第一篇:抗生素濫用心得體會(huì)
抗生素濫用心得體會(huì)
抗生素是治療感染性疾病的常用藥物,自從青霉素問(wèn)世以來(lái),抗生素的種類(lèi)已達(dá)幾千種,目前臨床上常用的亦達(dá)幾百種,在臨床工作中發(fā)揮了重要的作用,使很多嚴(yán)重細(xì)菌感染和傳染病均得到了治療。但由于人為和客觀因素的影響,再加上合理使用抗生素用藥知識(shí)的匱乏,致使濫用抗生素的現(xiàn)象愈演愈烈。抗生素濫用最大的危害就是耐藥性。醫(yī)生利用抗生素治病救人的時(shí),濫用抗生素又悄悄地危害著身體健康。
總結(jié)在醫(yī)院工作中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),造成耐藥性的最主要原因就是對(duì)患者沒(méi)有做到對(duì)癥治療,其次是某些人為因素使得患者過(guò)度依賴(lài)抗生素,鍛煉了細(xì)菌的耐藥能力。所以使得細(xì)菌對(duì)原來(lái)應(yīng)用的抗生素產(chǎn)生了一定的耐藥性,而再用同樣的劑量治療,效果就不那么明顯了。正常人的體內(nèi)含有一定量的正常菌群,它們參與人體的正常代謝,使身體保持健康狀態(tài)但我們?cè)谑褂每股貧绮【耐瑫r(shí),也殺滅了一些有益菌。如果過(guò)度使用會(huì)使人體健康失去平衡,免疫力降低。據(jù)報(bào)道在歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家抗生素的使用量大致占到所有藥品10%左右而我國(guó)最低的醫(yī)院是占到30%,基層醫(yī)院高達(dá)50%。可見(jiàn),在我國(guó)濫用抗生素是多么的嚴(yán)重。抗生素濫用除了產(chǎn)生耐藥性外,抗生素濫用第二個(gè)問(wèn)題就是藥物的不良反應(yīng)。是藥三分毒。每一種抗生素在體都有一定的不良反應(yīng)。如氨基糖甙類(lèi)所致的不可逆轉(zhuǎn)性耳聾,喹諾酮類(lèi)對(duì)骨組織有損害,禁用于孕婦、哺乳期婦女及18歲以下的青年兒童;大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)對(duì)胃腸道的刺激。每年都會(huì)有相關(guān)的觸目驚心的報(bào)道。這些不良反應(yīng)的出現(xiàn)都要求我們這些醫(yī)藥工作者要合理使用抗生素。臨床應(yīng)用抗生素的原則應(yīng)是辨證施治。
首先,做到對(duì)癥治療,同時(shí)要考慮到藥物的不良反應(yīng)和體內(nèi)過(guò)程與療效的關(guān)系;其次,能不用抗生素的盡量不用抗生素,應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)病人免疫系統(tǒng),提高機(jī)體抵抗能力。如多運(yùn)動(dòng),注意飲食和休息,多喝水,糾水、電解質(zhì)和酸堿平衡,改善微循環(huán)等。
為了我們擁有一個(gè)良好的生存環(huán)境,健康的身體,遠(yuǎn)離疾病,我們工作在基層的社區(qū)醫(yī)生應(yīng)該在藥物治療上要抵制濫用抗生素、合理使用抗生素,同時(shí)還需要向病人傳達(dá)濫用抗生素危害的信息,普及抗生素使用信息。而不是在利益的趨勢(shì)下讓患者濫用抗生素。
第二篇:抗生素濫用問(wèn)卷調(diào)查表
我市居民抗生素使用現(xiàn)況調(diào)查表您好!
為了了解我市居民抗生素的使用情況,為相關(guān)衛(wèi)生單位制定有關(guān)的衛(wèi)生政策提供參考,更好的為人民的衛(wèi)生健康服務(wù),我們特設(shè)置了此問(wèn)卷。問(wèn)卷采用調(diào)查員詢(xún)問(wèn)的方式填寫(xiě),并由調(diào)查員統(tǒng)一收回,我們將嚴(yán)格保密您提供的信息,不會(huì)對(duì)你照成任何的不良影響。
請(qǐng)?jiān)谀x擇的答案后面打鉤或在橫線處填寫(xiě)相應(yīng)的答案。
A部分題目
A1、您的性別
1、男
2、女
A2、您的年齡是歲
A3、您的文化程度是?
1、小學(xué)及以下
2、初中
3、高中
4、專(zhuān)科
5、大學(xué)本科及以上 A4、您的收入情況是?
