第一篇：翻譯心得

第一，翻譯并不是一件很無聊的事。很多同學都覺得翻譯是一件很無聊的事，因此并不會從事翻譯相關工作。但是，翻譯其實也是有很多東西可以學的。比如在翻譯相關資料時，我們可以積累學習、了解到相關行業的知識，專業術語；在國際網站新聞瀏覽以及新聞撰寫過程當中可以學習到新聞英語的寫作特點，并且在長期的時間下，也能提升寫作尤其是新聞寫作的能力。但是，最重要的是自己要主動經常思考，用心學，去感受，不然做什么事都學不到東西。

第二，翻譯更不是一件單純的進行語言間機械轉換的事。如果是純技術專業類資料，注重專業準確性就好，但是如果是其他類型的新聞或者文章咨詢，就不一樣了。語言本身就是一種很奇妙也難以捉摸的研究課題。在翻譯當中，或者新聞閱讀當中，作為一個翻譯，需要在深入了解上下文語境以及整個寫作背景的情況下才能真正讀懂，看透文章意思。才能準確翻譯出原文意思。而且也要根據中英文語言表達習慣的不同而進行遣詞造句，語序變換等等。而在翻譯的上一層次就是可以運用修辭手法提升語句的美。并且專業行業因素也不能忽略。所以說，想要真正做好翻譯是需要花功夫的。

第三，做好一件事是需要用心的，保持鎮定冷靜往往能夠突破自己，解決困難甚至做得更好。剛開始接觸玻璃行業尤其是生產工藝或者產品詳細介紹等內容時，對于什么“壓延、焊補、熱阻、軋輥”看到頓時覺得懵了慌了亂了，但是仔細冷靜下來思考，一步一步來，保持好耐心和細心還是可以做出來的。

第二篇：翻譯心得

翻譯心得

每次做翻譯作業，都感覺是一次巨大的挑戰，這次拿到范文后，我還是按照原來的步驟，把所有的生單詞劃了出來，然后依次查清意思，但是翻譯始終是一個長期而又復雜的工作。每次翻譯過程中都會遇到這種情況，就是把各個單詞的意思搭配起來還是不夠通順，不夠完美。這時候會涉及到詞語的引申，需要擺脫詞語的原有釋義，把句子組合的最佳意思表達出來。

從題目的翻譯開始，Texting Makes U Stupid，標題的翻譯一定要明確簡潔，還要能夠吸引讀者有閱讀的興趣，這是從翻譯課上學到的注意事項。標題翻譯的好不好，一定程度上決定了翻譯的成功率。在翻譯題目的時候，此次翻譯負責人翻譯的題目是短信愚弄人生，我個人覺得這個題目有點不適合，U翻譯成人生我覺得不恰當，我的個人觀點是譯成短信使人愚鈍，經過和翻譯負責人和成員討論，最終決定用這個題目。在第一段中，我始終弄不通順句子：have teenage kids，如果翻譯“青少年孩子”放入句子里還是覺得不通順，討論后還是沒能達成一致，希望可以借鑒大家的翻譯，重點注意一下。還有show a teenage Botticelli’s Adoration of the Magi，突然在那句話中出現，不知道如何讓翻譯，可以讓上下文看起來自然流暢，這種情況在本文中還有出現。我會在老師講解時注意句子的翻譯。其中在翻譯十一本書名的時候明顯覺得自己的知識量和閱讀量很差很差，完全需要借助網絡來查詢，翻譯著文章，理解著文章的意思，自己也有深深的感觸。

在這個信息時代，手機幾乎成為必不可少的通訊工具，人們也對手機造成了很大的依賴。我們的生活中缺少精神文化生活，相反的，虛擬的東西占據的比例越來越大。讀書是攝取知識的主要的途徑，而且文章中闡述的情況跟我們現實生活十分貼切，經過翻譯這篇文章后，我也有了較大感觸，自己平時不愛讀書，知識量很少，在翻譯過程中，從詞匯量和邏輯語序上，自己覺得能力欠缺很大。對自己的生活狀態和生活方式感到愧疚和不安，我們從翻譯過程中能夠學到能力之外的東西。

