第一篇：北師大02-08考博Summary真題及部分答案總結

（2007）

Read the following passage carefully and write a summary of it in English in about 150 words.Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance The word(過于具體)Renaissance means “rebirth.”(與下文重復)A number of people who lived in(過于具體)Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had witnessed(過于具體)a rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age.To them, the thousand or so years between the end of the Roman Empire and their own era was a middle period(hence the “Middle Ages”), characterized by darkness because of its lack of classic culture(鋪墊).Historians of the nineteenth century later used similar terminology to describe this period in Italy.(鋪墊)The Swiss historian and art critic Jacob Burckhardt created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy published in 1860(舉例).He portrayed Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the birthplace of the modern world(the Italians were “the firstborn among the sons of modern Europe”)(與前文重復)and saw the revival of antiquity, “the perfecting of the individual,” and secularism as its distinguishing features.Burckhardt exaggerated the individuality and secularism of the Renaissance and failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment（詳細陳述或讓步）;nevertheless, he established the framework for all modern interpretations of the Renaissance（與主題不直接相聯）.Although contemporary scholars do not believe that the Renaissance represents a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages, as Burckhardt argued—there was, after all, much continuity in economic, political, and social life between the two periods（讓步）—the Renaissance can still be viewed as a distinct period of European history that manifested itself first in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe.Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society.As a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy by the mid-fourteenth century was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts around them.These city-states became the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life.Within this new urban society,（鋪墊，或屬于次要原因）a secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of worldly things.Above all, the Renaissance was an age of recovery from the “calamitous fourteenth century.” Italy and Europe began a slow process of recuperation from the effects of the Black Death, political disorder, and economic recession（詳細陳述或舉例論證）.This recovery was accompanied by a rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity.Increasingly aware of their own historical past, Italian intellectuals became intensely interested in the Greco-Roman culture of the ancient Mediterranean world.This new revival of classical antiquity(the Middle Ages had in fact preserved much of ancient Latin culture)affected activities as diverse as politics and art and led to new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought, as well as new ways of viewing human beings.（后果延伸）

A revived emphasis on individual ability became characteristic of the Italian Renaissance.As the fifteenth-century Florentine architect Leon Battista Alberti expressed it: “Man can do all things if they will.”（舉例）A high regard for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person who was capable of achievements in many areas of life.（后果延伸）These general features of the Italian Renaissance were not characteristic of all Italians but were primarily the preserve of the wealthy upper classes, who constituted a small percentage of the total population（詳細陳述）.The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the product of an elite, rather than a mass, movement.（與上文重復）Nevertheless, indirectly it did have some impact on ordinary people, especially in the cities, where so many of the intellectual and artistic accomplishments of the period were most visible.（詳細陳述或屬于不重要修飾語

（2006）

（2005）

Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 words

A tool is an implement or device used directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form.The date of the earliest tools is extremely remote.Tools found in northern Kenya in 1969 have been estimated to be about 2600000 years old, and their state of development suggests that even older tools remain to be discovered.The present array of tools has as common ancestors the sharpened stones that were the keys to early human survival.Rudely fractured stones, first found and later “made” by hunters who needed a general-purpose tool, were a “knife” of sorts that could also be used to hack, to pound, and to grub.In the course of a vast interval of time, a variety of single-purpose tools came into being.With the twin developments of agriculture and animal domestication, roughly 10000 years ago.The many demands of a settled way of life led to a higher degree of tool specialization;the identities of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4000 years ago.The common denominator of these tools is removal of material from a workpiece, usually by some form of cutting.The presence of a cutting edge is therefore characteristic of most tools.And the principal concern of toolmakers has been the pursuit and creation of improved cutting edges.Tool effectiveness was enhanced enormously by hafting---the fitting of a handle to a piece of sharp stone, which endowed the tool with better control, more energy, or both.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools.Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging.Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries to the shaping tools, include such implements as the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding.A craftsman may also use instruments that facilitate accurate measurements: the rule, divider, square, and others.Power tools---usually hand-held, motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw---perform many of the old manual operations and as such may be considered hand tools.Machine tools are analogous to hand tools in their function as shaping implements, but they require stationary mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.During the evolution of tools over more than 2000000 years, using as principal materials, successively, stone, bronze, and iron, humans developed a number of particular tools.Taken together, these specialized tools form an inverted pyramid resting upon the first general-purpose tool.The nearly formless chopper.With the discovery of metals and the support of numerous inventions allowing their exploitation, the first approximations to the modern forms of the basic tools of the craftsman established themselves, with the main thrust of further development directed at improving the cutting edges.The earliest tools were multipurpose;specialized tools were latecomers.A multipurpose tool, although able to do a number of things, does none of them as well as a tool designed or proportioned for one job and one material.（2004）

Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.The success of failure of a company abroad depends on how effectively its employees can exercise their skills in a new location.That ability will depend on both their job-related expertise and the individual’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the new cultural environment.One of the most common factors contributing to failure in international business assignments is the erroneous assumption that if a person is successful in the home environment, he or she will be equally successful in applying technical expertise in a different culture.Research has shown that failures in the overseas business setting most frequently result from an inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rather than from technical or professional incompetence.At home U.S.businesspeople equip themselves with vast amount of knowledge of their employees, customers, and business partners.Market research provides detailed information on values, attitudes, and buying preferences of U.S, consumers;middle-and upper-level managers are well versed in the intricacies of their organization’s culture;and labor negotiators must be highly sensitive to what motivates those on the other side of the table.Yet when North Americans turn to the international arena, they frequently are willing to deal with customers, employees, and fellow workers with a lack of information that at home would be unimaginable.The literature on international business is filled with examples of business miscues when U.S.corporations attempted to operate in an international context.Some are mildly amusing.Others are downright embarrassing.All of them, to one degree or another, have been costly in terns of money, reputation, or both.For example, when American firms try to market their products in other countries, they often assume that if a marketing strategy or slogan is effective in Cleveland, it will be equally effective in other parts of the world.But problems arise when cultural context changes.Just as inattention to the cultural context can result in some costly blunders in marketing and management, it also can affect seriously the success of international business negotiations.Time, effort, reputation, and even contracts can be lost because of cultural ignorance.The world is changing faster than most of us can calculate, and if American businesspersons are to meet the challenges of an increasingly interdependent world, they will need to develop a better understanding of how cultural variables influence international business enterprises.A healthy dialogue between cultures and members of the international business community will be an important step in achieving that needed understanding.(2003)Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development.Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent’s rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts-both naturally existing and man-made—which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Europe’s economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century, particularly in England.The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow;this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with nature from animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets.Greater wealth was accumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land.The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labour created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.The revolution vegan in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton.By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids.Britain had been practically deforested by this time, and the incessant demand for more fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry.Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances.The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas.Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, the Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways.By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition.Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia.During the 20the century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent;but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character—which has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating world wars-as well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by increased economic competition from overseas.Governmental protectionism, which has tended to restrict the potential market for a product to a single country, has deprived many industrial concerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market(such as is found in the United States).In addition, enterprise efficiency has suffered from government support and from a lack of competition within a national market area.Within individual countries there have been growing tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not.This “core-periphery” problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups.（2002）

Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two great events.The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades.World War I began in 1914.Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19th century.In between these boundaries---the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head---much of modern Europe was defined.Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided.A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent.European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continentwide alliance system after 1871.At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before.Finally, the European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development.Changes such as the Industrial Revolution and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe---Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy.Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences.Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19th century.Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into relatively small chunks.Thus 1789-1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon;1815-48 forms a period of reaction and adjustment;1848-71 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the German and Italian nations;and 1871-1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war.Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful.Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution.Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments.The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.(2008)

build up ,and like some magnificent structure without foundation.Answer:（2007）

（2006）

Finland, an enormous land of unspoiled lakes and forests, nourishes Finnic genius of commitmen and coexistence with nature.The basic nucleus of the Finnic population are Finns coming from the Urals in the early century of the Christian age.Being such short history, Finland does not have enormous number of work of art, but it is still possible to meet craftsman in Savonlinna who are working according to the old techniques.Glas, which is a typical Finnish product, seems to sum up the characteristics of the world from which it originates: purity, simplicity, and a sense of nature.The forests and waters inspire contemporary works of art;and the meditative soul of the Finns, who blend in with nature, is nourished by these fresh color.Near Leiksa, an extraordinary sculptor working with wood is one of the example of contemporary artists who is inspired by nature.（2005）