1、0—1000元2、1000—3000元3、3000—6000元4、6000元以上 A5您的職業(yè)是?(注:若選答案3直接跳至B部分,選4直接跳C部分)
1、學(xué)生
2、教師
3、醫(yī)生
4、藥師
5、其他
A6、假如您生病了,你一般會(huì)選擇什么樣的方法治療?
1、自己到藥店買(mǎi)藥2、去診所開(kāi)藥3、到醫(yī)院掛號(hào)拿藥4、其他 A7、對(duì)于醫(yī)生給你開(kāi)的藥物,或您自己購(gòu)買(mǎi)的藥物您對(duì)它有一定了解嗎?
1、不了解2、了解一些
3、基本了解
4、非常了解 A8、您知道什么是抗生素嗎?
1、知道
2、不了解
A9、您知道細(xì)菌耐藥現(xiàn)象嗎?
1、知道2、不知道
A10、您平時(shí)對(duì)疾病的抵抗力如何?比如發(fā)生感冒的次數(shù)多嗎?
1、容易發(fā)生2、一般和平常人一樣
3、不容易發(fā)生A11、您感冒就診時(shí)醫(yī)生給你開(kāi)過(guò)以下藥物嗎?(可多選)
1、青霉素類(lèi)(阿莫西、林哌拉西林 天林、舒巴坦
2、.頭孢類(lèi)(先鋒、可福樂(lè)、泰可欣、凱福隆、羅氏芬、凱福定、莫敵、美福仙)
3、氨基糖苷類(lèi)(阿米卡星、慶大霉素、妥布霉素)
4、大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi)(.紅霉素、羅力得、希舒美)
5、喹諾酮類(lèi)(.氟洛沙星、氧氟沙星、環(huán)丙沙星、、司巴樂(lè)、左氧氟沙星)
6、以上都沒(méi)有
7、不清楚
A12、您平時(shí)家里面會(huì)備一些常用藥嗎?(注:若選答案2跳至14題)
1、會(huì)
2、不會(huì)
A13、您家里通常會(huì)備些什么藥物呢?。
A14、您用藥時(shí)通常會(huì)選擇哪些藥物呢?
1、價(jià)格低的常用藥物
2、價(jià)格較高療效好的藥物3、不是很在意 A15、您會(huì)主動(dòng)了解與藥物相關(guān)的知識(shí)嗎?
1、不會(huì)
2、偶爾
3、主動(dòng)了解
A16、您對(duì)目前市面上的藥物信任嗎?
1、信任2、不信任
3、一般
A17、您選擇藥物時(shí)會(huì)很介意藥物的價(jià)格嗎?
1、會(huì)
2、不會(huì)
A18、您有到藥房購(gòu)買(mǎi)過(guò)以下藥物嗎?(阿莫西、林哌拉西林 天林、舒巴坦、先鋒、可福樂(lè)、泰可欣、凱福隆、羅氏芬、凱福定、莫敵、美福仙、阿米卡星、慶大霉素、妥布霉素、紅霉素、羅力得、希舒美氟洛沙星、氧氟沙星、環(huán)丙沙星、、司巴樂(lè)、左氧氟沙星)
1、有2沒(méi)有3不清楚
B部分題目醫(yī)院相關(guān)人員回答
B1、您所在的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)是?。
B2、您從事醫(yī)療活動(dòng)的時(shí)間有多久了?。
B3您所在的科室是。
B3、對(duì)于抗生素濫用現(xiàn)象您關(guān)心嗎?
1、不是很關(guān)心2、一般
3、很關(guān)心
B4、您認(rèn)為到目前為止濫用抗生素的現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重嗎?
1、不嚴(yán)重2一般
3、很?chē)?yán)重
B5、您認(rèn)為就現(xiàn)在抗生素濫用現(xiàn)象與醫(yī)生本身的關(guān)系大嗎?
1、不大
2、一般
3、大
B6、您所在科室抗生素的應(yīng)用量大嗎?
1、不大
2、一般3、大
B7、您所在的科室使用抗生素時(shí)是嚴(yán)格根據(jù)適應(yīng)癥用的藥嗎?
1、是
2、不一定
B8、您所在的科室使用抗生素時(shí)會(huì)根據(jù)以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)用藥嗎?
1、會(huì)2、不會(huì)
3、偶爾會(huì)
B9、您會(huì)關(guān)注最新藥物信息嗎?
1、會(huì)
2、不會(huì)
3、偶爾會(huì)
B10、您所在的單位會(huì)對(duì)醫(yī)生的用藥情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)督嗎?
1、會(huì)
2、不會(huì)
B11、您所在的科室中,住院者的藥費(fèi)中抗生素所占的比例如何?
