第一篇:[考研英語]2014考研英語備考策略之翻譯
翻譯題是在一篇400字左右的概念或結構較復雜的短文中給出5個劃線的句子,要求考生完整、通順地將劃線部分的句子譯為漢語。此題主要是考查考生的詞匯量,語法知識,閱讀理解能力和漢語表達的綜合運用技巧。
歷年短文平均詞數:370詞;要求翻譯的詞數:160詞。重點考查考生對詞匯在上下文篇章中的猜測技能,在上下文中理解短語的含義,以及對于長、難句的分析仍舊是考試的重點,考生萬萬不可放松警惕。另外,能夠體現英語特色的從句,并列句仍然要求考生較好的掌握。當然,基本的翻譯方法,如:詞、詞組的省略及補譯,譯出it,they,this,that等代詞的真正代表的含義,詞義選擇、引申、詞性轉換,長句的拆句與逆序翻譯法,被動語態的翻譯等都要認真做好準備,幾乎年年都要出題的。
但是這一部分只要把歷年的真題找來認真按以下4個步驟好好練練,就會有大的提高:第一,結構分析,通過語法知識把句子的主、謂、賓找出來,句子的意思也就很清晰了;第二,長句拆分,把長句拆分成短句,一部分一部分地分別理解;第三,詞語推敲,在短結構中把詞的精確意義確定下來,特別要注意聯系上下文,選擇詞語正確地的含義;第四,檢查核對,這是最后一步也是關鍵的一步,把詞語拼結在一起仔細檢查,看看每部分是否合理,長句是否通順。
第二篇:考研英語備考
考研英語備考
伴隨著2012年考研的塵埃落定,2013的考研大軍已開始漫漫復習路。最先開始復習的應屬專業課和英語,而專業課因不同專業所復習材料不盡相同。而英語,可以說是每年考研大軍必經的懸崖峭嶺。而5、6月份正是英語復習最佳時期,很多同學都忽視這段時間對英語的復習,導致到后期,各科壓力都很大,最終不知該從何處下手復習,變得沒有條理,最終復習效果性不強。這段時期,考生該如何進行復習考研英語呢?下面由海天考研專家為2013考生提供幾點建議,希望對考生有所幫助。
首先,加強對英語基礎的溫故與知新
面對考研英語,考生不要產生畏懼心理,畢竟我們大學四年都一直在接觸英語,學習英語。對于英語閱讀和寫作能力有一定基礎的考生來說,在備考考研英語的時候可以從大一大二學過的英文教材著手復習。在回顧大學英語教材的時候,可以達到預熱的效果。當然在溫故教材的同時,我們要學會復習技巧,不能一味單純的通讀一遍,而是主要閱讀課文及課文后面的單詞,適當做些課后練習,主要的目的要落在英語行文的方式和文章篇章的結構。而那些自我感覺英語水平不錯的考生,可以花費少量的時間在回顧大學英語課本的復習上,可以把多余的時間和精力投入到廣泛的閱讀中去。可以適當看些英語原版的小說,擴充自己的閱讀量。
其次,增強對考研單詞的積累與記憶
可以說,考研英語的困難就在于單詞詞匯的記憶上面,很多考生也都是吃了詞匯量不足的虧。但面對過多的英語單詞,我們又該如何去背誦記憶呢?第一,理解詞匯多重含義。面對單詞,我們不僅要掌握它的直接含義,還要把它放在不同的語境下、背景中,它所代表的含義。要學會在單詞書上看他,在閱讀文章中理解他,在例句中掌握他,并在寫作中使用他。只有理解到這個詞匯的多重含義,才能算我們把這個詞匯“背”下來了。第二,重點掌握考綱詞匯。考研大綱中規定的單詞不過5500個左右,雖然近兩年考試中超綱的單詞出現的頻率有所提高,但是基本的單詞考查范圍并沒有太大的變化。所以,考生在背單詞時更多的要以大綱為主,不要記憶一些生僻的單詞。
最后,提升英語閱讀量,加大真題訓練
考研的同學都知道歷年真題的重要性,并且是對你整體復習的一個具有考核性檢查的指標,可以對你現有的復習進行查漏補缺,把錯誤的題目可以及時更正,強化正確記憶。但是正是因為真題的寶貴性,不要在復習之初或是隨意的進行真題訓練,而是在復習小有成效,在復習后期進行模擬性訓練。在復習中,考生也櫻花更多的精力放在閱讀英語為文章上面,這樣既能提高英語語感,也能熟悉很多不認識的單詞。希望以上幾點建議可以幫助到2013考研生們在考研英語的復習。希望夢想成真,實現研究生夢。
第三篇:考研英語作文沖刺備考策略和模版
考研英語作文
鐘方源
60分鐘做完寫作(20分鐘小作文,40分鐘大作文)
一般來說把左邊一頁寫滿就已經是最合適的了,正好差不多270。字數超了(超過350個字)會扣3分。
第一段的展開:
第一句:圖畫描述句:
As is shown above,in the middle of the picture stands a man(主系表倒裝表系主),rushing to final(非謂語動詞),which is defined another new start.(獨立主格結構)
Step1:完全倒裝(中心事物的位置)Step2:非謂;非限(中心事物的狀態)Step3:獨立主格
P.S.:……,with the caption reading that:
……,with a line going like this:
第二句:圖畫影響句
This picture has sparked a heated discussion on Wechat friend circle,the most attractive and influential social network form these day in China.第三句:圖畫意義句
The picture,at the first glimpse,seem to be simple,but only a penetrating sight can capture its essence.第二段的展開:
第一句:提出論點
重要主題:
1.The picture tells us that nothing can be compared with +重要主題 when it comes to the cultivation of individual characteristics.(個人)
2.The picture tells us that 重要主題 remains to be an integral(不可或缺)part in this ever papid(快速)changing modern society.(社會)
有害主題:
1.The picture does reveal that 有害主題 is not only harmful, but also damaging for the personal growth.(個人)
2.The picture does reveal that 有害主題 is in large measure(很大程度上)detrimental(有害的)not only to the personal life,but to the further development of the whole society.第二句:加強論點(附加句)
1,重要主題:
In no country other than China,is has been said,is this phenomenon more obvious.有害主題:
In no country other than China,is has been said,is this problem more urgent and serious.3.The past decade has witnessed a huge development in economy owing to some policy being carried out,bringing some problems at the same time,with the above one being the foremost(首要的).第三句:公眾態度 重要主題:
1.The public does attach due(適當的)attention to importance of the 重要主題 有害主題
2.The public fails to attach due attention to the bad effects brought by 有害主題
第四句:加強態度(附加句)
People form all over the world,governments and international organizations stress the fundamental role of 重要主題。
People form all over the world,governments and international organizations fail to notice the damaging consequences of 有害主題。
Individuals,enterprises,organizations and even the whole society stress the fundamental role of 重要主題。
Individuals,enterprises,organizations and even the whole society fail to notice the damaging consequences of 有害主題。
第五句:段落展開(為一個句群)第一種展開法:平行展開法
物質回報
句子:1.(主題)can offer people with not only delicious food but fashionable clothes and such benefits as comfortable dwelling and handsome automobiles.2.Individuals and organizations can make money,take profits and even obtain wealth by doing(主題)。
3.The industrious(勤勞)and insightful(有見地的)people will never fail to benefit from doing(主題).4.It can improve one’s living standards and make an easy and conforable life.5.It can bring people fresh air,clean water,bright sunshine ,clean food and comfortable dwelling.時間角度saves time/takes up little time/occupies little time.句子
(節約時間)
(主題,e.g.Confidence)saves people a great deal of time by eliminating hours spent on hesitation, so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their meaningful work.(浪費時間)
As is well known,the days of youth should not be idled away and time should be cherished,but(主題,e.g.star worship)wastes hours,lavishes days and even squanders(浪費)years,which leads us to say it kills and even murders youngster’s prime time.效率角度
(主題,e.g.Star worship/Addiction to the internet)makes people weary(疲憊)of other important things,discourages him to learn more.身心健康
句子:(主題)can relieve not noly pressure but also anxiety and such problem as depression,stress,isolation and solitude(孤獨).有助成長和成功
It can promote communication between people,rid of barriers between people and bridge gaps between people.People who treat others with love,sincerity,sympathy,enthusiasm,hospitality or generosity always win respect from others.社會宏觀角度
It means that people can have equal opportunity to college education,employments,self realizetion,and pursuit of material wealth.第二種展開法:科學論據法
1.According to a survey conducted by Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),……
According to a survey conducted by Chinese Academy of social Sciences(CASS),……
According to a survey conducted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD),……