而且，通過這幾次翻譯作業，我覺得翻譯需要的文學功底也很高，有時候過于口語化會使文章整體質量下降，一個簡單的句子，看看別人或是翻譯大家的翻譯，讀起來朗朗上口，還能清楚準確地表達句意，自己翻譯的時候，總會為了更好地調整語序而發愁，為了找到合適的漢語詞語并清楚表達意思而苦惱。在這次翻譯中，我這種感受更加強烈，語言本身是一個艱巨的過程，有很多俚語或是固定的表達，我們通常不清楚，甚至會出現笑話。本文章中，如throw stones in a glass house，自己翻譯的時候直接譯成在玻璃的屋子里扔石頭，后來才了解到這指的是自己有毛病還去指責別人的人。所以我們需要做的不僅僅是查查生單詞，交作業，我們還要記住這些固定搭配，做好長期的積累，下次遇到的時候能夠順利翻譯出正確的意思。

還有一點就是，小組成員討論的確會使效率大大提高，大家的結果才是較好的，每個人發揮自己翻譯中的優勢，經過討論，把大家的優勢集中到一起，譯文當然會更好，但是由于宿舍和班級分配情況，翻譯小組的人數最少應該有四個人，以致達到更好的效果，我們需要堅持小組討論，積極交流個人的意見和觀點，把好的部分集中到一起，這樣一直堅持下去才能夠提高大家整體的翻譯水平。

以上是在翻譯過程中得到的感悟和自己的想法。在今后的翻譯課程上，我會更加注重翻譯經驗的積累，詞匯的積累，希望翻譯能夠做的更好。

第三篇：翻譯心得

近日，慵懶無度，優酷視頻上找微電影、創意電影看啊，點了芝麻翻譯，以為是很火的一個娛樂節目，發現卻是一個多語言翻譯軟件，嘗試看了一下，吸引我去下載的初始原因是這款翻譯軟件長相可愛，視頻上面提供了內測群。用了下，發現還真的有所新體驗。顛覆了原先谷歌翻譯和有道翻譯等傳統翻譯軟件的翻譯使用習慣。

簡單說一下體驗心得：

（1）前所未聞的拖拽模式

? 芝麻翻譯 ：可以直接支持2007版本以上的word、PPT、TXT文檔，只需完成拖拽到芝

麻翻譯 軟件中，分分鐘就可以出現了目標語言版的文檔，而且格式還不變，真的是顛覆了我三觀，大跌我眼鏡。

? 傳統軟件：將文檔打開，復制需要翻譯內容粘貼到翻譯軟件中，得出目標語言后，在復

制軟件中內容，粘貼到word中，準確度不說，完成這樣的一個翻譯過程，需要CTRL+C，和CTRL+V分別兩次。粘貼到目標文檔的語言格式還需要調整。

總結：既然準確度是每家公司使命級任務時，那么用戶使用便捷性應該是觸手可及的任務吧。芝麻翻譯 居然做到了，這也算超越吧！

（2）學習模式

加了內測群之后，與公司技術大牛互動，得知原來這款軟件在準確度上還是有所突破的，里面內嵌一個編輯功能，使用軟件過程中，發現翻譯錯誤可以直接較錯，更改好后的文檔直接使用，與此同時，用戶修改好的后的正確語句會存在個人庫里面，下次翻譯到類似語句時，就會出現正確的句子。我描述的不是很清楚，但個人覺得真心很贊！

總結：很期待芝麻翻譯 上市呀，以后老師再讓發表英文版小論文時，就爽歪歪了，我可以直接拖拽就成了一篇英文文章。吼吼，你擁有這款軟件，你老師ZiDao嗎？

（3）聊天模式

之前去過韓國，結識了幾位韓國oba,嘿，真洋氣，韓國oba居然也上QQ。問他為什么，他說周圍有很多中國留學生。好吧！我想學韓文，他想學中文，這個芝麻翻譯 軟件好，可以支持雙語模式，我以后跟oba聊天再也不用復制粘貼去查詢那些韓語是什么意思了。直接開啟芝麻翻譯 軟件的這個聊天模式，我輸入中文，點擊回車。就會自動出現中文和韓文雙語出現在消息框了！如果你不認識韓國oba，也沒事，你可以去認識美國的，日本的，西班牙的，阿拉伯的obas，因為可以支持12種語言。

看到群上說還有很多功能呢，啊哦，還能在寫英文的時候，忽然不記得個別單詞怎么寫，在word中直接寫中文，復制拖拽到芝麻翻譯 的懸浮窗那里，英文即可浮現在word中，又是一個減少CTRL+C、CTRL+V的節奏！

