with each other and the rest of the world.因為如果船舶和航運的發展，歐洲國家開始大量貿易與彼此和其他世界。

52.those unproductive hands ,who should be maintained by a part only of the spare revenue of the peole,may consume so great a share of their whole revenue,and therefore oblige so great a number to encroach upon their capitals,upon the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labor m that all the frugality and good conduct of individuals may not be able to compensate the waste and degradation of produce occasioned by this violent and forced encroachment這些非生產性的手，誰應保持只有一部分的收入的人，會消耗大量的稅收，因此要求這樣大的一批侵犯他們的首都，在資金的維持生產勞動，所有的節儉和個人行為可能無法彌補的浪費和降解產生的這種暴力和強制侵占.53.historically,the self regulating market economy is a modern rather than an ancient invention,involving rather special assumptions such as the treatment of land and labor as commodities從歷史上看，自我調節的市場經濟是現代而不是一個古老的發明，涉及相當獨特的假設，作為治療的土地和勞動力作為商品

54.the answer as one might expect,is very complicated and is subject to much disagreement among the experts答案是可以預期的，是非常復雜的，受到許多分歧專家 55.in a preliminary way ,however,we can indicate at least two lines of argument that must affect all serious thinking about this theory 在初步的方式，但是，我們可以表明至少2行論點必須影響所有認真思考這一理論

56.the first line of argument really stems from the analysis that emphasizes the essential viability of the market system第一行的爭論真正源于分析，強調市場經濟體制本質上的可行性

57.this argument is in the full tradition of classical economic thought這個論點是在充分的傳統的古典經濟思想

58.they would point out that adam smith gravely underestimated the divergence betweemn private and social interest他們指出，亞當嚴重低估的分歧個人利益與社會利益之間的配合

59.in one way or another,citizens of every country in the world have asked that governments step in to change this or that aspect of the functioning of a price and market mechanism一種或另一種方式，公民在世界各國已要求政府在改變這個或那個方面的運作的價格與市場機制

60.thus,the crucial question,as far as the public interest is concerned,is not whether there should be any intervention that question has really been settled by history.but what degree of invention should be permitted.因此，關鍵的問題，只要公共利益有關，不應該有任何干預，這種問題已經在歷史上解決了，但是干預的程度應該被公眾允許。

61.this system makers it possible to produce large quantities of goods ang services,as well as provide some leisure for workers.該系統制造商可以生產大批量的貨物和服務，以及提供一些休閑的工人。

62.in this way,the output of the office is higher.這樣，輸出的是高。

63.this stroting process puts dentists in their office,carpenters besides their tools,and drivers in the cabs of trucks,and nurses in the wards of hospitals.這資料排架進程中提出的牙醫的辦公室，除了他們的木匠工具，和司機在駕駛卡車，和護士在病房的醫院

64.but as the resources required by each mode break down in the decade ahead, changes seem likely.但由于資源需要由每個模式打破在未來十年變化，似乎有可能。

65.it also offers believable coverage,since ads are present side-by-side with news.它也提供了可信的報道，因為廣告是目前并排與新聞。

66.it allows advertisers to combine sight, sound and motion,thus appealing to almost all the viewer’s senses.它允許廣告商聯合視線，聲音和動作，從而吸引觀眾的幾乎所有感覺。

第五篇：名人名言中英翻譯.

名人名言選錄中英文翻譯

對于ISSUE來說，中國考生總覺得我們的文章，論證不充分。

我們在寫中文議論文的時候，喜歡用名人名言。名人說的，往往鏗鏘有力，而且言簡意賅，也更有說服力。

英文議論文也是這樣。

本章收集了能夠用到名人名言的中英文對照版。

每次打開本書時，看2句。結束本書的學習的時候，進行回憶。在寫作過程中，能用的，盡量練習使用。STRUGGLE 奮斗篇

Where there is a will , there is a way.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)有志者，事竟成。(美國發明家 愛迪生.T.)Genius only means hard-working all one's life.(Mendeleyer , Russian Chemist)天才只意味著終身不懈的努力。(俄國化學家 門捷列耶夫)Man errs so long as he strives.(Johan Wolfgang Goethe , German poet and dramatist)人只要奮斗就會犯錯誤。(德國詩人、劇作家 歌德.J.W.)Our destiny offers not the cup of despair , but the chalice of opportunity.(Richard Nixon, American President)命運給予我們的不是失望之酒，而是機會之杯。(美國總統 尼克松.R.)Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.(Jean Jacques Rousseau , French thinker)忍耐是痛苦的，但它的果實是甜蜜的。(法國思想家 盧梭.J.J.)SUCCESS 成功篇

Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)有所成就是人生唯一的真正樂趣。(美國發明家 愛迪生.T.)I succeeded because I willed it;I never hesitated.(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor)我成功是因為我有決心，從不躊躇。(法國皇帝 拿破侖.B.)Success covers a multitude of blunders.(George Bernard Shaw , British Dramatist)成功由大量的失望鑄就。(英國劇作家 肖伯納.G.)You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.(Charles Chaplin , American actor)人必須相信自己，這是成功的秘訣。(美國演員 卓別林.C.)WEALTH 財富篇 All the splendor 1 in the world is not worth a good friend.(Voltaire , French thinker)人世間所有的榮華富貴不如一個好朋友。(法國思想家 伏爾泰)Money is a good servant and a bad master.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)金錢是善仆，也是惡主。(英國哲學家 培根.F.)Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing.(Albert Einstein , American scientist)有時候一個人為不花錢得到的東西付出的代價最高。(美國科學家 愛因斯坦.A.)HAPPINESS 幸福篇

Happiness is form courage.(H.Jackson , British writer)幸福是勇氣的一種形式。(英國作家 杰克遜.H.)Happy is the man who is living by his hobby.(G.Bernard Shaw , British dramatist)醉心于某種癖好的人是幸福的。(英國劇作家 肖伯納.G.)Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money;it lies in the joy of achievement , in the thrill of creative effort.(Franklin Roosevelt , American president)幸福不在于擁有金錢，而在于獲得成就時的喜悅以及產生創造力的激情。(美國總統 羅斯福.F.)The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.(Victor Hugo , French novelist)生活中最大的幸福是堅信有人愛我們。(法國小說家 雨果.V.)To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune.(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor)要真正了解一個人，需在不幸中考察他。(法國皇帝 拿破侖.B.)TIME 時間篇

Do you love life ? Then do not squander time;for that's the stuff5 life is made of.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)你熱愛生命嗎？那么，別浪費時間，因為生命是由時間組成的。(美國總統 富蘭克林.B.)Each moment in history is a fleeting time , precious and unique.(Richard Nixon , American president)歷史巨輪飛轉，分分秒秒的時間都十分寶貴，也獨具意義。(美國總統 尼克松.R.)Never leave that until tomorrow , which you can do today.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)今天的事不要拖到明天。(美國總統 富蘭克林.B.)The golden age is before us , not behind us.(Mark Twain , American writer)黃金時代在我們面前而不在我們背后。(美國作家 馬克?吐溫)The time of life is short;to spend that shortness basely, it would be too long.(William Shakespeare , British dramatist)人生苦短，若虛度年華，則短暫的人生就太長了。(英國劇作家 莎士比亞.W.)Time is money.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)時間就是金錢。(美國總統 富蘭克林.B.)To choose time is to save time.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)合理安排時間就是節約時間。(英國哲學家 培根.F.)We always have time enough , if we will but use it aright.(Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German poet)只要我們能善用時間,就永遠不愁時間不夠用。(德國詩人歌德.J.W.)STUDY 學習篇 Histories make men wise;poems witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)歷史使人明智；詩詞使人靈秀；數學使人周密；自然哲學使人深刻；倫理使人莊重；邏輯修辭學使人善辨。(英國哲學家 培根.F.)If you don't learn to think when you are young , you may never learn.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)如果你年輕時就沒有學會思考，那么就永遠學不會思考。(美國發明家 愛迪生.T.)Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)天生的才干如同天生的植物一樣，需要靠學習來修剪。(英國哲學家 培根.F.)WORK 工作篇

Don't gild the lily.不要給百合花鍍金/畫蛇添足。(英國劇作家 莎士比亞.W.)It is no use doing what you like;you have got to like what you do.(Winston Churchill , British prime minister)不能愛哪行才干哪行，要干哪行愛哪行。(美國首相 丘吉爾.W.)My philosophy of life is work.(Thomas Alva Edison , American inventor)我的人生哲學就是工作。(美國發明家 愛迪生.T.A.)When work is a pleasure , life is joy!When work is duty , life is slavery.(Maxim Gorky , Russian writer)工作是一種樂趣時，生活是一種享受！工作是一種義務時，生活則是一種苦役。(俄國作家 高爾基.M.)