結論:Those who worship stars are more likely to squander time,compared with those who do not.Those who are of cooperation are more likely to establish the career,compared with those who are not.2.China Daily interviewed four people from four prefessions——a surgeon(外科醫生),a white collar worker,a carpenter(木匠)and a farmer.the survey discovers that all of them are of the idea that+主題重要或有害。
第三種展開法:舉例法(盡量只舉例不展開)
1.Nowadays,our society has been filled with a variety of example of sth,with Sb being the foremost(主要的).2.Numerous cases exist to illustrate this point.Take sb.for example,but for 主題,sb could not have done sth,let alone doing sth.3.Take sb for example, without 主題,how can sb do sth? Without 主題,how can sb do sth?Withou 主題,how can sb do sth?
[人物詞積累:Shakespeare,Barack Obama, George Washington]
最后一句
虛擬語氣結尾:
Were there no something, never would we do something.Were the situation to continue as it is, we would pay the high price.第三段的展開:(評論后舉例也可以舉例后評論)可能用到的表達:
Form my perspective,…… 我認為……
正面話題:
第一句:取其精華
It is imperative(必要)that the essence(本質)be absorbed(吸收)and the drawbacks(缺點)be neglected(忽略),during this process, especially in the times of knowledge explosion,when the news, facts, opinions even rumors have been bombarding us from every corner of the world.第二句:全面考慮
In view of the importance and the complexity(復雜)of such an phenomenon,we must treat it socially, economically and culturally.第三句:只管面對
In a sense, it is not why sth exists in today’s world but what we should do to cope with it.第四句:展望未來
Only in a reasonable, prosperous(繁榮)and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which people can enjoy their life to the uttermost(最大限度).負面話題:
第一句:情況很危急
The situation being so serious, it is high time that we took effective measures to……
第二句:立法很重要
It is imperative that corresponding(相應的)laws and regulations be introduced and enforced to harness and curb this urgent problem.第三句:公眾教育
The general(普通的)public is supposed to enhance their awareness of the harmful effects of 主題.第四句:專家想對策
In this issue, researchers, scholars and experts are expected to work out up-to-date solutions to sth.第五句:展望未來
With a proper(適當)law and an alert public, it will only be a matter of time before the problem becomes things of the past.常見主題詞:
順境與逆境(Favorable Circumstances and adverse Circumstances)勤奮(diligence;painstaking work)
謹慎和堅毅(prudence and determination)熱情和樂觀(, enthusiasm and optimism)
博學和求知(learnedness and seeking knowledge/pursuit of knowledge)絕望和堅持(Frustration and perseverance)獨立性問(independence)感恩(gratitude)創新(creation and innovation)鼓勵(encouragement)自滿和謙遜(self-satisfied and modest)合作(cooperation)誘惑(temptations)
常見的話題:
1. 資源保護(Energy and Resource Saving)環境保護(Environmental protection)低碳環保(low-carbon life)
2. 人口增長(The growth of China’s population)3. 社會保障問題(Social security fund)4. 假冒偽劣產品問題(Counterfeits and unqualified products)食品安全(food safety)5. 消費者權益保護問題(The protection of consumers rights and interests)6. 社會誠信的缺失(Honest is the best policy.It pays to be honest.)7.知識產權保護問題(Intellectual Property protection.No plagiarizing)8. 微博和微信的強勢崛起(The rise of the WeiBo, Wechat)9. 傳統文化的傳播(traditional Chinese culture)孝敬父母(caring parents)(filial piety)10. 提高學生的身體素質(physical exercise build a strong body and relieve pressure and keep a pleasant mood)