A tool is a device use directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form.The date of the earliest toll is extremely remote.Stones as tool were the keys to early human survival.The twin development of agriculture and animal domestication developed the general-purpose tool into single-purpose tool.Generally speaking, tools are removal of material from workplace.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools.Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations.Machine tools are complementary to hand tools in their functions, but they require stationary, mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.The earliest tools were multipurpose;specialized tools were latecomers.（2004）

(2003)Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy.Its successful modernization facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Concerning the time, it first began in the 17th century.The traditional method of cultivation involved allowing land to remain fallow thus fewer farmlands were needed to work the land and the accumulated capital and labor created by this revolution fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and spread to some of the other European countries.Although they had recognized the importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development, there still existed large areas untouched by modern in industrial development.During the 20th century Europe has experienced periods of economic growth and prosperity, but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character.（2002）（2008）

The creation of a scientific method was critical to the development of science.In his book The Great Restoration, Francis Bacon put forth the call for the reconstruction of sciences, arts and all human knowledge on a correct foundation, the basis of which was inductive principles, or proceeding from the particular to the general.Bacon believed in the value of experiments and observations.Besides, he was more concerned with applied sciences than theoretical ones.He deemed that the purpose of science should be bringing discoveries and power to human beings and conquering nature.As he claimed, his new foundation was not for any specific branch of science, but for human utility and power.Of course, this began to be doubted as the major cause of the modern ecological crisis in the twentieth century.

第二篇：2015武漢大學考博英語部分真題答案

感謝”珞珈人（武大考博）197431621”群網友熱心提供題源

一、閱讀理解

Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty.Because justice is regarded as one form.of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime.Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society.To make up for his offence, society must get even.This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him.This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times.It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder.This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel.He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed.The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied.To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt.The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice.The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it.It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him.The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society.Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior.must be found.If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done.Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society.This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime.It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered.However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society.His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1.The best title for this selection is（B）A.Fitting Punishment to the Crime B.Approaches to Just Punishment C.Improvement in Legal Justice D.Attaining Justice in the Courts

2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the（C）.A.type of crime that was proven B.severity for the punishment C.reason for the sentence D.outcome of the trial

3.The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（D）.A.forced brain surgery B.whipping C.solitary confinement D.the electric chair

4.The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to（D）.A.prove，that equality demands just punishment B.justify the need for punishment as a part of law C.give moral backing to retributive justice D.prove that man has long been interested in justice

”In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized...In a great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice.Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.“

This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete.There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status.In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children.More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life.It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes.In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going.Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.5.The phrase ”men's sureness of their sex role“ in the first paragraph suggests that they（C）

A.are confident in their ability to charm women.B.take the initiative in courtship.C.have a clear idea of what is considered ”manly“.D.tend to be more immoral than women are.6.The third paragraph（A）

A.generally agrees with the first paragraph B.has no connection with the first paragraph C.repeats the argument of the second paragraph D.contradicts the last paragraph

7.The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（B）A.is based on the study of archaeology B.illustrates how people expect men to behave C.is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke D.proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer

8.The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（D）A.approves of B.argues is natural C.completely rejects D.expects to go on changing

Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations.It makes it hard to plan ahead.But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets.Farmers in Europe, the U.S.and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts.Last month U.S.President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S.agricultural support close to crazy European levels.Bush said the step was necessary to ”promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations“.It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries.But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families.Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods.It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance.”What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.“

Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete.Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output.This is no pie in the sky speculation.The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe.But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the ”least developed country“ status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products.With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose.And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers.The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing.Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets.Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago.But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed.Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers（C）receive more government subsidies than others.? A.in the developing world B.in Japan C.in Europe D.in America?

10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a（A）motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.? A.partisan B.social C.financial D.cultural?

11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that（A）? A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?

B.“the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries? C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization? D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies

12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S.is（C）? A.favourable B.ambiguous C.critical D.reserved

Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions.First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse.Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（D）.A.emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction B.misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction C.misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction D.substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction

14.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（A）.A.evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism B.comparing various critical approaches to ”a subject C.discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism D.summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism

15.The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as（B）.A.pedantic and contentious B.critical but admiring C.ironic and deprecating D.argumentative but unfocused

16.It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following（C）

A.An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writers B.A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors C.A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes

D.An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history

三、漢譯英

得病以前，我受父母寵愛，在家中橫行霸道。一旦隔離，拘禁在花園山坡上一幢小房子里，我頓感到打入冷宮，十分郁郁不得志 起來。一個春天的傍晚，園中百花怒放，父母在園中設宴，一時賓客云集，笑語四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地掀起窗簾，窺見園中大千世界，一片繁華。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其間，個個喜氣洋洋。一瞬間，一陣被人擯棄、為世所遺的悲憤兜上心頭，禁不住痛哭起來。

Before I fell ill, my parents doted on me a lot.I could have my way at home.Once I was isolated and confined in a chamber on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.One spring evening, my parents held a Banquet in the garden, where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom.In no time, a crowd of their guests collected and laughter was heard all over there.I, without being noticed, lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden, and my elder sisters, brothers and my cousins, each full of the joys of spring, were shuttling among the guests.Quickly enough, I was thrown into a fist of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and discarded by the rest and could not help crying my heart out.四、作文

How to Prevent Plagiarism

第三篇：馬克思主義考博真題

07年 馬哲原理

1、試論馬克思主義的哲學觀。（40分）

2、試論馬克思主義哲學的批判的革命的本質及其現實意義。（30分）

3、試論馬克思恩格斯關于社會公平的思想。（30分）

原著

1、“人們自己創造自己的歷史，但他們并不是隨心所欲的創造自己的歷史??” 請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

2、“人的思維的至上性與非至上性……真理與謬誤的……” 請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

3、“認識由感性到理性……從現象到本質，再到更深刻的本質”（關于現象和本質的那段話）請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

4、“認識和實踐……”（關于實踐和認識無限反復循環的一段話）請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

5、試論恩格斯在馬克思主義哲學創立過程中的地位和作用。（20分）

6、試論馬克思恩格斯關于政治解放和人類解放的關系的思想。（區別和聯系）（20分）08年

馬哲原理：

1.試述費爾巴哈和馬克思關于人的論述。

2．闡述實踐標準的確定性和不確定性的論述，并談談其現實意義。3．試論述歷史規律的客觀性及其特點。馬哲史：

1.“人體解剖是猴體解剖的一把鑰匙??”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。2.“我們不能得意于對自然界的勝利??”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。3.“考察的客觀性。”要求說出出處、含義和意義。4．“使馬克思主義哲學具有中國風格、中國氣派”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。04年 馬哲原理

