第一篇：土木工程專業英語1

Plumbing

In general,plumbing refers to the system of pipes,fixtures,and other apparatus used inside a building for supplying water and removing liquid and waterborne wasters.In pratice,the term includes storm water or roof drainage and exterior system components connecting to a source such as a public water system or a point of disposal such as public sewer system or a domestic septic tank or cesspool.The purpose of plumbing systems is,basically,ti bring into,and distribute within,a building a suplly of safe water to be used for drinking purposes and to collect and dispose of polluted and contaminated wastewater from the various receptacles on the premises without hazard to the health of occupants.Codes, regulations,and trade pratices are designed to keep the water system separated from drainage systems;to prevent the introduction of harmful material such as chemicals, micro-organisms, and dirt;and to the keep the water system safe under all operating conditions.These protective codes also are designed to prevent flooding of drainage lines,provide venting of dangerous gases, and eliminate opportunities for backflow of dangerous waste water into the water system.It is essential that disease-producing organisms and harmful chemicals be confined to the drainage system.Since the time of Moses man has been cautioned to dispose of his wastes safely, and cleanliness has been related to the availability ot water and associated with social coustom.Early man often lived near a water source that served as his water supply and drainage system in one.It was also his bath.Latrine-like receptacles with crude drains have been found in excavations in the Orkney Islands of Neolithic stone huts at least 10,000 years old.Both a water system and piping used as drainage fashioned of terra-cotta pipe were part of the royal palace of Minos in Crete, about 2000BC.The palace also had a latrine with water-flushing reservoir and drainage.Nothing comparable to it was developed in Europe until the 18th century.Even the equipment of the modern bathroom, though much improved with hot and cold water under pressure and less crude provisions for drainage, is in concept little different from the Minoan version.It was out until the end of the 19th century that advance in plumbing practice were given serious attention as an integral part of housing.A building plumbing system includes two components, the piping that brings potable water into the building and distributes it to all fixtures and water outlets and the piping that collects the water after use and drains it to a point of safe disposal.Water systems.When a building is served by a public water system, the plumbing begins at the service connections required to make water available at outlets serving the fixtures or equipment within the building.Many premises in rural areas are not served by public water supply.These may include private dwellings, apartment houses, hotels, commercial centres, hospitals, institutions, factories, roadside stands, and restaurants.Public water supplies have surface water or groundwater as their sources.Large water system are almost entirely supplied with surface water.In smaller communities and in certain areas groundwater is obtained from wells or springs.Independent semipublic, industrial, and private-premise water systems frequently take water from wells on the premise but may, under certain condtions draw water from a spring, lake, or stream.Public water systems supply treated water meeting public water-supply drinking-water