11. 大學生的就業(sticking to our own choice of following our parent’s arrangement)12. 大學城的建造(the construction of university town)
書信作文
Dear sir/Madam, Sincerely,投訴信
開頭:I am writing to make a complaint about……
結尾:I understand you will give immediate attention to this matter.建議信
開頭:You have asked me for some advice on how to improve……I will try to give some useful suggestions.結尾:I hope that my suggestions are helpful for your decision-making anyway.道歉信
開頭:I am writing to apologize for……
結尾:I sincerely hope that you will be able to think in my position and accept my apologies.辭職信
開頭:I am writing to inform you about my decision of resignation.結尾:I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation.I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.求職信
開頭:I am writing this letter to recommend myself as a qualified candidate for the job of senior accountant you have advertised in……
結尾:I have enclosed my resume that outline in detail my qualifications and experience.推薦信
開頭:With reference to your requirements, I shall, without reservation, recommend……as an ideal candidate.結尾:Please do not hesitate to contact me if necessary.感謝信
開頭:I am writing this letter to thank you for…… 結尾:I must thank you again for your generous help.祝賀信
開頭:Please accept my sincere congratulations on ……
結尾:Every good wish to you for much health, happiness, and prosperity!
邀請信: 開頭:I am writing to invite you to……
結尾:I would like to meet you there and please let me know your decision.咨詢信
開頭:I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding…… 結尾:Your immediate response is enthusiastically expected.告示
要寫標題:Notice或者Announcement。不要寫抬頭(如dear sir),不僅多余而且錯誤。落款如Postgraduate’s Association
備忘錄(考的機率幾乎為零)To、From、Subject和Date 然后是正文段落
第四篇:2014考研英語:翻譯難點之比較結構
2014考研英語:翻譯難點之比較結構
比較結構是考研翻譯中非常重要的考點之一,比較結構包括以下兩種類型:①當要表達的事物之間在某一方面一樣時,可用 as…as…(后接形容詞或副詞,as much / many…as…(后接名詞或動詞)結構,no less...than(=not any less...than...)...,no more...than(=not any more...than...)...。②表達事物之間差別的結構可采用 more(…than)或 less(…than),后可接形容詞、副詞、動詞或名詞。但要注意的是 more…than 還可譯作“與其說……,不如說……” 實際上,英語的比較結構比較復雜,翻譯時應注意英漢兩種語言在表達上的差異。處理時應先識別比較結構,然后判斷比較對象。
【真題例句1】
There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.【解析】
這是一個典型的than引導的比較結2014考研構。如若按照字面來譯:“有更多的一致意見在這個詞所指的不同表現方面,較少的一致意見對這些表現如何解釋或分類”,譯文顯得生硬,我們需要轉譯。
【參考譯文】
:譯文1:對(智力)這個詞所指的不同表現人們意見比較一致,而對這些表現如何解釋或分類則有不同看法。
譯文2:人們對(智力)所指的不同表現,比對這些表現如何進行解釋或分類,看法更為一致。
【真題例句2】
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80’s, downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for he mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into
one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.結構分析:
【解析】
這句話的平行結構是兩個名詞短語:a search for he mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one和a personal recognition of your limitations.本句主干由not so much…as…固定搭配連接構成的一個長句,其準確的翻譯應為“與其……不如……”,而這種翻譯成中文之后通常讓人產生理解上的障礙。這種搭配出現在客觀試題的閱讀文章中,通常可以直接把它理解成“不是……而是……”。