好吧，科技改變生活，走在世界前沿的人永遠在推動著科技進步，善于挖掘用戶需求。

第四篇：翻譯心得

翻譯心得

自從進入到黑大開始學習俄語翻譯，慢慢的我發現俄語越來越難，這是以往在大學學習過程中沒有過的感覺。原因可能是首先本科的學習本來就是機械性記憶，本科的任務就是背單詞，記住語法關系，然后按照語法關系造出幾句簡單的俄語句子，所以那時我對俄語的感覺就是這門語言其實并不難。其次是因為現在的學習完全不同于機械的記憶，翻譯的過程中要思考。這又涉及到了人們的思維各有不同，以及生活閱歷不同對一句話的理解也有差異。思考的過程又涉及到很多方面，所以我覺得翻譯真的不是一件容易的事。

要想把東西翻譯好，翻譯的漂亮這并不是一般人能做到的，這里先講一下由母語翻譯到外文的過程。它要求你除了要在掌握良好的俄語基礎語法之外，你首先必須有對俄語這門語言的感覺。這是人們通常所說的對一門語言的語感。這種感覺是日積月累主動接觸這種語言，而這種語言對你的潛移默化所形成的。這種潛移默化因人而異，所以從一個方面影響著我們的俄語水平，也就影響著我們的翻譯質量。這個問題其實在本科時寫俄語作文，老師只要簡單的閱讀一下每位同學的文章，那么很自然的就能分出學生的水平差異。好的文章，自然流暢，對外文的表達地道貼切，如果質量不好的，你會明顯感覺到這是一種漢語式的表達，完全按照漢語的思維轉換過去，讀起來會很生硬。自己的語感還不是很強，意識到這個問題之后，我覺得自己在開始學習如何把翻譯做好之前，首先應該繼續加強自己對這種語言的語感。多閱讀俄語原文，多背誦俄語美文。多留心一些地道的俄漢語表達。這種過程很漫長，我需要努力。畢竟這不是母語，沒有母語這種先天的語言環境，有書中說我們每天腦中對母語的文字處理量要達道道到5萬字以上，包括你每天聽到的聲音，每天閱讀的文字，說話時大腦思維對文字處理等等。而對于外語來說想要達到母語這種信息處理量十分困難的事情，所以我要在這方面不斷地要求自己，盡可能主動的接觸俄語，多閱讀報刊，多和俄羅斯人交流。這也需要持久的耐力和不斷想要自我提升的持續心理催動力的。

此外我再講講由外文譯成母語的過程我所遇到的困難。上學期我的導師給我一個翻譯任務，就是俄羅斯教育部新近下達的關于上海經合組織各大學的教育規定。資料剛拿到手，除了讀起來吃力外，我最大的感覺就是即使你懂得了句子的精華，明白了句意，但是想要 把它用地道的漢語表達是非常困難的。在懂得了句意卻無法表達的情況下突然覺得自己不會說母語了。或者說出的句子別人根本不懂你的邏輯，有些前言不搭后語的感覺。這就讓我懂得了，對翻譯的要求不僅要看你的外文水平，對母語的要求也是極高的。而且在翻譯專業的文本時，必須要對這一行業的語言和詞匯有個大致的了解。這就如同運用母語再次學一遍母語中行業的語言。這又是需要花費大量的時間和翻譯積累量的。而且對自己母語的語法也有提高的必要，如何組詞造句，如何盡可能的少犯母語的語法錯誤。這些都是我在沒有學習專業翻譯之前所沒有想到的。