EDUCATION 教育篇

And gladly would learn , and gladly teach.(Chaucer , British poet)勤于學習的人才能樂意施教。(英國詩人, 喬叟)Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune.(Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher)與其不受教育,不如不生,因為無知是不幸的根源.(古希臘哲學家 柏拉圖)Genius17 without education is like silver in the mine.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)未受教育的天才，猶如礦中之銀。(美國總統 富蘭克.B.)The roots of education are bitter , but the fruit is sweet.(Aristotle , Ancient Greek philosopher)教育的根是苦的，但其果實是甜的。(古希臘哲學家 亞里士多德)

人物 ======

You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.人必須相信自己，此乃成功之秘訣。--C.Chaplin 卓別林 Self-trust is the first secret of success.自信乃成功之第一秘訣。--R.Emerson 愛默生 Virtue is bold, and goodness never fearful.美德是勇敢的，為善永遠無所畏懼。--W.Shakespeare 莎士比亞 It is better to be faithful than famous.守信用勝過有名氣。--T.Roosevelt 羅斯福 Diligence is the mother of good luck.勤奮是幸運之母。--B.Franklin 富蘭克林 Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。--G.Crabbe 克雷布

Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst, and cold.驕傲給我們帶來的損失超過饑渴和寒冷。--T.Jefferson 杰弗遜 A great man is always willing to be little.偉人總愿當個平常人。--R.Emerson 愛默生 Freedom lies in the being bold.自由在于勇敢。--R.Frost 弗羅斯特 All men cannot be first.不能人人都第一。--T.Fuller 富勒 A small leak will sink a great ship.小漏沉大船。--T.Fuller 富勒

Well done is better than well said.干得好勝于說得好。--B.Franklin 富蘭克林 Speak not when others speak;sit not when others stand, and walk not when others stop.他人講話時不要講話；他人站立時不要坐著；他人駐足時不要行走。--G.Washington 華盛頓

Politeness costs nothing and gains everything.禮貌無須花錢，卻能贏得一切。--M.W.Montagu 蒙塔古 生命 ====== Other men live to eat, while I eat to live.別人為食而生存，我為生存而食。--Socrates 蘇格拉底 Easy come, easy go.易得者亦易失。--Hazlitt赫斯特

The darkest hour is that before the dawn.黎明前的時分是最黑暗的。--Fuller 富勒

Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.生活而無目標，猶如航海之無指南針。--J.Ruskin 魯斯金 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.手中的一只鳥勝于林中的兩只鳥。--Heywood 希伍德 One swallow does not make a summer.一燕不成夏。--Taverner 泰維納

A man may lead a horse to the water, but he cannot make it drink.一個人可以把馬帶到河邊，但他不能令它飲水。--Heywood 希伍德 One cannot eat one's cake and have it.一個人不能把他的糕餅吃掉之后還留在手上。--Davies 戴維斯 There is no rose without a thorn.沒有玫瑰花是不長刺的。--Ray 雷 Lookers-on see most of the game.旁觀者清。--Smedley 斯密萊

Victory won't come to me unless I go to it.勝利是不會向我走來的，我必須自己走向勝利。--M.Moore 穆爾 Life is just a series of trying to make up your mind.生活只是由一系列下決心的努力所構成。--T.Fuller 富勒

All human wisdom is summed up in two words等待和希望。--Alexandre Dumas Pére大仲馬（法國作家）

It is not enough to be industrious, so are the ants.What are you industrious for? 光勤勞是不夠的，螞蟻也是勤勞的。要看你為什么而勤勞。--H.D.Thoreau梭羅 You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.人必須相信自己，這是成功的秘訣。--Charles Chaplin卓別林

Life itself, without the assistance of colleges and universities, is becoming an advanced institution of learning.沒有學院和大學的幫助，人生本身也正在變成一所高等學府。--Thomas Alva Edison 愛迪生

知識 ====== A little learning is a dangerous thing.淺薄的學識是一件危險的事情。--Alexander Pope 蒲柏

Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.知識是一座寶庫，而實踐就是開啟寶庫的鑰匙。--Fuller 富勒 Sure bind, sure find.確實放置好的東西，找起來也便當。--Heywood希伍德

Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration.天才是一分靈感加九十九分血汗。--Edison愛迪生 Nothing venture, nothing have.不進取者無所獲。--Heywood希伍德 Never too old to learn.求學不嫌年紀老。--Thomas Middleton 密都爾頓 There is no royal road to learning.學問之路無捷徑。--Trollope 特勒普