1、0%~30%
2、30%~50%
3、50%~70%
4、〉70%
B12、您所在的科室中患者對(duì)細(xì)菌耐藥的現(xiàn)象多嗎?
1、少有
2、一般
3、常有
B13、常會(huì)有相關(guān)部門(mén)到您所在的單位進(jìn)行藥物使用監(jiān)督嗎?
1、會(huì)
2、不會(huì)
B14您認(rèn)為目前造成抗生素耐藥的主要原因是?C部分題目藥物銷(xiāo)售人員回答
C1、您所在的單位是?。
C2、您干藥物銷(xiāo)售工作有年。
C3、您上學(xué)時(shí)所學(xué)的專(zhuān)業(yè)是?。
C4、您對(duì)抗生素耐藥了解嗎?
1、不是很了解
2、了解
3、不了解
C5、您認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在濫用抗生素的現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重嗎?
1、不嚴(yán)重
2、一般
3、嚴(yán)重
C6、您認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在抗生素濫用現(xiàn)象與消費(fèi)者本身對(duì)藥物知識(shí)的了解的關(guān)系大嗎?
1、不大
2、一般
3、密切相關(guān)
C7、您所在藥房上架藥物中抗生素的比例大約為?
1、0%~30%
2、30%~50%
3、〉50%
C8、在您所在的藥房消費(fèi)人群大多數(shù)對(duì)藥物的了解程度如何?
1、沒(méi)有用藥常識(shí)
2、對(duì)藥物有一般性的了解3、擁有藥物的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
C9、在您所在的藥房在銷(xiāo)售藥物的時(shí)候會(huì)對(duì)購(gòu)藥者做一般性的病情了解嗎?(注:選1繼續(xù)C10題目選2跳至C11題目)
1、會(huì)
2、不會(huì)
C10、在您所在的藥房購(gòu)買(mǎi)藥物的消費(fèi)者中多數(shù)的病因?yàn)椋?/p>
1、普通感冒2、專(zhuān)科疾病
3、慢性病
C11、您會(huì)主動(dòng)向感冒患者推薦抗生素嗎?
1、會(huì)2、不會(huì)
C12、在您所在的藥房購(gòu)買(mǎi)抗生素的消費(fèi)者多嗎?
1、少
2、一般
3、多
C13、您對(duì)細(xì)菌因抗生素而產(chǎn)生的耐藥了解嗎?
1、不了解2、知道一些
3、了解
C14、相關(guān)的衛(wèi)生部門(mén)會(huì)對(duì)您所在藥房的抗生素銷(xiāo)售情況進(jìn)行檢查嗎?
1、會(huì)
2、不會(huì)
C15、您所在的藥房抗生素的銷(xiāo)售情況如何?
1、暢銷(xiāo)2、一般
3、很少有人買(mǎi)
請(qǐng)給出您的意見(jiàn)或建議
對(duì)于目前的抗生素濫用現(xiàn)象您有什么好的意見(jiàn)幫助改善這種現(xiàn)狀呢?
謝謝您的認(rèn)真回答,祝您工作順利,天天開(kāi)心。
第三篇:《抗生素濫用》中考閱讀答案
抗生素濫用(12分)【材料一】: 天天6個(gè)月時(shí)被醫(yī)院診斷得了咽炎并接受慶大霉素霧化治療,整個(gè)治療過(guò)程中,天天哭得很厲害,但護(hù)士卻說(shuō)沒(méi)事,哭得越厲害吸入效果越好。10個(gè)月時(shí),天天出現(xiàn)了異常,被醫(yī)院 診斷為雙耳重度感音神經(jīng)性耳聾,病因就是半歲時(shí)做的那次慶大霉素霧化治療。中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心傳染病預(yù)防控制所所長(zhǎng)徐建國(guó)近日直言:中國(guó)濫用抗生素情況已到了不容忽視階段。【材料二】: 中外抗生素使用情況對(duì)比表項(xiàng)目無(wú)處方購(gòu)買(mǎi)抗生素住院患者使用抗生素人年均使用抗生素 使用抗生素致聾占聾啞兒童數(shù)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)飼料中添加抗生素中國(guó)加拿大中國(guó)北歐中國(guó)美國(guó)中國(guó)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中國(guó)歐盟比例79.4% 0.1%80%20%138克12.8克34%0.9%46.1%0【材料三】: 老余:抗生素治病效果好,只要有點(diǎn)頭痛發(fā)熱,我就會(huì)自己到藥店買(mǎi)一些服用。花咖:現(xiàn)在的患者真怪,普遍喜好“三素一湯”,即抗生素、激素、維生素和打點(diǎn)滴。慕容:抗生素只能用于輔助治療,但有些醫(yī)生由于自身醫(yī)療水平和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益原因,把抗生素當(dāng)成了“當(dāng)家藥”。良心人:盡管?chē)?guó)家早就出臺(tái)了《抗菌藥物臨床應(yīng)用指導(dǎo)原則》,但有些藥店為了賺錢(qián),只要你買(mǎi),它就敢賣(mài),完全不管病人服用抗生素后會(huì)不會(huì)有過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。青衫浪子:我國(guó)抗生素的使用陷入了“需要用,不需要也用;超時(shí)、超量使用”的怪圈,長(zhǎng)期這樣下去,非常危險(xiǎn),它會(huì)使人體免疫力下降,病菌產(chǎn)生耐藥性。【材料四】: 歐盟自2006年1月起全面禁止在養(yǎng)殖業(yè)飼料中添加任何抗生素。從2008年開(kāi)始,歐盟將每年的11月18日定為“歐洲抗生素宣傳日”,旨在宣傳抗生素的合理使用。抗生素在美國(guó)被嚴(yán)格界定為處方藥,沒(méi)有執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師的處方,藥店不能向公眾出售,否則將承擔(dān)高額罰款和民事甚至刑事責(zé)任。最近,英國(guó)出臺(tái)新的規(guī)定,醫(yī)生不得給咽喉痛、扁桃體發(fā)炎、感冒等患者開(kāi)具抗生素類(lèi)藥品處方,而應(yīng)建議其回家休息,否則將受處罰。15.濫用抗生素主要有哪些危險(xiǎn)?(3分)答: 16.寫(xiě)出你從材料二中得出的三條有意義的結(jié)論。(3分)①