1、如何從哲學角度理解社會發展。

2、實踐在現實生活中的超越意義。原著

1、《提綱》的偉大變革。

2、列寧三者統一思想。

3、毛澤東《實踐論》《反對本本主義》《人的正確思想從哪里來》的內在聯系。05年 馬哲原理

1、馬克思主義中國化特點、主要經驗及其意義。

2、和諧社會的哲學基礎。

3、人與社會矛盾的當代特點及出路。原著

1、《提綱》第二條。

2、《政治經濟學批判序言》兩個“不會”“必然”。

3、《終結》 “過程集合體”。

4、列寧《談談辯證法問題》最后一段“唯心主義的認識論根源”。

5、文本研究對發展馬哲的意義。06年：

馬哲原理：

1、試論馬克思主義世界歷史理論對中國現代化的意義。

2、簡述真理是一個過程的思想及其意義。

3、試述社會歷史發展的決定論和選擇論的辯證關系及其意義。原著：

1.引文為馬克思《1857-1858手稿》中關于人的發展階段理論一段話，要求指出出處，解釋文本并說明意義。

2、引文為為“隨著自然科學的發展，唯物主義必然改變自己的形式......”一段話，要求指出出處，解釋文本并說明意義。

3、引文為列寧“兩個歸結于”一段論述，要求指出出處，解釋文本并說明意義。

4、簡述毛澤東在《實踐論》和《矛盾論》中對馬哲中國化的貢獻。07年 馬哲原理

1、試論馬克思主義的哲學觀。（40分）

2、試論馬克思主義哲學的批判的革命的本質及其現實意義。（30分）

3、試論馬克思恩格斯關于社會公平的思想。（30分）

原著

1、“人們自己創造自己的歷史，但他們并不是隨心所欲的創造自己的歷史??” 請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

2、“人的思維的至上性與非至上性……真理與謬誤的……” 請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

3、“認識由感性到理性……從現象到本質，再到更深刻的本質”（關于現象和本質的那段話）請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

4、“認識和實踐……”（關于實踐和認識無限反復循環的一段話）請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

5、試論恩格斯在馬克思主義哲學創立過程中的地位和作用。（20分）

6、試論馬克思恩格斯關于政治解放和人類解放的關系的思想。（區別和聯系）（20分）08年

馬哲原理：

1.試述費爾巴哈和馬克思關于人的論述。

2．闡述實踐標準的確定性和不確定性的論述，并談談其現實意義。3．試論述歷史規律的客觀性及其特點。馬哲史：

1.“人體解剖是猴體解剖的一把鑰匙??”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。2.“我們不能得意于對自然界的勝利??”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。3.“考察的客觀性。”要求說出出處、含義和意義。4．“使馬克思主義哲學具有中國風格、中國氣派”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。

中國人民大學中國哲學專業歷年考博試題

2000年： 西哲：

1、亞里士多德對柏拉圖理念說的批判與繼承。

2、安瑟爾謨關于上帝存在的本體論證明。

3、休謨因果說評述。

4、斯賓諾莎唯理論的認識。

5、費爾巴哈對黑格爾唯心主義體系的批評和繼承。中哲；

1、莊子對老子思想的繼承和發展。

2、《壇經》的心性論綜述。

3、朱熹的格物致知思想述評。

4、章太炎儒學觀的演變。

5、道家思想的現代意義。2001年 西哲

1、德謨克利特的原子論。

2、康德的感性。

3、經驗論的。

4、托馬斯·阿奎那的理性和信仰的關系。

5、黑格爾的矛盾。中哲：

1、離間白和合同異的異同。

2、郭象的獨化論述評。

3、王陽明的“四句教”的哲學意義。

4、譚嗣同的仁學。

5、以德治國的現實意義。2002年 西哲：

1、柏拉圖的理念論。

2、培根的四假象說。

3、休謨的習慣性聯想。

4、托馬斯·阿奎那關于上帝存在的證明。

5、康德的實踐理性批判。中哲：

1、先秦天道觀的區別。

2、董仲舒的人副天數說。

3、法藏華嚴宗的判教理論。

4、嚴復的中西觀。

5、中西哲學的比較。2003年 西哲：

1、亞里士多德的四因說。

2、笛卡兒、斯賓諾莎、萊布尼茨的“天賦觀念說”的異同。

3、貝克萊的“存在即是感知和被感知”。

4、黑格爾的辯證法述評。中哲：

1、老子的“道”的思想和現代意義。

2、葛洪對道家思想的改造。

3、二程學說的異同。

4、孫中山的進化論思想。

5、中國哲學同現代化的關系。2004年 西哲：

1、柏拉圖理念論。

2、斯賓諾莎實體學說。

3、康德“哥白尼革命”。

4、黑格爾的“思維與存在的同一性。” 中哲：

1、荀子對孔子“禮”思想的繼承和發展。

2、南北朝時佛性與人性之辨。

3、王廷相的道體論及其在氣學中的地位。

4、維新派知行觀的特點。

5、儒佛價值觀的融合與沖突。2005年 西哲：

1、亞里士多德的中道思想與孔子中庸思想比較。

2、笛卡兒是在面臨什么樣的挑戰下提出他的形而上學基礎的？他是如何構建他的形而上學基礎的？

3、貝克萊的“存在即感知與被感知”。

4、康德的“人為自然立法”。中哲：

1、先秦法家的道論。

2、董仲舒對先秦儒家的改造。

3、朱熹的“無極太極之辯”

4、康有為哲學創新中的中國特色。

5、中國哲學中天人關系的現代意義。2007年 中哲： 1．《易傳》的哲學思想 2．葛洪的哲學思想 3．《四書》與宋明理學的關系 4．龔自珍、魏源的哲學思想 5．“和”的中國哲學資源 西哲：

1．柏拉圖的洞穴隱喻

2．斯賓諾莎的倫理學思想與莊子人生哲學的異同 3．康德的純粹理性批判 4．舉例說明西方哲學概念在詮釋中國哲學中的積極作用和消極作用

2009年（憑記憶，可能有誤差，請諒解）中哲：

1，儒家的仁愛和墨家兼愛之間的異同 2，董仲舒的天人合一思想 3，宋明理學中天理的含義

4，評述康有為的“公羊三世說” 5，評述中國儒學與現代化的兼容性 西哲：

1，普羅泰格拉“人是萬物的尺度”，并用柏拉圖的理念論加以評析 2，中世紀兩大派

3，康德是怎樣完成他的批判的

4，邏各斯和中國哲學中“道”的異同 中國人民大學2010年博士初試題目 中國哲學：

道家哲學的現實意義近代國學爭論 宋明理學分系

《易傳》中的天人思想 華嚴宗一與多關系 綜合： 一

1.人與自然的關系及其現實意義 2.唯物史觀實現的革命性變革

3.為什么說實踐的觀點是馬克思主義認識論的首要的基本的觀點

二

1.莊子的齊物論

2.道教的一個什么思想

3.朱熹的“理一分殊”

4.科學規律的合理性與可錯性，并舉例說明

三

1.柏拉圖為什么把世界二重化，分為可知世界與可感世界？從知識論和存在論的角度回答 2.笛卡爾為什么堅持身心二元論？它的形而上學意義及缺陷

3.黑格爾的思維與存在的統一

4.論可能世界 專業課：2011

歷史唯物主義在馬克思主義中的地位和作用。

馬克思恩格斯公平觀。

“黑人就是黑人，只有在一定關系下，黑人才是奴隸；紡紗機就是紡織棉花的工具，只有在一定關系下，紡紗機才是資本。”這段話的出處、含義以及意義。

“考察的客觀性（不是枝節，是自在之物本身）”，這句話的出處、含義以及意義。

哲學綜合：

馬哲原理（三選二）

歷史唯物主義的基本觀點以及對社會科學方法論的意義

矛盾特殊性的含義以及在實際工作中的意義

科學技術是第一生產力

西哲（四選二）

什么是懷疑主義？懷疑主義在西方哲學史上的意義

亞里士多德“

”（一段關于存在論的話），談談這種科學的特征以及在西方哲學史上的演變

上帝本體論證明以及康德對證明的批判

邏輯是什么，它的哲學含義

第四篇：醫學歷年考博真題總結

國家醫學考試中心2005年病理學（博士全國統考題）

一、簡答題（20）：

1.腫瘤的定義，腫瘤與反應性增生的區別和聯系。2.乙性腦炎的鏡下病理改變。3.乳頭狀甲狀腺癌的病理特點。

4.列舉導致心、肺、腸、腦等壞死的疾病，及壞死類型。

二、論述題（40）：

1.舉例五種肉芽腫性疾病，病理特點及具有診斷價值的病理改變。2.原發性肺結核的病變特點、病理變化過程、預后。

3.病例分析：一個典型的慢性支氣管炎--肺氣腫--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病變過程，病理變化與臨床表現的聯系。