standards.Private-premise systems are expected to provide water of equal quality, and to do so the private system requires a water-treatment plant including chlorination as a minimun and possibly sedimentation(settling out of solid particles)chemical treatment, primarily for softening, and filtration.Water is supplied to fixtures and outlets under pressure provided by pumps or elevated storage tanks or both.In some installations a pump controlled by a pressure-activated switch on a pressurized storage tank takes water from a well and pumps until the upper limit ot pressure for the system has been reached.If water is being used at the rate it is being pumped., the pump operates continuously.Elevated storage tanks are usually equipped with high-and low-level-float control switches to activate the pump.When the tank gets loe the pump starts and continues pumping until the tank is full.A storage tank may be constructed as illustrated in Fig.1, or it may be located on the roof of a high building.Water from the tank feeds the distribution system by gravity.Water flowing through pipes causes a loss of head due to friction.Since building piping systems are designed to deliver water at the required outlet pressure, pipe size is a critical variable.Plumbing codes have tables and graphs to show typical water demandsof fixtures and outlets in a building.If the required water demand is not met because of undersized piping or underpowered pumping, the pressure dops and some outlets may have little or no water flow.Pumping codes usually specify pressure and rates of flow for the fixtures in a building.The total amount of water that may be needed to supply the demand can be calculated from tables of fixture water demand.Minimum pipe sizes for different fixture in a building are specified in plumbing codes.Since it is uneconomical to design a water piping system that would provide flow with all outlets open simultaneously, judgment and experience are used to determine the probable maximum simultaneous demand.Average daily water requirements vary according to the type of premises being served.A single-family dwelling unit averages from 20 to 100 gallons(80 to 400 litres)per day.Apartment house occupants use less.Special users such as hospitals and industries usually require far greater allowances.Drainage Systems.Drainage of residential building includes the collection of sanitary wastes and roof drainage.The sanitary wastes are collected in soil pipes and stacks usually made of cast iron, although certain portions of connecting pipe may be galvanized iron.When corrosive liquids are collected, as in laboratories and industrial plants, the system may include plastic or glass pipes or coated piping.The joints, bends, tees, elbows, wyes, and many other special fittings are designed to carry away wastes without having obstructions in the pipe or creating condtions that will cause clogging if some large object is dropped into a fixture or a receptacle.Cleanouts and receptacle outlets are provided with screens or gratings to prevent the entry of clogging materials.The entire piping system is sized so that the smallest size is at the fixture outlet.Plumbing codes specify the minimum sizes for drainage connections and the standards applicable to all pipe and fitting materials.Normally all building drainage is constructed so that waste water flows by gravity to the main house drain.The house drain is usually connected outside the building to a gravity-flow house sewer that leads to a public sewer on a point of treatment.In large buildings such as apartment house, commercial buildings, hospitals, and industrial plants, the house drain may be lower than the point of discharge.Wastes are then discharged to a sump, or storage pit, and all of

the building drainage is lifted by pumps or pneumatic ejectors to a point of discharge to the exterior sewer system.These lifting devices empty water from the storage sump on a cycling basis activated by float controls that prevent flooding of the storage area.Such units are usually installed in duplicate and often have alternate sources of power such as a diesel-or gasoline-power generator for emergency pumping.Roof drainage is collected in gutters and leaders and taken by appropriate piping to a point of discharge permitted by law.Isolated dwellings may drain to surrounding ground, while larger buildings have a drainage system similar to the sanitary system that connects into a public storm-water sewer system.Home disposal systems are used in rural areas.The house drain is connected to a septic tank with a tile drainage field or to a cesspool.The septic tank removes heavy solid materials from the waste, and the effluent or treated water is allowed to percolate into the soil through buried, specially constructed, rock-filled trenches over which tiles with open joints are laid.Enough trench must be constructed to allow percolation without flooding the surface of the ground.The effluent from septic tanks contains disease-causing bacteria and cannot be allowed to flow directly into streams or underground waters.Health codes and regulations specify the sizes of home disposal units and control the discharge of effluent.Premises often have other water uses including swimming pools(both outdoor and indoor), ornamental pools, fish pools, and fountains, These require water and are part of the plumbing system.Since swimming-pool water is easily contaminated by bathers, it must either be replaced frequently or filtered, chlorinated, and recirculated.

第二篇：土木工程專業英語

水力學 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 truss 瀝青 bitumen混凝土 concrete強度 strength 非線性 nonlinear樁 pile剛性 rigid隧道 tunnel礫石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement線性的 linear砂漿 mortar彈性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 彎矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正應力 normal stress路面 pavement

鋼筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉強度 tensile strength抗壓強度 compressive strength 土木工程 civil engineering巖體力學 rock mass mechanics粒徑 grain diameter 容許應力 allowable stress土力學 soil mechanics斜拉橋 cable stayed bridge 懸索橋 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地質成因 geologic origin臨界截面 choking section

巖土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服點 yield point

橫截面(transverse)cross section 安全系數 safety factor抗剪強度 shear strength反復試驗 trial and error

預應力混凝土 priestessed concrete先張法 pretensioning concrete 后張法 post-tensioning concrete 土質勘測 soil investiagation