【參考譯文】
對于我們這一代曾在整個80年代為生2014考研活奔波的女性來說, 90年代中期過著放慢生活節奏的生活,與其說是追求神話般的美好生活——自已種有機蔬菜,冒著變得毫無生機的危險——倒不如說我們都認識到了自己的局限。
【真題例句3】
The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer does at the moment he composes.【解析】
The ideal listener...enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes 中does 代替enjoys,表示對音樂的“欣賞”。這里as much as 同樣表示同等程度。
【參考譯文】
一個真正懂得音樂的聽眾,應該是在聽音樂時既置身于音樂萬學海文其中,又可游離于音樂之外,他對音樂的欣賞程度,幾乎等同于作曲家本人在創作該曲時的欣賞程度。
第五篇:2014考研英語之翻譯模擬題(二)
在這里,沒有考不上的研究生。
2014考研英語之翻譯模擬題
(二)二、科學與技術
The meanings of “science”and “technology”have changed significantly from one generation to another.More similarities than differences, however, can be found between the terms,(46)Both science and technology imply a thinking process, both are concerned with causal relationships in the material world, and both employ an experimental methodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified by repetition.(47)Science, at least in theory, is less concerned with the practicality of its results and more concerned with the development of general laws, but in practice science and technology are inextricably involved with each other.The varying interplay of the two can be observed in the historical development of such practitioners as chemists, engineers, physicists, astronomers, carpenters, potters, and many other specialists.Differing educational requirements, social status, vocabulary, methodology, and types of rewards, as well as institutional objectives and professional goals, contribute to such distinctions as can be made between the activities of scientists and technologists;but throughout history the practitioners of “pure”science have made many practical as well as theoretical contributions.(48)Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for technological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth.Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory.Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechanics, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics were developed before the laws governing their functions were discovered.The steam engine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principle underlying its operations.In recent years a sharp value distinction has their bitter opponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more than science.(49)For these people , science may be perceived as a serene, objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control.(50)Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization but also that the rate of technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries.Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically, without respect to geographical limits or political systems.These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences.Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process.答案