4.多在半年內可痊愈的肝炎，問其屬于哪一型肝炎？結合病理特點，分析為何可在半年內痊愈？

協和醫科大學2005年血液內科（博士）

協和醫科大學2005年血液內科（博士）

一、名詞解釋（30分）：

APS、WAS、PRCA、HES、ALIP、LGLL、VOD、PV、TPO、MALT

二、填空（？分記不清了）

1.已發現與遺傳性出血性毛細血管擴張癥相關的基因有（）（）（）（）。2.WHO將MDS分為（）（）（）（）（）（）（）七類。3.先天性再生障礙性貧血包括（）（）（）。4.遺傳球主要的分子病變涉及（）（）（）（）。

5.EPO在胚胎期由（）合成，成體則主要由（）合成。

6.WHO關于伴有重現性細胞遺傳學異常的AML分類為（）（）（）（）。

7.國際多發性骨髓瘤工作組在MM新的分期標準中采用的兩項客觀指標為（）（）。

8.國際組織細胞協會將langerhans細胞組織細胞增多癥分為單系統疾病和多系統疾病。其中單系統疾病中的單部位型有（）（）（），多部位型有（）（）。9.診斷幼年型粒單細胞白血病的最低實驗室標準有（）（）（）。10.MYH-9相關性疾病包括（）（）（）（）（）。

11.VitK依賴的凝/抗凝因子包括（）（）（）（）（）（）（）。

12.Gaucher病分為（）（）（），Nieman-Pick病A/B型為（）缺乏所致，C型為（）缺乏所致。

13.Downey將傳單患者異型淋巴分為（）（）（）。

14.B淋巴細胞在發育過程中首先表達的免疫球蛋白為（），其次為（）。15.CD34基因在染色體體定位為（），相應的受體為（）。16.Hodgdin's病的四種病理亞型為（）（）（）（）。

三、簡答（好像每題5分）： 1.反應停治療MM的機理。

2.患兒，女，4歲，1年前外院診斷ITP，持續皮質激素（1mg/kg.d），治療效果欠佳。此次來診時PLT20*109/L，雙下肢散在出血點。若你接診，如何處理。3.給嚴重貧血的PNH患者輸濃縮紅細胞是否正確？為什么？ 4.簡述成人ALL（不包括成熟B-ALL）的預后分組。

四、問答（任選2題，好像每題12分？）1.試述ITP的發病機理。2.試述AIHA的治療。3.試述AML-M5的治療。

協和醫科大學2004年博士研究生入學考試婦產科學試卷

協和醫科大學2004年博士研究生入學考試婦產科學試卷

一、名詞解釋 先期化療

HELLP syndrome LEEP USI FETAL DEATH TTTS

四、簡答題

1、異位妊娠的保守治療指征

2、“吊床”學說

3、交界性腫瘤的特點

4、？

五、論述題

1、宮腔鏡治療的并發征及其處理

2、宮頸癌的手術方式及其指征

3、子宮內膜異位癥的治療新進展及其前景

協和醫科大學2004年碩士入學考試生物化學試題

協和醫科大學2004年碩士入學考試生物化學試題

一,名詞解釋(大約有67個,是關于代謝與分子部分的，只記得三個)1.PCR 2.KLENOW片段 3.轉化 二,填空(有關代謝的)1.膽固醇：合成部位、直接前體

2.糖酵解:關于整個過程消耗幾個ATP,生成幾個ATP，NADH，是人就會答 3.糖酵解中有多少酶(只記得這些)

三,選擇

10道題,是關于代謝的,能量代謝占大部分,如CO阻止了哪一部分的電子傳遞，某某化合物含不含高能磷酸鍵，某某反應步驟放不放ATP之類，很簡單。

四，為什么靜脈注射時用G而不是6-P-G? 五，駱駝峰中的脂肪怎樣轉變為水？ 六，忘了，應該是簡單的。

七，2',3'-雙脫氧核苷怎樣抑制HIV? 八，給小鼠喂食N標記的ALa，其排出的CO(NH)2中有無N標記，如有，有幾個？ 九，選擇：(蛋白質和酶部分,以前的真題上都有,EASY)十，一種蛋白質在一種組織中含量極低，無法分離純化，已知其Mw，有其antibody,問如何初步確定它的有無？

十一，什么叫蛋白質組？什么叫蛋白質組學？ 協和醫科大學2004年碩士入學考試生物化學試題

協和醫科大學2004年碩士入學考試生物化學試題

一,名詞解釋(大約有67個,是關于代謝與分子部分的，只記得三個)1.PCR 2.KLENOW片段 3.轉化

二,填空(有關代謝的)1.膽固醇：合成部位、直接前體

2.糖酵解:關于整個過程消耗幾個ATP,生成幾個ATP，NADH，是人就會答 3.糖酵解中有多少酶(只記得這些)

三,選擇

10道題,是關于代謝的,能量代謝占大部分,如CO阻止了哪一部分的電子傳遞，某某化合物含不含高能磷酸鍵，某某反應步驟放不放ATP之類，很簡單。

四，為什么靜脈注射時用G而不是6-P-G? 五，駱駝峰中的脂肪怎樣轉變為水？ 六，忘了，應該是簡單的。

七，2',3'-雙脫氧核苷怎樣抑制HIV? 八，給小鼠喂食N標記的ALa，其排出的CO(NH)2中有無N標記，如有，有幾個？ 九，選擇：(蛋白質和酶部分,以前的真題上都有,EASY)十，一種蛋白質在一種組織中含量極低，無法分離純化，已知其Mw，有其antibody,問如何初步確定它的有無？

十一，什么叫蛋白質組？什么叫蛋白質組學？

協和醫科大學2004年分子生物學（博士）

1.名解: 同工酶 染色體 染色質 核基質 轉化

密碼子的偏嗜性 基因簇

2.簡答

為什么核酸和蛋白都是有方向的? 信號轉導的cAMP通路 什么是內切酶的星號活性

3.判斷對錯,說明理由 關于乳糖操縱子的

4.論述

給定一個cDNA序列,如何表達,純化到蛋白質

5.填空

協和生化的老主任是誰(這道題好變態)誰用什么實驗證明了核酸是遺傳物質 可以磷酸化的氨基酸是哪三個 帶苯環的氨基酸是哪三個

DNA在多少nm有最大的光吸收,為什么? 南方醫科大學2005年腫瘤學（博士）

南方醫科大學2005年腫瘤學（博士）

（共計21條題）

一、簡答題（6選4，每題15分）

1.惡性腫瘤細胞放療損傷的4R 變化及其臨床意義。2.腫瘤外科在惡性腫瘤多學科綜合治療中的地位。3.自體造血干細胞移植的適應癥。對何種腫瘤最有效。

4.拓撲異構酶對惡性腫瘤的意義？舉出針對拓撲異構酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ的化療藥名稱各一個。5.腫瘤多步驟轉移機制。6.細胞信號傳導途徑的基本組成要素。

二、論述題（選擇二題，每題20分）

7.從放療的局部治療角度論述放射治療領域的新進展。（何領域？何進展？反正是這方面）8.目前抗癌藥物的開發和應用，除細胞毒藥物外，尚有那些藥物作用靶點。并舉例說明。

（內科考生必答）

9.Indolent（非？）霍杰金淋病瘤的．．．（化療方案？機理？效果？反正是治療方面）

（內科考生必答）

10.食管癌吞鋇造影X線的主要表現。（胸科考生必答）11.肝癌行肝切除術后的并發癥及其原因。12.肝癌行肝動脈栓塞化療的原理（及？？）。13.基因突變方式及其檢測方法。14.基因治療策略。