② ③ 17.下列內(nèi)容陳述正確的一項(xiàng)是()(3分)A.沒(méi)有醫(yī)生的處方在國(guó)外買(mǎi)不到抗生素類(lèi)藥物。B.導(dǎo)致兒童聾啞的原因是因?yàn)闆](méi)有合理使用抗生素。C.我國(guó)抗生素濫用主要表現(xiàn)在超時(shí)、超量、不按需使用。D.歐盟將2008年11月18日定為“歐洲抗生素宣傳日”。18.結(jié)合上述材料,談?wù)効梢酝ㄟ^(guò)哪些方法來(lái)解決我國(guó)抗生素濫用這一問(wèn)題。(3分)答:
(三)抗生素濫用(12分)15.(3分)會(huì)出現(xiàn)過(guò)敏反應(yīng),使人體免疫力下降,病菌產(chǎn)生耐藥性,導(dǎo)致兒童致聾致啞。(任意三點(diǎn)即可)16.(3分)①中國(guó)濫用抗生素的情況十分嚴(yán)重,是老百姓的認(rèn)識(shí)程度不夠。②抗生素濫用是一些醫(yī)生的醫(yī)療水平不高和醫(yī)德較差。③濫用抗生素帶來(lái)的后果只會(huì)是弊大于利。④?chē)?guó)家對(duì)濫用抗生素的重視程度不夠,監(jiān)管不到位。(每條1分,任意三條即可)17.(3分)C18.(3分)①做好宣傳,讓老百姓知道濫用抗生素的嚴(yán)重危害,主動(dòng)遠(yuǎn)離抗生素。②提高醫(yī)生的醫(yī)療水平,培養(yǎng)崇高的醫(yī)德。③從國(guó)家層面立法來(lái)杜絕抗生素的濫用。(每點(diǎn)1分)
第四篇:濫用抗生素的危害視頻
濫用抗生素的危害視頻
抗生素(Antibiotic),是抵抗致病微生物的藥物.是由細(xì)菌,真菌或其他微生物在生活過(guò)程中所產(chǎn)生的具有抗病原體或其他活性的一類(lèi)物質(zhì).用于治病的抗生素除由此直接提取外,還可用人工合成及部分人工合成(稱(chēng)半合成抗生素)的方法制造而得.抗生素的用藥范圍很廣,對(duì)許多微生物、衣原體、支原體、螺旋體以及其他致病微生物及惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞都有著抑殺作用,所以得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用,對(duì)人類(lèi)戰(zhàn)勝疾病起到了舉足輕重的作用。濫用抗生素的危害
各類(lèi)抗生素臨床上的合理應(yīng)用定義
抗生素(Antibiotic)是微生物(例如:放線菌)的代謝產(chǎn)物或合成的類(lèi)似物,在體外能抑制微生物的生長(zhǎng)和存活,而對(duì)宿主不會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的副作用。歷史
1929年英國(guó)學(xué)者弗萊明首先在抗生素中發(fā)現(xiàn)了青霉素。來(lái)源
目前所用的抗生素大多數(shù)是從微生物培養(yǎng)液中提取的,有些抗生素已能人工合成。由于不同種類(lèi)的抗生素的化學(xué)成分不一,因此它們對(duì)微生物的作用機(jī)理也很不相同,有些抑制蛋白質(zhì)的合成,有些抑制核酸的合成,有些則抑制細(xì)胞壁的合成。用途
抗生素基本上可分為二大類(lèi),一為抑制病原的生長(zhǎng),一為直接殺死病原。可用于治療大多數(shù)細(xì)菌感染性疾病。由于抗生素可使95%以上由細(xì)菌感染而引起的疾病得到控制,因此被廣泛應(yīng)用于家禽、家畜、作物等病害的防治,現(xiàn)已成為治療傳染性疾病的主要藥物。抗生素還應(yīng)用于食品保存,如四環(huán)素應(yīng)用于肉類(lèi)等的保存,制霉菌素應(yīng)用于柑桔等的保存。利用四環(huán)素能與腫瘤組織結(jié)合的特性,可將這種抗生素作為載體以提高抗腫瘤藥物的藥效。抗生素雖然能有效地防治人類(lèi)的疾病,但在臨床使用上還存在著微生物對(duì)抗生素的耐藥性問(wèn)題,如某些地方耐藥的金黃色葡萄球菌已達(dá)80%~90%,有些用藥者對(duì)抗生素會(huì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。分類(lèi)
青霉素類(lèi):如青霉素G、氨芐青霉素、羥氨芐青霉素(阿莫西林、阿莫仙)、苯唑青霉素等,一般具有療效高,毒性較低等特點(diǎn)。
頭孢菌素類(lèi):如頭孢氨芐(先鋒霉素Ⅳ)、頭孢唑啉(先鋒霉素Ⅴ)、頭孢拉定(先鋒霉素Ⅵ)、頭孢呋辛(西力欣)、頭孢曲松(羅氏芬)、頭孢噻肟(凱福隆)、頭孢哌酮(先鋒必)等。氨基糖苷類(lèi):如鏈霉素、慶大霉素、妥布霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、新霉素、核糖霉素、小諾霉素、阿斯霉素等。
大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類(lèi):臨床常用的有紅霉素、白霉素、無(wú)味紅霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素、麥迪霉素、交沙霉素等。
四環(huán)素類(lèi):四環(huán)素、土霉素、強(qiáng)力霉、金霉素等。氯霉素類(lèi):如氯霉素、琥珀氯霉素、甲砜霉素等。林可酰胺類(lèi):包括林可霉素、克林霉素。
多肽類(lèi)以及其它抗生素:如萬(wàn)古霉素、多粘菌素E、磷霉素、制霉菌素等。
作用于G+細(xì)菌的其它抗生素,如林可霉素、氯林可霉素、萬(wàn)古霉素、桿菌肽等。