在這兩種應力中，前者是壓應力，后者是拉應力。These two kinds of stress, the former is a compressive stress, which is the tensile stress.許多情況下可能會指派土木工程師參與其他項目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be assigned to engaged in the work of other projects.需要強調數學、力學、計算機技術在土木工程應用中的重要性。It should be stressed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.鋼材和混凝土是橋梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺點是抗拉強度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗壓強度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各種添加劑的用量所控制。它們主要用于大型水壩，在大壩中它們能減少水泥硬化時釋放出的熱量。They are mainly used for large dams;dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.水力學 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 truss 瀝青 bitumen混凝土 concrete強度 strength 非線性 nonlinear樁 pile剛性 rigid隧道 tunnel礫石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement線性的 linear砂漿 mortar彈性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 彎矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正應力 normal stress路面 pavement

鋼筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉強度 tensile strength抗壓強度 compressive strength 土木工程 civil engineering巖體力學 rock mass mechanics粒徑 grain diameter 容許應力 allowable stress土力學 soil mechanics斜拉橋 cable stayed bridge 懸索橋 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地質成因 geologic origin臨界截面 choking section

巖土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服點 yield point

橫截面(transverse)cross section 安全系數 safety factor抗剪強度 shear strength反復試驗 trial and error

預應力混凝土 priestessed concrete先張法 pretensioning concrete 后張法 post-tensioning concrete 土質勘測 soil investiagation

在這兩種應力中，前者是壓應力，后者是拉應力。These two kinds of stress, the former is a compressive stress, which is the tensile stress.許多情況下可能會指派土木工程師參與其他項目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be assigned to engaged in the work of other projects.需要強調數學、力學、計算機技術在土木工程應用中的重要性。It should be stressed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.鋼材和混凝土是橋梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺點是抗拉強度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗壓強度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各種添加劑的用量所控制。它們主要用于大型水壩，在大壩中它們能減少水泥硬化時釋放出的熱量。They are mainly used for large dams;dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.水力學 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 truss 瀝青 bitumen混凝土 concrete強度 strength 非線性 nonlinear樁 pile剛性 rigid隧道 tunnel礫石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement線性的 linear砂漿 mortar彈性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 彎矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正應力 normal stress路面 pavement

鋼筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉強度 tensile strength抗壓強度 compressive strength 土木工程 civil engineering巖體力學 rock mass mechanics粒徑 grain diameter 容許應力 allowable stress土力學 soil mechanics斜拉橋 cable stayed bridge 懸索橋 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地質成因 geologic origin臨界截面 choking section

巖土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服點 yield point

橫截面(transverse)cross section 安全系數 safety factor抗剪強度 shear strength反復試驗 trial and error

預應力混凝土 priestessed concrete先張法 pretensioning concrete 后張法 post-tensioning concrete 土質勘測 soil investiagation

在這兩種應力中，前者是壓應力，后者是拉應力。These two kinds of stress, the former is a compressive stress, which is the tensile stress.許多情況下可能會指派土木工程師參與其他項目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be assigned to engaged in the work of other projects.需要強調數學、力學、計算機技術在土木工程應用中的重要性。It should be stressed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.鋼材和混凝土是橋梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺點是抗拉強度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗壓強度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各種添加劑的用量所控制。它們主要用于大型水壩，在大壩中它們能減少水泥硬化時釋放出的熱量。They are mainly used for large dams;dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.

第三篇：土木工程專業英語學習心得

土木工程專業英語學習心得

專業英語是在大學基礎英語之后結合專業知識進一步提高學生英語水平而設置的一門主干課程，是大學英語和研究生英語教學中一個重要的環節。當前，科學技術發展迅速，科技信息發達，能夠直接及時地獲取專業信息、掌握專業發展動態是工程技術人員和科研人員需要具備的基本能力，進行各種涉外合作和學術交流都要求專業人員熟練掌握專業英語。因此，培養閱讀理解和翻譯英文專業文獻的能力，培養專業英語的寫作能力和一定的語言交際能力都是非常重要的。1 專業詞匯的學習