15.烷化劑的作用機理。舉出3種藥物名稱。（抗癌藥理考生必答）16.說出化療的毒性反應有那些方面？并各舉出一個典型的藥物名稱。

（抗癌藥理考生必答）

17.甲狀腺癌（腫瘤？）的診斷、影像（CT）和鑒別診斷。（頭頸科考生必答）18.根治性頸淋巴清掃術的并發癥及其預防措施。（頭頸科考生必答）19.提高大腸癌療效有那些措施。

20.腹部腫塊按性質如何分類。舉例說明。

21.肺癌淋巴引流的肺和縱隔淋巴結分群與分組。（胸科考生必答）天津醫科大學2003年眼科學

天津醫科大學2003年眼科學（博士）

一、名詞解釋（每題2分，共20分）

1、眼表

2、圓錐角膜

3、規則散光

4、對比敏感度

5、基底細胞癌

6、AMD

7、ROP

8、Exotropia

9、Epicanthus

10、Fungal keratitis

二、簡答題（每題5分，共40分）

1、簡述青光眼臨床分類

2、簡述干眼癥臨床表現

3、簡述Fuchs綜合征臨床特點

4、簡述調節性內斜視的臨床分類

5、簡述真菌性角膜炎的臨床表現

6、簡述低視力概念及國際診斷標準

7、簡述視網膜色素變性臨床表現及遺傳方式

8、簡述增殖性糖尿病視網膜病變（PDR）的臨床表現

三.問答題（共40分）

1.介紹房水成分，作用及循環徑路（10分）

2.說明弱視的臨床分類，主要發病機制，治療時機和方法（15分）3.試述眼科影像診斷技術的進展（15分）首都醫科大學2002年神經解剖學

首都醫科大學2002年神經解剖學（博士）

簡答：

被蓋中央束

陰捕神經

黑質

藍斑

論述：

１腦干的非腦神經節腦干的運動型交叉纖維Wallenberg的解剖基礎

２副交感神經系統的二級神經元交通支 頜部區的立毛肌支配（不知道該題是否準確）

３小腦皮質神經元環路 海馬結構的分層和分區 腦室的邊界和CSF的循環 首都醫科大學近年的神經解剖及普外考博真題

首都醫科大學近年的神經解剖及普外考博真題

２００３年神經解剖試題 名詞解釋

1.肋間壁神經 2.鼻睫神經 3.Ⅶ 顱神經

4.great petrosol N 5.confluence of sinuse 6.rentral tegmentrol decussation 簡答

1.底丘腦的神經纖維聯系

2.下肢非意識感覺到大腦的纖維聯系 3.如何理解cerebelar glomorulus 論述

1.邊緣系統組成；PAPEZ環路；Hippocampal分層。2.白質通路和灰質通路；牽涉痛；Otic Ganglion。3.敘述下列的神經支配及走行：

鼓膜張肌，蚓狀肌，梨狀肌，輸尿管。4.腦血管

虹吸部的概念，Paracentral lobule，Lingual gyrus, wernicle 區的血供，Galen V 定義．

２００３大外科試題（選擇題省略）１簡答：

Thomas sign.脊髓休克 腹管綜合征 APUD CELL 腫瘤相關抗原 ２論述：

感染性休克的診斷依據 胰島素瘤的定性定位診斷

２００２神經解剖試題 簡答： 被蓋中央束 陰捕神經 黑質 藍斑 論述：

１腦干的非腦神經節 腦干的運動型交叉纖維 Wallenberg的解剖基礎

２副交感神經系統的二級神經元

交通支

頜部區的立毛肌支配（不知道該題是否準確）３小腦皮質神經元環路

海馬結構的分層和分區

腦室的邊界和CSF的循環

２００１神經解剖

一、名詞解釋（1-7題，5×7=35；2-12題，3×5=15）

1、邊緣系統

2、脊髓灰質板層

3、后屈束

4、內側縱束

1、攀緣纖維

2、下橄欖核

3、橋小腦三角

4、phrenic n.5、celiac plexus

10、obturator n.11、locus reculeus

12、carvernous sinus

二、問答題（10×5=50）

1、紋狀體 ① 位置及組成 ② 纖維聯系 ③ 化學遞質環路 ④ 動脈供應

2、網狀結構 ① 定義 ② 主要核團 ③ 機能組合

3、神經支配 ① 腎上腺髓質 ② 斜方肌 ③ 二腹肌 ④ 蚓狀肌

4、解剖基礎 ① 交叉性癱瘓 ② 屈曲反射 ③ 翼狀肩 ④ 猿手

5、“聽新聞記紀錄”的解剖學基礎 浙江大學2004博士入學考試生理題

浙江大學2004博士入學考試生理題

一名詞解釋（20）1暗適應 2離子通道 3體溫調定點 4有效不應期

二問答題（任選4題，80分）

1PO2,PCO2,H+對呼吸的影響？其中樞和外周機制如何 2脂肪÷食物在消化道中消化和吸收的機制

3安靜和應激情況下，對腎血流量如何分配？各有何意義？ 4頸動脈竇和主動脈弓壓力感受器的反射過程及調節血壓的意義 5學習與記憶的突觸生理學機制和特點 6胰島素的生理作用及分泌調節機制 浙江大學2004博士入學考試免疫題

浙江大學2004博士入學考試免疫題

一 名詞解釋

1超抗原2 抗原決定簇3kir 4nkt 5互補決定去區 6趨化因子

二大題 抗原提成相關基因作用 2II 性與IV型超敏反應區別

3樹突轉細胞在免疫刺激和耐受中的作用機制 4Tc細胞的 殺傷細胞作用機制

5趨化作用，ADCC，及調理作用區別

2004年華中科技大學同濟醫學院骨科考博專業試題

2004年華中科技大學同濟醫學院骨科考博專業試題

一名解（原題為英文）1。休克抑制期 2。骨不連

3。骨筋膜室綜合征 4。非少尿型腎功衰 5。預存自體回輸血 二。問答題

1。創傷的檢查與診斷方法

2。腦復蘇的現代概念及主要治療方法 3。腰椎間盤的分型 進展及治療方法 4。周圍神經損傷的分類及修復方法 5。股骨頭缺血壞死的FICAT分期 6。你對骨肉瘤的最新看法 7。骨腫瘤保肢手術的適應征。

西安交通大學醫學院2003年骨科學博士題

西安交通大學醫學院2003年骨科學博士題

外科總論部分：

一：名詞解釋（3分/題）1.基因診斷

2.初期復蘇ABC 3.ARDS 4.冷休克 5.應激性潰瘍

二：簡答題（7.5分/題）

1.腫瘤的國際分期，試以乳癌的分期說明 2.急性排斥反應

三：問題題（10分/題，選答兩題）1.創傷修復過程

2.代謝性酸中毒的病因和診斷 3.炎癥介質在全身感染中的作用

骨外專業部分：

一：名詞解釋（3分/題）1.Frank's分型 2.嗅鞘細胞

3.Weak up test 4.新月征

5.腱鞘巨細胞瘤

二：簡答題（7.5分/題）1.臀肌攣縮癥的防治

2.頸椎骨折不穩定后路固定方法

三：問題題（10分/題，選答兩題）1.膝關節炎防治進展

2.長段骨缺損的治療新進展 3.外固定器在骨科上的應用

西安交大醫學院2004年消化內科考博試題 部分

西安交大醫學院2004年消化內科考博試題

一、名詞解釋（6題，每題5分）

1.肝肺綜合癥 2.自身免疫性肝炎 3.暈厥 4.5.6.二、問答（5題，每題10分）

1、實質性急性腎衰的常見病因

2、肺栓塞的診斷、鑒別診斷及治療

3、IBS羅馬Ⅱ診斷標準

4、肝硬化食管靜脈曲張出血的治療

5、潰瘍性結腸炎和Crohn病的鑒別診斷

三、填空（20分）

武漢大學2004年醫學考博試題

武漢大學2004年醫學考博試題

消化內科試題 慢性腹瀉的發病機制和病因 2 IBD遺傳易感性表現在那些方面 3 肝性胸水的發病機制 4 GERD的診斷與治療 肝性腦病與亞臨床肝性腦病的診斷與治療 6 NSAID誘發潰瘍的機制 病生試題