作用于G菌的其它抗生素,如多粘菌素、磷霉素、卷霉素、環(huán)絲氨酸、利福平等。抗真菌抗生素 如灰黃霉素。
抗腫瘤抗生素 如絲裂霉素、放線菌素D、博萊霉素、阿霉素等。
具有免疫抑制作用的抗生素如環(huán)孢霉素。殺菌作用
抗生素殺菌作用主要有4種機(jī)制
抑制細(xì)菌細(xì)胞壁的合成:抑制細(xì)胞壁的合成會(huì)導(dǎo)致細(xì)菌細(xì)胞破裂死亡,以這種方式作用的抗菌藥物包括青霉素類(lèi)和頭孢菌素類(lèi),哺乳動(dòng)物的細(xì)胞沒(méi)有細(xì)胞壁,不受這些藥物的影響。與細(xì)胞膜相互作用:一些抗菌素與細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜相互作用而影響膜的滲透性,這對(duì)細(xì)胞具有致命的作用。以這種方式作用的抗生素有多粘菌素和短桿菌素。
干擾蛋白質(zhì)的合成:干擾蛋白質(zhì)的合成意味著細(xì)胞存活所必需的酶不能被合成。干擾蛋白質(zhì)合成的抗生素包括福霉素類(lèi)、氨基糖苷類(lèi)、四環(huán)素類(lèi)和氯霉素。
抑制核酸的轉(zhuǎn)錄和復(fù)制:抑制核酸的功能阻止了細(xì)胞分裂和/或所需酶的合成。以這種方式作用的抗生素包括萘啶酸和二氯基吖啶。抗菌譜
主條目:抗菌譜
抗菌譜(Antibacterial Spectrum)系泛指一種或一類(lèi)抗生素(或抗菌藥物)所能抑制(或殺滅)微生物的類(lèi)、屬、種范圍。如青霉素的抗菌譜主要包括革蘭陽(yáng)性菌和某些陰性球菌,鏈霉素的抗菌譜主要是部分革蘭陰性桿菌,兩者抗菌譜的覆蓋面都較窄,因此屬于窄譜抗生素(Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics)。而四環(huán)素類(lèi)的抗菌譜覆蓋面廣,包括一些革蘭陽(yáng)性和陰性細(xì)菌,以及立克次體、支原體、衣原體等,因此為廣譜抗生素(Boad Spectrum Antibiotics)。抗藥性
細(xì)菌對(duì)抗生素(包括抗菌藥物)的抗藥性主要有4種機(jī)制
使抗生素分解或失去活性:
細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生一種或多種水解酶或鈍化酶來(lái)水解或修飾進(jìn)入細(xì)菌內(nèi)的抗生素使之失去生物活性。
如:細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的β-內(nèi)酰胺酶能使含β-內(nèi)酰胺環(huán)的抗生素分解;細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的鈍化酶(磷酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶、核酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶、乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶)使氨基糖苷類(lèi)抗生素失去抗菌活性。使抗菌藥物作用的靶點(diǎn)發(fā)生改變:
由于細(xì)菌自身發(fā)生突變或細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生某種酶的修飾使抗生素的作用靶點(diǎn)(如核酸或核蛋白)的結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化,使抗菌藥物無(wú)法發(fā)揮作用。
如:耐甲氧西林的金黃色葡萄球菌是通過(guò)對(duì)青霉素的蛋白結(jié)合部位進(jìn)行修飾,使細(xì)菌對(duì)藥物不敏感所致。
細(xì)胞特性的改變:細(xì)菌細(xì)胞膜滲透性的改變或其它特性的改變使抗菌藥物無(wú)法進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)。
細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生藥泵將進(jìn)入細(xì)胞的抗生素泵出細(xì)胞:細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的一種主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸方式,將進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)的藥物泵出至胞外。使用原則 臨床應(yīng)用抗生素時(shí)必須考慮以下幾個(gè)基本原則:
嚴(yán)格掌握適應(yīng)證凡屬可用可不用的盡量不用,而且除考慮抗生素的抗菌作用的針對(duì)性外,還必須掌握藥物的不良反應(yīng)和體內(nèi)過(guò)程與療效的關(guān)系。
發(fā)熱原因不明者不宜采用抗生素除病情危重且高度懷疑為細(xì)菌感染者外,發(fā)熱原因不明者不宜用抗生素,因抗生素用后常使致病微生物不易檢出,且使臨床表現(xiàn)不典型,影響臨床確診,延誤治療。
病毒性或估計(jì)為病毒性感染的疾病不用抗生素抗生素對(duì)各種病毒性感染并無(wú)療效,對(duì)麻疹、腮腺炎、傷風(fēng)、流感等患者給予抗生素治療是無(wú)害無(wú)益的。咽喉炎、上呼吸道感染者90%以上由病毒所引起,因此除能肯定為細(xì)菌感染者外,一般不采用抗生素。
皮膚、粘膜局部盡量避免反應(yīng)應(yīng)用抗生素因用后易發(fā)生過(guò)敏反應(yīng)且易導(dǎo)致耐藥菌的產(chǎn)生。因此,除主要供局部用的抗生素如新霉素、桿菌肽外,其它抗生素特別是青霉素G的局部應(yīng)用盡量避免。在眼粘膜及皮膚燒傷時(shí)應(yīng)用抗生素要選擇告辭適合的時(shí)期和合適的劑量。*嚴(yán)格控制預(yù)防用抗生素的范圍在下列情況下可采用預(yù)防治療:
風(fēng)濕熱病人,定期采用青霉素G,以消滅咽部溶血鏈球菌,防止風(fēng)濕熱復(fù)發(fā)。
風(fēng)濕性或先天性心臟病進(jìn)行手術(shù)前后用青霉素G或其它適當(dāng)?shù)目股兀苑乐箒喖毙约?xì)菌性心內(nèi)膜炎的發(fā)生。感染灶切除時(shí),依治病菌的敏感性而選用適當(dāng)?shù)目股亍?zhàn)傷或復(fù)合外傷后,采用青霉素G或四環(huán)素族以防止氣性壞疽。
結(jié)腸手術(shù)前采用卡那霉素,新霉素等作腸道準(zhǔn)備。嚴(yán)重?zé)齻螅谥财で皯?yīng)用青霉素G消滅創(chuàng)面的溶血性鏈球菌感染。或按創(chuàng)面細(xì)菌和藥敏結(jié)果采用適當(dāng)?shù)目股胤乐箶⊙Y的發(fā)生。
慢性支氣管炎及支氣擴(kuò)張癥患者,可在冬季預(yù)防性應(yīng)用抗生素(限于門(mén)診)。
顱腦術(shù)前1天應(yīng)用抗生素,可預(yù)防感染。
強(qiáng)調(diào)綜合治療的重要性在應(yīng)用抗生素治療感染性疾病的過(guò)程中,應(yīng)充分認(rèn)識(shí)到人體防御機(jī)制的重要性,不能過(guò)分依賴(lài)抗生素的功效而忽視了人體內(nèi)在的因素,當(dāng)人體免疫球蛋白的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量不足、細(xì)胞免疫功能低下,或吞噬細(xì)胞性能與質(zhì)量不足時(shí),抗生素治療則難以秦效。因此,在應(yīng)用抗生素的同進(jìn)應(yīng)盡最大努力使病人全身狀況得到改善;采取各種綜合措施,以提高機(jī)體低抗能力,如降低病人過(guò)高的體溫;注意飲食和休息;糾正水、電解質(zhì)和堿平衡失調(diào);改善微循環(huán);補(bǔ)充血容量;以及處理原發(fā)性疾病和局部病灶等。putongVideo
第五篇:抗生素濫用論文 英文
Abuse of Antibiotics
【keywords】:Abuse Overuse of Antibiotics
Public Health Crisis 【Introduction】
EVERY year 80,000 Chinese die from antibiotics abuse, making China one of the worst offenders in the world.Statistics show that among the country's 15 best-selling medicines, 10 are antibiotics.More than 50 per cent of the medical expenses for Chinese in-patients goes to cover different kinds of antibiotics, while the figure in Western countries is just 15 to 30 per cent.The side effects of antibiotics use can damage organs, cause disorders in the body's normal bacteria and increase the resistance of disease causing germs.Many Chinese believe the myth that antibiotics can diminish inflammation, so they use them to treat everything from toothache to fever.【the main text】
Before the discovery of antibiotics in the 1940s, millions of people died routinely of staphylococcus and streptococcus and more serious bacterial infections like meningitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis.But over the years, antibiotics have become less effective because some bacteria have developed ways to survive the medicines meant to kill or weaken them.VOA's Rosanne Skirble reports on how the overuse and abuse of antibiotics is creating a public health crisis and how some communities are responding to it.Bacteria comprise about one-20th of our body weight.Most of these organisms are harmless, like those in the intestinal tract that help us to digest our food.Others can make us really sick.Streptococcus is a common bacteria found on the skin and in the nose, even in healthy people.But it can also cause acute respiratory illness, sinusitis, some ear infections and pneumonia.Over the last 60 years, most serious bacterial infections have been treated with some type