以上我基本講的都關于筆譯方面的一點點感受，口譯和筆譯相比也有難易之分。首先口譯較筆譯輕松地方面說。今年夏天我去大連的一個俄餐廳打工，雖然每天接觸的只是飯店的一些常用語，但是也經常會遇到各種狀況，偶爾會碰到客人和飯店老板溝通時，我在中間做個簡單的小翻譯，雖然不是什么正式的翻譯，但是也有一些心得。首先還是從中母語譯成俄語說起，為了迅速達到交際目的，有時候我會把老板剛說出的話，立即逐字逐句譯過去，這時就存在一些問題。剛譯過去我就立即意識到剛才自己的語法錯誤，而且這種語法錯誤我發現是根本避免不了，有時剛想去改，但是覺得又沒有必要，因為關鍵詞的傳達已經到位的話，此時 沒有人會注意你的語法錯誤。這意味著口譯在對組詞造句優美方面的要求沒有那么高。所以這方面的壓力較小。當然這只是簡單的生活翻譯，如果更專業的翻譯我還沒有接觸過，所以那種難處感觸還不是特別深。或許比筆譯壓力更大，因為專業的正式的口譯翻譯需除了比我上面提到過得筆譯難處之外，還更多的考驗人的心理素質。其次是由俄文譯成中文，這在簡單的生活翻譯過程中就輕松得多，因為畢竟生活翻譯的常用語是人們非常熟悉的，所以有時候可以不用經過思考就脫口而出，此時考驗的不是人的母語水平，更多的是對外語的聽力水平，聽力好的，思維快的話，就可以溝通無障礙了。當然這還是講的簡單的生活翻譯，不過我的終極目標是想做一名專業翻譯。還需要學的很多很多。簡單的生活翻譯任何接觸過外語的人都能做到，例如去我工作飯店的導游，她們的目的是只要能達到交際目的，至于外語的地道水平一般不予以考慮。而且在特定的語境下，其實只要身體語言就可以達到交際目的。我的追求要遠遠超出這些，所以我要做的還有很多。

翻譯是個難做的職業。這是我目前接觸翻譯之后，最大的感受。這條路任重而道遠。目前中俄在各方面的交流越來越頻繁。所以對翻譯的需求也越來越多，做一名成功的被大家認可的好翻譯，我的任務還很多。我會繼續努力。最后我覺得翻譯技巧這門課是我在翻譯方面知識學到最多的一門課。這門課很實用，因為里面有些固定的句式是我從來沒有接觸過的，謝謝老師的工作。

第五篇：翻譯心得

題目：Translation Practice and Gains

from It

院 系：外國語學院 專 業：英語專業 姓 名：xxx 學 號：xxx 指導老師：xxx

2011 年 3 月 16 日 XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

翻譯心得及翻譯實踐

摘要

翻譯是一項將陌生信息轉化為接受者熟悉能理解的信息的處理過程和方法，它包括語言文字，圖形符號的翻譯轉化等多樣形式。而語言翻譯則是其中的一種較為形象和具體的翻譯形式，它不僅僅對譯者雄厚的英語語言功底和技能提出了很高的要求，更需要他對西方和本國文明歷史以及文化生活有充分的了解和認識，只有將翻譯作為擁有不同文化背景的人們進行交際的橋梁，并深入了解掌握本國與異國的民族文化差異，同時在翻譯語中找到相應準確通達的語句搭配，才能使異國文化在翻譯語中再現其貌，才能真正翻譯好一篇文章。本文則是針對兩篇有關文化交際方面的學術論文而引發的對翻譯方法技巧等的心得體會。一篇是關于文化差異和外語教學的學術文章《中西文化差異探源與外語教學》，而另一篇則是由羅恩·韋特寫的《牢記你的格言》---有關商務信函在人際交往中的應用。而在傳統的翻譯標準上，好的翻譯必須做到“信”、“達”、“雅”，即準確、通順、優雅，那么運用合理的翻譯技巧和翻譯方法就顯得格外重要。其核心的方法還是以直譯翻譯法和意譯翻譯法為主，其間通過轉換，異化與歸化，增譯、簡譯、省略以及句子拆分等方法和策略，在上下文的緊密銜接的基礎上對詞與句進行翻譯。將翻譯心得和翻譯實踐整體的翻譯是一次真正意義上的理論結合實際的契機，它不僅要求對理論知識有認識性的把握，同時要靈活運用這些方法技巧，合理地進行全篇翻譯。

關鍵詞：翻譯 翻譯方法和技巧 句詞處理 心得體會

i XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

Abstract Translation is a process and method to deal with information, converting strange information into the information which recipients can be familiar with and understand.It includes multiple forms involving the translation and conversion of languages and characters, that of graphs and symbols and so on.The language translation is a sort of translation form which is relatively visual and concrete.It not only puts forward high requirements towards a translator in terms of his strong English language skills and knowledge, but also requires him of having sufficient knowledge and understanding of civilization, history, culture and life both in his own and western countries.Only will people regard translation as a bridge of communication where people have different cultural backgrounds, and deeply have understanding of cultural differences between the domestic and foreign national on translation, finding the corresponding accurate and flowing collocation of words and sentences, they can reappear the origin appearance of exotic culture in the language translation, and truly translate an article well.Directing at two academic papers about cultural communication, this paper greatly triggers my gains of translation methods and skills etc.an article is an academic one about cultural differences and foreign language teaching, The Exploration for the Differences between Chinese and Western Culture and Foreign Language Teaching, and the other one is Minding Your Maxims, written by Ron White-about the application of business letters in interpersonal communication.In the traditional translation standards, a good translation must satisfy the three standards “xin”, “da”, “ya”, namely, faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance, therefore reasonable use of translation skills and methods of translation is of great importance.The core methods are still mainly literal translation and free translation method.Free translation is easy to use, but the latter is somewhat difficult, where we use some translation methods and strategies, such as conversion, foreignization and domestication, amplification, simplification, ellipsis and sentence division etc, to translate the words and sentences based on the closely related context.The translation, as a whole of translation gains and translation practice, is actually a good opportunity