46.科學與技術都包含有一種思維的過程,兩者都涉及到物質世界的因果關系,兩者都
跨考魔鬼集訓營0
1運用了一套實驗的方法論,這種方法論所產生的是能夠通過重復得以驗證的經驗性的實證結果。
47.至少在理論上,科學較少地關心其研究成果的實用性,而更多地關注于歸納出普遍的法則;但是在實踐中,科學與技術卻相互關聯,無法割裂。
48.人們認為科學為技術創新提供理念,因此,對于工業文明中的任何一次意義重大的進步,純理論的研究是必不可少的,當然,這種觀念其實是個神話。
49.對于這些人來說,科學或許被看成是一種平靜的、客觀的理解自然永恒法則的出發點,而如今在他們看來,現代世界里技術的實際運用似乎已失去控制。
50.許多科學史家認為,技術不僅是先進的工業文明必不可少的條件,而且在最近的幾個世紀里,技術變革的速度已形成了自身的勢頭。
總體分析
本文介紹了科學和技術之間的關系以及對人類的影響。
第一段:科學和技術之間的相似性要大于差異性,它們之間的相互影響反映在各個行業的發展中。
第二段:技術的發展不依賴科學的發展,兩者之間的價值分歧越來越尖銳。而且,現在很多人對技術的恐懼甚于對科學的擔心。
第三段:技術的發展既有創造性也有毀滅性。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:嵌套式定語從句、抽象名詞。
本句是由and連接的三個并列句,都以both開頭。第三個分句的主干是:both employ an experimental methodology,賓語methodology后接有一個that引導的定語從句做定語,該定語從句中又嵌套了一個that引導的定語從句(demonstrations)can be verified by repetition。由于有嵌套式定語從句,因此需要采用拆譯法,從第一個that開始單獨成句。詞匯方面:imply意為“暗示,意味;必然包含”;be concerned with意為“與??有關,涉及;關注,感興趣”;empirical意為“以實驗(或經驗)為根據的,經驗主義的”;demonstration意為 “證明,論證,說明,證實”,由于它是抽象名詞,可按照漢語習慣,采用加譯法,譯成“論證的結果”。verify意為“檢驗,查證,核實”。
47.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:比較結構。
本句是由but連接的并列句。前一分句中含有比較結構:is less concerned with ?and more concerned with ?,可譯為“較少地關心??而更多地關注于”。主謂之間的插入語at least in theory做狀語翻譯時可提前。
詞匯方面:practicality意為“實用性”;inextricably意為“逃不掉地,解決不了地,解不開地”;be involved with sb./sth.意為“與??關系密切”。
48.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:同位語從句、增譯法。
句子的主干是the concept ? is a myth。主語后接有由that引導的兩個并列的同位語從句。由于主語后修飾成分較長,因此采用拆譯法單獨成句。并且先譯從句,后譯主句,用復指代詞“這種觀念”來連接主句和從句的內容。第二個同位語從句中therefore說明的是兩個從句間的因果關系,翻譯時要提前到第二個從句前。
詞匯方面:pure research直譯為“純研究”,不是漢語習慣表達,應采用增譯法,譯為“純理論的研究”。myth可意為“神話,杜撰出來的人或物,(沒有事實根據的)虛構信念
(或觀點、理論)”,根據上下文選擇其“沒有事實根據的觀點”的含義。
49.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:后置定語、狀語。
該句子是由whereas(然而,但是)連接的并列句。前一分句的主干是science may be perceived as a ? source,后面接for understanding ?介詞結構做后置定語,翻譯時應提前。后一分句的主干是manifestations now seem to be out of control,其中做時間和地點狀語的介詞短語in the modern world和now可提前翻譯。
詞匯方面:perceive sth.as sth.意為“視為,認為,理解為”;source意為“來源,根源,源頭”,根據上下文譯為“出發點”;manifestation意為“顯示,表明,表示”,根據上下文譯為“(技術的)運用”。
50.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:賓語從句。
主句是Many historians of science argue,后面not only ? but also連接了兩個并列的賓語從句。
詞匯方面:momentum意為“推動力,勢頭”。
全文翻譯
“科學”和“技術”的含義一代一代發生了深刻的變化。然而,這兩個術語之間的相似之處要多于其不同之處。科學與技術都包含有一種思維的過程,兩者都涉及物質世界的因果關系,兩者都運用一套實驗的方法論,這種方法論所產生的是能夠通過重復得以驗證的經驗性的實證結果。至少在理論上,科學較少地關心其研究成果的實用性,而更多地關注于歸納出普遍的法則;但是在實踐中,科學與技術卻相互關聯,無法割裂。兩者之間不同程度的相互影響可見于各種行業的歷史發展過程,諸如:化學、工程、物理、天文、土木、制陶以及其它行業。科學家和技術人員的研究活動的差異與下列因素有關:不同的教育要求、社會地位、術語、方法論、獎勵方式、以及機構目標職業目標,但縱觀歷史,許多“純”科學家既有理論建樹也有實用創新。
人們認為科學為技術創新提供理念,因此,對于工業文明中的任何一次意義重大的進步,純理論的研究是必不可少的,當然,這種觀念其實是沒有事實根據的。大多數工業文明的偉大改變都與實驗室研究無關,機械、化工、天文、冶金、水利領域的基本工具及流程早在決定它們功能的法則被發現之前就已存在。例如,早在熱動力學解釋了蒸汽機操作的物理原理之前,蒸汽機已廣泛存在。
最近幾年,科學和技術之間的價值分歧越來越尖銳。科學進步經常遭到激烈的反對,然而,現在有很多人對技術的恐懼甚于對科學的擔心。對于這些人來說,科學或許被看成是一種平靜的、客觀的理解自然永恒法則的出發點,而如今在他們看來,現代世界里技術的實際運用似乎已失去控制。
許多科學史家認為,技術不僅是先進的工業文明必不可少的條件,而且在最近的幾個世紀里,技術變革的速度已形成了自身的勢頭。現在技術創新的速度似乎以幾何級別在增長,遠遠超出了地理和政治的限定。這些技術創新往往會改變傳統的文化體制,并常常帶來難以預料的社會后果。所以,技術應被看作是既有進步性也有毀滅性的過程。
(來源:跨考考研)