of penicillin-related antibiotic.Today penicillin is not as effective as it once was.Drug-resistant bacteria are to blame.We are all at risk of getting an untreatable infection because it is the bacteria and not the person that becomes resistant to antibiotics.And those bacteria can be spread by simple physical contact.Antibiotic resistance is not new, but what is troubling is that the number of drug-resistant bacteria is growing at the same time that the drugs used to combat them are decreasing in potency and number.A new study released by the Alliance Working for Antibiotic Resistance Education, better known as AWARE, tracks the effectiveness of penicillin against Streptococcus pneumonia, a common bacterial cause of meningitis, ear infections, pneumonia and sinusitis.It reports that in Northern California, drug-resistant cases fell from 27 percent of all infections in 2000 to 19 percent in 2002.In Southern California resistance remained at 27 percent, still lower than the 30 percent national average.The decline is good news and in part due to the work of AWARE, a statewide partnership that includes physician organizations, health agencies, healthcare providers and consumer and education groups.Elissa Maas is the executive director.“The overall goals of AWARE are really three: to increase the appropriate prescribing of antibiotics, to increase the public's awareness of the importance of the issue of both appropriate use antibiotic and antibiotic resistance and then mobilizing communities to take action.”
The U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 50 percent of antibiotic use may be inappropriate.Elissa Maas says AWARE targets doctors who over-prescribe antibiotics and consumers who routinely demand them for everything from a headache to the common cold.“It is about not asking for an antibiotic when we have a cold or flu bug and we go in and we want that from the doctor.We do not need it.It will not work.And, so part of this [work] is just hammering those messages over and over because they are simple behaviors that can solve the problem,” she says.And that means bombarding citizens with information in public service announcements heard on radio stations across California.Other simple behavior changes include using the entire prescription and not saving or sharing the drugs with anyone.Taking an antibiotic in too small a dose or for too short a time allows the bacteria to develop mutations or to acquire drug resistance from other bacteria.A World Health Organization report recommends aggressive action to combat drug resistant infections, which it says, “could rob the world of its opportunity to cure illnesses and stop epidemics.”