ii XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

for combining the theory with the practice, which not only requires of grasping the understanding of theoretical knowledge in cognitive way, but also carrying out a total translation properly with the flexible use of those translation knowledge and skills.Key words: translation

translation methods and strategies

handling sentences and words

experience and gains

iii XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

Contents 摘要…………………………………………………………………….....i Abstract………………………………………………………………….ii 1.The depiction for translation materials……………………….........1 2.Translation methods and strategies

2.1 Conversion…………………………………………………………………....2 2.2 Foreignization translation…………………………………………………...2 2.3 Domestication………………………………………………….......................3 2.4 Extension……………………………………………………………………...3 2.5 Literal translation……………………………………………………………4

3.Handling sentences and words 3.1 Handling long sentences……………………………………………………… 3.2 About some translation skills for sentences…………………………………

4.Gains from translation…………………………………………….....5.Bibliography…………………………………………………………..6.Original English material……………………………………….…… 7.English-to-Chinese translation……………………………………….8.Original Chinese material…………………………………………… 9.Chinese-to-English translation……………………………………….1.The depiction for translation materials For the first article, the cultural globalization is put forward ahead to emphasize the influence brought about by the difference of culture in Chinese and western

iv XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

countries.The new ways of electronic communications make us enter a new era.People seek for global extensive cooperation in the economic and political fields, and meanwhile through cultural exchanges, break the original shut and narrow situation, mutually promoting and developing colorful culture, cooperating efficiently and effectively on the global problems, to walk forward to the open and multivariate and form a new pattern of cultural globalization.The tides of cultural globalization attack both English-teaching and confer new requirements and awareness on people.Therefore, to transcend the obstacle of cultural factors in foreign language teaching, first we must understand these factors behind the languages, making clear definitions of culture and the causes of producing cultural differences.And for culture, it is a complex concept with extremely extensive coverage, generally speaking, there are two arguments including the broad culture and the narrow culture.Moreover, many causes of formation of culture can be referred to, yet we can ascribe them to several following aspects: the ways of thinking, religion, living environment, customs, social etiquette and habits.Consequently, focusing on the differences between Chinese and western culture in foreign language teaching and enhancing cultural introductory is not only the requirements of the times, but also develop a broader vision for our foreign language teaching and inject fresh vitality into it.While the other one is a pure English essay written by a native English speaker, who hopes that his points for the application and writing skills of business letters in interpersonal communication, namely minding our maxims, are focused on to inform people that readers? responses can indicate the individual differences in the way where the maxims are interpreted, as well as the problems given rise to by the task specification and the use of models in business letters teaching.Then to give a distinct explanation and account of these problems, there are four angles arising from them: the applicability of pragmatic principles in cross-cultural settings, authentic readers? responses, task specification in writing classes, uses of models in the teaching of writing.To sum up, writers will learn to mind their maxims in ways which ought to enable them to optimize the effects they wish to have on their readership.XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

2.Translation methods and strategies As we know, there are two basic translation methods, that is to say, literal translation and free translation method.Literal translation is a translation method to translate directly without any modification, which is asked not to alert the figures of speech but to retain the original structures, ideological content, style and forms of sentences.While free translation is different from that.Though they have something in common, such as the similarity of retainment of original figures of speech, sentence structures, and sentence form, the latter stresses the smoothness and the communicative effect of translated version, regardless of the conversion of structure and pattern.For the free translation, we usually use the following translation methods and strategies as assistance, like conversion, foreignization translation, domestication, amplification, simplification, and extension.Let me make it clearer with some detailed examples.2.1 Conversion Conversion in language translation is a translation tip for some difficult sentences.Additionally, it is always used in the change of parts of speech or the meaning of words to make the sentences more fluent and authentic.Examples: Cg1.C: 西方的思維方式可以追溯到蘇格拉底開創的邏輯思辨方式,表現在哲學上則為多主張“人物分離”,崇尚個體思維,認為整體只有在個體對立中才能存在。