一、簡答題 簡述凋亡的基本過程 水中毒的病因和對機體的影響 3 低鉀血癥對機體的影響 4 心肌肥大的基本特點 簡述鈣超載引起心肌損傷的機制 何為缺血預處理？它有哪些保護作用？

二、論述題 一例嚴重感染并發急性腎小管壞死的病人會出現哪些酸鹼平衡紊亂，為什么？ 2 何為自由基？試述它在體內的作用。

2004軍事醫學科學院考博試題－細胞生物學

2004軍事醫學科學院考博試題－細胞生物學

細胞生物學（以下試題任選五題，每題20分）

1、簡述質膜的特性

2、什麼是受體，受體的基本類型。當用表皮生長因子刺激細胞時，簡述其信號轉導通路Ras-MAPK途徑和JAK-STAT途徑

3、分泌性蛋白在粗面內質網合成時，都涉及那些結構和因子，這些結構和因子是如何協調蛋白質多肽合成的。

4、溶酶體的概念，基本類型，標志酶，主要的生物學功能及其相關疾病。

5、什麼是細胞凋亡，細胞凋亡的生物學意義。Bcl-2蛋白家族在細胞凋亡中的作用。

6、RNA干涉的基本概念，作用機質，應用范圍。

7、簡述真核細胞蛋白激酶的分類和特性。

8、線粒體的基本結構。怎樣理解線粒體是半自主的細胞器。線粒體除了參與體內的能量代謝外，還參與那些基本的細胞生物活動？

生物化學（帶*是分子生物學，遺傳學，細胞生物學等，具體還有哪些我忘了，其他專業的可任選8個名詞/5個問答）名詞： *

1、結構域 *

2、Tm *

3、不對稱轉錄 *

4、核小體 *

5、融合蛋白

*

6、蛋白質和核酸的紫外吸收 *

7、點突變

*

8、（暫時忘了，想起了再告訴大家）

9、酶原

10、酶的活性中心

11、糖孝解及其代謝的兩步重要反應

12、逆轉錄酶

其他等我想起再告訴大家 問答題：

*

1、簡述蛋白質的理化性質。蛋白質的二維電泳的基本原理及其應用 *

2、簡述質膜膜受體的類型及功能

*

3、什麼是半保留復制，其有什麼生物學意義？ *

4、真核細胞的順式作用元件的基本種類，與順式作用元件結合的基本調節因子（轉錄因子）的基本結構模式都有那些？ *

5、DNA和蛋白質印跡技術的基本原理。簡述在Western blotting中都需要注意哪些問題？

6、DNA堿基序列中的chagarff規則 山東大學2004年內分泌考博試題

山東大學2004年內分泌考博試題

名釋： Goodpasture syndrome 2 SIADN 3 異源內分泌綜合征 4 肝腎綜合征 6 伴瘤綜合征

問答題 亞急性甲狀腺炎的診斷與治療 2 腎小管酸中毒的分型和機制 3 引起繼發性高血壓的病因 4 伴瘤綜合征的診斷與治療

論述題 骨質疏松的病因，診斷與治療 四川大學2004年骨科考博專業試題

四川大學2004年骨科考博專業試題

一、名詞解釋：（每題2分）Tissue engineering Colles’ fracture

Bone-fascia compartment syndrome Galeazzi’s fracture Thomas sign

二、問答題：

⒈上下肢骨傳導音的檢查方法及意義？

⒉股骨頭血供的特點及其對股骨頸骨折的臨床治療、預后的指導意義？

⒊脊柱“三柱”理論的原理及其對脊柱骨折治療的指導意義？請簡述脊柱骨折治療的基本原則？

⒋人工髖關節置換術后骨溶解的病理生理及臨床表現？目前有效的治療方法？ ⒌骨關節結核與慢性骨關節化膿性感染的異同？請簡述兩者治療方法的特點？ ⒍病案分析

男性，30歲，傷后8小時入院，雙下肢活動障礙，雙骶髂關節部腫脹疼痛。X光片下示恥骨聯合分離3Cm，雙側骶髂關節脫位，骶骨骨折。請給出治療方案并說明理由。蘇州大學2004年博士入學外科學考試題

蘇州大學2004年博士入學外科學考試題

一． 名詞解釋：

1.Legg-Calve-Perthes病

2.Garden力線指數

3.腕管綜合征

4.Hangman骨折

5.骨嗜酸性肉芽舯

二 論述題。

1.如何根據胸腰段脊柱骨折的臨床表現，輔助檢查（X線、CT、MRI等）選擇治療方法。

2.簡述腰椎劃脫癥的病因分類和手術指征。

3.簡述影響全髖關節置換術遠期療效的因素和相關的預防措施

4.試述加快骨折愈合的生物學方法有哪些，你對BO有何看法 蘇州大學2004年博士入學解剖試題

蘇州大學2004年博士入學解剖試題

第一題為必答題，然后從其他題目中選4道題目回答。

1.側支循環的概念和意義，并舉例說明。

2.試述椎骨間的連接。

3.從形態和功能上比較肩關節與髖關節的異同。

4.腋淋巴結及其與乳房淋巴結回流的關系。

5.試述筋膜。

6.脊髓節段與椎骨的對應關系及其意義。

7.試述Willis動脈環。

8.內囊的位置和內容，內囊損傷后的表現及其原因。

9.試述血腦屏障。

10.椎體束的組成、行經和支配。

中南大學湘雅三醫院2003年耳鼻咽喉科學專業博士研究生入學試題 及 答案

中南大學湘雅三醫院2003年耳鼻咽喉科學專業博士研究生入學試題

2003年中南大學湘雅三醫院耳鼻咽喉科學專業博士研究生入學試題

一、名詞解釋（20分）1． nasal cycle 2． Ostiomeatal Complex(OMC)3． Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)4． Laryngeal obstruction 5． bone conduction

二、簡答題（每小題10，共計30分）1． 簡述鼻源性頭痛的特點。

2． 簡述喉癌的分型及各自的臨床特點。

3． 簡述頸部腫塊skandalakis的“4個80%規律”與“3個7規律”。

三、問答題（每小題15分，共計30分）1．試述面神經全長的分段及分支。2．試述頸部的境界、分區及各區的境界

四、病例分析（20分）

女，50歲。回縮性涕血6月，右頸部腫塊4月，右耳鳴、重聽，右面頰麻木感1月。體查：雙側鼻甲不大，中鼻道寬敞，無濃性分泌物。鼻咽部右側咽隱窩飽滿，粗糙伴血痂，伸舌正中，軟腭運動正常，雙側扁桃體不大。會厭活動良好，雙側聲帶瓷白色，活動好，關閉佳。右側外耳道寬敞，鼓膜光錐變形，鼓膜內陷，有液平面。頸部氣管居中，甲狀腺不腫大，右側頸部可捫及5×4cm大小腫塊，質硬，不活動，無壓痛。問題

1． 寫出你的初步診斷

2． 有那些措施對你進一步明確診斷有意義？

2003年博士研究生耳鼻咽喉科學專業入學試題答案

一、名詞解釋（20分）

1.nasal cycle:正常人體鼻阻力呈現晝夜及左右規律性和交替性變化，這種變化主要受雙側下鼻甲充血狀態的影響，約間隔2—7h出現一個周期，稱之為生理性鼻甲周期或鼻周期。2.Ostiomeatal Complex: 鼻和鼻竇炎癥性疾病的發病機理和病理生理學現代概念認為：中鼻甲、中鼻道及其附近區域的解剖結構的生理異常和病理改變最為關鍵，該區域稱為竇口鼻道復合體。