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has initiated a campaign for the appropriate use of antibiotics, of which the California AWARE program is part.The solution, says AWARE executive director Elissa Maas requires a collaborative effort.“I can't stress enough the word 'partner.' This issue is so gargantuan that no one organization is going to solve it,” she says.“ We have got to have the doctors involved.We have got to have the pharmacists, and nurses.We have to have the health plans.We have got to have the pharmaceutical companies.We have got to have consumer groups.We have to have the media.Everybody has to sit there and say, 'Oh my gosh, we have a problem.'”
And from that realization, Elissa Maas hopes, will come aggressive programs that the World Health Organization is urging, to ensure that the drugs we have today will be available to fight tomorrow's infections.I am Rosanne Skirble.The Dangers Of Prescribing Antibiotics Erythromycin is a commonly used antibiotic, but new research suggests it could be dangerous when used in combination with other drugs.// The study shows patients should not be given erythromycin along with antifungal agents such as diltiazem, verapamil and troleandomycin because it increases the risk of sudden death.Researchers conducted the study to determine if there is any association between the use of erythromycin and sudden cardiac death.Researchers used information on 1,476 cases of confirmed sudden death due to cardiac causes.They looked at what medications the patients were on including the drugs erythromycin or amoxicillin.Amoxicillin is another commonly used antibiotic, but does not have the same effect on the heart as erythromycin.The rate of sudden death from cardiac causes among patients on erythromycin was twice as high compared to those who had not used any antibiotics.The research also shows the rate of sudden death from cardiac causes was five-times as high among patients on erythromycin and a CYP3A inhibitor however there was no increased risk of death among patients on amoxicillin.Thus researchers say the combination use of these drugs should be avoided and researchers say there are alternative drugs that doctors can prescribe without putting patients at a higher risk for sudden death.The Hidden Dangers of Antibiotics Antibiotics, meaning literally “against life” were invented to kill the invading bacteria that our own immune system has failed to destroy, resulting in bacterial infections somewhere in the body.Most of us would not be here today if not for the benefits of antibiotics.However, there is a disturbing down side to the use and overuse of antibiotics.Antibiotics are ingested to kill off bad bacteria, but are in fact ruthless killers of all bacteria in the body both good and bad.When they set off in the blood stream to kill bacterial invaders they have no understanding of which bacteria are invading and which are immune system supporters.They are not thinkers, they are killers.When the bad bacteria are sufficiently killed, we regain our wellness as the infection heals.However, what we cannot see or feel is the devastation of the intestinal “friendly flora” or good bacteria which resides in the surrounding area of the GI tract.When the friendly flora is depleted and cannot effectively communicate with the white blood cells we have been set into a cycle of a weakened immune system.This break down in communication makes us even more vulnerable to new invading bacteria.Our white blood cells then cease to communicate effectively with each other, allowing the chance of both viral and bacterial infection to greatly increase.If you have ever taken antibiotics in your lifetime it is crucial to take probiotics daily there after.Avoiding probiotics supplements is an invitation to the contraction of more and more illness and disease.If you are eating yogurt that is high in sugar to replenish your friendly flora it unfortunately is doing little good.Sugar kills good bacteria, so this commercial venture is simply hype.Antibiotics should be taken with extreme caution.Since antibiotics do not kill viral infections, taking them for viruses such as the flu serves only to wipe out even more friendly flora, further compromising your immune system.Not taking the fully prescribed amount of antibiotics for an infection such as strep throat or a sinus infection because you “feel much better” is a disastrous choice.If all bad bacteria are not killed, they will mutate.This is how the antibiotic resistant mutant “superbugs” are developed.(This is also true of hand sanitizers and household cleaners.What doesn’t get killed, mutates.)Sinus and ear infections that need more than one round of antibiotics are the perfect example.Flesh eating staph infections like MRSA is one of the worst, killing more people last year in the US than Aids.And it is on the rise.True “universal” health care involves each person approaching their own health appropriately.The way you choose to approach your health has an invisible yet crucial domino effect on the entire world.Your choices matter!
*Please know that I am not a medical doctor or a health practitioner.I cannot diagnose your stomach problems nor can I guarantee a cure.I am here to share my knowledge, which applications have worked for me and to offer suggestions of where you may go physically, emotionally and spiritually for healing and self-empowerment.If you choose to explore alternative medicine, do not independently stop taking your prescribed medications.Always consult with your current doctor as well as your new practitioner when changing your medical program.