E: The western way of thinking can be traced back to the logic speculation pattern which Socrates creates, mostly asserting “figure-object separation” shown in the philosophical speculation way, advocating individual thought that the whole only exist in the individual contradiction.From my translation, we can see “人物分離”in Chinese with traditional Chinese four-word form.Through some conversion, I use “figure-object separation” to express XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

the meaning of separating people from common objects for short.Cg2.E: In an attempt to account for the way participants read into an utterance meanings and intentions other than those obvious from the surface forms themselves,??

C: 為了說明參與者理解顯而易見的意義和目的的方式，而不是那些顯而易見的表面形式，Of all the words, we can see a typical and peculiar words “those obvious”, which ought to be regarded as a noun not an adjective word for origin, namely“ 那些顯而易見的表面形式”in Chinese.2.2 Foreignization translation In the process of translation, both the Chinese-to-English one and English-to-Chinese one, we confront many examples carrying intense national culture, customs and religion.Hard as some are, I try to make use of foreignization translation combined the local history and native meaning to express the exact meaning.Examples: Cg1.C: 佛教傳入中國已有一千多年的歷史,人們相信有“佛主”在左右著人世間的一切,與此有關的習語很多,如“借花獻佛”、“閑時不燒香,臨時抱佛腳”等。

E: Buddhism was introduced into China for more than one thousand years, and people believe there is “the Lord of Buddha” in the world to control everything around, when many related idioms emerge, such as “Jiehuaxianfo” meaning to borrow something to make a gift of it： 借花獻佛, “Xianshibuhsaoxiang, linshibaopojiao” meaning to make efforts at the last moment when not free etc.The expressions“借花獻佛”and“閑時不燒香,臨時抱佛腳”are both Chinese proverbs which carry strong Chinese traditional religious characteristic, thus I choose to use suffixal translation as additional remarks for them, such as “Jiehuaxianfo” meaning to borrow something to make a gift of it.XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

Cg2.C: 用國學大師季羨林教授的話來說就是:“一言而蔽之,東方文化體系的思維模式?

E: Quoted by the Chinese master professor Ji Xianlin? words:“ a word for short, that is to say, the mode of thinking in the oriental cultural system is integrated “一言而蔽之”is a traditional archaism, so based on understanding of ancient Chinese culture, I feel the meaning can equal to “用一句話說就是” in Chinese，which can be translated as “a word for short, that is to say” in English.2.3 Domestication translation Domestication translation is a new conception corresponding to the foreignization translation, which first was put forward by Lawrence Venuti, an American translation theorist.The connotation is to minimize the exotic in translation, and provide readers with a natural and fluent translation.From that, we can see the importance of having a good knowledge of cultural background carry a substantial weight in domestication translation.Examples: Cg1.E: Letter B(Appendix I)is a reply to a complaint by a customer who was pick-pocketed at a shop belonging to the chain of which the writer is ?Customer Relations Manager?.C: B類信(附錄1)反映的是，一位客戶投訴自己在一家商店被扒手模了錢包，而這家店的連鎖店里的商店作家是它的客戶關系經理。From the context, the chain here is apparently not the original meaning, which I think is endowed with a new conception, namely, multiple shops(連鎖店).Cg2.E: Central to Brown and Levinson?s theory is the concept of face(cf.Goffman, 1955)which may be defined as the public self-image that every one wants to claim XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

for him or her self.Brown and Levinson somewhat confusingly distinguish between what they call negative and positive face, summed up as follows: Positive face ? ? the want to be desirable, accepted

concern with being thought of as a normal, contributing member of one's social world

? the desire for common ground

Negative face ? ? the want to be unimpeded by others

maintaining right of independence, freedom of action within one's own territory

? the right not to be imposed upon

C: 布朗和列文森的理論中心是威信的概念(參考Goffman,1955年),這個概念被定義為每個人想向公眾證明自我的一種公眾自我形象。布朗和列文森在區分他們所謂的“消極和積極的威信”上多少有些迷惑和不確定,總的可歸結為以下幾點: 積極的威信