The brighter you are, the more you have to learn.越聰明的人，越需要學習。--D.Herold 赫羅爾德

A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.外語是人生斗爭的一種武器。--K.Marx 馬克思 To think is to see.思考就是明白。--Balzac 巴爾扎克 The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest men of past centuries.讀好書-如同與世上的先杰交談。--Descartes 笛卡兒 Choose an author as you choose a friend.要像選擇朋友那樣來選擇作者。--Wentworth Dillon Roscommon 羅斯康芒 To win you have to risk loss.要想勝利就得冒失敗的風險。--Jean-ClaudeKilly基里 Boys, be ambitious.年輕人應胸懷大志。--William Smith Clark克拉克

Knowledge is power, that knowledge is safety, that knowledge is happiness.知識就是力量，知識就是安全，知識就是幸福。--Thomas Jefferson 杰弗遜

It is easy to learn something about everything, but difficult to learn everything about anything.對每件事知道一些是容易的，對任何一件事詳細知道是困難的。--Emmons 艾蒙斯 The first step to knowledge is to know that we are ignorant.獲得知識的第一步是要知道自己無知。--Cecil 塞西爾 Zeal without knowledge is fire without light.有熱情而無知識，猶如有火焰而無光芒。--Thomas Fuller 富勒

If we would have new knowledge, we must get a whole world of new questions.要想獲得新知識，就必須提出大量的新問題。--Susannek K.Langer 蘭格 Activity is the only road to knowledge.(George Bernard Shaw , British dramatist)行動是通往知識的唯一道路。(英國劇作家 肖伯納.G.)Imagination is more important than knowledge.(Albert Einstein , American scientist)想象力比知識更為重要。(美國科學家 愛因斯坦.A.)Knowledge is power.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)知識就是力量。(英國哲學家 培根.F.)友誼

A true friend is one soul in two bodies.摯友如異體同心。--Aristotle 亞里士多德 Love your neighbor as yourself.愛鄰如己。--Jesus Christ 耶穌 One good turn deserves another.} 好心得好報。--Heywood 希伍德

A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難朋友才是真朋友。--Ray 雷

Good words cost nothing, but are worth much.良言不費分文，但價值甚大。--T.Fuller 富勒 When you are at Rome do as the Romans do.入鄉隨俗。--Penn 班

Hearts may agree, though heads differ.意見總有分歧，但其心則仍可能一致。--T.Fuller 富勒 Birds of a feather flock together.同聲相應，同氣相求。--Cicero 西塞羅 Like to like.物以類聚。--Cicero 西塞羅 Slow help is no help.遲助等于無助。--Trench 特蘭芝 It takes two to make a quarrel.必須有兩個人，才有爭吵。--Henry Kingsley金斯萊 Be slow in choosing a friend;slower in changing.擇友宜慎，棄之更宜慎。--Benjamin Franklin富蘭克林 Never judge from appearance.不要以貌取人。--Tindale 巔岱

A man should keep his friendship in constant repair.一個人應當讓他的友誼常新。--Samuel Johnson 瓊生

Sometimes the best helping hand you can get is a good, firm push.有時侯，及時有力的鼓勵是對你最好的幫助。--John Thomas 托馬斯 A friend is a present which you give yourself.朋友是你送給自己的一份禮物。--Robert Louis Stevenson 史蒂文森 Fate chooses your relatives, you choose your friends.親戚乃命定，朋友靠選擇。--Abbe Jacques Delille 德力爾 A faithful friend is the medicine of life.忠實的朋友是人生的良藥。--William Shakespeare 莎士比亞 The bird a nest, the spider a web, man friendship.鳥兒有巢，蜘蛛有網，人類有友誼。--William Blake布萊克 He makes no friends who never made a foe.從來沒有敵人的人也不會有朋友。--Alfred Tennyson丁尼生

We choose our friends by instinct, but we keep them by judgment.我們選擇朋友靠的是本能，但保持友誼靠的是判斷。--Alfred Capus 卡皮 Friendship is love without his wings.友誼是沒有羽翼的愛。--George Gordon Byron 拜倫 Suspicion is the poison of true friendship.猜疑是真誠友誼的一副毒劑。--St.Augustine奧古斯丁 True friendship is a plant of slow growth.真正的友誼像生長緩慢的植物。--George Washington 華盛頓 A hedge between keeps friendship green.朋友間適當保持距離，可使友誼常青。--J.A.Charles 查爾斯