1.1 通過構詞法學習專業詞匯

從構詞法的角度來解析土木工程專業詞匯的來龍去脈，便于記憶單詞，擴大詞匯量。1.2 通過具體語言環境學習專業詞匯

簡單重復記憶某個專業詞匯是一種方法，但顯得枯燥，記憶效果往往不佳，容易忘記。如果把專業詞匯融入具體的語言環境中，詞匯的記憶一般長久牢固，不容易忘記。實現這種方法的途徑就是大量閱讀專業英語材料。1.3 通過寫作學習詞匯

在擁有一定的詞匯量以后，寫作表達或口語表達都能促進詞匯的學習。2 翻譯技能的學習

翻譯是運用一種語言把另一種語言所表達的思維內容準確而完整地重新表達出來的語言活動。

2.1 掌握翻譯的基本理論知識

翻譯是一門學科，經過千百年來翻譯家的共同努力，已經在語言學、文學、文化、心理學、人類學、哲學和教育學等學科的基礎上初步建立了一套理論體系，并在具體實踐中總結出了一套行之有效的跨文化和語言轉換模式。2.2 掌握專業英語的常用句式結構

科技文章的特點是嚴謹周密，概念準確，邏輯性強，行文簡練，重點突出，它有常用的句式結構。

2.3 進行翻譯實踐練習

翻譯是一項創造性的語言活動，具有很強的實踐性。2.4 通過閱讀提高翻譯能力

閱讀和翻譯能力的提高是互相促進的，讀得越多掌握的專業詞匯與專業知識就越多，有助于翻譯能力的提高。口語表達能力的提高

專業英語口語表達與日常英語口語表達不同的地方就是其具有專業性，可以通過以下方法循序漸進練習。

3.1 大聲朗讀專業英語材料

大聲反復地朗讀專業英語材料，鍛煉英語的發音，語調與節奏，培養語感，使口腔各發音部位靈活，提高口語表達能力，并增加對專業詞匯的熟悉程度。3.2 設立場景進行實際訓練

3~5 人組成一組，設立實際場景扮演不同的角色進行練習。3.3 多參加以英語為媒介的專題講座

在學校或涉外工作中，經常有以英語為媒介的幻燈片講座，多參加并積極詢問，增加和外國人面對面交流的機會，也就是多增加應用專業英語的機會，這樣可以促進專業英語的口語表達能力的提高。

第四篇：土木工程專業英語

土木工程專業英語

土木工程civil engineering

鋼結構steel struture

鋼筋混凝土結構 reinforced concrete structure

鋼結構設計規范Code for design of steel structure reinforced concrete beds鋼筋混凝土地基 reinforced concrete footing 鋼筋混凝土基腳 reinforced concrete canopy 鋼筋混凝土頂蓋 reinforced concrete foundation 鋼筋混凝土基礎 reinforced concrete pile鋼筋混凝土樁 reinforced concrete plate鋼筋混凝土板

reinforced concrete T beam 鋼筋混凝土T形梁 reinforcement加強 加固

reinforcing rib 加緊肋

reinforcing mesh 鋼筋網

reinforcing rod鋼筋, 鋼筋條

reinforcing agent 增強劑

reinforcing bars 配筋

梁beam/girder

柱column

吊桿post

框架frame

初步設計preliminary design

強度strength

承載能力load-carrying capacity

脆斷brittle fracture

強度標準值characteristic value of strength 強度設計值design value of strength

一階彈性分析 first order elastic analysis

二階彈性分析 second order elastic analysis 屈曲buckling

腹板屈曲后強度 post-buckling strength of web plate

第五篇：土木工程專業英語學習感想

Leaning Experience of ESP Course of Civil Engineering I’m looking forward to this subject for a long time.It comes at juniors finally.But I was disappointed by the teaching materials.It’s totally difference of my imagination.All of the contents of this teaching materials are articals!Senseless subject!This is my first impression after I got the material.But then I felt confused.The content isn’t connect too much of the material except the words.Most contents are usages of grammar and sentence patterns.I felt headache.After a period of study,I got some key points of this subject.The meaning of words are different of its common meaning.We must pay attention to it.Some sentence patterns are very important and their usages are different also.Learing this subjet must be rigorous.Notnoly this but also others too.Succed only based on rigorous learning.This is what I got in this subject.