?一種想要被接受和認可的渴望

?關心自己是否被自己所生活的社交界認為是一名正常且做出了貢獻的成員 ?渴望有共同的背景 消極的威信

?一種想要被別人阻礙的希望

?在自己的領地中對獨立的權利和行動的自由的維護 ?享有不被施壓的權利

The face here is not an organ of body, if translated as “面部”, the real meaning of which will be lost.Consequently, in my opinion, the face is used to express the XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

prestige of someone that can be divided into twofold, the positive and the negative.2.4 Extension Omission, a high-class writing skill, is always used in formal or informal writing, to make the whole passage more incisive and concise, yet bringing some trouble for translation.Hence, we try to restore the intact original sentence in clear meaning, and the extension translation is good choice.Through adding some necessary words into sentences, the whole sentence will be easier to be understood.Examples: Cg1.E: As noted earlier, two of the texts in this study were written by students: in one case, the writer is a Polish undergraduate who aspires to join the UDS, while in the other he is a Hong Kong business man, who is already a practising participant in the UDS.C: 正如前面所提到的那樣,這項研究中有兩篇文章出自學生之手:其中一個情況是,其作者是來自波蘭的一名希望加入UDS的大學生,而另一個作者則是一位來自香港的商人,并且他已經是UDS的加盟成員了。The part “As noted earlier,” is an elliptical sentence, the subject of which actually can be extended from the whole passage.That is “正如前面所提到的那樣,”for translation.Another one, “while in the other”, need be extended, which leave out the “writer” after “the other”.Cg2.E: Although three of the five letters are authentic, having been written by real managers to a real customer, two are non authentic, having been written for display, albeit while having to satisfy certain contextual constraints specified in the prompt provided.C: 雖然每五封信中有三封信是真實的，是由真正的經理寫給真正的客戶的，但是其他兩封信都是不真實的，是用于展示的，并且還不得不滿足提示中具體說明的前后相關的某種限制。XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

Similarity to the first example, the word “two” in “two are ?” is a omission leaving out the word “letter”.But in fact, we all know it refers to letters.2.5 Literal translation Literal translation is the easiest one in all the translation methods, according to the basic meaning of the surface of sentences, which can be translated directly without any modification.Examples: Cg1.C: 英漢民族的思維方式的不同也決定了兩個民族的審美情趣的不同。

E: The difference of way of thinking between Chinese and English also determines on the difference of appreciation of the beauty in two nations.Cg2.E: In many cases(but not all)it is based on an assessment of the frequency of interaction and the kinds of material or non-material goods exchanged between the parties concerned.C: 在許多情況下(但并不是全所有的都這樣)它都是基于對相互作用以及在不同當事人之間交換的物質和非物質商品的頻率的評估而存在的。

3.Handling sentences and words 3.1 Handling long sentences For long sentences, we always face a sentence with 20 or more words which itself is so complex both in programmer and structure.So we must analyze the whole sentence by dividing the sentences to several parts, catching the main and abandoning the subordinate.Only seeing from the whole sentence, related to the context closely, the sentences can be precisely translated.For example, “thus, the impression of symmetry in the social relationship XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

between reader and writer is created, even if, as both parties will acknowledge, there is no actual basis for such solidarity.” For this, it has complicated structure and accompanying adverbial modifier puzzling the readers? minds.And after I divide it to several parts and put them to translation, I begin to integrate them in logic.The translation is “因此,要創造出在讀者和作家之間的社會關系中的一種對稱的相互印象,即使當雙方都意識到, 這樣的團結其實沒有現實的依據。” Another example is that the original sentence, “Since both are communicating in a non native language across cultural boundaries, inter-cultural differences between themselves and their readership will be relevant in terms of defining the what is acceptable within the constraints of the writing tasks they have been set”

is so long which contains different kinds of clauses, giving our translator great challenges.There is my own translation for some reference--“由于它們都是跨越文化界限通過一種非母語語言進行交流，所以他們與他們的讀者之間形成的文化差異,與對在寫作任務已經得以限定的情況下可以予以接受的東西的定義是有關聯的。”