3.Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)：一般是指成人在7小時的夜間睡眠中，至少有30次呼吸暫停，每次發作時，口、鼻氣流停止流通至少10秒以上；或呼吸暫停指數大于5。稱之為阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征。

4.Laryngeal obstruction：因喉部或其鄰近組織病變，喉部通道阻塞而引起呼吸困難。臨床上稱之為喉阻塞。

5.bone conduction ：聲波直接經顱骨途徑使外淋巴發生相應波動，并激動耳蝸的螺旋器產生聽覺，稱之為骨傳導。包括移動式和壓縮式兩種骨傳導。二．簡答題（每小題10，共計30分）1．簡述鼻源性頭痛的特點。

（1）一般都有鼻部病變，如鼻塞、膿涕等，多在竇內膿性物排出后緩解；（2）鼻急性炎癥時加重；（3）多為深部頭痛；（4）鼻腔粘膜收縮或使用表面麻醉劑后，頭痛可以減輕；（5）頭痛有一定部位和時間。

2． 簡述喉癌的分型及各自的臨床特點。

根據喉癌發生的部位，將喉癌分為聲門上型、聲門型和聲門下型。其臨床表現分述如下。聲門上型：早期可無顯著癥狀。可能有喉部不適感；以后可出現吞咽疼痛，放射至耳部。痰中帶血，有臭味。該區淋巴管豐富，易出現淋巴結轉移，預后較差。

聲門型：早期出現聲嘶，進行性加重。腫塊較大時能阻塞聲門引起呼吸困難。該區淋巴管較少，不易向頸淋巴結轉移，且容易早期診斷，預后較好。聲門下型：早期癥狀不明顯，不易發現。腫瘤潰爛時出現咳嗽及痰中帶血；向上侵犯聲帶時，可出現聲嘶；腫瘤增大可阻塞聲門下出現呼吸困難。常有氣管前或氣管旁淋巴結轉移。

3． 簡述頸部腫塊skandalakis的“4個80%規律”與“3個7規律”。

關于頸部腫塊的性質，skandalakis總結了4個80%，即80%是腫瘤，其中80%是惡性，惡性中80%是淋巴結轉移，原發癌中80%來自鎖骨上。關于病程skandalakis總結出3個7的規律，即7天者多為炎癥，7個月者多為腫瘤，7年者多為先天性腫塊。

三、問答題（每小題15分，共計30分）1．試述面神經全長的分段及分支。

面神經的全長可分為8段：1.運動神經核上段；2.運動神經核段；3.小腦腦橋角段；4.內耳道段；5.迷路段；6.鼓室段；7.乳突段；8.顳骨外段。

自上而下，面神經的分支有：1.巖淺大神經；2.鐙骨肌神經；3.鼓索神經；4.面神經出莖乳孔后發出分支；5.面部分支：（1）顳支；（2）顴支；（3）頰支；（4）下頜緣支；（5）頸支.2．試述頸部的境界、分區及各區的境界：

頸部境界：上界為下頜骨下緣、下頜角、乳突和上項線和枕外隆突的連線，下界為胸骨頸靜脈切跡、胸鎖關節、鎖骨、肩峰至第七頸椎棘突的連線。

分區：以斜方肌前緣為界分為前后兩部，斜方肌前緣以前的部分為頸前外側部，斜方肌前緣以后的部分稱為頸后部或項部。由胸鎖乳突肌分成頸前三角區和頸后三角區。頸前三角區：兩邊為胸鎖乳突肌前緣，底為舌骨體上緣及下頜骨下緣。頸前三角區又分為頜下三角、頦下三角、頸動脈三角、肌三角。頜下三角位于二腹肌前腹、后腹和下頜骨下緣之間，頦下三角位于兩側二腹肌前腹內側緣和舌骨體上緣之間。頸動脈三角位于胸鎖乳突肌前緣，二腹肌后腹及肩胛舌骨肌上腹之間。肌三角位于頸中線，胸鎖乳突肌前緣，及肩胛舌骨肌上腹之間。

頸后三角區：位于鎖骨上緣，斜方肌前緣及胸鎖乳突肌后緣之間。頸后三角區又分為鎖骨上三角和枕三角。鎖骨上三角位于鎖骨上緣，胸鎖乳突肌后緣，肩胛舌骨肌下腹下緣之間。枕三角位于胸鎖乳突肌后緣，肩胛舌骨肌下腹上緣和斜方肌前緣之間。

四、病例分析（20分）

1．（1）鼻咽癌？（2）鼻咽癌右側頸淋巴結轉移？（3）右側鼓室積液

2．（1）鼻咽部活檢；（2）電子纖維鼻咽鏡或纖維鼻咽鏡或鼻內鏡檢查；（3）影像學檢查 CT和MRI；（4）EB病毒血清學檢查；（5）頸部淋巴結穿刺細胞學檢查或活檢；（6）頸部、腹部B超和胸片檢查

復旦大學醫學院2004年神經病考博士試題

復旦大學醫學院2004年神經病考博士試題

一 名詞解釋

MASS REFLEX COMA VIGIL CADASAL 邁熱病 二 IHS 的診斷標準

三 多巴胺代謝通路,(圖表示)各種抗帕金森病的藥物的作用機制

四 右側延髓背外側綜合癥的臨床表現

五 大腦靜脈回流,及海綿竇炎性血拴的臨床表現

六 MS 的診斷標準

七 常見的顛癇綜合類型及特征.復旦大學醫學院2004年內科學

復旦大學醫學院2004年內科學（博士）

（任選五道，每題20分）

1、急性冠脈綜合征的定義，治療原則

2、自發性腹膜炎的定義、發病機理，診斷標準，哪些病人需預防性使用抗生素？

3、肺癌的診斷技術及進展，如何選擇合理利用？

4、甲亢的臨床類型，Graves病的發病機理

5、腎性貧血的原因，是否需要補鐵，為什么？

6、血液惡性腫瘤的治療中，針對蛋白分子靶向治療進展？

中山醫科大學1995-2000年招收攻讀博士研究生入學試題 外科

中山醫博士試題（95外科）

1.水電解質平衡

2.肝癌門靜脈轉移的臨床病理生理

3.胃近端癌R2根治手術方法

4.膀胱腫瘤病理分期

5.縱隔腫瘤及分區

6.肱骨髁上骨折的治療原則

7.全髖關節置換適應癥、禁忌癥及并發癥

8.硬膜外血腫臨床表現治療原則

9.尿道損傷的治療原則

中山醫博士試題（96外科）

必答題

1.腹股溝疝定義，里脫疝、瑞契疝定義及臨床特點

2.前列腺癌診斷

3.肝門部膽管癌病理、臨床表現、診斷

4.骨結核好發部位、治療原則

選答題

1.膽道出血病因及臨床表現治療（普外）

2.骨折愈合臨床標準(骨外)3.睪丸腫瘤標記(泌尿外)4.顳區硬膜外血腫表現(腦外)二尖瓣狹窄手術指征(心外)

中山醫博士試題（97外科）

一.多器官衰竭診斷標準

二.吻合口潰瘍病因及診斷

三.肝癌治療新進展

四.脊柱側彎定義分類治療

五.腎癌與腎盂腎癌鑒別診斷

98博士研究生入學考試試題--外科學

1.休克引起心功能障礙的原因有那些？（20分）

2.外傷性心包填塞的病因、急救處理原則。（16分）

3.上消化道出血剖腹探查的順序。（16分）

4.膽管癌的病因，姑息治療方法中你認為那種最好？（16分）

5.睪丸生殖系腫瘤的分類及治療原則。（16分）

6.L4椎體滑脫的治療原則。（16分）

中山醫博士試題（99外科）

一． 名詞解釋

1． 手部無人區（2分）

2． 脊柱側彎（1分）

3． 應力緩沖效應（2分）

二． 問答題

1． 人工關節松動的原因（10分）

2． 二尖瓣狹窄并左心衰的臨床表現及治療（20分）

3． 應激性潰瘍的治療原則（12分）

4． 肝功能分級及其臨床意義（10分）

5． BPH的病理改變及鑒別診斷（20分）

6． 試述胎糞性腹膜炎的臨床分型（13分）

7． 小腦幕切跡疝的臨床表現（10分）

中山醫博士試題（2000外科）

1.頸椎病手術指征？前后入路選擇？

2.聽神經瘤的臨床表現和治療？

3.泌尿系梗阻的常見原因及診斷治療原則（以上尿路結石為例）？

4.消化性潰瘍穿孔修補術和根治術選擇原則？

5.外傷性氣胸的病理生理改變與剖胸探查指征？

6.手急性化膿性腱鞘炎和深部間隙感染與解剖的關系？ 中山醫科大2003年內科考博試題

中山醫科大2003年內科考博試題

1.ARDS定義診斷治療

2.食管噴門失弛緩癥的診斷和治療

3.糖尿病血脂紊亂分型及診斷治療—1999年美國標準

4.急進型腎小球腎炎的病理分型及治療

5.純紅再障的診斷及治療

中山大學醫學院2004年藥理考博題

中山大學醫學院2004年藥理考博題

1.阿托品的臨床應用 2.量效曲線的參數和意義

3.直接作用在血管平滑肌的藥物及機制 4.鈣拮抗劑對正常心肌電生理的作用 5.苯二氮卓類的藥理作用 今天腫瘤26選7，我選了：

1.腫瘤外科在腫瘤綜合治療中的作用 2.信號傳導的組成

3.拓撲異構酶在腫瘤中的意義并列舉1.2的代表藥物各兩個 4.根治性化療的機理及臨床應用 5.腫瘤外科新進展

6.基因突變的類型及檢測方法 7.腫瘤藥物的不良反應及列舉藥物 其他還有提高結腸癌治療效果的方法、預防性手術定義及舉例、中晚期食管癌臨床表現及機理、凋亡特點及機制、AFP臨床意義及應用、介入方法及機理、肺癌淋巴結轉移途徑、致癌藥物機理及舉例、術前放療原則、簡述免疫治療、喉癌手術？？？、鼻咽癌術后復發處理？？？、蒽環類藥物機理

2004年中山大學醫學院外科考博試題

2004年中山大學醫學院外科考博試題

膝關節半月板損傷的診斷（10）什么叫血管源性腦水腫（4）

肱骨髁上骨折的分型和手術適應征（7）

胃癌根治術的淋巴結程度，胃癌D2手術淋巴結清除范圍（12）典型食管癌的臨床表現（7）初期復蘇的主要內容（4）

結腸腺瘤癌變的手術適應征（7）膽囊腺瘤的手術適應征（7）腎癌的外在表現（7）

上消化道大出血的治療原則（12）

前列腺增生和前列腺癌發生在什么部位，它們的鑒別診斷（10）

更正：上消化道出血的常見原因，外科治療原則？ MODS的中英文全稱； 腎癌的腎外表現；

膽囊息肉的診斷方法，無癥狀膽囊息肉的手術指證？ 膝關節損傷的臨床表現以及診斷； 肝功能Child分級中的A級標準；

2004年中山大學醫學院生化專業基礎試題

2004年中山大學醫學院生化專業基礎試題

一、名詞解釋（10*3）

1.分子伴侶、2.隨從鏈、3.尿素循環、4.基因診斷、5.基因重組、6.底物水平磷酸化、7.一碳單位、8.生物轉化、9.KLENOW 片段、10.鄰近效應

二、簡答題（8*5）

1、a－螺旋的特點

2、DNA雙螺旋的類型及結構特點

3、遺傳密碼的特點

4、紅細胞糖代謝的特點

5、mRNA的加工修飾包括哪些內容

6、真核基因組的結構特點

7、如果一酶與底物作用的反應曲線成“S”型，解釋其原因

8、NADPH參加反應的類型

三、論述題（3*10）

1、人類基因組計劃已經完成，今后分子生物學的工作重點應該是什么？

2、為什么在缺氧的條件下，糖酵解反應能夠持續進行？

3、如果要用基因工程方法生產胰島素，如何獲得胰島素基因？ 2004年中山醫博士腫瘤學部分試題

2004年中山醫博士腫瘤學部分試題

1-7題選答4條。每條10分

1.簡述腫瘤外科在腫瘤綜合治療中的作用。2.術前放療的原則 3.根治性化療的理論基礎和原則 4.腫瘤免疫治療有哪些方法？

5.蒽環類最常見的副作用有哪些？如何防治？ 6.腫瘤細胞信號傳導有哪些基本組成要素？ 7.8-25選3，各20分。1.肺癌轉移的各站淋巴結

2.化療藥物有哪些不良反應？舉例說明。3.頸清術有哪些并發癥？處理原則？ 4.基因突變的形式和檢測方法? 5.AFP對肝癌診斷和治療的意義

中國科學院上海藥物研究所2003年博士入學考試藥理學專業試題

中國科學院上海藥物研究所2003年博士入學考試藥理學專業試題

（任選6題）

1． 舉例說明分子生物學技術在藥理學研究的優越性。2． IC50，LD50，EC50的定義和意義。3． 舉例說明抗癲癇藥物的作用靶點。

4． RBA中，特異性結合與非特異性結合的區別是什么？KD和Bmax的意義是什么？如果在RBA中，某藥對配體結合有抑制作用，怎樣用RBA方法進一步區分這種抑制是競爭性的還是非競爭性的？

5． 簡述非甾體抗炎藥的最新研究進展。

6． 列舉出五種與腫瘤發生發展密切相關的酪氨酸激酶，并簡要敘述兩條酪氨酸激酶介導的信號傳導通路。

7． 參與特異性免疫應答的效應細胞有哪些？并做簡要說明。

8． 免疫抑制劑的分類？可以用于治療哪些疾病？以2種為例，說明它們的作用機理。中國科學院上海藥物研究所2004年博士入學考試藥理學專業試題

中國科學院上海藥物研究所2004年博士入學考試藥理學專業試題

（任選6題）

1． 試述帕金森病的病變機理及治療藥物。

2． 離子通道的生理功能是什么？有哪些類別？藥物如何影響離子通道的活動？對于每一類離子通道，各舉出1~2種作用于該通道的藥物。3． 目前正在進行臨床研究的防止動脈粥樣硬化的藥物有哪些類型？簡述它們的作用機制。4． 根據Vaughan Williams的分類方法，抗心律失常藥物可分為哪幾類。它們的藥理作用特點是什么？

5． 簡述非甾體抗炎藥的作用機理。

6． 去年搶救SARS的病人的一項重要治療措施是大劑量糖皮質激素療法，簡述糖皮質激素的主要藥理作用及不良反應。

7． 結合實例簡述基于信號傳導通路新型抗腫瘤藥物的研究進展及其意義。8． 說明Wester Blot 實驗方法在分子藥理學研究中的用途，并簡述實驗的主要步驟、結果評定和意義。

第五篇：北京師范大學心理學考博真題

北京師范大學2013年《心理學研究方法》考博真題

一、（20分）多維度-多特質矩陣，給出兩個量表，要求寫出區分效度和相溶效度，能否從表格信息解釋量表的構想效度，如果能，給出分析；如果不能，提出解釋其效度的方案

二、（10分）表面效度的概念，為什么能力測試和人格測試都要注意表面效度

三、（10分）共同方法偏差的來源，如果進行統計檢驗，如何控制共同方法偏差

四、（20分）修訂國外的大興人格問卷，并建立中國常模的步驟和注意事項

五、（20分）結構方程模型和回歸分析對比，舉出結構方程在實際中的應用（至少5點）

六、（20分）橫斷設計和縱向設計的比較，給出兩個智力不同成分的發展曲線圖，讓判斷分別是什么研究設計，哪一個設計更有優勢，并說出其可能的缺陷。