3.2 About some translation skills for sentences In my C-to-E translation, I find I come across the four-word form words which always upset and trouble me because there are no distinct and explicit methods and skills for me to translate them, yet just for my own understanding combined with some habits of English expression and local language use.For instance, I confront a hard sentence, “漢語的審美優勢存在于四字結構、意合力強、形式齊整、音律悅耳、詞格豐富、意境性強,重整體感應;英語上的優勢則存在于結構嚴密、修辭生動、明快簡潔、詞藻豐富、表現力強(如引申、轉換等),重客觀描寫”, and I contemplate for a long time but in vain.With the help of my girlfriend and dictionary, I gradually begin to take shape.After modification, my translation comes up--The aesthetic advantages in Chinese lie in four-words structures, strong parataxis force, neat forms, sweet melody, rich word lattice, powerful artistic conception, and emphasizing overall induction;the ones in English are lively and concise, in compact XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

structures, vivid rhetoric , verbal riches with strong expressiveness(such as implication, conversion etc), and regarding the objective description.—Indeed, I choose the form “adjective+noun” to solve the problems.4.Gains from translation In this graduation design, I choose English translation because translation not only puts forward high requirements for a translator in terms of his strong English language skills and commands, but also requires him of having sufficient knowledge and understanding of civilization, history, culture and life both in his and western countries.Moreover another reason counts that the use of the academic words, as well as involving extensive related knowledge range, such as Grice?s maxims, Brown and Levinson politeness principles, and C-B-S style of professional communication etc.As a consequence, I think it is of more challenge.Yet after busy and hard translation work, I welcome the completion of the whole graduate design.Different kinds of moods and feelings hovers my heart in this unforgettable road of translation, which has a big influence of me and my life.From it, I know a good translation must satisfy the three standards ”xin“, ”da“, ”ya“ in traditional translation criterion, namely, faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.Faithfulness is fundamental requirement, and expressiveness is essential condition, and elegance is high tidemark.Without them, the translation can?t exist.So how can we reach these requirements? Reasonable use of translation skills and methods is of great importance.As I have refer earlier, I use the literal translation and free translation method for the basic methods.As long as it can be translated directly, I use the literal translation.But when I confront the difficult one, free translation will be my best choice.Through conversion, foreignization and domestication, amplification, simplification, ellipsis and sentence division etc, based on the closely related context, I can translate the words and sentences clearer and more accurate.The detailed examples I have listed before are no longer accounted specifically.What?s more, I think the analysis for the XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

sentences, especially for sentence division, are greatly critical to translation because only you understand the sentence, can you understand the whole passage and thus translate them precisely and correctly.This is really a tough work for me, owing to my short time for English translation, as well as the great gap between the theory and practice.But I have mad my best progress to accomplish the work, with sweat and tears interweaved, and finally finish the graduate paper.For this, I still feel very happy and joy, for I know no victory is not through the bramble and difficulty, and this translation is also a good opportunity for combining the theory with the practice, which makes me have a qualitative leap on the understanding of theoretical knowledge in class or taught by teachers.Through the flexible use of those translation knowledge taught by teachers, I successfully accomplish the English-to-Chinese translation and the Chinese-to-English translation, and obtain much valuable experience, which not only enlarges the range of my knowledge, but also cultivates my strong interest of learning English.”Nothing is impossible to a willing mind" translation work is a long-term arduous process, which needs constant patience and strong perseverance.I believe, as long as a person can make attempt to endeavoring persistently, working down-to-earth, deeply loving the current job, and cherishing hard-won studying opportunity, he will certainly welcome the dawn of success.Finally, I?m obliged to my instructor Mrs Kang, who helps me much in my translation work, as well as my girlfriend.Without them, I can not accomplish this paper.My classmates are also helpful when I face much trouble.All the people and all the memory are bound to remain in my deepest soul, and words fails me when I want to express the heartfelt gratitude to them gain.5.Bibliography [1] Yong, Ho.1993.Aspects of Discourse structure in Mandarin Chinese [M].New XXXX大 學 第 二 學 位 畢 業 設 計

York: Mellen University Press.[2] Peter Newmark P.2001.A Textbook of Translation Foreign Language Teaching and Research.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.[3] Kelly,L.G.1979.The True Interpreter: A History of Translation Theory and Practice in the West.Oxford: Basil Blackwell.[4] LEFEVERE, Andre.1992.Translation Literature, Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context.New York: The Modern Language Association of America.[5] 王宏志，1999，《重釋‘信達雅’——二十世紀中國翻譯研究》，上海：東方出版中心。

[6] 許鈞，2003，《翻譯論》，武漢：湖北教育出版社。

[7] 劉宓慶，2003，《翻譯教學：實務與理論》，北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司。[7] 桂詩春、寧春巖，1997，《語言方法論》，北京：外語教學與研究出版社。